Part One The Ancient World The first humans – believed to have appeared over 2M years ago ...

Part One The Ancient World

The first humans believed to have appeared over 2M years ago Hunters and Gatherers Simple tools and weapons from stone, bone, and wood Development of Farming The Neolithic Revolution Gave up their nomadic way of life Early civilizations developed in river valleys Developed systems of government, social structures, and belief systems Migration, trade, and warfare helped ideas mover from one culture to another Cultural Diffusion

Hunters and Gatherers The Old Stone Age also known as the Paleolithic Age Known as Nomads Moved from place to place to hunt and gather their food Simple social structures people who traveled together Adapting to the Environment Made simple tools and weapons from wood, bone, and stone Developed languages to communicate Animal skin for clothing

Spiritual Beliefs Towards the end of the Old Stone Age, began to bury their dead with care Believed in the afterlife Buried tools and weapons with dead Migration Lived in East Africa Spread to all parts of the world Land Bridge Migration led to Cultural Diffusion

Demographic Patterns and Migration Demography the study of human populations Demographics patterns, or changes in populations over time, are often influenced by geographic features such as rivers. Rivers also served as highways for the transport of people and goods Bantu Migrations The Bantus originally lived in W. Africa Skilled farmers and herders Migrated to the south and east in search of fertile land after the Sahara dried up 500BCE and 1500 CE, they spread their knowledge of farming and ironworking, as well as their language, across the continent. Today, about 1/3 of all Africans speak a language that includes a dialect of the Bantu

Demographic Patterns and Migration Summarizing Early Peoples Who were they When Where Contributions Government Religion and Beliefs The Spreading of Ideas is known as what?

Mandate of Heaven FeudalismQinHan Dynasty Maurya Dynasty BureaucracyAsokaPolisAristocracy Direct Democracy HellenisticRepublicSenatePatricianPlebeian Pax Romana Laws of the Twelve Tables AqueductSilk Road Cultural Diffusion Key IDs

Limited Democracy in Athens Pericles (460BCE-429 BCE) Direct Democracy large number of male citizens took part in the day-today running of government Women were inferior Slaves did not participate Athens became the cultural center of Greece Great Thinkers, writers, and artists Alexander the Great Macedonia mountain kingdom north of Greece 300BCE, Philip of Macedonia conquered Greece Alexander succeeds his father Built empire, which included the Nile Valley, Persia, and parts of India Spread Greek culture Hellenistic culture blended aspects of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian life More rights and opportunities to women, who gained some political power

Athens Limited Democracy Laws made by assembly Males Only Trade with others Education for boys Women inferior Sparta Monarchy Military society Trade and travel not allowed Military training for boys Women obey men Women own property Language Shared heroes Olympics Same gods and religious beliefs

SocratesPlatoAristotle Developed Socratic method; learning about beliefs and ideas by asking questions Believed government should control lives Believed one strong and good leader should rule Government put him to death Divided society into three classes: workers, philosophers, and soldiers Believed people learned through reason Greek and Hellenistic Contributions An enduring legacy Philosophy Greek thinkers tried to use observations and reason to understand why things happened Arts and Architecture beauty, balance, and order. Greek paintings and statues were lifelike; building (Parthenon). Architects today still continue to use ancient Greek ideas. Science and Math earth rotates on its axis and moves around the sun; Hippocrates studied the causes of illness and looked for cures; Pythagoras developed a formula to measure the sides of a right triangle.

Octavian or Augustus grandnephew of Caesar Ruled with absolute power The Republic ends Roman Empire begins 200-year peace that began with Augustus is called Pax Romana, or Roman Peace Roman empire spread stability over a large area of the world, including parts of Europe, N. Africa, and S.W. Asia

AnimismBuddhaHijraBrahmanNirvanaQuran ReincarnationMonotheisticShariaKarmaTorahMissionary DharmaMessiahDiasporaUpanishadsBible Cultural Diffusion Questions to consider during this section What are the specific characteristics of the major religions and beliefs systems? How are they the same? How are they different? How do they affect culture? How did they spread from one region to another?

