Passenger Vehicle Weight and Driver Injury Severity

© People Saving PeopleU.S. Departmentof Transportation http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov

National HighwayTraffic SafetyAdministration

DOT HS 808 572 June 1995NHTSA Technical Report

Passenger Vehicle Weightand Driver Injury Severity

Passenger Vehicle Weight and Driver Injury Severity

Susan C. PartykaOffice of Safety Performance Standards

National Highway Traffic Safety AdministrationJune 30, 1995

Summary

This report updates estimates of driver injury rates in towaway crashesthat were presented in Passenger Car Weight and Injury Severity in Single-Vehicle Nonrollover Crashes (Susan C. Partyka and William A. Boehly, publishedin the proceedings of the Twelfth International Technical Conference onExperimental Safety Vehicles, 1989). The earlier report used 1981 to 1986National Accident Sampling System (NASS) data for passenger cars. This reportadds the 1988 to 1993 NASS data, and it adds data for light trucks (that is,for utility vehicles, passenger vans, and pickup trucks).

The data show higher injury rates in lighter cars and suggest that therewould have been 2,053 more drivers with moderate and more severe injury intowaway crashes in 1993 if all cars were one hundred pounds lighter. Thecomparisons between large and small versions of utility vehicles, passengervans, and pickup trucks also tend to show higher moderate injury rates in thesmaller versions.

The 1989 paper included an estimate that the 386-pound weight reductionin the passenger car fleet that occurred between the 1980 and 1987 wasassociated with a 5.56 percent increase in driver moderate injuries in single-vehicle nonrollover crashes, which is equivalent to a 1.44 percent increasefor a 100-pound weight reduction. This is consistent with the 1.48 percentincrease for a 100-pound weight reduction estimated here for all vehicle-to-object crashes.

Data

There were 87,961 drivers in towed light vehicles investigated by NASSduring the 12 years from 1981 to 1993; there was no NASS estimation file for1987. For this analysis, drivers were categorized in terms of injury outcome(fatality or survivor) and injury severity (using the Abbreviated Injury Scale— AIS). Of these drivers:

17,886 were moderately injured (AIS 2 or greater, or fatality),8,187 were seriously injured (AIS 3 or greater, or fatality), and2,985 were killed.

Restricting the data to more-recent model years or calendar years reduces theamount of data available for injury rate comparisons. For example, there wereonly 21,150 drivers of 1985 to 1993 model year light vehicles who wereinvestigated by the 1989 to 1993 NASS (including 5,122 who were moderatelyinjured, 2,360 who were seriously injured, and 782 fatalities). Restrictingthe data in this way would eliminate three-quarters of the observations.Therefore, this report uses twelve years of data and does not restrict thedata to the more-recent experience.

Method

Light passenger vehicles were classified as passenger cars, utilityvehicles, passenger vans, or pickup trucks using the NASS body type variable.

- 1 -

Passenger cars were divided into six classes based on the vehicle curb weightreported by the NASS investigators. The classes were defined in the standard500-pound categories used by the agency, as follows:

Minicompact = up to 1,949 poundsSubcompact = 1,950 through 2,449 poundsCompact = 2,450 through 2,949 poundsIntermediate = 2,950 through 3,449 poundsFullsize = 3,450 through 3,949 poundsLargest = 3,950 pounds and over.

Utility vehicles were divided into the three subcategories defined by the 1992and 1993 NASS body type: compact utility vehicles, large utility vehicles, andutility station wagons. Utility vehicles in cases investigated between 1981and 1991 were reclassified into the later scheme using the reported vehiclemake, model, and model year. Passenger vans were classified as eitherminivans or large vans, and pickup trucks were classified as either compactpickup trucks or large pickup trucks, as defined by the 1988 through 1993 NASSbody type. Passenger vans and pickup trucks in cases investigated between1981 and 1986 (as well as miscellaneous vehicles, such as pickup trucks withslide-in campers and convertible pickups) were reclassified into the laterscheme using the reported vehicle make and model.

Damage type was defined by the most-severe damage to the vehicle.Impact type was defined by the object associated with the primary damage:"vehicle-to-vehicle" crashes are those with the primary damage caused bycontact with another vehicle, and "vehicle-to-object" crashes are those withany other identified contact for the primary damage.

The NASS data are stored as Statistical Analysis System (SAS) files, andSAS was used to create the tables included here. The tables show the numberof investigated cases, the national estimates produced by statisticallyweighting the data (using the national inflation factors), and relevantpercentages for thresholds of moderate, serious, and fatal injury. NASS is astatistical sample, and estimates derived from NASS contain both sampling andnonsampling errors. Some idea of the reliability of the estimates issuggested by the number of investigated cases on which each estimate is based,with estimates based on only a few cases being particularly susceptible tosampling error.

Injury Rates in Passenger Cars

Table 1 and Figure 1 show a tendency of decreasing moderate injury rateswith increasing passenger car weight for crashes of all types combined, withinjury rates of:

10.30 percent in minicompact cars,10.25 percent in subcompact cars,8.92 percent in compact cars,8.30 percent in intermediate cars,7.31 percent in fullsize cars, and7.55 percent in the largest cars.

A simple regression line was fit through the six data points, with the weightclasses assigned the following values:

Minicompact: 17 hundred poundsSubcompact: 22 hundred poundsCompact: 27 hundred poundsIntermediate: 32 hundred poundsFullsize: 37 hundred poundsLargest: 42 hundred pounds.

- 2 -

Summary Table 1: Linear Models of Moderate Injury Rates as a Function of Car Weight

Accident Type

AllAll vehicleAll object

Rollover, allRollover, vehicleRollover, object

1

w1

Front,Front,Front,

Side,Side,Side,

allvehicleobject

allvehicleobject

R-square

0.920.930.87

0.290.150.01

0.830.950.52

0.770.820.13

Pr>T Intercept

0.00280.00180.0061

0.26730.44790.8736

0.01120.00100.1053

0.02110.01260.4746

12.6808411.9882118.09189

21.6484050.1098917.73625

14.8065713.6827019.57038

13.3466913.2865915.60579

InjuryRate

Weight At 3000Coefficient Pounds

-0.13251-0.14463-0.18566

-0.11520-0.599660.02126

-0.15971-0.16811-0.21114

-0.09006-0.10977-0.06737

8.7057.64912.522

18.19232.12018.374

10.0158.63913.236

10.6459.99313.585

InjuryRate

At 2900Pounds

8.8387.79412.708

18.30832.72018.353

10.1758.807

13.447

10.73510.10313.652

Effect of100 Pound

Car WeightReduction

1.52%1.89%1.48%

0.63%1.87%

-0.12%

1.59%1.95%1.60%

0.85%1.10%0.50%

AreR-sq>0.25

andPr<0.15?

yesyesyes

nonono

yesyesyes

yesyesno

The fitted line through the data for all crash types combined has an R-squaredof 0.92 for the equation:

Moderate Injury Rate = 12.68084- 0.13251 * Hundred pounds of car weight.

The coefficient of the car weight variable is statistically significant andsuggests that the moderate injury rate decreases by about 0.13 percentagepoints for each additional hundred pounds of car weight.

Table 1 includes separate estimates of injury rates in vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-object crashes. These comparisons also suggest thatheavier cars are associated with lower moderate injury rates. Tables 2through 8 use the same type of presentation, with the data limited to allrollover crashes (Table 2), nonrollover frontal crashes (Table 3), nonrolloverside crashes (Table 4), nonrollover impacts to the back of the vehicle (Table5), other nonrollover crashes (that is, crashes that produced undercarriageand top damage, Table 6), nonrollover crashes to an unknown area (Table 7),and crashes for which the rollover status was unknown (Table 8). The data forrollover, front, and side impacts with all primary contacts are plotted asFigure 2.

Linear models were fit to subsets of the data defined by impact type anddamage area. The results (shown in Summary Table 1) suggest that a 2900-poundcar has a driver moderate injury rate that is 1.52 percent higher than that ofa 3000-pound car. This 100-pound weight reduction is associated with injuryrates that are estimated to be 1.89 percent higher in vehicle-to-vehiclecrashes and 1.48 percent higher in vehicle-to-object crashes.

