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OLEDs OLEDs Basic principles, technology and applicationsBasic principles, technology and applications

Sébastien FORGET

Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers

Université Paris Nord – P13

www-lpl.univ-paris13.fr:8088/lumen/

Introduction Basics Technology Applications

Paris Nord University (Paris 13)

2Sébastien Forget, Univ. Paris 13

S Chenais S ForgetThis course gathers slides taken from various presentations by those guys :

« copyright » : Some slides were also illustrated with images from the web.

When known, the origin of the pictures is given as a reference


OutlineOutline

Introduction

Basic principles

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3Sébastien Forget, LPL

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Technology : state of the art and bottlenecks

Applications : Displays, Lighting, Lasers (?)


OutlineOutline

Introduction

Basic principles

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The The marketmarket isis optimisticoptimistic… …



OLEDs main propertiesVisible and polychromatique emission

Large color choice, including White

Simple fabrication, cheap materials

Deposition on various substratesFlexible, transparent

Interesting for displays and

Possible applications overviewPossible applications overview


Flexible, transparentLarge areas

Low electric consumptionUniform Luminance, High brightness

displays and lighting

Lifetime (?) (For blue essentially)


OutlineOutline

Introduction

Basic principles

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OLED vs LCDOLED vs LCD



Initial energy Initial energy

UV photons energy UV photons energy

UV photons exciting the luminophoreUV photons exciting the luminophore

100%100%

6%6%6%6%

40%40%2,5%2,5%

What about plasmas ?What about plasmas ?


Émission Xe-Ne

UV photons exciting the luminophoreUV photons exciting the luminophore

UVUV--visible conversionvisible conversion

efficient visibles photonsefficient visibles photons

2,5%2,5%2525%%

0,6%0,6%

40%40%00..2525%%


Display technologies : a comparative table

CRT Plasma LCD OLED

Large area

Resolution

Luminance

Contrast OLED

DisplaysDisplays


Viewing angle

Response time

Color fidelity

Electricalconsumption

Weight/Thickness

Lifetime

OLED

LCD


Some early examples :Small size – short lifetimes

DisplaysDisplays



Now :Medium-size screens


16cm x 10cm


Now :Large screens from the far east

DisplaysDisplays


SONYSAMSUNG

-- ThicknessThickness : 3mm: 3mm

-- WideWide vision angle (160vision angle (160°°))

-- Excellent Excellent contrastcontrast 1:1 000 1:1 000 000000


Market overviewMarket overview



RGB White + Filters Transfert d’énergie

How to make a color screen RGB :

DisplaysDisplays


I) Side-by-side pattern

� Efficient

� Good spectral quality

� Differential aging

� Resolution

II) Filtered WOLED

� No etching for each color

� Filters = LCD techno

� Uniform Aging (hum…)

� Low Efficiency

III) Blue OLED + Energy transfer

� No etching for each color

� Efficient (no losses)

� Uniform aging

� Lack of good blue OLEDs !


R G

White emitting Layer

Glass

B W

Source: ASIA Display IMID’04RGBW display (Eastman Kodak)RGBW display (Eastman Kodak)

DisplaysDisplays

• Pilot-scale in-line deposition machine at ULVAC in Chigasaki

• 300 x 400 mm substrate size

• a-Si backplane – conventional technology


• a-Si backplane – conventional technology

• Tandem white OLED structure

– 14.1" diagonal – 307.2 mm x 184.3 mm

– WXGA 1280 x 768 x RGBW

– Pixel size – 120 x 120 µm (106 ppi)

– Peak luminance 600 nits

– Color gamut 78% (LCD color filters)

– Dark room contrast ratio >20,000

– Viewing angle >170

– Luminance nonuniformity <10%

– White emission point (CIExy) – (0.319, 0.357)

– Display thickness – 1.8 mm

– Small molecule OLED

– Bottom emission

Prototype Demonstration Display


In the future :Flexible screens ?

DisplaysDisplays



Other possibilities :Electronic books, reconfigurable pads

DisplaysDisplays


Polymer vision Inc.


DisplaysDisplays

Other possibilities :Smart use of the « TOLEDs »



DisplaysDisplays

Volkswagen Viseo


Any other ideas ?

The glowing pillow ?

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The calculator-around-the-arm ?


OutlineOutline

Introduction

Basic principles

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Motivation : using the potentialities of OLEDs (vs LED, for example)

� Wide-area

� Uniform luminance

� Many substrates (flexibles ?)