Development religious beliefs developed during very early cultures/civilizations Animism Every living and nonliving thing in nature has a spirit The primary belief of early people Early religious systems would combine animism with reverence to their ancestors Shang China believed that the spirits of deceased ancestors could affect life in either a positive or negative manner

Hinduism One of the oldest religions and one of the most complex No single founder Developed over 3500 years ago Developed in India The Sacred Text Upanishads & Vedas Unifying Spirit Believed in one unifying spirit Brahman, the unifying spirit is too complex for humans to understand; Hindus worship gods that give a more concrete form to Brahman The three gods Brahma the Creator, The Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer Believers goal is to achieve union with Brahman

Reincarnation Achieving union with Brahman occurs when people free themselves from the selfish desires that separate them from the universal spirit Most people cannot achieve this union in one lifetime Rebirth rebirth of the soul in a new body allows people to continue their journey People get closer to this union by being born higher and higher level of existence Karma and Dharma obeying karma gets you closer to Brahman All deeds affect his or her existence in the next life Dharma follow good deeds; the moral and religious duties that is expected Gender, class, age, and occupation all affect dharma Castes Social Groups Good Karma = Higher Caste; Bad Karma = Lower Caste

Hinduism Caste System The caste system is an important part of Hinduism. Caste are social groups into which people are born and out of which they cannot move during a lifetime. In Next Life In This Life A Person Is born into a caste If good and obeys caste rules If bad and breaks caste rules Higher Caste Lower Caste

Buddhism 500 BCE Also in India Founder Siddhartha Gautama or Buddha Buddha the Enlightened One Sacred Text Three Baskets of Wisdom The Four Noble Truths All life is suffering Suffering is caused by desire for things that are illusions The way to eliminate suffering is to eliminate desire Following the Eightfold Path will help people overcome desire

Eightfold Path right views, right intentions, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right meditation Buddhism accepts karma, dharma, and reincarnation. Rejects the many Hindu gods Rejects caste system

Confucianism Confucius enlightened thinker Born 551 BCE Developed during the Zhou Dynasty troubled times; wars, economic hardship, social issues Sacred Text The Analects Taught people to accept their given place in society Place in society is determined through five key relationships SuperiorSubordinate RulerRuled HusbandWife ParentChild Elder BrotherYoungest Brother Friend Confucius believed all people are naturally good Education should be the road to advancement in society The individual must find and accept his or her proper place in society

Taoism Another Chinese philosophy Taoism or Daoism Help people live in harmony with nature Founder Laozi Tao = The Way of the universe Yielding and acceptance Rejected the world and human government and withdrew to become hermits, mystics, or poets Balance between yin and yang Yin Earth, darkness, and female forces Yang Heaven, light, and male forces Peace and well-being of universe depends on harmony between yin and yang

Legalism Emerged during the same time period as Confucianism and Taoism Legalists assume human nature was evil and that people must be restricted by laws Promoted a strong central government Strong central government was necessary to maintain peace and order Believed in harsh punishment; people would obey if harsh punishment was the rule of law Believed that the ruler should have unquestioned authority Believed that there should only be tow occupations: farmers and soldiers Examples: slap my face, I cut off your hand; kick my butt, lose your foot

Judaism God made a covenant, or binding agreement, to be the God of the Hebrews Believed that God gave them the 10 Commandments through Moses; laws that describe how people should behave toward God and each other The Old Testament of the Bible includes the Torah The Torah also sets out many other laws that establish the moral basis for Judaism The Prophets writing from spiritual leaders (scriptures) urged people to act accordingly Strong influence on Christianity and Islam

Judaism Hebrews nomadic group that came from the Fertile Crescent Hebrews were enslaved in Egypt, and God helped them escape slavery 1000 BCE Hebrews establish the Kingdom of Israel Believed God had promised them the land Belief in one God monotheistic Sacred Text The Torah

Christianity Began in Palestine Teachings of a Jew named Jesus 30 CE Became official religion of the Roman Empire by 392 CE

Christianity Jesus Mary told that Jesus would be the Messiah (savior sent by God) Jesus worshiped God and followed Jewish Law Traveled preaching and teaching new beliefs Romans considered him dangerous Arrested, tried, and crucified After death, followers said he had risen from the grave Followers continued to spread his teachings Romans persecuted Christians Constantine ended the persecutions Sacred Text the Bible

