Parts and Functions of Respiratory System

Parts and Functions of Respiratory SystemIntroduction to parts and functions of respiratory systemTerms Definitions

nasal cavityContains nasal septum, turbinates, and cilia.

nasal septumDivides nasal cavities into right and left sides.

turbinatesBones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous membrane.

cilia Nose hairs, trap larger dirt particles.

sinuses

Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and moisten the air. Give resonance to voice.

types of sinuses

Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid.

pharynxThroat. Common passageway for air and food. 5" long.

epiglottisWhen food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs.

larynxVoice box. Triangular chamber below pharynx. "Adam's Apple".

glottis Vocal cords within the larynx.

trachea

Windpipe. 4.5" long. Walls are alternate bands of membrane and c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep it open. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane. Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.

bronchi

Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage. Lower end of trachea divides into right and left this.

bronchial tubes

Cartilaginous plates (instead of c-shaped rings of trachea).

bronchioles Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with

ciliated epithelium. Subdivision of bronci. At the end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli.

alveoli

Composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep from collapsing. Each surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between these and capillaries.

lungsFill thoracic cavity. Tissue is porous and spongy- it floats.

apex Upper part of lung.

base Lower part of lung.

right lungLarger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.

left lungSmaller (displaced by heart) and has two lobes.

pleura

Thin, moist, slippery membrane that covers lungs. Double-walled sac. Space is pleural cavity- filled with pleural fluid to prevent friciton.

functions of the respiratory system

Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation. Inspiration (intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this increases the volume of the lungs and the air rushes in).

pulmonary venilation

Breathing.

respiratory movement

1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations per minute. Increases with exercise, body temperature, and certain diseases. Age (newborn= 40-60 per minute). Sleep= respirations go down. Emotion can bring respirations up or down.

coughingDeep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to clean lower respiratory tract.

hiccupsSpasm of diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

sneezingAir forced through nose to clear respiratory tract.

yawningDeep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood.

neural factors of breathing control

Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata (in the brain). Increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center.

phrenic nerve Stimulates the diaphragm.

chemical factors of breathing control

Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood. Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood oxygen

Introduction to the organs involved in the respiratory system

The respiratory system consists of a set of organs that help in breathing of air in and out of the body. They provide a passage way for air to flow in and out of the body. The air taken in is stored in the lungs where oxygen from the air is diffused into the blood stream, and carbon di oxide from the blood stream diffuses out of into the air. Thus, the air which we breath in contains more Oxygen while the air which we breath out contains more of Carbon di oxide.

The main respiratory organs are as follows:-

Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

Structure and Functions of Organs Involved in the Respiratory SystemNose

The nose has two external nostrils . These are separated by a cartilaginous (made up of cartilage) structure called septum. Hairs are present in the inner lining of the nostrils. The nostrils open up into a wide cavity, the nasal chambers. The nose has many important functions as follows:-

Prevents entry of dust particles. Otherwise, these particles could cause many problems for the smooth flow of gases in and out of the lungs.

The mucus traps microorganisms, like bacteria and fungi and thus prevents them from entering the human body.

Air breathed in is moisturized and warmed up on coming in contact with mucus. Sense of smell is provided

by the sensory cells located in a pocket in the nasal chambers.

Pharynx

The nasal chambers open into a wide cavity called the pharynx. It is a common path for food and air. Prevents entry of food from into the wind pipe. The epiglottis is a covering over the wind pipe. If one talks during swallowing, the epiglottis is forced to open (to allow air to go

outwards), and food enters the wind pipe, causing cough.

Larynx

It is made up of two cartilaginous chords. They are located at eh point of joining of the pharynx and trachea.

It is also called the voice box, or Adam's apple. It is the part which rises and falls when one swallows food. It produces sound as air passes through the hollow in the middle.

Trachea

The trachea, or the wind pipe, emerges from below the larynx and goes down below through the neck.

Walls of trachea are made up of C shaped cartilaginous rings, which provide strength to the trachea and keep it fully distended.