There is no apparent association between the moderate injury rate andcar weight in rollover crashes. In particular, the linear model through thedata for moderate injuries in vehicle-to-object rollover crashes has anR-squared of 0.01 and a coefficient of 0.02 for the weight variable; this isessentially a horizontal line. The 100-pound weight reduction is associatedwith higher injury rates in nonrollover frontal crashes (an estimated 1.59percent overall, 1.95 percent in vehicle-to-vehicle crashes, and 1.60 percentin vehicle-to-object crashes) and in nonrollover side crashes (an estimated0.85 percent overall and 1.10 percent in vehicle-to-vehicle crashes).

The estimated models of car weight and injury rate can be used toestimate the effect of a 100-pound fleet-wide passenger car weight reduction.Table 9 shows the estimated number of driver moderate injuries in towedpassenger cars in 1993, based on the weighted NASS data (with unknown impacttype and damage area prorated among the known categories). Applying theoverall effect (an estimated 1.52 percent increase in moderate injuries for a100-pound reduction in car weight) suggests there would have been 2,053 moremoderate injuries in 1993 if cars had been 100 pounds lighter. This increasereflects the protective benefits of car size and weight in crashes, as well asthe susceptibility of smaller and lighter cars to rollover. Injury rates arehigher in rollover (compared to nonrollover) crashes, and the NASS data showthat rollovers account for a higher proportion of lighter car crashes.

Applying the statistically-significant results from Summary Table 1 tothe estimated numbers of moderate injuries in 1993 produces estimates of theeffect of a 100-pound weight reduction for specific nonrollover crash types.This weight reduction would produce estimated increases of:

885 injuries in frontal vehicle-to-vehicle crashes,411 injuries in frontal vehicle-to-object crashes, and302 injuries in side vehicle-to-vehicle crashes.

The combined effect is an estimated 1,598 increase in the number of drivermoderate injuries in these nonrollover crashes. The results are shown inSummary Table 2.

- 4 -

Summary Table 2: Effect of a 100-Pound Weight Reductionon the Number of Car Driver Moderate Injuries in 1993

Crash Type

Rolling over withvehicle impact

Rolling over withoutvehicle impact

Frontal impactinto vehicle

Frontal impactinto object

Side impactinto vehicle

Side impactinto object

Total of these

AnnualDriver

ModerateInjuries

985

15,029

45,455

25,791

27,533

16,510

131,304

Effect of100 Pound

WeightReduction

ns

ns

+ 1.95%

+ 1.60%

+ 1.10%

ns

+ 1.22%

Changein

ModerateInjuries

-

-

+ 885

+ 411

+ 302

-

+ 1,598

("ns" means that the results were not statistically significant)

The 1989 paper included an estimate that the 386-pound weight reductionin the passenger car fleet that occurred between the 1980 and 1987 wasassociated with a 5.56 percent increase in driver moderate injuries in single-vehicle nonrollover crashes. This result was based on an analysis of the 1981to 1986 NASS data plus data from three states (1980 to 1987 data from NorthCarolina, 1980 to 1987 data from Maryland, and 1982 to 1987 data fromMichigan). The estimated injury increase for a 386-pound car weight reductionfound in 1989 is equivalent to a:

5.56 / 3.86 = 1.44 percent increase

for a 100-pound weight reduction. This increase from the earlier analysis isconsistent with the 1.48 percent increase for a 100-pound weight reduction inall vehicle-to-object crashes estimated here in the updated analysis (afternoting that there appears to be no association between car weight and moderateinjury in the vehicle-to-object rollover towaway crashes included there).

Injury Rates in Light Trucks

The data in Table 1 show that the estimated moderate injury rates inutility vehicles in all types of crashes were lower for compact utilityvehicles (11.12 percent) than for large utility vehicles (12.28 percent); theinjury rate was 4.99 percent in utility stationwagons (based on 40 moderately-injured drivers). In vehicle-to-vehicle crashes, the injury rate was lower incompact utility vehicles (8.85 percent) than in large utility vehicles (9.49

- 5 -

percent — based on 48 moderately-injured drivers). In vehicle-to-objectcrashes, the injury rate was higher in compact utility vehicles (13.15percent) than in large utility vehicles (12.65 percent — based on 85moderately-injured drivers).

The estimated moderate injury rates in passenger vans were higher inminivans (9.75 percent) than in large vans (8.49 percent). The injury rate invehicle-to-vehicle crashes was higher in minivans (9.13 percent) than in largevans (5.84 percent). The injury rate in vehicle-to-object crashes was lowerin minivans (10.86 percent — based on 79 moderately-injured drivers) than inlarge vans (13.77 percent).

The estimated moderate injury rate in pickup trucks was higher incompact pickup trucks (9.73 percent) than in large pickup trucks (8.19percent). In vehicle-to-vehicle crashes, the injury rate was 8.76 in compactpickup trucks and 6.70 percent in large pickup trucks. The injury rates invehicle-to-object crashes were 13.58 and 12.20 percent, respectively.

The comparison of moderate injury rates among drivers of light truckssuggests that the smaller versions tend to have higher injury rates than dothe larger versions, but some of the differences are small. The drivermoderate injury rate was higher in the smaller version of the pair for six ofthe nine comparisons, as shown in Summary Table 3. That is, compact utilityvehicles in vehicle-to-object crashes had higher injury rates than did largeutility vehicles, minivans in vehicle-to-vehicle crashes and in all crashtypes combined had higher injury rates than did large vans, and compact pickuptrucks in vehicle-to-vehicle crashes, in vehicle-to-object crashes, and in allimpact types combined had higher injury rates than did large pickup trucks.

Summary Table 3: Moderate Injury Ratesin the Smaller (Compared to the Larger)

Versions of Light Trucks

Impact TypeVehicle Vehicle All

-to- -to- ImpactLight Truck Type Vehicle Object Types

Utility vehicles Lower Higher LowerPassenger vans Higher Lower HigherPickup trucks Higher Higher Higher

In rollover crashes (Table 2), the estimated moderate injury rates wereslightly lower in compact utility vehicles (16.67 percent) than in largeutility vehicles (17.11 percent — based on 80 moderately-injured drivers),slightly lower in minivans (18.61 percent — based on 51 moderately-injureddrivers) than in large vans (18.39 percent), and lower in compact pickuptrucks (15.71 percent) than in large pickup trucks (16.85 percent).

In nonrollover crashes with front damage to the light truck (Table 3)the moderate injury rate was lower in compact utility vehicles than in largeutility vehicles (7.75 percent and 8.67 percent respectively). The injuryrates in passenger vans and pickup trucks were higher in the smaller versionof each pair of vehicle body types: 12.08 percent and 9.91 percent forminivans and large vans, and 10.80 percent in compact pickups and 9.17 percentin large pickup trucks.

In nonrollover crashes with side damage to the light truck (Table 4) theinjury rates in utility vehicles and passenger vans were higher in the largerversion of each pair of vehicle body types for all crashes combined. Themoderate injury rates were higher in compact pickup trucks (12.29 percent)than in large pickup trucks (10.98 percent).

Moderate injury was relatively rare in nonrollover impacts to the backof these vehicles (Table 5) and other nonrollover impacts (Table 6), and it is

— 6 —

101222252231

percentpercentpercentpercentpercentpercent

ofofofofofof

allallallallallall

nonrollovernonrollovernonrollovernonrollovernonrollovernonrollover

frontalfrontalfrontalfrontalfrontalfrontal

difficult to interpret the results for cases with unknown damage area orunknown rollover status (Tables 7 and 8).

Differences in Vehicle Use

Table 10 (investigated cases) and Table 11 (weighted data) show that thechange in vehicle velocity during impact (delta V) in nonrollover frontalcrashes tends to be higher for lighter cars than for heavier cars. Forexample, the estimated percentages of towaway crashes that involved delta Vsof less than 10 miles per hour (mph) were:

minicompact car crashes,subcompact car crashes,compact car crashes,intermediate car crashes,fullsize car crashes, andlargest car crashes.