Islam 622 CE Believe in one God Muhammad Born in Mecca Troubled by the idol worship of the Arabs Angel Gabriel commanded Muhammad to spread the message of Islam Meccan merchants threatened to kill him; journeyed to Medina

Islam Hijra the journey Beliefs Followers are called Muslims Five Pillars Sacred Text Quran Sharia body of laws developed by Muslim scholars; a system designed to unite Muslims of different backgrounds

Pillar One All Muslims must confess their faith It affirms oneness to an all powerful God (only believe in Allah) Respect Christians and Jews Second Pillar Muslims must pray five times a day Must be facing Mecca, using the same set of words and motions Third Pillar giving to charity It reflects Islamic view that wealthy people should assist the poor and week Fourth Pillar Fasting or giving up food occurs in the ninth month of the Muslim calendar during Ramadan No eating or drinking sun up till sun down during this month Fifth Pillar Pilgrimage to Mecca, once in a lifetime

Expansion of World Religions Buddhism Mauryan Ruler Asoka sent messengers to spread Buddhist beliefs Traders and Missionaries spread Buddhism far beyond India Judaism Romans expelled the Jews from Palestine in 135 CE Diaspora scattering of people Wherever Jews settled, they lived in close-knit societies Christianity Christian Missionaries Through the Roman Empire Islam Islam spread after the death of Muhammad through military conquests Cultural Diffusion

Part Two The World Expands

The Gupta Empire India 320 CE 520 CE Gave power to local leaders United most of the India subcontinent Promoted peace and prosperity Hinduism played a big role Geography Remember the Maurya Dynasty? Geography helped in many ways. Mountains protected from foreign invasion; Indus and Ganges Rivers provided water and fertile soil Influence of Hinduism The Gupta Dynasty adopted and promoted Hinduism Affected social life of the Gupta villages through the caste system Role of Government Gupta emperors ruled Gave great power to local leaders; elected by merchants and artisans Each village, a local council made decisions Most respected people served on the council

The Gupta Empire Role of Women Early time women served on councils; Hindu law would change this role greater restrictions on women Role of Hinduism Hindu concepts dominate Caste System People could not change their caste in one lifetime, but.. Life During the Gupta Empire Village was the center Villages ran their own affairs and faced little resistance from the central govtas long as they paid their taxes Village governed by caste rules Higher the caste the stricter the rules; designed to keep them from being contaminated by people within the lower castes The Untouchables outcasts who lived harsh lives; given jobs that were considered impure such as cleaning the streets or digging graves; had to live apart from the other members of Gupta society; people who violated social norms were punished by being made Untouchable; outside the caste system;

Scientific and Artistic Contributionswhat makes the Gupta important Education at all religious institutions Students learned math, medicine, physics, and languages Math = Developed the concept of zero and the decimal system; developed the system of writing numerals that we use today Medicine use of herbs to treat illnesses; plastic surgery; vaccination (small pox).1000 years before the practice began in Europe Architecture stone temples for Hindu worship; stupas large dome-shaped shrines that contained the remains of holy people Literature Poets and Playwrights End of Gupta After 200 years, the Gupta empire declined because of weak rulers and foreign invaders.

Tang and Song Dynasties Tang DynastyTributary StateSong DynastyPorcelain CalligraphyPagodaGentry The fall of the Han Dynasty, 200 CE China was divided for 400 years 600s, Tang Taizong, a young general established the Tang Dynasty Ruled from 618-907 Vast Empire Forced Vietnam and Korea to become Tributary States Remained independent, but had to acknowledge Chinas greatness and send tribute (payment) Government and Society Confucianist beliefs guided the government and society Stressed social order; based on duty, rank, and proper behavior Strict social order: Gentry, peasantry, and the merchants Gentry wealthy landowners, study Confucian ideas, some become civil servants Peasants majority of population; farmers Merchants Lowest status; can become wealthy; lived off the skills of others