Bronchi

The trachea divides into two tubes called bronchi, which enter each lung respectively. The bronchi divides further into secondary bronchi, tertiary bronchi, and thenbronchioles. The bronchioles further divide into small air sacs called alveoli.

The alveoli are small sacs of air so thin walled that their walls are just one cell thick. These provide an interface for the

diffusion of respiratory gases in and out of the blood stream, because the air sacs containing respiratory gases are in contact with the blood stream of blood vessels

Lungs

They are the main centers of respiration.

The one cell thick walls of alveoli, on one side of which is present the air breathed in and on the other side of which is present the blood stream of blood vessels, provides for the diffusion of respiratory gases in and out of the blood stream.

The gaseous exchange essential for life is the primary function parts of the respiratory system.

Six basic parts of respiratory system are:

Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs

Lets us now see the diagram of the respiratory system

Parts and Functions of Respiratory System -i

Nose

Structure: Nose has a basic framework of bone and cartilage attached to muscle and the outer skin lined with mucous membrane. The internal structure of the nose is connected to the pharynx by two openings called internal nares.

Function: Air breathed in through the nose is warmed, moistened and filtered as it passes through the conchae, three bony projections which are lined with mucous membrane composed of cells which can trap particles of dust and germs. The filtered air flows through the internal nare into the pharynx.

Pharynx:

Structure: Pharynx is shaped like a funnel. First portion of pharynx is known as nasopharynx. Middle portion as oropharynx. Lowest portion as laryngopharynx.

Function: Pharynx has three major functions; the passage of air and foo, forms a chamber for vocal sounds produced by larynx. Nasopharynx transports air and mucus downwards. It has an opening known as Eustachian tubes which equalizes air pressure between ears, nose and throat. Oropharynx receives air, food and fluid from the mouth. Laryngopharynx acts as a passageway for food, fluids and air.

Larynx:

Structure: The structure of ligaments, muscles and cartilage in the larynx control the tension in the cords. Epiglottis is a piece of elastic cartilage which is situated at the base of the tongue and is joined, while a flap of the cartilage can move freely.

Function: Larynx produces vocal sounds when air is expelled over the vocal cords, two membranes vibrate to produce sound. When food is swallowed the larynx rises and this triggers the free flap of the epiglottis to move downwards, thereby creating a lid over the larynx and channelling the food into the esophagus and not into the respiratory tract.

Parts and Functions of Respiratory System -ii

Trachea:

Structure: Trachea or wind pipe is approximately 10 cm long and its walls are supported by incomplete cartilage rings which provide support but also flexibility. Inner walls of trachea are covered with mucosal lining. The trachea then divides into the left and right bronchus.

Function: Trachea forms a passage for air to travel from larynx to lungs. The inner wall of trachea traps particles of dust and microorganisms which are moved upwardss and expelled from the respiratory tract.

Bronchi:

Structure: Trachea divides into left and right bronchus which are similar in structure to trachea and lead into left and right lung respectively. The bronchi then branch into secondary bronchi, then tertiary bronchi and the process of branching continues.

Bronchioles branch into respiratory bronchioles then into alevolar ducts and finally into the alveolar sacs and the alveoli.

Function: Bronchi help in gaseous exchange within lungs.

Lungs:

Structure: Lungs are cone-shaped and extend from the collar bone to the surface of the diaphragm. The mid-line of each lung contains a region known as the hilus, the area through which blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and primary bronchi enter and leave. Each lung is divided into lobes, three in the right lung and two in the left, within which there are smaller divisions known as lobules.

Function: Once the air reaches the alveoli, exchange of gases occur. Diffusion of gases takes place across the thin capillary and alveolar walls. Oxygen is passed into the capillaries for supply to body tissues and carbon dioxide is passed from the capillaries to the alveoli to be expelled from the body during exhalation.

Introduction to respiratory system alveoli

Lungs are the organs of respiratory system involved in respiration, the process of gaseous exchange. Respiratory system alveolus forms the functional unit of the lungs. They tiny air sacs arising from the bronchioles. Each adult lung has about300-400 millions of alveoli. Alveolus has an average diameter of 200 to 300 microns. They have collagen and elastic fibers and are lined with layer of epithelial cells. The pores between alveoli are called pores of Kohn. The spaces between the alveoli of the lungs are made up of elastic connective tissue which plays a role in exhalation.