In contrast, the estimated percentage of towaway crashes that involveddelta Vs of at least 40 mph were:


The higher delta Vs for the lighter cars reflect the combination of how theywere driven, their weight disadvantage in multi-vehicle crashes, the effect ofcurb weight in single-vehicle crashes, and any possible biases in the delta Vestimation methods. It is not clear that it is appropriate to statisticallyadjust the data for the delta V differences, since some of the difference mayreflect real protective benefits to drivers of heavier vehicles.

Table 12 (investigated cases) and Table 13 (weighted data) show thatdrivers of heavier cars tend to be older than drivers of lighter cars. Forexample, the estimated percentage of towaway crashes that involved driversunder 20 years of age was:


The estimated percentage of towaway crashes that involved drivers 55 years orolder was:

0.900.710.480.620.360.31


ofofofofofof

allallallallallall

nonrollovernonrollovernonrollovernonrollovernonrollovernonrollover

frontalfrontalfrontalfrontalfrontalfrontal

232119181614


ofofofofofof

allallallallallall

5 percent of8 percent of12 percent of13 percent of19 percent of20 percent of

all minicompact car crashes,all subcompact car crashes,all compact car crashes,all intermediate car crashes,all fullsize car crashes, andall largest car crashes.

The tendency of older drivers to use heavier vehicles suggests weight-specificdifferences in vehicle use (including travel speed and crash conditions) anddriver vulnerability to death and injury when involved in a crash. These twotypes of effects may offset each other to some extent.

- 7 -

Figure 1 (top) and Figure 2 (bottom)

Driver Moderate Injury Ratesin Crashes of All Types, by Primary Contact

15

1 2 -

iD

|

I3 -

Object

-« Overall

-• Vehicle

Minicompact Compact FullsizeSubcompact Intermediate Largest

Car Weight Class

Driver Moderate Injury Ratesfor All Crash Contacts, by Damage Type

2 5

2 0

115 •

•s 10 +o

5 •

Rollover

Minicompact Compact FullsizeSubcompact Intermediate Largest

Car Weight Class

- 8 -

Table 1: Driver Injury Rates in NASS Towaway Crashes

CrashType

Overall

OverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverall

VehicleObj ectUnknown

VehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicle

Vehicle Type

All Light Vehicles

Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility CompactUtility LargeUtility StationwagonUtility UnknownVan MinivanVan LargeVan UnknownPickup CompactPickup LargePickup UnknownLight Truck OtherLight Truck Unknown

All Light VehiclesAll Light VehiclesAll Light Vehicles


InvestigatedTotal

87,961

3,67217,37816,29214,7339,6957,7441,5831,721

68425540

9832,144

1693,9246,036

173619116

54,13124,6549,176

2,35311,10110,4239,2216,2515,071

4 9280532115319

6091,280

902,1543,287

7337157

AIS>=2

17,886

9004,1113,5612,8301,6261,100

149447148404

21839818

9971,179

3511015

9,4147,0041,468

5202,4172,0141,483

86757136

15948182

117186

644147011435

NASS CasesAIS>=3

8

111

43

1

,187

410,795,585,30576248574

21074232

100208

846659717588

,021,552614

226,02383364236923419741680

56973

172222

5202

Fatal

2,985

14460355850628318432833650

31723

160252

7242

1,3921,386

207

85336291234127876

28700

17321

5875161

Twelve-Year National EstimatesTotal

30,838,352

1,299,0826,111,6065,766,9635,203,3973,170,7042,524,219

927,803573,806204,61286,97215,256

310,147670,95949,610

1,473,5972,146,941

59,582211,90731,190

17,895,6808,704,4784,238,194

856,7083,809,1333,591,5673,064,7021,923,7641,536,289

174,941266,37181,34649,6637,562

170,180368,65825,158

739,8131,073,717

21,880114,68819,540

AIS>=2

2,691,053

133,752626,449514,273431,944231,729190,68134,23963,78725,1224,344

34130,25256,9762,188

143,448175,815

6,39317,9291,391

1,376,2351,093,243

221,575

81,041352,994279,364222,837119,68797,2775,572

23,5837,7222,281

15615,53321,545

77064,83171,9852,9025,524

632

AIS>=3

854,007

46,986179,503160,817131,04079,67165,5338,505

16,7817,6442,054

1857,534

20,756866

49,65966,1642,8266,838

645

411,571392,40550,032

26,203100,36179,56262,83839,47032,3782,9776,5141,472

9120

2,9809,357

16617,72725,6231,0231,801

207

Fatal

205,222

9,76439,37236,32931,36821,32317,0862,5355,3492,608

4 080

1,2304,820

1349,047

21,585321

1,85093

92,523104,746

7,953

5,43121,06217,40614,4198,3308,6801,0832,147

45500

6672,657

1093,1226,454

7435867

Injury RatesAIS>=2 AIS>=3

8.73

10.3010.258.928.307.317.553.69

11.1212.284.992.239.758.494.419.738.19

10.738.464.46

7.6912.565.23

9.469.277.787.276.226.333.198.859.494.592.069.135.843.068.766.70

13.264.823.24

2.77

3.622.942.792.522.512.600.922.923.742.361.212.433.091.753.373.084.743.232.07

2.304.511.18

3.062.632.222.052.052.111.702.451.811.840.001.752.540.662.402.394 .681.571.06

Fatal

0.67

0.750.640.630.600.670.680.270.931.270.470.000.400.720.270.611.010.540.870.30

0.521.200.19

0.630.550.480.470.430.570.620.810.560.000.000.390.720.430.420.600.340.310.34

Table 1 (continued): Driver Injury Rates in NASS Towaway Crashes

O

I

CrasheType

ObjectObj ectObj ectObj ectObjectObj ectObj ectObj ectObjectObjectObj ectObj ectObjectObj ectObj ectObjectObjectObj ectObj ect

UnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown

Vehicle Type



InvestigatedTotal

1,0344,5834,1784,0772,6552,2332296842937611

22462535

1,2932,143

5320127

2851,6941,6911,435789440862232702610

15023944477606474732

AIS>=2

3251,3991,2701,104

6544812423585201

791816

45161811573

552952772431054889531521

22316

1059113107

NASS CasesAIS>=3

1676776315503442321211749131

38972

2473328

332

1795

121113491943199216

143

4743454

Fatal

5523822623713591852275014361

841574

160

4294135216183200041

1820221

Twelve-Year National EstimatesTotal

321,2161,618,7351,450,6351,472,793

888,715806,713145,309233,432100,04928,2116,397

84,321220,75912,001472,793752,39117,27565,5267,206

121,159683,738724,760665,902358,225181,217607,55374,00223,2169,0981,29755,64681,54212,451

260,991320,83220,42731,6934,445

AIS>=2

46,975235,737198,018164,59896,17187,57710,62230,68512,6591,978

1759,160

30,4041,222

64,22991,7961,7999,042394

5,73637,71836,89244,50915,8715,82718,0469,5194,741

8410

5,5605,027

19514,38812,0331,6923,363365

AIS>=3

19,02872,44372,41258,69937,22130,9141,9059,1955,3001,057175

2,9089,768581

27,54537,367

9624,647279

1,7566,6998,8449,5032,9802,2413,6231,0728728410

1,6461,631119

4,3883,175

841390159

Fatal

4,05717,28217,64715,36312,0058,1721,0223,1492,121

4 080

5632,070

155,190

13,992227

1,4650

2771,0281,2761,586

98723443053320009210

7351,139

202726


14.6214.5613.6511.1810.8210.867.31

13.1512.657.012.74

10.8613.7710.1913.5812.2010.4113.805.47

4.735.525.096.684.433.222.97

12.8620.420.930.759.996.171.575.513.758.28

10.618.21

5.924.484.993.994.193.831.313.945.303.752.743.454.424.845.834.975.577.093.87

1.450.981.221.430.831.240.601.453.760.930.752.962.000.961.680.994.121.233.57

Fatal

1.261.071.221.041.351.010.701.352.121.450.000.670.940.121.101.861.312.240.00

0.230.150.180.240.280.130.070.070.140.000.000.000.110.080.280.360.100.090.58


CrashType

Overall



VehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicle

Vehicle Type

All Light Vehicles



Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility CompactUtility LargeUtility StationwagonUtility UnknownVan MinivanVan LargeVan UnknownPickup CompactPickup LargePickup UnknownLight Truck Other