� Color control including White



Luminous efficiency (lumen/W)The lumen (symbol: lm) is the SI unit of luminous flux, a measure of theperceived power of light. Luminous flux differs from radiant flux, the measureof the total power of light emitted, in that luminous flux is adjusted to reflectthe varying sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light.If a light source emits one candela of luminous intensity uniformly across asolid angle of one steradian, its total luminous flux emitted into that angle isone lumen.

ColorimetryWhite coordinates : (0.33;0.33)

WhatWhat isis a good white light ?a good white light ?


White coordinates : (0.33;0.33)CRI : Color rendering indexQuantitative measure of the ability of a light source to reproducethe colors of various objects faithfully in comparison with an idealor natural light source (ex : daylight = D65 illuminant)

Max. Value is 100.Halogenes have CRI around 80


White White OLEDsOLEDs

How to make white light ?

Lighting = Lighting = Lighting = Lighting = 6666% of the total % of the total % of the total % of the total electric consumption in France electric consumption in France electric consumption in France electric consumption in France

OLLA Project (7th PCRD)

Main goal : Surpassing the efficiencies of light bulbs, (15 lm/W) , halogenes lamps (~30 lm/W) and fluorescent tubes

(~90 lm/W)

… with cheaper fabrication / good CRI / new

functionalities

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Finding a material emitting over the whole visible spectrum

Down-Conversion (Blue OLED + Phosphore) – LED

Designing a multilayer OLED with several R,G,B emitters

(recombination zone engineering)

Complementary colors (blue-yellow) in a

host-guest mixing configuration


Anode

Cathode

- - - --

- -

ColorColor controlcontrol

Example of color mixing with « simple » layers


Anode

ITO

100-150nm

+ + ++

+

HOMO

CuPc

10 nm

ET

L

NPB

50 nm

DPVBi : Rubrène

60-e : e nm

Alq 3

10nm

LiF / Al

1.2 / 100nm

HIL

HT

L

+

+

+

Choukri et al., APL 89, 183513 (2006)

CRI = 70

x=0.33

y=0.33


Doping in “host/guest” system

Anode

Cathode

- - - --

-Exciton formation zone

Color mixingColor mixing


Anode

+ + ++

+

HOMO

ET

L

HIL

HT

L

+

Host Molecules

Guests Molecules


Doping and Förster energy transfer



D*

D A*

AFörster Energy

transfer (dipole-

dipole)

(3-10 nm)


Doping and Förster energy transfer




Phosphorescent WOLEDsPhosphorescent WOLEDs

Zones de recombinaison

Singlets excitons transfer their energy on a blue fluorescent molecule near the recombination zone

Triplet exciton diffuse over a longueur range (> 10 nm) to reach the green and red phosphorescent molecules

→ efficiency18,7%

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CRI = 85

Y. Sun et al., Nature 440, 908-912 (2006)


PerformancesPerformances

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PerformancesPerformances

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Be creative !

LightingLighting



LightingLighting



Just a Just a wordword….….

Some other OLED applications : luminotherapy…

A nice example : Luminous patch to treat skin cancers (and acne !) by dynamic phototherapy (Univ. Saint-Andrews - Lumicure® )



OutlineOutline

Introduction

Basic principles

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Organic lasers are widely usedDye lasers

The gain medium is a fluorescent organic dye, in a liquid solution.

The pumping scheme is optical (Argon, Nd:YAG, Nitrogen…)

Main interest : Tunability all over the visible spectrum..

Toward the organic laser diode ?Toward the organic laser diode ?


Problems : not convenient, toxic, cumbersome…


SOLID-STATE ORGANIC LASERS

- Dyes inserted in sol-gel or polymers matrices (ex : DCM/PMMA)

TowardToward the the organicorganic laser diode ?laser diode ?


Better but still optically pumped !


The Holy Grail is the Organic Laser Diode (i.e. electrically pumped)

Not yet demonstrated because :

Absorption by electrodes (very thin organic layers)

TowardToward the the organicorganic laser diode ?laser diode ?