Types of Cells Present in Respiratory System Alveoli

Squamous alveolar cells: These cells form the structure of an alveolar wall. The capillaries are made up of squamous epithelial cells. These capillaries cover about 70% of the area. Capillaries help in diffusion of gases.

Great alveolar cells: Great alveolar cells secrete surfactant continuously through the process called exocytosis. Surfactant This reduces the surface tension of water and allows the membrane to separate and increase exchange of gases. These cells repair the endothelium of the alveolus when gets damaged.

Macrophage cells: Macrophage cells present in alveolus destroy foreign particle such as bacteria and plays a role in immune response.

Role of Respiratory System Alveoli in Gas Exchange

Alveoli of lungs are the site of gaseous exchange. Alveoli are extensively surrounded by network of blood vessels called capillaries. The exchange for oxygen in air for carbon dioxide in the blood occurs through the walls of alveolus of lungs.

When a breath is taken through the nostrils, then the air pass through nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, main bronchi, smaller bronchial tubules, bronchioles, and finally into a microscopic air sac called an alveolus. It is here that external respiration occurs. The exchange of oxygen in air for carbon dioxide in the blood occurs in alveolus of lungs. This oxygenated or oxygen enriched blood then flows out through capillaries and feeds oxygen for the cells through circulatory system. Thus alveoli functions in gas exchange.

Diseases Associated with Respiratory System Alveoli

Some of diseases associated with respiratory system alveoli are Lung cancer, acute respiratory distress syndrome, infant respiratory distress syndrome, asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, cavitary pneumonia, etc.

1. Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract.

INCORRECT: You said exhalation

ANSWER: sneezing

2. Spasm of diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

INCORRECT: You said glossitis

ANSWER: hiccups

3. Fill thoracic cavity. Tissue is porous and spongy- it floats.

CORRECT: lungs

4. Voice box. Triangular chamber below pharynx. "Adam's Apple".

INCORRECT: You said pharynx

ANSWER: larynx

5. Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium. Subdivision of bronci. At the end, alveolar duct

and cluster of alveoli.

INCORRECT: You said larynx

ANSWER: bronchioles5 Matching Questions

1. pleura

CORRECT: a Thin, moist, slippery membrane that covers lungs. Double-walled sac. Space is pleural cavity- filled with

pleural fluid to prevent friciton.

2. coughing

CORRECT: b Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to clean lower respiratory tract.

3. chemical factors of breathing control

CORRECT: e Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood. Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the

amount of blood oxygen.

4. cilia

CORRECT: d Nose hairs, trap larger dirt particles.

5. yawning

CORRECT: c Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood.

1. a Thin, moist, slippery membrane that covers lungs. Double-walled sac. Space is pleural cavity- filled with pleural fluid to

prevent friciton.

2. b Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to clean lower respiratory tract.

3. c Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood.

4. d Nose hairs, trap larger dirt particles.

5. e Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood. Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood

oxygen.5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep from collapsing.

Each surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between these and

capillaries.

a. CORRECT: alveoli

b. pleura

c. lungs

d. apex

Contains nasal septum, turbinates, and cilia.

a. CORRECT: nasal cavity

b. alveoli

c. nasal septum

d. glottis

Vocal cords within the larynx.

[a.] INCORRECT: epiglottis

a.[b.] lungs

b.[c.] CORRECT: glottis

c.[d.] alveoli

Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.

a. left lung

b. coughing

c. CORRECT: right lung

d. lungs

Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata (in the brain). Increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 in the blood will

trigger respiratory center.

[a.] INCORRECT: pulmonary ventilation

a.[b.] chemical factors of breathing control

b.[c.] respiratory movement

c.[d.] CORRECT: neural factors of breathing control5 True/False Questions

1. phrenic nerve → Stimulates the diaphragm.

