Part1 - Properties of Water & Basic WQ
Transcript of Part1 - Properties of Water & Basic WQ
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TOPIC 1:
WATER RESOURCES
AND QUALITY
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INTRODUCTION
Water quality refers to the basic chemical andphysical characteristics of water that determineits suitability for life or for human uses
Importance of water usage
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SOURCES OF WATER
SUPPLY
Surface water resources
-rivers, lakes, reservoirs, dams
Ground water resources
- Aquifer
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PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTIC
Turbidity
Taste and odor
Colour
Temperature
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Water Quality: Turbidity
Turbidity is a measure of water clarity which is how much the material
suspended in water decreases the passage of light through the water.
Suspended materials include soil particles (clay, silt, and sand), algae,
plankton, microbes, and other substances. These materials are typically in
the size range of 0.004 mm (clay) to 1.0 mm (sand).
Turbidity can affect the colour of the water.
Low levels of turbidity may indicate a healthy, well-functioning ecosystem,
with moderate amounts of plankton present to fuel the fuel the food chain.
However, higher levels of turbidity pose several problems for stream
systems.
Turbidity blocks out the light needed by submerged aquatic vegetation.
It also can raise surface water temperatures above normal because
suspended particles near the surface facilitate the absorption of heat from
sunlight.
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Water Quality: Colour, Taste & Odour
Colour
Although colour in raw water can be present in groundwater due to
certain minerals, it is primarily a concern for surface water sources.
This is due to the decomposition of organic material.
Taste and Odou r
Taste and odour in water can be due to factors such as chemicals,
minerals, decaying organic matter, and dissolved gases.
The most common causes of odour in drinking water are the
presence of hydrogen sulphide, iron, or sulphur-reducing bacteria.
Even though taste and odour are considered more of an aesthetic
concern, they can also indicate the presence of contaminants that
are harmful to a persons health.
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Water Quality: Temperature
Temperature is a basic waterquality variable
Temperature determines thesuitability of water forvarious forms of aquatic life
For example, trout andsalmon require cooltemperature for survival andreproduction whereas bassand sunfish do better at
warmer temperatures Temperature in water bodies
generally follows mean dailyair temperature
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CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC
pH
Acidity
Alkalinity
Hardness
Sulphates
Iron
Solid
Nitrate
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Water Quality: pH
pH is a measure ofthe acidic or basiccharacteristics ofwater
Specifically, pH= -log [H+]
So a pH of 7 meansthe [H+]=10-7
A pH of 7 isconsidered neutral,below 7 is acidicand above 7 isbasic
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Water Quality: pH
Organismsgenerally prefer apH of 5-9 with
some being evenmore picky
A near neutral pHwill allow the
greatest diversityof life
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Water Quality: pH
Precipitation in our area has apH of 4-4.5 and is called acidrain
This is due to air pollution byNOx and SOx from vehicles
and power plants Even where there no pollution
rain has a pH of about 5.4because of dissolution of CO2from the air
Many species are vulnerable toacid rain
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Water Quality: Alkalinity
The ability of a waterbody to resistacidification is calledalkalinity
Alkalinity is generallyattributable to theamount ofcarbonate(CO3
-2) andbicarbonate (HCO3
-)
in the water Alkalinity is generally
measured in units ofmg/L as CaCO3
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Water Quality: Alkalinty
Streams, lakes andwetlands with moderate tohigh alkalinity are notsubject to acidification
whereas low alkalinitywaters are very vulnerable
Development tends toincrease alkalinitysomewhat due to the
mobilization and washin ofcarbonates andbicarbonates
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Water Quality: Hardness
Hardness is a measure of theamount of calcium (Ca+2) andmagnesium (Mg+2) ions in thewater
Hardness determines how hard oreasy it is to lather soap
The units are, like alkalinity, mg/Las CaCO3
Hardness also affects the toxicityof heavy metals
Hardness also tends to increasesomewhat with increasingwatershed development
Ca++
Mg++
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Water Quality: Dissolve Solid
Solids in water occur either in solution or in suspension. The solids
in the water that remain after filtration and evaporation as residue
are called total dissolved solids, or TDS.
Dissolved solids can be removed from water by filtration and
evaporation, and also by electro dialysis, reverse osmosis, or ionexchange.
Dissolved solids may be organic or inorganic, and come from water's
contact with substances in soil, on surfaces, and in the atmosphere.
Organic dissolved constituents come from decayed vegetation, and
from organic chemicals and gases.
These dissolved minerals, gases, and organic constituents may
cause physiological effects, as well as color, taste, and odor
problems.
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BIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTIC
Fecal coliform
Total coliform
Virus
protozoa
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Water Quality:Total Coliform
Total coliform is a group of several species of bacteria
with similar characteristics. They all may be found
naturally in the environment; in the soil, in plants and
animals. Most coliform bacteria can be found in the
intestinal tract of warm-blooded animals.
