PARTICULATE MATTER

SAMPLING OPTIONS SAMPLING OPTIONS FOR THE EH&S PROFESSIONALFOR THE EH&S PROFESSIONAL

SIZE-SELECTIVE SAMPLING IN THE WORKPLACE

TRADITIONAL USA CRITERIAFOR SIZE-SELECTIVE SAMPLING

• TotalTotal • RespirableRespirable

CRITERIA NOT USED GLOBALLY!

“TOTAL” PARTICULATE

• A misnomerA misnomer• Only includes Only includes

particulates that can be particulates that can be collected by a 37-mm collected by a 37-mm filter cassette.filter cassette.

WANTED: A BETTER SAMPLER

• Since we are interested in health effects, Since we are interested in health effects, researchers sought to design a personal researchers sought to design a personal sampler that would be based sampler that would be based “on a “on a biologically relevant definition of total dust, biologically relevant definition of total dust, that is, one which represents the total of what that is, one which represents the total of what the worker takes in through the nose and/or the worker takes in through the nose and/or mouth during the act of breathing”. mouth during the act of breathing”. (Ann. Occup. Hyg. Vol. 30, 1986.)(Ann. Occup. Hyg. Vol. 30, 1986.)

A MOVE TOWARD STANDARDIZATION

• ACGIHACGIH• ASTMASTM• ISOISO• CENCEN

TLV CHANGE

• In In 19931993, revisions to Appendix D of the , revisions to Appendix D of the ACGIH TLV booklet, “Particle Size-Selective ACGIH TLV booklet, “Particle Size-Selective Sampling Criteria for Airborne Particulate Sampling Criteria for Airborne Particulate Matter” were adopted by ACGIH. Matter” were adopted by ACGIH.

• Three Three particulate mass fractions were now particulate mass fractions were now defined. defined.

PARTICULATE FRACTIONS NEW INTERNATIONAL CRITERIA

•Inhalable

•Thoracic

•Respirable

INHALABLE PARTICULATE MASS DEFINED

• Those materials that are hazardous when Those materials that are hazardous when deposited anywhere in the respiratory tractdeposited anywhere in the respiratory tract

• Includes particulate matter that enter the Includes particulate matter that enter the head airways region including the nose and head airways region including the nose and mouthmouth

• Also includes materials that can produce Also includes materials that can produce systemic toxicity from deposition anywhere in systemic toxicity from deposition anywhere in the respiratory system. the respiratory system.

INHALABLE SAMPLERS

• Meet the inhalability criterion when a Meet the inhalability criterion when a personal sampler mounted on the body gives personal sampler mounted on the body gives the same measured dust concentration and the same measured dust concentration and aerodynamic size distribution as that inhaled aerodynamic size distribution as that inhaled by its wearer, regardless of dust source by its wearer, regardless of dust source location and wind conditions. location and wind conditions.

• Defined as having a Defined as having a 50% cut-point of50% cut-point of 100 100 microns.microns.

TRADITIONAL FILTER CASSETTES

• Do not effectively sample inhalable particulate Do not effectively sample inhalable particulate mattermatter

• They significantly underestimate the concentration They significantly underestimate the concentration of larger dust particles from 30-100 um. of larger dust particles from 30-100 um.

• The inlets do not effectively capture the larger The inlets do not effectively capture the larger particles, particles adhere to the cassette walls and particles, particles adhere to the cassette walls and sample loss can occur when removing the filters. sample loss can occur when removing the filters.

INHALABLE SAMPLERS

A personal sampler for inhalable A personal sampler for inhalable

particulate was first developed by Mark particulate was first developed by Mark

and Vincent in 1986 at the and Vincent in 1986 at the Institute ofInstitute of

Occupational MedicineOccupational Medicine and was named the and was named the

IOM sampler. IOM sampler.

IOM SAMPLERA GOLD STANDARD

Exploded View

Cat. No. 225-70A

USING THE IOM SAMPLERSAMPLE LOGISTICS

• Load a Load a 25-mm filter25-mm filter into the cassette into the cassette using forceps and wearing gloves.using forceps and wearing gloves.