InvestigatedTotal

9,

1,1,1,

1,

1,-1,

073

44480938800947827988

645227456

13933538

901118297916

07 9250744

441901328348235

992271

40809

129148

514

AIS>=2

3,188

16359351239215210914

23380152

51111

6334382

9255

4172,531

240

199062361471

331020

17272

405313

NASS CasesAIS>=3

1,762

85306298219975711

12252102

28612

178209

6163

2331,397

132

105438261031

16600

10190

152311

Fatal

816

3313212010951335

552940

11301

77112

4100

9966156

523141290053004807810

}±iover

Twelve-YearTotal

2,725,605

119,601584,501416,190294,588129,024101,84118,814

180,93567,05214,0392,384

35,919108,20010,531

289,665322,097

7,94819,4712,805

193,1722,276,555

255,878

6,63740,23819,35816,6386,3053,3011,489

15,9823,6101,142

717,843

14,6761,463

24,94024,3811,5383,559

National EstimatesAIS>=2

473,703

25,790105,49374,79750,45320,20619,4801,205

30,16811,4721,375

1856,685

19,8981,261

45,51754,2711,3913,623

436

51,703390,43031,570

2,66218,0347,4702,541

8001,422

132,370

955125

02,4042,999

4412,8896,253

74254

AIS>=3

185,224

11,09235,29130,47621,3999,4286,838

8738,9665,782

981185

2,8474,481

57619,79123,059

6872,217

256

20,442155,261

9,522

7156,1443,3411,794

51650113

795548

00

5262,038

01,0992,298

7439

Fatal

65,463

2,68711,51810,2127,8694,6213,327

5363,3462,267

3660

4 551,786

104,692

10,640207925

0

7,61655,7632,085

4142,7451,093

590414

00

249279

00

196835

0327399740

Injury RatesAIS>=2 .

17.38

21.5618.0517.9717.1315.6619.136.40

16.6717.119.797.76

18.6118.3911.9715.7116.8517.5018.6115.53

26.7717.1512.34

40.1044.8238.5915.2712.6843.060.89

14.8326.4510.950.00

30.6420.4430.1111.5825.654.837.14

AIS>=3

6.80

9.276.047.327.267.316.714.644.968.626.997.767.934.145.476.837.168.64

11.389.12

10.586.823.72

10.7715.2717.2610.788.19

15.180.894.98

15.170.000.006.71

13.890.004.419.434.831.10

Fatal

2.40

2.251.972.452.673.583.272.851.853.382.600.001.271.650.091.623.302.614.750.00

3.942.450.81

6.246.825.653.556.570.000.001.567.720.000.002.505.690.001.311.644.830.00


CrashType

Obj ectObj ectObj ectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObj ectObj ectObjectObj ectObj ect


Vehicle Type



InvestigatedTotal AIS>=2

3801,5081,158

85540324336

480180354

842281867487617629

201119871271347662531

1527119894737

139469415333128100

617762121

30803

2532955212

53435231027

23811441

4134313

unnrtucj—i\oj

NASS CasesAIS>=3 1

7223923618081535963991

15401

145165

4151

313241361510711321

1821102

ratal

27104988937323

4824407

21061942100

158851222000119

10100

novel

Twelve-YearTotal

106,703506,547363,780262,301114,59882,4628,881

150,72953,67412,7412,303

24,27786,1285,815

220,126253,394

4,84215,3181,934

6,26137,71633,05115,6498,120

16,0788,444

14,2249,76915610

3,7997,3963,253

44,60044,3221,567

594871

NationalAIS>=2

22,41782,55863,20345,60118,85417,860

87 424,6848,6041,175

1753,167

16,220810

36,35043,586

9503,063

27 9

7124,9014,1252,310

552199317

3,1141,912

7510

1,11468010

6,2794,432367306157

EstimatesAIS>=3

10,01328,58625,79018,7808,7236,251762

7,6044,517

907175

1,2772,429

56616,88919,047

6022,178

163

364561

1,3448251898598

5677177510

1,0441310

1,8031,714

10093

Fatal

2,8,8,7,4,3,

3,1,

4,9,

264552990002031241501062957366

02599420

1204281239250

9222129277176853435320001010

2458131000

Injury RatesAIS>=2

21.0116.3017.3717.3916.4521.669.84

16.3816.039.227.61

13.0518.8313.9316.5117.2019.6220.0014.40

11.3712.9912.4814.766.801.243.76

21.8919.5847.90

100.0029.339.190.30

14.0810.0023.4051.4718.03

AIS>=3

9.385.647.097.167.617.588.585.048.427.127.615.262.829.737.677.52

12.4414.228.42

5.821.494.075.272.330.531.163.997.34

47.90100.0027.490.180.304.043.870.620.00

10.67

Fatal

2.121.692.472.673.523.935.642.033.652.870.001.071.090.001.873.722.556.040.00

0.140.590.391.772.160.530.410.250.330.000.000.000.130.300.551.830.620.000.00


DAMAGE=Front

CrashType Vehicle Type

Investigated NASS CasesTotal AIS>=2 AIS>=3 Fatal

Twelve-Year National Estimates Injury RatesTotal AIS>=2 AIS>=3 Fatal AIS>=2 AIS>=3 Fatal

I

Overall All Light Vehicles 34,802 7,778 3,379 1,050 11,199,819 1,145,246 355,280 68,813 10.23 3.17 0.61

Overall Car Minicompact 1,551 414Overall Car Subcompact 7,070 1,877Overall Car Compact 6,551 1,625Overall Car Intermediate 5,816 1,175Overall Car Fullsize 3,970 738Overall Car Largest 3,350 530Overall Car Unknown 43 5Overall Utility Compact 516 114Overall Utility Large 226 33Overall Utility Stationwagon 108 16Overall Utility Unknown 12 1Overall Van Minivan 385 102Overall Van Large 826 188Overall Van Unknown 42 4Overall Pickup Compact 1,575 411Overall Pickup Large 2,472 486Overall Pickup Unknown 40 11Overall Light Truck Other 24 9 48

Vehicle All Light Vehicles 24,613 4,826Object All Light Vehicles 10,179 2,950Unknown All Light Vehicles 10 2

Vehicle Car Minicompact 1,141 283Vehicle Car Subcompact 5,143 1,220Vehicle Car Compact 4,785 1,075Vehicle Car Intermediate 4,014 708Vehicle Car Fullsize 2,734 415Vehicle Car Largest 2,212 289Vehicle Car Unknown 30 3Vehicle Utility Compact 377 73Vehicle Utility Large 155 19Vehicle Utility Stationwagon 86 12Vehicle Utility Unknown 8 1Vehicle Van Minivan 291 65Vehicle Van Large 569 109Vehicle Van Unknown 33 2Vehicle Pickup Compact 1,164 259Vehicle Pickup Large 1,680 263Vehicle Pickup Unknown 23 7Vehicle Light Truck Other 168 23

185776656512338238

245990

51105

3185238

522

2,0081,369

2

62216197183116761

12100

12302

558214

656394

0

121479411305182126131370

34602

105128310

4514913410157461

111008

181

374502

534,3162,339,8352,163,2881,924,3261,179,2321,065,214

10,301187,28861,89030,6784,768

101,860217,21411,276

499,408782,30412,94573,676

7,754,3033,438,101

7,415

407,1051,733,4201,555,1581,295,809

778,606661,632

8,629128,77832,47921,0242,517

71,232138,795

8,277377,453479,273

6,56847,547

60,172283,010241,968180,65198,41288,221

28314,5125,3671,858

3112,30021,523

21253,94871,7703,0018,008

19,64075,77470,02653,25435,19832,428

1015,013

770994

03,074

10,098136

20,12824,981

9512,715

685,048 201,597460,002 153,487

196 196

43,229177,429146,363106,32153,50746,309

15210,8962,8501,567

317,806

11,419121

31,88939,2622,3583,539

13,62644,62237,98230,16819,09016,661

923,779

167893

01,7755,600

12111,17413,972

7981,078

3,02113,60211,58412,1978,2176,612

927717600

2812,345

1243,0036,591

58239

2,3499,3167,4256,9734,0624,590

927617600

2071,332

1092,1014,100

0133

11.2612.1011.199.398.358.282.747.758.676.060.64

12.089.911.88

10.809.17

23.1810.87

10.6210.249.418.206.877.001.768.468.777.451.22

10.968.231.468.458.19

35.917.44

3.683.243.242.77.98.04.98.68.24.24

0.00026520031935

3.69

43,626 8.83 2.6025,187 13.38 4.46

0 2.64 2.64

3.352.572.442.332.452.521.072.930.514.250.002.494.031.462.962.92

12.152.27

0.570.580.540.630.700.620.890.410.120.000.000.281.081.100.600.840.450.32

0.560.730.00

0.580.540.480.540.520.691.070.590.240.000.000.290.961.320.560.860.000.28


CrashType

ObjectObj ectObj ectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObj ectObj ectObjectObjectObjectObjectObj ectObj ectObjectObj ectObject

UnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown

Vehicle Type


Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar IntermediateCar LargestPickup CompactPickuD Larae


11111

409,924,766,801,236,136

131397122494

2579

4097911781

131221

1316565504 67323241

241144037792

151223

425

010010

DAMAGE=

NASS CasesAIS>=3

64296245207156112

11462017451

79110212

010010

Fatal

176763825930010004

121

183712

000000

Front

Twelve-YearTotal

126,941604,914608,130626,965400,626400,339

1,67258,51129,4119,6542,25130,62778,4192,999

121,802302,3336,377

26,129

2691,5011,5523,243153698

NationalAIS>=2

16,943105,50495,60574,3304 4,90441,912

1313,6172,518

2910

4,4 9410,103

9121,94032,508

6434,468

07700

1190

EstimatesAIS>=3

6,01531,07532,04423,08616,10715,767

91,234

603101

01,3004,498

158,835

11,010153

1,637

07700

1190

Fatal

6724,2864,1595,2244,1552,022

010000

741,013

15903

2,49158105

000000

Injury RatesAIS>=2

13.3517.4415.7211.8611.2110.477.846.188.563.010.00

14.6712.883.04

18.0110.7510.0817.10

0.005.110.000.00

77.930.00

AIS>=3

4.745.145.273.684.023.940.532.112.051.050.004.245.740.507.253.642.406.26

0.005.110.000.00

77.930.00

Fatal

0.530.710.680.831.040.510.000.020.000.000.000.241.290.500.740.820.910.40

0.000.000.000.000.000.00

Table 4: Driver Injury Rates in MASS Towaway Crashes

I

I-1

CrashType

Overall

OverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverall

VehicleObjectUnknown

VehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleObject

Vehicle Type

All Light Vehicles



Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility CompactUtility LargeUtility StationwagonUtility UnknownVan MinivanVan LargeVan UnknownPickup CompactPickup LargePickup UnknownLight Truck OtherCar Minicompact

InvestigatedTotal

15,692

6183,4533,2732,9891, 9701,509

2915066284

155220114696441490

12,9782,712

2

5232,9432,7012,4141,5751,260

2512849223

1401929

382530107295

AIS>=2

3,855

1869928487204252486

43205032392

1301392

18

2,961894

0

151819649532313171

534133025301

10210011235

DAMAGE=Side

NASS Cases Twelve-YearAIS>=3

1,887

954964073671991143

23820

12161

55781

10

1,360527

0

73394297249136693

185009

111395006

22

Fatal

719

361851591436954010510640103007

496223

0

2813811497462909200420716048

Total

5,323,772

231,067

1,161,9221,130,1841,000,659

653,399482,050

7,82449,29319,43013,7281,569

50,01755,4944,930

191,398235,436

5,53429,838

4,298,0801,025,521

171

203,214952,959923,635789,049501,014389,805

6,44943,01212,56112,490 •1,293

44,80451,0524,253

137,602199,550

3,92121,41627,854

National EstimatesAIS>=2

578,233

26,700140,291116,191107,14964,62546,4101,5329,0934,672619

03,9945,155

36623,52925,851

3261,731

443,317134,916

0

22,355110,11690,89579,13747,64932,5481,2367,7603,2905700

2,9744,123

4520,29719,077

1651,0804,345

AIS>=3

196,622

10,70346,33840,27337,91923,83015,770

8991,526739500

5161,363

455,166

10,435161889

142,14254,480

0

8,80737,43428,97525,44416,1759,996

8991,227

57 500

3921,021

453, 9906,718

0444

1,896

Fatal

47,598

3,03710,03210,9307,8205,9615,221

0800197420

223184

0566

1,9920

593

30,96416,634

0

2,2477,4357,2745,6752,9242,549

07823200

110750

4601,175

02257 90

Injury RatesAIS>=2 ,

10.86

11.5612.0710.2810.71

9.899.63

19.5818.4524.054.510.007.999.297.42

12.2910.985.895.80

10.3113.160.00

11.0011.569.84

10.039.518.35

19.1618.0426.194.560.006.648.081.06

14.759.564.225.04

15.60

MS>=3

3.69

4.633.993.563.793.653.2711.493.103.800.360.001.032.460.912.704.432.902.98

3.315.310.00

4.333.933.143.223.232.5613.942.854.580.000.000.872.001.062.903.370.002.076.81

Fatal

0.89

1.310.860.970.780.911.080.001.621.010.310.000.450.330.000.300.850.001.99

0.721.620.00

1.110.780.790.720.580.650.001.820.260.000.000.250.150.000.330.590.001.052.84


I

CrashType

Obj ectObj ectObj ectObjectObjectObj ectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObjectObjectObj ectObjectObj ectObjectObj ect

UnknownUnknown

Vehicle Type

Car SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility CompactUtility LargeUtility StationwagonUtility UnknownVan MinivanVan LargeVan UnknownPickup CompactPickup LargePickup UnknownLight Truck Other

Car SubcompactCar Fullsize


509572575394249

4221761

15282

87114

418

11

1731991881127719720791

283916

00

DAMAGE=

NASS CasesAIS>=3

102110118634505320350162814

00

Fatal

47454623250131022031403

00

=Side

Twelve-YearTotal

208,847206,549211,610152,32992,2441,3756,2816,8691,239275

5,2134,442677

53,79635,8871,6138,422

11655

NationalAIS>=2

30,17525,29628,01216,97713,861

2961,3321,382

500

1,0201,032321

3,2326,774161651

00

EstimatesAIS>=3

8,90311,29812,4767,6555,774

0298164500

1253420

1,1773,717161445

00

Fatal

2,5973,6572,1443,0362,672

019

164420

1131080

1068170

369

00

Injury RatesAIS>=2

14.4512.2513.2411.1415.0321.5321.2120.134.010.00

19.5723.2247.386.0118.879.967.73

0.000.00

AIS>=3

4.265.475.905.036.260.004.752.394.010.002.397.700.002.1910.369.965.28

0.000.00

Fatal

1.241.771.011.992.900.000.302.393.410.002.172.440.000.202.280.004.38

0.000.00


I

CrashType

Overall

OverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverall


VehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicle

Vehicle Type

All Light Vehicles





3,788

207942830676426320

35010923446689

117219

3,5502371

196887784624392296

250982

33466

87110

216

350

261006856342018111251151001

305450

2488614428190810125114801

DAMAGE=

NASS CasesAIS>=3

111

1034221778130001104201

96150

931201167030001104201

Fatal

44

5137833100000102100

3680

4116533000000102100

=Back

Twelve-YearTotal

1,513,807

74,109405,496390,765270,090139,715100,635

71521,8052,0232,576325

8,95210,740

92636,08342,783

3685,701

1,406,998106,592

218

69,736373,055372,474248,370127,66187,234

70421,8051,6862,283

3258,807

10,740926

35,98740,272

3684,564

NationalAIS>=2

64,374

4,86818,32111,74611,0515,8722,304

101,568102292125131681164

5,8661,243

029

55,5838,791

0

4,60615,06910,8678,7194,8622,272

01,5681020

125131681164

5,80957 90

29

EstimatesAIS>=3

12,696

7124,7722,7532,2823099401011800045670

4 95161

029

11,1901,506

0

6104,5272,7061,2312929080

11800045670

495161

029

Fatal

2,580

220845186533525771000000

670286100

1,880700

0

11861316520052

577000000

670

286100


4.25

6.574.523.014.094.202.291.467.195.04

11.3538.561.476.34

17.6816.262.900.000.51

3.958.250.00

6.604.042.923.513.812.600.007.196.050.00

38.561.496.34

17.6816.141.440.000.63

0.84

0.961.180.700.840.220.931.460.540.000.000.000.510.630.001.370.380.000.51

0.801.410.00

0.871.210.730.500.231.040.000.540.000.000.000.510.630.001.380.400.000.63

Fatal

0.17

0.300.210.050.200.040.571.460.000.000.000.000.000.630.000.080.140.000.00

0.130.660.00

0.170.160.040.080.040.660.000.000.000.000.000.000.630.000.080.150.000.00


I

CrashType

Obj ectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObjectObject

Vehicle Type

Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility LargeUtility StationwagonVan MinivanPickup CompactPickup LargeLight Truck Other

