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PART TWO: THEORIES OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT MS V PARSONS VCE UNIT 1 PSYCHOLOGY 2012 Chapter 5:...
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Transcript of PART TWO: THEORIES OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT MS V PARSONS VCE UNIT 1 PSYCHOLOGY 2012 Chapter 5:...
PART TWO: THEORIES OF EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
MS V PARSONSVCE UNIT 1 PSYCHOLOGY 2012
Chapter 5: Theories of Psychological Development
Why so many theories?
This year we will cover the
following areas of
development:
Perceptual – Gibson
Emotional – Bowlby,
Ainsworth, Harlow
Cognitive - Piaget
Moral -Kohlberg
Psychosocial – Erikson
Psychological
Development
PerceptualGibson
EmotionalBowlby,
Ainsworth & Harlow
CognitivePiaget
MoralKohlberg
Psychosocial
Erikson
Emotional Development: Romanian Orphans
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtQ4sPgNoEY
How important is the psychological bond ..or ATTACHMENT..between infants and their caregivers in emotional development ?
Definition of Attachment
An enduring emotional tie
to a special person,
characterized by a
tendency to seek and
maintain closeness,
especially during times of
stress.
Roots of Attachment Theory
• John Bowlby applied
ethology (the study of
behaviour) to infants
• Infant’s innate behaviors are
evolved responses which
promote survivalJohn Bowlby,
British psychiatrist (1907-1990)
Importance of Attachment
• Implications for infant's
sense of security
• Affects internal working
model
• Freud, Erikson,
Behaviorists described its
impact on development
Bowlby’s 4 Key Characteristics of Attachment
Proximity Maintenance-
desire to be near the caregiver.
Safe Haven-
the ability to be able to return to the
caregiver when scared.
Secure Base-
from which infant can explore
surrounding environment.
Separation distress-
anxiety when caregiver leaves
Bowlby’s Four Stages of Attachment
Pre attachment phase • Birth - 6 weeks
• Baby’s innate signals attract
caregiver
• Caregivers remain close by
when the baby responds
positively
Attachment in the Making
• 6 wks to 6-8 months
• Develops a sense of trust that
caregiver will respond when
signaled
• Infants respond more
positively to familiar caregiver
• Babies don't protest when
separated from parent
Clear-cut Attachment
• 6-8 months to 18-24 months
• Babies display separation
anxiety
• Babies protest when parent
leaves
Formation of Reciprocal Relationship
• 18 mo - 2yrs
• Toddlers increase their
understanding of symbols
and language improves
• Toddlers understand that
parents will return
Factors which Affect Attachment
• Opportunity for attachment
• Quality of caregiving
• respond promptly and
consistently
• interactional synchrony – the
sensitively tuned “emotional
dance”
• Infant characteristics
• infant's temperament, special
needs, prematurity, or illnesses
More Factors which Affect Attachment
• Family circumstances
• Stress can undermine
attachment
• Parents’ internal working models
• Parents’ own attachment
experiences
• Parents’ ability to accept their
past
Measuring the Quality of Attachment
• Mary Ainsworth researched
• Designed the “strange situation”
• A lab experiment with 8
different episodes of separation
and reunion
• Attached infant will:
• Use mother as a secure base
• Be soothed by the mother
during the reunion
Mary Ainsworth, American
Psycholgist (1913-199)
Secure attachment
• Uses caregiver as a secure
base
• May show distress at
separation, but the baby can
be soothed at reunion
• 60-65% of Australian children
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QTsewNrHUHU
Insecure-Avoidant Attachment
• Unresponsive to parent
when she is present
• Not distressed by parting
• Avoids or slow to greet
parent on return
• 20% of Australian
children
Insecure-Resistant Attachment
• Infants remain close to
parents and not eager to
explore
• Distressed by separation
• During reunion, infants are
both clingy and resistant
• 12% of Australian children
Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment
• No coherent strategy
for handling
separations or
reunions
• Baby looks dazed and
confused
• 5-10% of Australian
children
How do the Different Perspectives view Attachment
Harlow’s Attachment Experiment
http://www.psychexchange.co.uk/videos/view/20978/
Harlow’s Experiments in Monkeys
Nonhuman primates can offer
tremendous insights into human
development.
Of all animals, apes and monkey are
the most closely related to humans
behaviorally, anatomically, and
physiologically.
Rhesus monkeys share over 90% of
their genes with those of humans.Harry Harlow,
American Psychologist (1905-1981)
Harlow discovered that baby monkeys deprived of their mothers (left) would transfer their affections to a cloth surrogate. When they needed to eat, they would scamper over to a milk-bearing wire mother, but then quickly return to cuddle with the softer surrogate.
Harry Harlow 1905-1981
RESULTS OF THE
EXPERIMENT All the rhesus
monkeys raised in isolation
were
Fearful
Easily frightened
Did not mate
Those artificially inseminated
became abusive mothers
Harry Harlow 1905-1981
Harlow used this bear
for the fear test. When
Harlow put this in the
cage with the isolated
monkeys, they were
afraid.
Harry Harlow 1905-1981
The typical response in
the fear test was to
cling to the cloth
mother. (not the wire
mother with the food)
Implications For The Human Socialization Process
Parental contact is absolutely
critical to infants’ psychosocial
well-being. Critical = absolutely
necessary….won’t happen
without it. Following WW II, psychologists
coined the term “anaclitic
depression” to describe the
clinical response of human
infants to prolonged maternal
separation.