• EquilibrateEquilibrate the filter/cassette assembly the filter/cassette assembly overnight under controlled humidity overnight under controlled humidity conditions then weigh them conditions then weigh them as a unitas a unit.

• Allow the assembly to stabilize a few Allow the assembly to stabilize a few minutes before taking a reading.minutes before taking a reading.

USING THE IOM SAMPLERSAMPLE LOGISTICS

• Place the IOM cassette/filter assembly into the Place the IOM cassette/filter assembly into the sampler body, screw on the cover cap, and connect sampler body, screw on the cover cap, and connect to the pump.to the pump.

• Calibrate the flowrate to Calibrate the flowrate to 2 L/min2 L/min using the IOM using the IOM calibration adapter or by placing in a calibration calibration adapter or by placing in a calibration chamber. chamber.

• Following sample collection, weigh the Following sample collection, weigh the cassette/filter assembly again or do a chemical cassette/filter assembly again or do a chemical analysis with the S.S. cassette. analysis with the S.S. cassette.

ADVANTAGES OF THE IOM

• Since the filter and cassette are weighed Since the filter and cassette are weighed together, all particles which enter through the together, all particles which enter through the sampling inlet are part of the analysis. sampling inlet are part of the analysis.

• Any particulate dislodged from the filter due Any particulate dislodged from the filter due to accidental knocking, will be retained inside to accidental knocking, will be retained inside the cassette and weighed. the cassette and weighed.

ADVANTAGES OF THE IOM

• The collection efficiency gives an acceptable The collection efficiency gives an acceptable match to the inhalability definition when worn match to the inhalability definition when worn on the lapel as a personal sampler.on the lapel as a personal sampler.

• The performance is relatively independent of The performance is relatively independent of wind speed for particles with aerodynamic wind speed for particles with aerodynamic diameter up to and including 75 um. diameter up to and including 75 um.

AN ALTERNATIVE INHALABLE SAMPLER

Button SamplerButton Sampler• Inlet has a screenInlet has a screen

with numerous, evenlywith numerous, evenly

spaced holesspaced holes• Holes act as orifices and Holes act as orifices and

provide multidirectionalprovide multidirectional

sampling capabilitiessampling capabilities

Cat. No. 225-360

USING THE BUTTON SAMPLERSAMPLE LOGISTICS

• Unscrew the sampler inlet and remove the TeflonUnscrew the sampler inlet and remove the Teflon®® O-ring.O-ring.

• Place a Place a 25-mm filter25-mm filter on the stainless steel support on the stainless steel support screen, replace the 0-ring and the sampler inlet. screen, replace the 0-ring and the sampler inlet.

• Calibrate the Button Sampler to a flowrate ofCalibrate the Button Sampler to a flowrate of

4 L/min4 L/min using the calibration adapter or by placing using the calibration adapter or by placing in a calibration chamber. in a calibration chamber.

USING THE BUTTON SAMPLERSAMPLE LOGISTICS

• A filter A filter pore size of 1.0 um or higherpore size of 1.0 um or higher is is recommended due to the backpressure recommended due to the backpressure limitations of most personal samplers. limitations of most personal samplers.

• After sampling, remove the filter for analysis. After sampling, remove the filter for analysis. • Use a conductive plastic Use a conductive plastic filter transportfilter transport case case

or equivalent for shipment to the lab. or equivalent for shipment to the lab.

ADVANTAGES OF BUTTON SAMPLER

• Closed-face inlet keeps out large particlesClosed-face inlet keeps out large particles• 25-mm filter directly behind inlet avoids 25-mm filter directly behind inlet avoids

transmission losses in samplertransmission losses in sampler• Uniform distribution of holes minimizes Uniform distribution of holes minimizes

sensitivity to wind velocity and directionsensitivity to wind velocity and direction• Flow rate of 4 L/min for personalFlow rate of 4 L/min for personal

sampling increases sensitivitysampling increases sensitivity• Can be used for personal or area samplingCan be used for personal or area sampling

OTHER INHALABLE SAMPLERS

• 7-HOLE SAMPLING HEAD7-HOLE SAMPLING HEAD

Traditional European method using a 25-mm Traditional European method using a 25-mm filter and cassette with an end cap with 7 filter and cassette with an end cap with 7 equispaced inlet holes with flows of 2.0 equispaced inlet holes with flows of 2.0 L/min. L/min.