Tang and Song Dynasties Achievements Land Reform Tang, land reform redistributed land to the peasants Large landowners had less power Peasants could contribute to government through taxes Expanded Trade Foreign Trade Trade with India, Persia, and the Middle East Became expert ship builders and became a naval power Issued paper currency the worlds first Canals; The Grand Canal, links the Huang He and Yangzi Calligraphy fine handwriting Pagoda a temple with a roof that curved up at the corners Porcelain type of pottery Influence on Japan 600-700, Japanese used China as a model Cultural Diffusion Adopted language, food, dress, music, dance, and gardens.with their own flare 800s stopped traveling to China

Tang and Song Dynasties

The Byzantine Empire and Russia JustinianAutocratJustinians Code SchismKievIcon PatriarchCzarMosaic Geography Late 200s, Roman Empire divided 330, Emperor Constantine built a new capital in Constantinoplethe Byzantine Empire begins Constantinople = the New Romebearer of Roman heritage Byzantine Empire stretched from Rome to Asia Minor, included S.E. Europe, Egypt, parts of Spain, and N. Africa Spreading Culture Situated within the Mediterranean, the Byzantine Empire was able to spread a blend of Greek, Roman, Christian influence throughout the region Russia thriving economic relationship with Constantinople, allowing Kiev to become the center of Russia

Byzantine Empire Reached its peak under the emperor Justinian Reigned from 527-565 CE Autocratic Ruler a single rule with complete authority Hoped to reclaim the western Roman empire that invading tribes has seized Able to recover parts of the west, but at an expensevery expensive A political and cultural force for nearly 1000 years after the fall of Rome Justinians Code of Law Civil Law Included Roman laws, legal writings, and a student handbook Would become the basis of law for both the Roman Catholic Church and medieval rulers Today, international law is influenced by the code Icons holy images of Jesus, the Virgin Mary, or saints of the Orthodox Christian Church The Orthodox Christian Church Divisions had grown between he Church in Rome and the Byzantine Church Imperial authority over the Church controlled the business of the Church and appointed the patriarch the highest church official in Constantinople The emperor was considered Jesus co-ruler on earth Byzantine Christians did NOT believe that the pope in Rome had supreme authority over them

Difference with the West Other divisions widen the gap between the Church in the East and the Roman Church; priests could marry, Greek, not Latin was the language, Use of icons many believed that the emphasis placed on Icons by the Byzantines bordered on idolatry Christian Schism 1054, the final split; (schism = split) between the Orthodox Christian Church in the East and the Roman Catholic Church Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire Reached its height under Justinian After his reign, the empire lost land to invading armies Weakened by internal court struggles and constant warfare

Decline and Fall of the Byzantine Empire Weakened by internal court struggles and constant warfare 4 th Crusade (early 1200s), Western Christians took Constantinople and ruled it for 50 years The Final Blow The Ottoman empire, in 1453 took Constantinople (Instanbul) Russian and Eastern Europe Russian state established in the 800s Kiev, major city (Ukraine) Located on the Dneiper River States, such as Poland, Hungary, and Serbia were establish in Eastern Europe Settlers from the West Trade with the Byzantines helped bring Eastern Europe into the sphere of influence Bible translated into Slavic languages The alphabet, called the Cyrillic alphabet (after a monk named Cyril)

Orthodox Christianity Byzantine missionaries brought Orthodox Christianity to Russia Faith remains a powerful force today Close relationship between church and empire Church became an important arm of state power Autocratic Government Autocracy became the norm in Russia Rulers were known as Czars (Czar = Caesar)

Islam Civilizations Key IDs CaliphShiiteShariaSunni Abbassid DynastyAverroes Umayyad Dynasty Cultural Diffusion The Spread of Islam Early 600s Arabian peninsula Founder Muhammad Abu Bakr the first Caliph; the first successor to Muhammad Caliphate period of time when Muslims were ruled by calpihs (unit the 900s)

The Spread of Islam Islam spread rapidly Abu Bakr was successful in uniting Arabs in the Islam faith Military campaign to conquer lands Conquered the Byzantine Empire, the Persian Empire, Egypt, and Spain Battle of Tours in 732 when the push by Muslims into Europe was stopped Middle East Arab armies took control of the Middle East in the early 600s Syria and Palestine defeated by the Arabs Egypt and Persia followed North Africa mid-to late 600s Initially fought against each other Would join forces to conquer Spain Spain Muslim conquers parts of southern and western Europe, especially Spain and Sicily 700s, attacked Spain Middle Ages Europe was weak