CORRECT: This is true.

2. functions of the respiratory system → 1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations

per minute. Increases with exercise, body temperature, and certain diseases. Age (newborn= 40-60 per minute).

Sleep= respirations go down. Emotion can bring respirations up or down.

INCORRECT: This is false, but you marked it true.

It should be functions of the respiratory system → Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound

(vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation. Inspiration (intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm

contracts and moves downward- this increases the volume of the lungs and the air rushes in)..

3. turbinates → Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and

moisten the air. Give resonance to voice.


It should be turbinates → Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and

dirt particles by the mucous membrane..

4. pulmonary venilation → Voice box. Triangular chamber below pharynx. "Adam's Apple".

CORRECT: This is false.

It should be pulmonary venilation → Breathing..

5. trachea → Lower part of lung.


It should be trachea → Windpipe. 4.5" long. Walls are alternate bands of membrane and c-shaped rings of hyaline

cartilage to keep it open. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane. Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden

mucous..5 Written Questions

1. Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid.

INCORRECT: You said sinus

ANSWER: types of sinuses

2. Nose hairs, trap larger dirt particles.

CORRECT: cilia

3. Contains nasal septum, turbinates, and cilia.

CORRECT: nasal cavity

4. Smaller (displaced by heart) and has two lobes.

INCORRECT: You said right lungs

ANSWER: left lung

5. Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood. Chemoreceptors in aorta and carotid arteries sensitive to the

amount of blood oxygen.

INCORRECT: You said ariola

ANSWER: chemical factors of breathing control5 Matching Questions

1. bronchi

CORRECT: a Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage. Lower end of trachea divides

into right and left this.

2. alveoli

CORRECT: b Composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep from

collapsing. Each surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between these and

capillaries.

3. base

CORRECT: d Lower part of lung.

4. turbinates

CORRECT: e Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles

by the mucous membrane.

5. sneezing

CORRECT: c Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract.

1. a Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage. Lower end of trachea divides into right and left

this.

2. b Composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep from collapsing. Each

surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between these and capillaries.

3. c Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract.

4. d Lower part of lung.

5. e Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous

membrane.5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.

a. coughing

b. lungs

c. CORRECT: right lung

d. left lung

Fill thoracic cavity. Tissue is porous and spongy- it floats.

a. CORRECT: lungs

b. cilia

c. base

d. pleura

1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations per minute. Increases with exercise,

body temperature, and certain diseases. Age (newborn= 40-60 per minute). Sleep= respirations go down.

Emotion can bring respirations up or down.

a. phrenic nerve

b. right lung

c. pharynx

d. CORRECT: respiratory movement

When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs.

a. lungs

b. cilia

[c.] INCORRECT: glottis

c.[d.] CORRECT: epiglottis

Stimulates the diaphragm.

a. pharynx

b. CORRECT: phrenic nerve

c. trachea

d. hiccups5 True/False Questions

1. apex → Lower part of lung.


It should be apex → Upper part of lung..

2. pulmonary venilation → Breathing.

INCORRECT: This is true, but you marked it false.

3. yawning → Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood.


4. glottis → When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs.


It should be glottis → Vocal cords within the larynx..

5. functions of the respiratory system → 1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations


Sleep= respirations go down. Emotion can bring respirations up or down.


It should be functions of the respiratory system → Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound

(vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation. Inspiration (intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm

contracts and moves downward- this increases the volume of the lungs and the air rushes in).5 Written Questions

1. Breathing.

INCORRECT: You gave no answer

ANSWER: pulmonary venilation

2. Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium. Subdivision of bronci. At the end, alveolar duct

and cluster of alveoli.

INCORRECT: You said alveolar sac

ANSWER: bronchioles

3. Lower part of lung.

INCORRECT: You said diaphragm

ANSWER: base

4. Cartilaginous plates (instead of c-shaped rings of trachea).

INCORRECT: You said trachea

ANSWER: bronchial tubes

5. When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs.

CORRECT: epiglottis5 Matching Questions

1. right lung

CORRECT: d Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.