7-HOLE (DEAD) HEAD ??

OTHER INHALABLE SAMPLERS

• Conical Inhalable Conical Inhalable Sampler (CIS) Sampler (CIS)

Also known as the GSP Also known as the GSP Sampler. This German Sampler. This German sampler aspirates sampler aspirates particles through the inletparticles through the inletat 3.5 L/min onto aat 3.5 L/min onto a37-mm filter. Optional 37-mm filter. Optional foam plugs collectfoam plugs collectmultiple size fractions. multiple size fractions.

CIS SAMPLER

OTHER INHALABLE SAMPLERS

• RespiconRespiconParticles are aspirated Particles are aspirated

through the inlet at 3.1through the inlet at 3.1

L/min and then separatedL/min and then separated

into the 3 fractions: into the 3 fractions:

inhalable; thoracic;inhalable; thoracic;

respirable. respirable. RESPICON™

OTHER INHALABLE SAMPLERS

• CIP-10CIP-10A French sampler with 2 A French sampler with 2 key components:key components:-Impactor/foam -Impactor/foam pre-separator to retain pre-separator to retain large particleslarge particles-A rotating cup with a -A rotating cup with a PUF ring that collects thePUF ring that collects thesample for gravimetric sample for gravimetric analysisanalysis

CIP-10 SAMPLER

OSHA COMPLIANCE??

• If a compound has a If a compound has a PEL as PEL as totaltotal dust and dust and all your samples are all your samples are collected as collected as inhalableinhalable, , “red flags will be raised “red flags will be raised with the compliance with the compliance officer”. officer”.

• Be prepared to provide Be prepared to provide evidence that your evidence that your results gave equivalent results gave equivalent or “safer” results than or “safer” results than the OSHA reference the OSHA reference method. method.

• Evidence includes side-Evidence includes side-by-side studies or by-side studies or compound-specific compound-specific industry research.industry research.

DATA CONVERSION??INHALABLE TO TOTAL

• Inhalable particulate is typically greater than total Inhalable particulate is typically greater than total particulate mass.particulate mass.

• Aerosol Classification and Conversion FactorAerosol Classification and Conversion Factor-Dust-Dust 2.52.5-Mist-Mist 2.02.0-Foundries-Foundries 1.51.5-Welding-Welding 1.01.0-Smokes/fumes-Smokes/fumes 1.01.0

• Published by Werner et. al. in the Published by Werner et. al. in the AnalystAnalyst, , 121:1207. 121:1207.

INHALABLE TLVs2006 ADOPTED VALUES

• AcrylamideAcrylamide• Asphalt FumeAsphalt Fume• Azinphos-methylAzinphos-methyl• Borate cpds, InorganicBorate cpds, Inorganic• Butylated hydroxytolueneButylated hydroxytoluene• Calcium sulfateCalcium sulfate• CaprolactamCaprolactam• CaptanCaptan• CarbofuranCarbofuran• ChlorpyrifosChlorpyrifos

• CoumaphosCoumaphos• Demeton (and Demeton- S-Demeton (and Demeton- S-

methyl)methyl)• DiazinonDiazinon• 2,2-Dichloropropionic acid2,2-Dichloropropionic acid• Dichlorvos (DDVP)Dichlorvos (DDVP)• DicrotophosDicrotophos• DioxathionDioxathion• DiquatDiquat• DisulfotonDisulfoton

INHALABLE TLVs2006 ADOPTED VALUES

• EPNEPN• EthionEthion• 2-Ethylhexanoic acid2-Ethylhexanoic acid• FenamiphosFenamiphos• FensulfothionFensulfothion• FenthionFenthion• Flour DustFlour Dust• FonofosFonofos• Glyoxal Glyoxal • Hexahydrophthalic anhydrideHexahydrophthalic anhydride• Isobutyl nitriteIsobutyl nitrite

• Magnesium oxideMagnesium oxide• MalathionMalathion• MevinphosMevinphos• Molybdenum (Metal and Molybdenum (Metal and

insoluble cpds.)insoluble cpds.)• MonocrotophosMonocrotophos• NaledNaled• Natural rubber latex as total Natural rubber latex as total

proteinsproteins• Nickel, Elemental, Soluble and Nickel, Elemental, Soluble and

Insoluble Cpds. Insoluble Cpds. • Nickel SubsulfideNickel Subsulfide

INHALABLE TLVs2006 ADOPTED VALUES

• p,p-Oxybis(benzenep,p-Oxybis(benzenesulfonyl hydrazide)sulfonyl hydrazide)

• ParathionParathion• Particulates Not Otherwise Particulates Not Otherwise

Specified Specified (now a guideline; (now a guideline; not a TLV)not a TLV)

• PhoratePhorate• RonnelRonnel• Silica, Amorphous Silica, Amorphous

(Diatomaeous earth)(Diatomaeous earth)• Silicon carbide, nonfibrousSilicon carbide, nonfibrous

• Sulfotepp (TEDP)Sulfotepp (TEDP)• Synthetic Vitreous Fibers Synthetic Vitreous Fibers

(Continuous filament) (Continuous filament) • TemephosTemephos• TerbufosTerbufos• 1,12,2-Tetrabromoethane1,12,2-Tetrabromoethane• TrichlorphonTrichlorphon• Wood Dusts Wood Dusts • Xylidine (mixed isomers)Xylidine (mixed isomers)

INHALABLE TLVs2006 INTENDED CHANGES

• AlachlorAlachlor• AldrinAldrin• BerylliumBeryllium• CarbarylCarbaryl• Copper, Elemental/Metal Copper, Elemental/Metal

and Copper oxides, as Cuand Copper oxides, as Cu• Methyl demetonMethyl demeton• Mineral Oil used in metal Mineral Oil used in metal

workingworking

• 5-Nitro-o-toluidine5-Nitro-o-toluidine• Portland cementPortland cement• SulprofosSulprofos• Tetraethyl pyrophosphate Tetraethyl pyrophosphate

(TEPP)(TEPP)• ThiramThiram• Toluene 2,4- or 2,6-Toluene 2,4- or 2,6-

diisocyanatediisocyanate• Vanadium PentoxideVanadium Pentoxide

FIRST THORACIC TLV

Sulfuric acidSulfuric acid• TLV of 0.2 mg/m3 asTLV of 0.2 mg/m3 as

thoracic thoracic particulateparticulate

matter.matter.

FIRST THORACIC NIOSH METHOD

Metalworking FluidsMetalworking Fluids• NIOSH Method 5524, NIOSH Method 5524,

Issue 1 specifies a Issue 1 specifies a

2-um PTFE filter in a 2-um PTFE filter in a

37-mm filter cassette 37-mm filter cassette with an optional with an optional thoracic particulate thoracic particulate sampler. sampler.

THORACIC CYCLONE

NEW THORACIC SAMPLER

Parallel Particle ImpactorParallel Particle Impactor (PPI)(PPI)• Designed to give a precise Designed to give a precise

match to the thoracic match to the thoracic definitiondefinition

• Has 4 internal impactors in Has 4 internal impactors in one samplerone sampler

• Used with any suitable 37-Used with any suitable 37-mm filter at 2 L/minmm filter at 2 L/min

Cat. No. 225-381

Plate with four suitably sized inlet orifices

Plate with disposable, pre-oiled porous plastic impaction substrates and outlet orifices

Main collection filter (37mm) and filter support pad or screen

Outlet to pump

2 LPM

PPI SCHEMATIC

Aerodynamic Particle Diameter, da, m

0 5 10 15 20 25

Sa

mp

lin

g E

ffic

ien

cy,

E,

%

0

25

50

75

100

Thoracic Convention

GK2.69 Cyclone, 1.6 Lpm

PPI 10 m, 2.0 Lpm

SAMPLER COMPARISONS TO THORACIC CONVENTION

RESPIRABLE DUST

• Conflict and confusion Conflict and confusion

in the USAin the USA

• NIOSH NIOSH ≠≠ OSHA OSHA

50% cut-point of 50% cut-point of respirable samplersrespirable samplers

CYCLONE CONFUSION

Spinning with Spinning with centrifugal forcecentrifugal force

• Cut-point?Cut-point?• Cyclone?Cyclone?• Flow Rate?Flow Rate?

RESPIRABLE DEFINITION:GLOBAL

• In In 1952,1952, the British Medical Research Council the British Medical Research Council (BMRC) adopted a definition of respirable dust as (BMRC) adopted a definition of respirable dust as that fraction reaching the alveolar region of the that fraction reaching the alveolar region of the lung.lung.

• The BMRC defined respirable dust samplers as The BMRC defined respirable dust samplers as having a 50% cut-point of having a 50% cut-point of 5 microns5 microns..

• In In 1959,1959, the BMRC definition was adopted by the the BMRC definition was adopted by the Johannesburgh Conference on Pneumoconiosis.Johannesburgh Conference on Pneumoconiosis.

RESPIRABLE DEFINITION:USA

• In In 1968,1968, the American Conference of the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) defined respirable dust samplers as having a defined respirable dust samplers as having a 50% cut-point of 3.5 um.50% cut-point of 3.5 um.

• Definition was later adopted into OSHA and Definition was later adopted into OSHA and MSHA standards and is still used today. MSHA standards and is still used today.

RESPIRABLE DEFINITION:INTERNATIONAL

In the early In the early 1990’s1990’s, a new, a new

international definitioninternational definition

was developed to achievewas developed to achieve

worldwide consensus. worldwide consensus.

Respirable samplers Respirable samplers

were defined as having a were defined as having a

50% cut-point of50% cut-point of

4 microns4 microns..

NIOSH RESPIRABLE DUST METHODS

• NylonNylonat 1.7 L/minat 1.7 L/min

• Higgins-DewellHiggins-Dewell at 2.2 L/minat 2.2 L/min

CYCLONES LISTED IN CURRENT NIOSH METHODS

• AluminumAluminum at 2.5 L/minat 2.5 L/min

• Each cyclone has Each cyclone has different operating different operating specifications and specifications and performance criteria. performance criteria.

• Be sure you know the Be sure you know the flow rate specified to flow rate specified to achieve the desired achieve the desired cut-point before using a cut-point before using a cyclone. cyclone.

Cat. No. 225-01-02

COMPARISON OF NIOSH AND OSHA DEFINITIONS

Cyclones with a 4 Cyclones with a 4

cut-point will cut-point will

theoretically theoretically

collect collect MOREMORE

dust than thosedust than those

with a 3.5 micronwith a 3.5 micron

cut-point.cut-point.

US OSHA NOTE

• OSHA inspectors must use the only cyclone OSHA inspectors must use the only cyclone currently specified in the Federal Register--. currently specified in the Federal Register--. the Dorr-Oliver 10-mm nylon cyclone the Dorr-Oliver 10-mm nylon cyclone operated at 1.7 L/min. operated at 1.7 L/min.

• Otherwise, use your professional judgment. Otherwise, use your professional judgment.

DIESEL PARTICULATE MATTER (DPM)

ISSUES FOR EXPOSURE ISSUES FOR EXPOSURE ASSESSMENTSASSESSMENTS

DIESEL: HEALTH EFFECTS

• NIOSH in 1988NIOSH in 1988--recommended whole diesel recommended whole diesel exhaust be regarded as a potential exhaust be regarded as a potential occupational carcinogenoccupational carcinogen

• IARC in 1989IARC in 1989-declared that diesel engine -declared that diesel engine exhaust is probably carcinogenic to humansexhaust is probably carcinogenic to humans

• EPA in 2002EPA in 2002--released a Health released a Health Assessment Document and is still actively Assessment Document and is still actively studying the public health effectsstudying the public health effects

DIESEL: OELsACGIH

• ACGIH in 1995ACGIH in 1995--added DPM to list of intended added DPM to list of intended changes with a recommended TLV-TWA of 0.15 changes with a recommended TLV-TWA of 0.15 mg/mmg/m3; 3; In 2001, listed as 20 ug/m In 2001, listed as 20 ug/m3 3 measured as measured as elemental carbon.elemental carbon.

AS OFAS OF 2004 –TLV WITHDRAWN FOR FURTHER 2004 –TLV WITHDRAWN FOR FURTHER STUDYSTUDY

DIESEL: OELsOSHA

• OSHA currently OSHA currently evaluates the evaluates the components of diesel components of diesel such as CO, COsuch as CO, CO22, SO, SO22

and formaldehyde.and formaldehyde.• They do not have a They do not have a

standard for DPM. standard for DPM.

DIESEL: OELsSUMMARY

• See a summary of diesel standards from See a summary of diesel standards from OSHA, EPA, MSHA along with OSHA OSHA, EPA, MSHA along with OSHA directives, interpretations and compliance directives, interpretations and compliance letters on-line @ letters on-line @

www.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/standards.htmlwww.osha.gov/SLTC/dieselexhaust/standards.html

EC-THE PREFERRED OPTIONFOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS

• Diesel exhaust is a “complex mixture of an Diesel exhaust is a “complex mixture of an elemental carbon core surrounded by condensed elemental carbon core surrounded by condensed hydrocarbon gases”. hydrocarbon gases”.

• EC acts as a carrier of suspected mutagens and EC acts as a carrier of suspected mutagens and carcinogens.carcinogens.

• EC analysis is more specific and sensitive than EC analysis is more specific and sensitive than gravimetric.gravimetric.

• EC is easily detectable by EC is easily detectable by thermal-optical thermal-optical methods.methods.

AIHA JOURNAL ARTICLEMAY/JUNE 2003

• EC is the most EC is the most sensitive and specific sensitive and specific marker of diesel marker of diesel exhaust.exhaust.

• As OELs decrease, the As OELs decrease, the need to use EC as the need to use EC as the marker increases. marker increases.

ISSUE: AIR SAMPLING IN COAL MINES

• Coal dust will interfere with the measurement Coal dust will interfere with the measurement of DPM in coal mines. of DPM in coal mines.

• Sampler was developed by NIOSH to Sampler was developed by NIOSH to separate these two contaminants based on separate these two contaminants based on particle size.particle size.

• DPM is less than DPM is less than 1.01.0 um in size um in size

• Coal dust is greater than Coal dust is greater than 1.01.0 um in size um in size

DPM SAMPLER UTILIZES THREE STAGES

• CycloneCycloneRemoves non-respirable particles that may overload Removes non-respirable particles that may overload the filterthe filter

• Impactor Impactor Removes respirable particles greater than 1.0 um in Removes respirable particles greater than 1.0 um in diameterdiameter

• After-filter assemblyAfter-filter assemblyCollects particles less than 1.0 um in diameterCollects particles less than 1.0 um in diameter

DPM FILTER CASSETTES FOR EC SAMPLING

• Contain a special heat-treated quartz filter for Contain a special heat-treated quartz filter for thermal optical analysis using NIOSH Method thermal optical analysis using NIOSH Method 5040. 5040. (Cat. No. 225-401)(Cat. No. 225-401)

• For coal mining other applications with an For coal mining other applications with an interfering respirable dust, a DPM with an interfering respirable dust, a DPM with an inline impactor plate may be necessary. inline impactor plate may be necessary. (Cat. No. 225-317)(Cat. No. 225-317)

SIZE-SELECTIVE SAMPLING IN AMBIENT AIR

THE ENVIRONMENTAL PERSPECTIVE

• Initially, ambient particulate matter was Initially, ambient particulate matter was regulated in terms of regulated in terms of total suspended total suspended particulates (TSP)particulates (TSP) which is particulate which is particulate matter captured on a filter with a particle size matter captured on a filter with a particle size less thanless than 100 um100 um..

• TSP is comparable to the inhalable definition TSP is comparable to the inhalable definition used by occupational health used by occupational health professionals. professionals.

HISTORICAL EVENTS

• Later, the TSP standard was replaced Later, the TSP standard was replaced with a with a PM10PM10 standard, which includes standard, which includes only particles with an aerodynamic only particles with an aerodynamic diameter of diameter of 10 um10 um or less. or less.

• PM10 is comparable to the thoracic PM10 is comparable to the thoracic definition used by occupational health definition used by occupational health professionals. professionals.

HISTORICAL EVENTS

• The USA now also has a standard for The USA now also has a standard for PM 2.5PM 2.5, , particulate matter less than particulate matter less than 2.5 um2.5 um in aerodynamic in aerodynamic diameter. diameter.

• PM2.5, referred to as fine particulate matter, is PM2.5, referred to as fine particulate matter, is emitted from combustion sources and is a major emitted from combustion sources and is a major public health concern. public health concern.

• PM2.5 is similar to the respirable definition used by PM2.5 is similar to the respirable definition used by occupational health professionals. occupational health professionals.

US EPA REFERENCE METHODS FOR PM IN AMBIENT AIR

TRANSPORTABLE SAMPLERS FOR PM IN AMBIENT AIR

Deployable Particulate Sampler (DPS) (PM10 Cat. No. 100-3901)

REAL-TIME MONITORSFOR PM IN AMBIENT AIR

• Light-scattering device Light-scattering device with internal dataloggerwith internal datalogger

• Internal pump and size-Internal pump and size-selective impactor for selective impactor for PMPM

• Real-time monitor with Real-time monitor with concurrent sample concurrent sample collectioncollection EPAM-5000

(Cat. No. 770-)

SIZE-SELECTIVE SAMPLING IN INDOOR AIR

SAMPLING APPROACH TO INDOOR AIR

• Traditional stationary Traditional stationary ambient PM monitors ambient PM monitors used for ambient used for ambient measurements measurements do not do not provide reliableprovide reliable exposure exposure measurementsmeasurements of of susceptible susceptible subpopulations.subpopulations.

• In addition, traditional In addition, traditional stationary ambient PM stationary ambient PM monitors monitors do not permit do not permit researchers to assess researchers to assess the health effectsthe health effects of PM of PM on vulnerable on vulnerable individuals.individuals.

A NEW APPROACH TO INDOOR AIR

• US EPA researchers US EPA researchers have begun to sample have begun to sample “microenvironments” “microenvironments” (personal exposures)(personal exposures)

of PM to get better of PM to get better epidemiological data of epidemiological data of the actual health effects . the actual health effects .

PM IN INDOOR AIR USING A PERSONAL IMPACTOR

• Developed by researchers Developed by researchers at the University of S. at the University of S. California to collect data on California to collect data on the relationship between the relationship between outdoor and indoor PM outdoor and indoor PM levels and to assess levels and to assess personal exposures. personal exposures.

• Designed to partner with a Designed to partner with a pump at pump at 9 L/min for 24-hr9 L/min for 24-hr..

SIOUTAS IMPACTOR

SIOUTAS PERSONAL CASCADE IMPACTOR

Four impaction stagesFour impaction stages

and after-filter:and after-filter:• 2.5-10 um2.5-10 um• 1.0-2.5 um1.0-2.5 um• 0.5-1.0 um0.5-1.0 um• 0.25-0.50.25-0.5• <0.25 um<0.25 um

SAMPLE ANALYSIS

• TOTAL MASSTOTAL MASS

Gravimetric analysis Gravimetric analysis

• CHEMICAL SPECIESCHEMICAL SPECIES

See EPA IO-3 for a See EPA IO-3 for a variety of methods variety of methods including AA, XRF, including AA, XRF, ICP, proton induced X-ICP, proton induced X-ray emission ray emission spectroscopy and spectroscopy and neutron activation. neutron activation. (See www.epa.gov) (See www.epa.gov)

PM IN INDOOR AIRUSING THE PERSONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

MONITOR (PEM)

• Personal single-stage Personal single-stage impactor of various impactor of various models for use with models for use with pumps at 2, 4 or 10 pumps at 2, 4 or 10 L/minL/min

• Referenced in EPA Referenced in EPA method IP-10A for method IP-10A for particles in indoor air particles in indoor air using gravimetric using gravimetric analysisanalysis

JUST WHEN YOU THOUGHT…

WAIT THERE’S MORE.

Another type of particle in a new state of matter…..

NANOPARTICLES

• Nanosized particles Nanosized particles can be regarded as can be regarded as neither liquid or solid. neither liquid or solid.