Absorption by the charge carriers (polarons) : huge over the visible and IR part of the spectrum– Emitted photons are reabsorbed

Solutions ? Not yet clear…


The The SchönSchön CaseCase



1. Title: Field-effect modulation of the conductance of single moleculesAuthor(s): Schon, JH; Meng, H; Bao, ZNSource: SCIENCE Volume: 294 Issue: 5549 Pages: 2138-2140 Published: DEC 7 2001

2. Title: Superconductivity in CaCuO2 as a result of field-effect doping Author(s): Schon, JH; Dorget, M; Beuran, FC, et al.Source: NATURE Volume: 414 Issue: 6862 Pages: 434-436 Published: NOV 22 2001

3. Title: Superconductivity in single crystals of the fullerene C-70 Author(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Siegrist, T, et al.Source: NATURE Volume: 413 Issue: 6858 Pages: 831-833 Published: OCT 25 2001

4. Title: Self-assembled monolayer organic field-effect transistors Author(s): Schon, JH; Meng, H; Bao, ZSource: NATURE Volume: 413 Issue: 6857 Pages: 713-716 Published: OCT 18 2001

5. Title: Field-induced superconductivity in a spin-ladder cuprateAuthor(s): Schon, JH; Dorget, M; Beuran, FC, et al.

12. Title: A light-emitting field-effect transistorAuthor(s): Schon, JH; Dodabalapur, A; Kloc, C, et al.Source: SCIENCE Volume: 290 Issue: 5493 Pages: 963-965 Published: NOV 3 2000

13. Title: Superconductivity in molecular crystals induced by charge injection (Retracted article. See vol 422 pg 93 2003)Author(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Batlogg, BSource: NATURE Volume: 406 Issue: 6797 Pages: 702-704 Published: AUG 17 2000

14. Title: An organic solid state injection laserAuthor(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Dodabalapur, A, et al.Source: SCIENCE Volume: 289 Issue: 5479 Pages: 599-601 Published: JUL 28 2000

15. Title: Fractional quantum hall effect in organic molecular semiconductors.Author(s): Schon, J H; Kloc, C; Batlogg, BSource: SCIENCE Volume: 288 Issue: 5475 Pages: 2339-40 Published: JUN 30 2000

16. Title: A superconducting field-effect switch

The The SchönSchön CaseCase

In a two-years timespan…


Author(s): Schon, JH; Dorget, M; Beuran, FC, et al.Source: SCIENCE Volume: 293 Issue: 5539 Pages: 2430-2432 Published: SEP 28 2001

6. Title: High-temperature superconductivity in lattice-expanded C-60Author(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Batlogg, BSource: SCIENCE Volume: 293 Issue: 5539 Pages: 2432-2434 Published: SEP 28 2001

7. Title: Universal crossover from band to hopping conduction in molecular organic semiconductorsAuthor(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Batlogg, BSource: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Volume: 86 Issue: 17 Pages: 3843 Published: APR 23 2001

8. Title: Josephson junctions with tunable weak linksAuthor(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Hwang, HY, et al.Source: SCIENCE Volume: 292 Issue: 5515 Pages: 252-254 Published: APR 13 2001

9. Title: Gate-induced superconductivity in a solution-processed organic polymer film

Author(s): Schon, JH; Dodabalapur, A; Bao, Z, et al.Source: NATURE Volume: 410 Issue: 6825 Pages: 189-192 Published: MAR 8 2001

10. Title: Electron-phonon coupling spectrum in photodoped pentacene crystalsAuthor(s): Lee, M; Schon, JH; Kloc, C, et al.Source: PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS Volume: 86 Issue: 5 Pages: 862-865 Published: JAN 29 2001

11. Title: Superconductivity at 52 K in hole-doped C-60 Author(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Batlogg, BSource: NATURE Volume: 408 Issue: 6812 Pages: 549-552 Published: NOV 30 2000

16. Title: A superconducting field-effect switchAuthor(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Haddon, RC, et al.Source: SCIENCE Volume: 288 Issue: 5466 Pages: 656-658 Published: APR 28 2000

17. Title: Ambipolar pentacene field-effect transistors and inverters (Retracted article. See vol 298, pg 961, 2002)Author(s): Schon, JH; Berg, S; Kloc, C, et al.Source: SCIENCE Volume: 287 Issue: 5455 Pages: 1022-1023 Published: FEB 11 2000

18. Title: Efficient organic photovoltaic diodes based on doped pentacene (Retracted article. See vol 422 pg 93 2003)Author(s): Schon, JH; Kloc, C; Bucher, E, et al.Source: NATURE Volume: 403 Issue: 6768 Pages: 408-410 Published: JAN 27 2000

OLEDs OLEDs Basic principles, technology and applicationsBasic principles, technology and applications

Sébastien FORGET

Maître de Conférences

Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers

Université Paris Nord – P13

www-lpl.univ-paris13.fr:8088/lumen/

PartIII COURS oled printable oled... · NPB 50 nm DPVBi : Rubrène 60-e : e nm Alq 3 10nm LiF / Al...

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