InvestigatedTotal

1155465134241111273

AIS>=2

212712611010120

DAMAGE=

NASS CasesAIS>=3

1326111000000

Fatal

1213001000000

Back

Twelve-YearTotal

4,37232,440

- 18,29121,50212,05413,402

1033829214596

2,5111,137

NationalAIS>=2

2633,252879

2,3321,010

32100

2920

576640

EstimatesAIS>=3

10324647

1,051183210000000

Fatal

10323221333

00

10000000

Injury RatesAIS>=2

6.0110.024.81

10.858.380.24

100.000.00

100.000.00

59.4626.430.00

AIS>=3

2.350.760.264.890.150.24

100.000.000.000.000.000.000.00

Fatal

2.350.720.121.550.000.00

100.000.000.000.000.000.000.00

Unknown Car Intermediate 218 0 0.00 0.00 0.00


CrashType

Overall

OverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverallOverall

VehicleObject

VehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicle

ObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObjectObjectObjectObject

Vehicle Type

All Light Vehicles

Car MinicompactCar SubcorapactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility CompactUtility LargeVan MinivanVan LargePickup CompactPickup LargeLight Truck Other

All Light VehiclesAll Light Vehicles

Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestUtility LargeVan LargePickup Large

Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility CompactUtility LargeVan MinivanVan LargePickup CompactPickup LargeLight Truck Other


4 68

1984859166631534810263

26442

174532112

1877818663611524710243

73

32111129902000060

568

030001001

31811129802000050

DAMAGE

NASS CasesAIS>=3

30

18445201000050

426

020001001

16445101000040

Fatal

13

03121101000040

310

010001001

02121001000030

=Other

Twelve-YearTotal

206,497

6,46242,10939,57939,09525,28427,889

911,7511,0709,3041,6363,9587,667

601

2,563203,935

16058157 825216417211475466

6,30241,52839,00138,84225,12027,717

911,751

9569,3041,5603,9587,201

601

NationalAIS>=2

14,885

2355,3272,0351,5321,4662,913

04510000

9270

32914,556

0800004400

205

2355,2472,0351,5321,4662,870

04 510000

7220

EstimatesAIS>=3

4,390

1131,367

813357596205

0300000

9080

2864,104

037000

4400

205

1131,329

8133575961610300000

7 030

Fatal

1,852

055986

101168440

300000

8640

2791,573

030000

4400

205

052986

101168

00300000

6590

Injury RatesAIS>=2

7.21

3.6312.655.143.925.80

10.450.00

25.740.000.000.000.00

12.090.00

12.847.14

0.0013.810.000.000.00

25.360.000.00

43.95

3.7312.635.223.945.83

10.350.00

25.740.000.000.000.00

10.030.00

AIS>=3

2.13

1.753.252.060.912.360.730.001.740.000.000.000.00

11.840.00

11.162.01

0.006.410.000.000.00

25.360.000.00

43.95

1.793.202.090.922.370.580.001.740.000.000.000.009.770.00

Fatal

0.90

0.001.330.220.260.670.160.001.740.000.000.000.00

11.260.00

10.890.77

0.005.240.000.000.00

25.360.000.00

43.95

0.001.270.220.260.670.000.001.740.000.000.000.009.150.00


O

CrashType

Overall


VehicleObjectUnknown

VehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicleVehicle

Vehicle Type

All Light Vehicles



Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility CompactUtility LargeUtility StationwagonUtility UnknownVan MinivanVan LargeVan UnknownPickup CompactPickup LargePickup UnknownLight Truck OtherLiqht Truck Unknown

InvestigatedTotal

24,021

8334,0204,1654,1522,7852,2231,3213551526516

26570572877

1,65187177100

11,8843,8348,303

4481,9312,0172,0811,4991,278

43015185305

10539233

3928173210157

AIS>=2

2,635

1085284 9747526818411847143031555

107155131710

900516

1,219

43197167163978427115108150

2645245

NASS CasesAIS>=3

1,018

341751981861166657165208

2524465595

320218480

1363675135281462102609

18122

Fatal

343

854746143172551002701623232

10290

151

31423191285310013054001

IUWII d m d -•

Twelve-YearTotal

9,470,057

333,5281,577,7431,626,9561,674,6391,044,050746,590557,729132,73353,14725,9506,21096,925

270,25221,947441,635726,78032,57272,28828,385

4,240,3481,653,7753,575,934

169,856708,880720,364714,584510,014394,145157,66956,79530,89712,7243,356

37,4 93153,31910,239163,831329,7759,26837,60219,540

NationalAIS>=2

400,910

15,98674,00867,53781,10841,14831,35321,4117,9973,509

2000

7,1429,719

18614,58720,2361,6752,153956

140,25584,547

176,108

8,18932,26623,76826,11912,86914,6824,171990526200

2,2172,322

03,9486,609304622632

EstimatesAIS>=3

99,795

4,72515,96216,47615,82810,3109,3526,6221,127

354300

1,0514,746109

4,07 96,6201,028

989389

35,91423,56740,315

2,4457,5976,5584,2013,3974,2671,973594183200

2426300

9692,270151211207

Fatal

18,915

7992,8153,3312,8482,3051,3061,897

4 026700

270438

0758

1,437559393

8,1584,8895,868

303923

1,4509808799209913556700

1543480

207514

00

67


4.23

4.794.694.154.843.944.203.846.026.600.770.007.373.600.853.302.785.142.983.37

3.315.114.92

4.824.553.303.662.523.732.651.741.700.160.005.911.510.002.412.003.281.653.24

1.05

1.421.011.010.950.991.251.190.850.670.110.001.081.760.500.920.913.151.371.37

0.851.431.13

1.441.070.910.590.671.081.251.050.590.160.000.650.410.000.590.691.630.561.06

Fatal

0.20

0.240.180.200.17

0.220.170.340.300.130.000.000.280.160.000.170.200.170.130.33

0.190.300.16

0.180.130.200.140.170.230.630.630.220.000.000.410.230.000.130.160.000.000.34

Table 7 (continued): Driver Injury Rates in MASS Towaway Crashes

DAMAGE=Unknown area

CrashType

Obj ectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObjectObjectObj ectObj ectObj ectObj ectObj ectObj ectObjectObj ectObjectObjectObj ectObj ect


Vehicle Type

Car MinicompactCar SubcompactCar CompactCar IntermediateCar FullsizeCar LargestCar UnknownUtility CompactUtility LargeUtility StationwagonUtility UnknownVan MinlvanVan LargeVan UnknownPickup CompactPickup LargePickup UnknownLight Truck OtherLight Truck Unknown


InvestigatedTotal 1

1215105557095255201743822122

261056

111331153418

2641,5791,5931,36276142571716645239

13420833374503404225

MS>=2

1571889276541462105

130

1854151

5026024222095467730710

1827563561084

NASS CasesAIS>=3 1

7313435382051100370725121

148197

10043183892103

122

2822352

ratal

21618151544100011029110

32433271651610000309

10121

Twelve-yearTotal

49,043224,458214,883311,572183,986190,549133,28016,1608,8024,2851,568

14,75550,2102,510

73,014151,066

4,44313, 9195,272

114,629644,406691,709648,483350,050161,896266,78059,77913,4488,9421,287

44,67766,7239,198

204,789245,93918,86020,7663,574

NationalAIS>=2

2,7739,002

11,00112,79112,96111,0429,3106011551700

4793,050

02,6507,542

46859116

5,02432,74032,76742,19815,3185,6287,9306,4062,828

100

4,4454,348186

7,9906,0841,325

672208

EstimatesAIS>=3

8882,3032,4192,9494,1222,9291,124

291600

2072,499

0644

2,88946

388116

1,3926,0627,4998,6782,7912,1563,525

504155100

6021,618109

2,4661,46183139066

Fatal

2281,08673455861423651029000

11780

6159746660

268807

1,1471,309812149396180000820

4 90327102726


5.654.015.124.117.045.796.993.721.763.970.003.25'6.070.003.634.991.036.172.20

4.385.084.746.514.383.482.9710.7221.030.110.009.956.522.023.902.477.033.245.82

1.811.031.130.952.241.540.840.180.180.000.001.404.980.000.881.911.032.792.20

1.210.941.081.340.801.331.320.841.150.110.001.352.421.191.200.594.411.881.84

Fatal

0.460.480.340.180.330.120.380.180.000.000.000.790.020.000.080.401.030.480.00

0.230.130.170.200.230.090.150.030.000.000.000.000.120.000.240.130.050.130.72


DAMAGE=Unknown if rollover

I

CrashType Vehicle Type

Overall All Light Vehicles

Overall Car UnknownOverall Van MinivanOverall Van LargeOverall Pickup CompactOverall Pickup LargeOverall Pickup UnknownOverall Light Truck Other

Vehicle All Light VehiclesUnknown All Light Vehilces

Vehicle Pickup UnknownUnknown Car UnknownUnknown Van MinivanUnknown Van LargeUnknown Pickup CompactUnknown Pickup LargeUnknown Light Truck Other

Investigated NASS CasesTotal AIS>=2 AIS>=3 Fatal

Twelve-Year National Estimates

117

98143812

1116

198143

Total

398, 794

Injury RatesAIS>=2 AIS>=3 Fatal AIS>=2 AIS>=3 Fatal

13,702

0000000

00

0000000

332,3297,1697,423

11,44929,873

21610,333

216398,578

216332,329

7,1697,42311,44929,87310,333

9,799000

1,5170

2,385

013,702

09,799

000

1,5172,385

3.44 0.00 0.00

0000000

00

0000000

2.950.000.000.005.080.00

23.08

0.003.44

0.002.950.000.000.005.08

23.08

0.000.000.000.000.000.000.00

0.000.00

0.000.000.000.000.000.000.00

0.000.000.000.000.000.000.00

0.000.00

0.000.000.000.000.000.000.00

Table 9: Moderate Injuries to Drivers of Towed Passenger Cars,1993 NASS Data with Unknown Damage Types Prorated among the Known

Impact Type,Damage Area

VehicleRolloverFrontSideBackOtherUnknown area (A)

ObjectRolloverFrontSideBackOtherUnknown area (A)

UnknownRollover (B)Unknown area (C)

Total

NASSCases

26328253181

35

138210622318

12127

1,233

1993 NASS Weighted Data

94536,49422,1052,715

302,653

14,42120,89213,374

22083

1,175

64819,342

135,097

Prorate A,B

98538,07223,0612, 832

31

15,02921,60213,829

22786

19,342

135,097

Prorate C

98545,45527,5333,382

37

15,02925,79116,510

272102

135,097

- 23 -

Table 10: Delta V in NASS Towaway Frontal CrashesInvestigated Cases

Vehicle Type Delta V (in Miles per Hour)

Frequency I Unknown 100-09 110-19 120-29 130-39 140-49 150 + I Total_. 1 y 1. + y y y yCar Minicompact I 610 | 59 I 528 | 246 I 75 I 21 I 12 I 941

+ + + + + + + +Car Subcorapact | 2655 | 365 | 2577 | 1091 I 284 I 61 I 37 | 4415

n 1 1. ^ + ^ 1 +Car Compact | 2436 | 481 I 2433 | 922 I 206 I 47 | 26 I 4115

+ + + + + + + +Car Intermediate I 2253 I 540 | 2051 I 720 I 187 1 46 I 19 I 3563

+ + + + + + + +Car Fullsize I 1448 I 387 | 1492 I 500 I 116 I 19 I 8 I 2522

|- + y y y y + +Car Largest | 1262 I 492 I 1155 I 344 I 78 I 14 I 5 I 2088

y y + + H y 1 yCar Unknown I 32 | 4 I 6 I 0 I I I 0 I 0 | 11

1 H 4 + + H -| +Utility Compact I 220 I 53 I 157 | 68 I 14 I 4 1 0 | 296

H 1. y + + 1 ^ +

Utility Large I 95 I 25 I 79 I 20 I 4 1 3 I 0 I 131+ + + + + + + +

Utility Station. I 53 I 10 I 38 I 7 | 0 1 0 I 0 | 55+ + + + + + + +

Utility Unknown I 9 | 0 | 2 1 0 1 I I 0 1 0 1 3+ + + + + + + +

Van Minivan I 154 I 40 I 124 I 44 I 17 I 3 I 3 | 231H y y y ^ + H +

Van Large I 380 I 108 I 239 I 63 I 22 I 10 I 4 I 446-I + + + + + + : +

Van Unknown I . 30 J I I 7 | 3 1 I I 0 I 0 I 12-I y + y y 1 H +

Pickup Compact I 601 I 64 I 540 I 274 I 66 I 26 I 4 | 9741 1 1 + + + 1 y

Pickup Large I 1011 I 153 I 885 I 327 I 64 I 26 I 6 I 1461+ + + + + + + +

Pickup Unknown I 20 I I I 14 I 4 I 1 I 0 | 0 I 201 (. n + + + + h

Light Truck Other I 119 I 15 I 73 I 26 I 12 I 3 1 I I 130_ 1 + + + y 1 + +

Total . 2798 12400 4659 1149 283 125 21414

Frequency Missing = 13388

- 24 -

Vehicle Type

FrequencyRow Percent

Table 11: Delta V in NASS Towaway Frontal CrashesNationally-Weighted Data

Delta V (in Miles per Hour)

I|Unknown 100-09 110-19 120-29 130-39 140-49 150 + Total

Car Minicompact 265073 I 27488 I 177814 I 53154 I. I 10.21 I 66.04 I 19.74 I

8365 I3.11 I

1826 I0.68 I

596 | 2692420.22 I

Car Subcompact 11107935 I 152222 | 841541 I 199443 I 29911 I 6270 I 2512 11231899I . I 12.36 I 68.31 | 16.19 I 2.43 I 0.51 I 0.20 I+ + + + + + + +

Car Compact I 934718 I 265777 | 763599 I 171321 I 21995 I 3841 I 2038 11228571I . I 21.63 I 62.15 I 13.94 I 1.79 I 0.31 I 0.17 |

Car Intermediate I 830154 | 275706 I 657663 | 129232 II . I 25.20 I 60.11 I 11.81 I

24729 [2.26 I

45030.41

2338 110941720.21 I

Car Fullsize I 496367 | 150171 | 421980 I 92692 I 15607 | 1341 II . I 21.99 I 61.80 I 13.57 | 2.29 I 0.20 I

1073 I 6828650.16 I

Car Largest I 459039 I 189228 | 344696 I 58714 I 11692 I 1198 I 648I . I 31.22 I 56.86 I 9.69 | 1.93 I 0.20 I 0.11

Car Unknown 7415 I 1792 I. I 62.07 |

85129.47

0 | 244 | 00.00 I 8.45 I 0.00

00.00

606175

2887

Utility Compact I 111228 II . I

23464 I30.85 |

3866850.84

12654 I16.64 I

10571.39

2170.29

0 I 760600.00 I

Utility Large I 31724 648021.48

19565 I64.86 I

2873 I9.52 I

9493.15

298 I 0 I 301660.99 I 0.00 I

+Utility Station- I 17207 | 5279 I 7375 I 818 | 0 I 0 I 0 I 13472

wagon I . | 39.18 I 54.74 I 6.07 | 0.00 I 0.00 I 0.00 |

Utility Unknown I 3676 0 |0.00 |

1061 I97.19 |

00.00

312.81

0 I 0 I 10920.00 I 0.00 I

Van Minivan I 50826I .

11737 |23.00 I

34125 I66.87 |

2574 I5.04 I

23764.66

46 [ 176 I0.09 I 0.35 I

Van Large I 112660 I 32682I . I 31.26

6014857.53

8516 I 20458.14 I 1.96

9410.90

222 I0.21 I

Van Unknown | 8426 |I . I

32811.51

173860.98

675 |23.68 I

109 I3.83 I

00.00

00.00

Pickup Compact I 229930 | 24139 | 185891I . I 8.96 | 68.98

51058 I18.95 I

5878 I2.18 I

22950.85

2170.08

51034

104554

2850

269477

Pickup Large I 352413 I 64852 | 292434 II . I 15.09 I 68.03 I

56952 I13.25 I

10719 I2.49 I

4436 |1.03 I

498 | 4298910.12 I

Pickup Unknown 6954 | 5018.35

4115 I68.70 |

1235 I20.61 |

1402.34

0 I 0 I0.00 I 0.00 I

Light Truck Otherl 28757 663914.78

30876 I 5007 | 205368.74 I 11.15 I 4.57

238 I0.53 I

1070.24

5991

44919

Total 1238484 3884141 846916 137901 27449 10425 6145317


- 25 -

Table 12: Driver Age in NASS Towaway CrashesInvestigated Cases

Vehicle Type Driver Age

Frequency |Unknown 100-19 120-29 130-39 140-54 155-69 170 + | TotalH + y y 1. 1 1 y

Car Minicompact I 25 I 752 I 1558 I 750 I 389 | 152 I 46 I 3647+ + + + + + + +

Car Subcompact I 102 | 3219 | 6905 I 3487 | 2059 | 1068 I 538 I 17276+ + + + + + + +

Car Compact | 125 I 2767 | 5537 | 3385 I 2320 I 1357 | 801 I 16167+ + + + + + + +

Car Intermediate I 167 | 2368 | 4694 | 2909 I 2257 | 1466 I 872 I 14566+ + + + + + + +

Car Fullsize I 116 I 1503 I 2888 I 1713 I 1593 I 1143 I 739 I 9579+ ^ 1. H H ^ H ^

Car Largest I 129 I 1019 | 2126 | 1579 | 1411 I 977 | 503 I 7615+ 1- + ^ 1 ^ 1 y

Car Unknown I 45 I 219 I 562 I 325 I 240 I 125 I 67 | 1538+ + + + H y + +

Utility Compact | 9 | 277 | 619 I 445 I 265 I 87 | 19 | 1712+ + + + + + + +

Utility Large I 4 I 107 | 225 I 176 I 129 I 34 I 9 1 680y 1- -i 1. y H H 1-

Utility Station. | 5 I 36 | 37 | 73 I 64 I 33 I 7 | 250+ + + + + + + +

Utility Unknown | 3 I 5 I 12 I 12 I 6 | 2 1 0 | 37+ + + + -i + + +

Van Minivan | 0 | 89 I 188 I 323 I 281 I 79 I 23 I 983+ + + + + + + +

Van Large I 18 I 144 I 653 I 585 I 483 I 228 I 33 I 21261- 1- + + (. H H +

Van Unknown | 2 I 15 I 54 I 44 I 38 I 11 I 5 I 167y y 1- 1- y y H 1-

Pickup Compact I 29 I 671 | 1622 I 817 | 474 I 213 I 98 I 3895+ 1 y + 1 y 1 y

Pickup Large I 58 I 773 I 1940 I 1358 | 1088 I 624 I 195 I 5978+ n 1 + 1 y y y

Pickup Unknown | 4 I 26 | 63 I 36 I 21 I 15 I 8 I 169-I + .| H 1 H 1 y

Light Truck Other I 11 | 69 I 216 I 152 I 107 | 56 I 8 I 608+ y + Y 1- 1 -i 1-

Light Truck Unk. I 3 | 11 I 44 I 29 1 18 I 9 1 2 1 113+ + + + + + + +

Total . 14070 29943 18198 13243 7679 3973 87106


- 26 -

Table 13: Driver Age in NASS Towaway CrashesNationally-Weighted Data

Vehicle Type Driver Age

Frequency IRow Percent I Unknown 100-19 120-29 130-39 140-54 155-69 170 + Total

Car Minicompact 11449 I 293749 I 530807. I 22.81 I 41.22

249297 | 143026 I 50507 | 20247 | 128763319.36 I 11.11 I 3.92 I 1.57 |

Car Subcompact I 64856 11271324 12391098 11240431 I 664608 I 318968 I 160322 I 6046750I . I 21.02 I 39.54 I 20.51 I 10.99 I 5.28 I 2.65 I

Car Compact I 74984 11060117 12094002 11127213 | 732319 I 424279 | 254048 | 5691979I . I 18.62 I 36.79 I 19.80 I 12.87 | 7.45 I 4.46 |

Car Intermediate I 105603I .

Car Largest

921380 11653082 11018708 I 82133918.07 | 32.43 | 19.98 I 16.11

445499 I 2377868.74 I 4.66

5097794

I 1 1 yCar Fullsize I 59570 I 505016 I 937046 I 526469

I . I 16.23 I 30.12 I 16.92

541309 I 35258817.40 I 11.33

248705 I 31111347.99 I

84799 I 339012 I 683366 I 485795 I 439004 I 332392 I 159851 | 2439420. I 13.90 | 28.01 I 19.91 I 18.00 I 13.63 I 6.55 I

Car Unknown I 38470 | 152657 | 381394 I 169379 | 101020 I 60968 | 23915I . I 17.17 | 42.89 | 19.05 I 11.36 I 6.86 | 2.69

889333

Utility Compact 2966 89509 | 200481 I 169834 | 76758 I 25295 I15.68 | 35.12 I 29.75 I 13.45 I 4.43 I

8963 I 5708401.57 |

Utility Large 1660 | 30532 I 71890 | 55672 I 33977 |. I 15.04 I 35.42 I 27.43 I 16.74 I

8014 I3.95 |

Utility Unknown I 1301 |

Van Minivan

Van Large

2781 I19.93 I

5326 I38.16 |

4824 I34.56 I

8145.83

0 | 29000 I9.35 I

4480414.45

10492433.83

102040 I32.90 I

162645.24

28681.41

Utility Station- I 1009 I 11245 I 12007 | 30435 I 23325 I 7029 I 1922 Iwagon I . I 13.08 I 13.97 | 35.41 I 27.13 I 8.18 I 2.24 |

13115 I4.23 I

9333 I 53655 I 223203 I 165188 | 148540 I 56214 | 14827 |. I 8.11 I 33.74 I 24.97 | 22.45 I 8.50 I 2.24 |

202952

85963

212 I 0 I 139551.52 I 0.00 I

310147

661626

Van Unknown 94 | 4439 |. I 8.97 |

17591 I35.53 |

10888 |21.99 I

1080321.82

529110.68

5041.02

49516

Pickup Compact I 22881I .

25698817.71

606768 I 302130 I 15838141.83 I 20.83 I 10.92

79933 I5.51 I

Y + + H H +Pickup Large I 43803 | 293031 I 720134 | 472871 | 380131 I 173618

I . I 13.93 I 34.24 I 22.48 I 18.07 | 8.26

465163.21

1450716

63354 | 21031383.01 I

Pickup Unknown 1886

Light Truck,Other

883715.32

24670 |42.76 I

8821 I 804515.29 I 13.94

3799 I6.59 I

| 7111 |I . |

34799 | 79687 |16.99 I 38.91 I

47581 I23.23 |

24740 I12.08 I

14937 |7.29 I

35236.11

57696

3053 | 2047961.49 |

Light Truck,Unknown

| 1507 | 4012 I 12548 | 5299 I 5436 I 1799 I 589 I 29683| . | 13.52 I 42.27 | 17.85 I 18.31 I 6.06 | 1.98 I

Total 5362083 10689903 6195758 4415614 2377606 1264108 30305072


- 27 -

Passenger Vehicle Weight and Driver Injury Severity

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