Passive transport Active transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Membrane Transport.
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Transcript of Passive transport Active transport Exocytosis Endocytosis Membrane Transport.
Passive Transport(requires no energy)
Active Transport(requires energy)
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis
Higher solute concentration
Lower solute concentration
Higher water concentration(lower solute concentration)
Lower water concentration(higher solute concentration)
Solute
Higher soluteconcentration
Lower soluteconcentration
ATP
So
lute
So
lute
Wat
er
So
lute
MEMBRANE TRANSPORT
Electrogenic pump:
*Some ion pumps generate voltage across membranes
*Voltage*Membrane potential
Membrane Transport
Traffic of Large Molecules–Exocytosis is the secretion of large molecules within vesicles.
Outside of cell
Cytoplasm
Plasmamembrane
Traffic of Large Molecules–Endocytosis takes material into a cell within vesicles that bud inward from the plasma membrane.
*Phagocytosis
Exocytosis
*Pinocytosis
*Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Endocytosis
Transport of large moleculesTypes of endocytosis found in animal cells:
Cellular ReproductionCell division
Functions of cell division: *reproduction *growth and development *repair
Cellular ReproductionIn asexual reproduction:•Single-celled organisms reproduce by simple cell division •There is no fertilization of an egg by a sperm
Asexual ReproductionFUNCTIONS OF CELL DIVISION
Sea stars
LM
Amoeba African Violet
Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of cell division called meiosis.
Cellular Reproduction
Duplicated chromosomes(sister chromatids) T
EM
Tight helical fiber
Looped domainsT
EM
Centromere
Nucleosome
“Beads ona string”
HistonesDNA double helix
Eukaryotic Chromosomes–The DNA in a cell is packed into an elaborate, multilevel system of coiling and folding.
–Histones are proteins used to package DNA in eukaryotes.
–Nucleosomes consist of DNA wound around histone molecules.
The Cell Cycle• The cell cycle consists
of two distinct phases
Interphase Mitotic phase
S phase(DNA synthesis;
chromosome duplication)
Interphase(90% of time)G1
Mitoticphase (M)
(10% of time)
Cytokinesis Mitosis
G2
• G1: Metabolism and growth• End of G1: Cell signaled to
divide• S (synthesis): DNA is
duplicated • G2: Cell forms chromosomes,
completes preparations for cell and nuclear division
Interphase
Interphase
Nuclearenvelope
LM
Plasmamembrane
Centrosomes (with centriole pairs)
Chromatin
INTERPHASE
Prophase and Prometaphase
Chromosome, consistingof two sister chromatids
Spindle microtubules
Fragments of nuclear envelopeCentrosome
Centromere
Early mitotic spindle
PROPHASE
Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
ANAPHASEMETAPHASE TELOPHASE
Spindle Daughterchromosomes
Cleavagefurrow
Nuclearenvelopeforming
Sexual reproduction requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm using a special type of cell division called meiosis.
Meiosis
Meiosis
MEIOSIS I
Sisterchromatidsseparate.
MEIOSIS II
Homologouschromosomesseparate.
INTERPHASE BEFORE MEIOSIS
Sisterchromatids
Duplicated pair ofhomologouschromosomes
Chromosomesduplicate.
Pair of homologouschromosomes indiploid parent cell
MeiosisMEIOSIS I:
Sister chromatidsremain attached
Pair ofhomologouschromosomes
INTERPHASE
Sisterchromatids
Homologouschromosomespair up andexchangesegments.
Chromosomesduplicate.
Pairs of homologouschromosomesline up.
Pairs of homologouschromosomessplit up.
Nuclearenvelope
Chromatin
Centromere
Microtubulesattachedto chromosome
Sites of crossing over
Spindle
Centrosomes (with centriolepairs)
PROPHASE I METAPHASE I ANAPHASE I
TELOPHASE II AND
CYTOKINESIS
Sister chromatidsseparate
ANAPHASE II
Cleavagefurrow
TELOPHASE I AND
CYTOKINESIS
Two haploidcells form;chromosomesare stilldoubled.
MEIOSIS II: SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE
PROPHASE II METAPHASE II
During another round of cell division, the sisterchromatids finally separate; four haploiddaughter cells result, containing single
chromosomes.
Haploid daughtercells forming
Meiosis
MeiosisHow do we account for genetic variation?
*Independent assortment *Crossing over *Random fertilization
Independent Assortment:
Cross over: