Prepared byPrepared byan English teacheran English teacher

O.A. LepertO.A. LepertShostka Shostka School 1School 1

PlanPlan1. Tense forms2. The functions3. Complex Object4.4. Complex SubjectComplex Subject5.5. The Absolute Participle ComplexThe Absolute Participle Complex

Tense formsTense formsTense Tense formsforms

Participle IParticiple IParticiple IIParticiple II

Active Active VoiceVoice

Passive Passive VoiceVoice

IndefiniteIndefinite readingbeing

being read readbeen

PerfectPerfect having readhaving been

having been read

The functionsThe functionsPresent Participle Indefinite Active is used as an attribute and as an adverbial modifier.e.g. e.g. Entering the room, he saw the Entering the room, he saw the guests guests there.there. The girl pointed to a group of The girl pointed to a group of womenwomen sitting in the corner of the room.sitting in the corner of the room.Present Participle Indefinite Passive is mostly used as an adverbial modifier, sometimes as an attribute.e.g. e.g. Being written in pencil, the letter Being written in pencil, the letter was was difficult to read.difficult to read. The plant being built in our town The plant being built in our town will will produce motor-cycles. produce motor-cycles.

The only function of Perfect Participle is that of adverbial modifiers.e.g. e.g. Having written the letter, the girl went Having written the letter, the girl went to to the post-office.the post-office. Having been made 20 years ago, the Having been made 20 years ago, the machine machine is out of date.is out of date.Past Participle is mostly used as an attribute. It can also be used as a predicative and an adverbial modifier.e.g. e.g. When praised, he was ill at ease.When praised, he was ill at ease. When he came into the room, the window When he came into the room, the window was broken. was broken.

An attribute expressed by a participle which has accompanying words is placed after the noun it modifies. If a participle in the function of an attribute has no accompanying words it is usually placed before the noun it modifies. e.g. e.g. He is a well-known writer.He is a well-known writer. The children danced round the beautifully The children danced round the beautifully decorated tree.decorated tree.

Complex ObjectComplex ObjectThe Objective Participle Complex consists of a noun in the Common Case or personal pronoun in the Objective Case and a participle. The first part of the complex (the noun or pronoun) denotes the subject or the object of the action expressed by the participle.

nounounn pronoupronou

nn

Participle Participle II

Participle IIParticiple II

1. After verbs to see, to hear, to feel, to observe, to notice, to find.

I saw her coming across the street.I watched the snow falling.She found the old man seating near his house.I saw the eyes of the doctor turned up on me.

P IP II

2. After verb to want. I want him changed. P II3. After verbs to consider, to believe, to think, to find, to expect, to suppose.

She considered herself deceived.

P II

4. After verbs to get, to have.

I want to have a new dress made.I want to have my hair cut.

P II

The Subjective Participle Complex consists of a noun in the Common Case or a personal pronoun in the Nominative Case and a participle which stands in predicate relation to the noun or pronoun.

Participle Participle II

Participle IIParticiple II

Complex SubjectComplex Subject

1. After verbs to see, to hear, to feel, to observe, to notice, to think, to watch.

A plane was heard flying high in the sky.For a long time the atom was thought to be indivisible.A car was heard to stop outside the door.

P IP II

3. After verbs to consider, to believe, to find.

The work was considered finished. These devices are considered to be very effective.The poem is believed to have been written by Byron.

P II

The Absolute The Absolute Participle ComplexParticiple Complex

The Absolute Participle Complex is a construction in which a participle has its own subject expressed by a noun in the Common Case or a personal pronoun in the Nominative Case.The Absolute Participle Complex is used in the function of adverbial modifiers of time, cause, manner, or attending circumstances and condition.e.g.e.g. The rain having stopped we went home. The rain having stopped we went home. The day being very fine, she went for a walk.The day being very fine, she went for a walk. Weather permitting, we’ll spend our day off in the Weather permitting, we’ll spend our day off in the forest. forest.

In the Absolute Participle Complex all the forms of the Participle are used.e.g.e.g. The letter being written, I went to The letter being written, I went to post it.post it. They went quickly out of the They went quickly out of the house, house, Jude accompanying her to the Jude accompanying her to the station.station. Her face smiling, she came into Her face smiling, she came into the the room.room.

The Absolute Participle Complex may be introduced by the preposition with. In this case it is used in the function of adverbial modifiers of manner, or attending circumstances.e.g.e.g. She was sitting on the ground, with her She was sitting on the ground, with her head head and one arm lying on a chair.and one arm lying on a chair. He was standing, with his arms crossed He was standing, with his arms crossed and his and his head bent. head bent.