2. trachea

CORRECT: e Windpipe. 4.5" long. Walls are alternate bands of membrane and c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to

keep it open. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane. Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.

3. pharynx

CORRECT: b Throat. Common passageway for air and food. 5" long.

4. neural factors of breathing control

CORRECT: c Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata (in the brain). Increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 in

the blood will trigger respiratory center.

5. alveoli

CORRECT: a Composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep from

collapsing. Each surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between these and

capillaries.

1. a Composed of single layer of epithelial tissue. Inner surfaces covered with surfactant to keep from collapsing. Each

surrounded by capillaries. Oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place between these and capillaries.

2. b Throat. Common passageway for air and food. 5" long.

3. c Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata (in the brain). Increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 in the blood will trigger

respiratory center.

4. d Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.

5. e Windpipe. 4.5" long. Walls are alternate bands of membrane and c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep it open. Lined

with ciliated mucous membrane. Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Divides nasal cavities into right and left sides.

[a.] INCORRECT: sinuses

a.[b.] nasal cavity

b.[c.] base

c.[d.] CORRECT: nasal septum


a. epiglottis

b. sinuses

c. turbinates

d. CORRECT: types of sinuses

Nose hairs, trap larger dirt particles.

a. base

b. lungs

c. CORRECT: cilia

d. apex

Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood.

a. larynx

b. coughing

c. CORRECT: yawning

d. sneezing

Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract.

a. yawning

b. pharynx

c. coughing

d. CORRECT: sneezing5 True/False Questions

1. glottis → When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs.


It should be glottis → Vocal cords within the larynx..

2. hiccups → Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and



It should be hiccups → Spasm of diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic

nerve..

3. apex → Upper part of lung.


4. turbinates → Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by

the mucous membrane.


5. bronchi → Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage. Lower end of trachea divides into

right and left this.


1. Thin, moist, slippery membrane that covers lungs. Double-walled sac. Space is pleural cavity- filled with

pleural fluid to prevent friciton.

CORRECT: pleura

2. Windpipe. 4.5" long. Walls are alternate bands of membrane and c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep it

open. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane. Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.

CORRECT: trachea

3. Cartilaginous plates (instead of c-shaped rings of trachea).

INCORRECT: You said epiglottis

ANSWER: bronchial tubes

4. Throat. Common passageway for air and food. 5" long.

INCORRECT: You said larynx

ANSWER: pharynx

5. When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs.

CORRECT: epiglottis5 Matching Questions

1. functions of the respiratory system

CORRECT: e Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation.

Inspiration (intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this

increases the volume of the lungs and the air rushes in).

2. hiccups

CORRECT: a Spasm of diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

3. right lung

CORRECT: c Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.

4. glottis

CORRECT: d Vocal cords within the larynx.

5. turbinates

CORRECT: b Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles

by the mucous membrane.

1. a Spasm of diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.

2. b Bones that protrude into the nasal cavity- they increase surface area for filtering dust and dirt particles by the mucous

membrane.

3. c Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.

4. d Vocal cords within the larynx.

5. e Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation. Inspiration

(intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this increases the

volume of the lungs and the air rushes in).5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Lower part of lung.

a. larynx

b. CORRECT: base

c. cilia

d. apex

Fill thoracic cavity. Tissue is porous and spongy- it floats.

a. CORRECT: lungs

b. pleura

c. sinuses

d. larynx

Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium. Subdivision of bronci. At the end, alveolar duct and

cluster of alveoli.

a. bronchial tubes

b. bronchi

c. trachea

d. CORRECT: bronchioles

Stimulates the diaphragm.

[a.] INCORRECT: hiccups

a.[b.] bronchioles

b.[c.] CORRECT: phrenic nerve

c.[d.] bronchi


a. CORRECT: types of sinuses

b. bronchioles

c. sinuses

d. turbinates5 True/False Questions

1. apex → Lower part of lung.


It should be apex → Upper part of lung..

2. larynx → Throat. Common passageway for air and food. 5" long.


It should be larynx → Voice box. Triangular chamber below pharynx. "Adam's Apple"..