Total coliform are indicator bacteria. Their presence
indicates the possible presence of disease-causing
organisms; other bacteria, viruses or protozoa, such as
Giardia, Salmonella, Cryptosporidium, andShigella. These pathogens cause diseases like typhoid
fever, cholera, and gastroenteritis.
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Water Quality: Fecal Coliform
Fecal coliform bacteria are non-disease
causing organisms which are found in the
intestinal tract of all warm-blooded animals.
Each discharge of body wastes contains largeamounts of these organisms.
The presence of fecal coliform bacteria in a
stream or lake indicates the presence ofhuman or animal wastes.
The number of fecal coliform bacteria present
is a good indicator of the amount of pollution
present in the water.
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Water Quality: Protozoa
Protozoa are single-celled organisms that live mainly in
water. Many protozoa we know as parasites, but like
bacteria, they can be classified as helpful or harmful.
At times, drinking water can become infested with
certain protozoa which are not disease causing, but will
give the water a fish taste and odor.
Protozoa are often found in groundwater that has being
influenced by surface water sources.
Usually 2 to 50 microns in diameter, much larger than
bacteria.
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Water Quality:Viruses
Viruses are the smallest of the infectious microorganisms. They
cannot be seen under a microscope, as they are only 0.004 to 0.1
micron in diameter, and thus can pass through porcelain filters
capable of screening out bacteria.
Viruses are a unique kind of parasite that are incapable of growthunless they are in the presence of living cells. They can survive
both freezing and drying.
While viruses are more difficult to directly detect in a water source,
they can be carried in feces of both animals and humans. This is
why fecal coliform bacteria is a good indicator of sewagecontamination. The presence of coliform bacteria in sewage may
mean that the water source itself is contaminated with other
parasites.
It is important to note, however, that the absence of coliform
bacteria in a water source does not necessarily indicate theabsence of parasites in that water source.
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Water Contamination
Contaminants that may be in untreated water include:
microorganisms (viruses and bacteria)
inorganic contaminants (salts and metals)
pesticides and herbicides
sediments
organic chemical contaminants from industrialprocesses and petroleum use
radioactive contaminants.
Water quality depends on the local geology andecosystem, as well as human uses (sewage dispersion,industrial pollution, use of water bodies as a heat sink
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Malaysian Laws & Regulations
Parliamentary Acts National Policies of Government of Malaysia - Third National Agricultural Policy
(1998 - 2010)
Federal Constitutions
Ministerial Functions Act (1969) (Perintah Menteri-Menteri Persekutuan 2004) : DID Role In
River Management In On Flood Mitigation and River Conservancy
Other Legislations
Land Acts National Land Code 1965 And Waters
Land Conservation Act 1960
Flood Mitigation Drainage Works Act 1954 (1988)
Local Government Act (1976): (Peninsular) Earthworks Bylaws
Street, Drainage and Building Act 1974 (1994)
Town and Country Planning Act 1976
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Malaysian Laws & Regulations
River Management
Waters Act 1920 (Act 418) & Water Supply (Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur) Act 1998 (Act
581)
Mining Enactment 1962 (F.M.S. Cap 147)
Environmental Quality Act 1974 (Act 127) & Subsidiary Legislation
Ministerial Functions Act 1969 (Act 2)
National Forestry Act 1984 (Act 313) & Wood-Based Industries (State Legislatures
Competency) Act 1984 (Act 314)
Fisheries Act 1985 (Act 317) and Regulations
Water Act 1989 - Chapter 15
Sewerage Services Act 1993 (Act 508) & Regulations And Orders
Coastal Management
Town and Country Planning Act 1976
Environmental Quality Act 1974: (1985)
Environmental Quality Order 1987 (Environmental Impact Assessment - Prescribed Activities)
Mining Enactment 1936 (F.M.S. Cap 147)
Fisheries Act 1963 (1985) / Inland Fisheries Act
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Malaysian Laws & Regulations
Hydrological & Water Resources
Drainage Works Act 1954 (1988)
Waters Act 1920 (Cap 146) (1989)
Urban Stormwater
Street, Drainage and Building 1974 (Act 133) - Section 70A(9)
Street, Drainage and Building 1974 (Act 133) - Section 71
Agriculture Drainage
Third National Agricultural Policy (1998-2010)
Irrigation Areas Act 1953 (1989)
Drainage Works Act 1954 (1988)
Waters Act 1920 (Cap 146) (1989)
Fisheries Act 1963 (1985) / Inland Fisheries Act
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References
Source: Water Treatment Dealer, July/August
2002, What are bacteria, protozoa and
viruses? by Lou Smith, Water Quality
Consultant, Canadian Water QualityAssociation)
The official portal of DID Malaysia