• They are a new state of They are a new state of matter:matter:

• Nanophase particles Nanophase particles have a high fraction of have a high fraction of molecules located at the molecules located at the surface which makes surface which makes them very reactive.them very reactive.

• Main mechanism of Main mechanism of deposition is diffusion.deposition is diffusion.

• Behavior is more like Behavior is more like that of a vapor than a that of a vapor than a particle.particle.

PARTICLE FORMATION

• Nano-sized particles are Nano-sized particles are not not formed by formed by crushing/grinding operations.crushing/grinding operations.

• Particle formation is only by condensation from a Particle formation is only by condensation from a vapor. Particle growth can occur through vapor. Particle growth can occur through condensation or coagulation. condensation or coagulation.

• Hot processes and/or combustion are required to Hot processes and/or combustion are required to generate these nano-sized particles such as generate these nano-sized particles such as internal combustion engines, smelting, welding.internal combustion engines, smelting, welding.

PARTICLE TOXICITY

• Experts still are not Experts still are not sure of the metric sure of the metric driving the toxicity of driving the toxicity of nano-sized particles.nano-sized particles.

• Is the toxicity Is the toxicity dependent on theirdependent on theirincreased reactivity or increased reactivity or surface area? surface area?

KEY FACTORKEY FACTOR• Nano-sized particles can Nano-sized particles can

“translocate” far beyond “translocate” far beyond the original site of the original site of deposition in the deposition in the respiratory system to respiratory system to other target organs.other target organs.

• One study reports on One study reports on translocation from translocation from posterior nasal passages posterior nasal passages to the brain. to the brain.

NANOSCALE MATERIALS

• Nanoscale materials are being used in Nanoscale materials are being used in electronics, magnetic, medical imaging, drug electronics, magnetic, medical imaging, drug delivery, catalytic and materials applications, delivery, catalytic and materials applications, and consumer products. and consumer products.

• These engineered structures, devices, and These engineered structures, devices, and systems use materials of a nanoscale size systems use materials of a nanoscale size from 1-100 nm. from 1-100 nm.

EXAMPLE: NANOTUBES

• Compressed carbon:The hardest material Compressed carbon:The hardest material ever made by the human raceever made by the human race

• Can be woven into a hollow pipe and filled Can be woven into a hollow pipe and filled with “payload molecules” with “payload molecules”

• Applications include lightweight, fireproof, Applications include lightweight, fireproof, and earthquake-proof buildings and levees as and earthquake-proof buildings and levees as thin as Saran Wrap that are impervious to thin as Saran Wrap that are impervious to surgessurges

NANOPARTICLES vs ULTRAFINES

NanoparticlesNanoparticles• Particles Particles intentionallyintentionally

engineered for specific engineered for specific applications.applications.

• Large surface to mass Large surface to mass ratio allows them to ratio allows them to bind, adsorb, and carry bind, adsorb, and carry other compounds such other compounds such as drugs, probes, and as drugs, probes, and protein.protein.

UltrafinesUltrafines• Nano-sized particles Nano-sized particles in in

airair produced produced unintentionallyunintentionally in in combustion processes, combustion processes, etc.etc.

• Have similar properties Have similar properties as the engineered as the engineered nanoparticlesnanoparticles

EVALUATING EXPOSURES

• Currently, particulate exposures are evaluated Currently, particulate exposures are evaluated using using massmass concentrations. concentrations.

• This may not be the right choice for nano-sized This may not be the right choice for nano-sized particles.particles.

• Particle number and/or surface areaParticle number and/or surface area may be more may be more appropriate parameters.appropriate parameters.

• Be sure to measure background levels which may Be sure to measure background levels which may result from combustion sources or photochemical result from combustion sources or photochemical processes in ambient air. processes in ambient air.

CONTROLLING EXPOSURES

• The good news is that traditional controls The good news is that traditional controls such as HEPA filters do appear to work such as HEPA filters do appear to work effectively in controlling nano-sized particles. effectively in controlling nano-sized particles.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

• NIOSHNIOSH

www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotechwww.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/nanotech//

• UK HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVEUK HEALTH AND SAFETY EXECUTIVE

www.hse.gov.uk/research/rrhtm/rr274.htmwww.hse.gov.uk/research/rrhtm/rr274.htm

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

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