3. coughing → Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to clean lower respiratory tract.


4. nasal septum → Divides nasal cavities into right and left sides.

INCORRECT: This is true, but you marked it false.

5. respiratory movement → Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.


It should be respiratory movement → 1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations


Sleep= respirations go down. Emotion can bring respirations up or down..

1. Throat. Common passageway for air and food. 5" long.

INCORRECT: You said phaynx

ANSWER: pharynx

2. Larger and shorter (displaced by liver) and has three lobes.

CORRECT: right lung

3. Contains nasal septum, turbinates, and cilia.

CORRECT: nasal cavity

4. Windpipe. 4.5" long. Walls are alternate bands of membrane and c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage to keep it

open. Lined with ciliated mucous membrane. Coughing and expectoration gets rid of dust-laden mucous.

CORRECT: trachea

5. Cavities in the skull, ducts connect them to the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membrane to warm and


INCORRECT: You said turbinates

ANSWER: sinuses5 Matching Questions

1. functions of the respiratory system

INCORRECT: a 1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations per minute. Increases

with exercise, body temperature, and certain diseases. Age (newborn= 40-60 per minute). Sleep= respirations go

down. Emotion can bring respirations up or down.

ANSWER: d Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation.



2. respiratory movement

INCORRECT: d Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation.



ANSWER: a 1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations per minute. Increases with

exercise, body temperature, and certain diseases. Age (newborn= 40-60 per minute). Sleep= respirations go down.

Emotion can bring respirations up or down.

3. sneezing

CORRECT: b Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract.

4. yawning

CORRECT: c Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood.

5. epiglottis

CORRECT: e When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the

lungs.

1. a 1 inspiration and 1 expiration= 1 respiration. Normal adult= 14-20 respirations per minute. Increases with exercise, body

temperature, and certain diseases. Age (newborn= 40-60 per minute). Sleep= respirations go down. Emotion can bring

respirations up or down.

2. b Air forced through nose to clear respiratory tract.

3. c Deep prolonged breath that fills the lungs, increases oxygen within the blood.

4. d Respiration (external, internal, and cellular). Production of sound (vocal cords). Pulmonary venilation. Inspiration

(intercostal muscles lift ribs outward, sternum rises and the diaphragm contracts and moves downward- this increases the

volume of the lungs and the air rushes in).

5. e When food is swallowed, this closes over the opening to the larnyx, preventing food from entering the lungs.5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Deep breath followed by forceful expulsion of air to clean lower respiratory tract.

a. lungs

b. CORRECT: coughing

[c.] INCORRECT: sneezing

c.[d.] yawning

Smaller (displaced by heart) and has two lobes.

a. CORRECT: left lung

b. larynx

c. lungs

d. right lung

Nose hairs, trap larger dirt particles.

a. base

b. pleura

c. CORRECT: cilia

d. apex

Voice box. Triangular chamber below pharynx. "Adam's Apple".

a. base

b. CORRECT: larynx

c. apex

d. pharynx

Breathing.

a. pharynx

b. CORRECT: pulmonary venilation

c. turbinates

d. larynx

5 True/False Questions

1. hiccups → Spasm of diaphragm and spasmotic closure of the glottis- irritation to diaphragm or phrenic nerve.


2. base → Upper part of lung.


It should be base → Lower part of lung..

3. bronchioles → Similar to trachea with ciliated mucous membrane and hyaline cartilage. Lower end of trachea divides

into right and left this.


It should be bronchioles → Thinner walls of smooth muscle, lined with ciliated epithelium. Subdivision of bronci. At the

end, alveolar duct and cluster of alveoli..

4. neural factors of breathing control → Depends on the levels of CO2 in the blood. Chemoreceptors in aorta and

carotid arteries sensitive to the amount of blood oxygen.


It should be neural factors of breathing control → Respiratory center located in medulla oblongata (in the brain).

Increase in CO2 and decrease in O2 in the blood will trigger respiratory center..

5. types of sinuses → Frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, and sphenoid.


Parts and Functions of Respiratory System

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