The Spread of Islam India Early 700s, conquered the Indus Valley 100s and 1100s, Turks conquered most of Northern India By 1200, Turks created a Muslim Empire in Delhi S.E. Asia After the Muslims took control of India in 1200s, Islam spread into Asia Cultural Diffusion Islam spread through trade Thriving trade networks established Reason for Success Skilled Fighters Overwhelmed their opponents Up against weak empires Byzantine and Persia weak from fighting each other United in the belief in Islam Treated conquered people fairly Often, people in defeated by Muslims welcomed the change; the change from harsh rulers Many converted to Islam

The Spread of Islam Islamic Law System of laws to help people understand the Quran Sharia the Islamic system of law Regulated moral behavior, family life, business, government, and other areas of community life Acted as a uniting force for Muslims The Quran applied to all aspects of life Divisions within Islam Sunnis and Shiites Divisions grew among Muslims about who should be Muhammads successor Sunnis believed that the caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders Sunni Muslims did not view the caliph as a religious authority Shiites believed that only the descendants of the prophet Muhammad should be his successors Descendants were divinely inspired The split continues today

Societal Patterns Muslim society allowed more social mobility than did medieval European society Arabs considered themselves superior to non-Arabs would decline over time Possible to move up the social ladder; especially through religious, scholarly, or military achievements Special tax on non-Muslims Allowed to practice their own faiths Slavery continued slaves from Spain, Greece, Africa, India, and Asia Slaves worked as house servants and craftspeople Possible to buy freedom Convert and children would be free Muslim Empires Umayyad Empire (661) Ruled the Muslim world until 750 Abbassid Dynasty (mid 1200s)

Umayyad Dynasty Umayyad Empire (661) Muslim world grew under the Umayyad Dynasty Capital Damascus NOT Mecca Conquests brought wealth Challenges ruling large cities and territories Relied on local officials to help their growing empire Cultural Diffusion allowing local officials from Byzantine and Persia to continue to monitor their local areas, traditions from each government influenced Islamic leaders Conquests slowed in the 700s Tensions developed between rich and poor Non-Arabs complained they fewer rights than Arab Muslims Shiites opposed the Umayyads because the Umayyads had killed a descendent of Muhammad

Abbassid Dynasty Unhappy Muslims found a leader in Abu al-Abbas 750, captured Damascus Ruled until the mid-1200 Ended Arab domination of Islam Ruled from Baghdad Enjoyed great wealth and power Experienced a Golden Age Baghdad exceeded the wealth and size of Constantinople Political Divisions 850, experienced a slow decline Independent dynasties began to rule separate states 900s, Seljuk Turks adopted Islam and built their own empire Took control of Baghdad 1200s, the Mongols destroyed Baghdad Muslim religion to link people over 3 continents

The Golden Age Under the Abbassids, the Muslim world was composed of people from many cultures Arabs, Persians, Egyptians, and Europeans Muslims absorbed and blended customs and traditions Cultural Diffusion Emphasis on learning, achievements in the arts and sciences, and flourishing economies base on trade Translated the works of many of the Greek scholars. Advancements in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine The prophet Muhammad taught a respect for learning that continued to flourish

Arts and Architecture Mosques and Palaces Influenced by the Byzantine domes and arches Muslim religious leaders forbade artists to portray God or human figures in religious art Calligraphy Literature and Philosophy Economic Achievements Trade Manufacturing Agriculture

Medieval Europe Key IDs MedievalCharlemagneSerfSecular ManorialismMonastery Anti-SemitismGothic ChivalryExcommunicatePope InnocentCultural Diffusion

Europes geography had a powerful effect on the development of the area Europe lay at the western end of the Eurasian landmass (present-day Portugal to China) Roman Empire parts of G.B., Spain, France, Italy, Greece, and other areas of Eastern Europe Roman roads had allowed Roman and Christians customs to spread Germanic tribes overran Europe from about 400-700, ending the Roman Empire Frankish Empire The Germanic people who overran the Roman Empire were warriors, farmers, and herders Culture differed greatly from the Romans Governed by unwritten laws and customs and ruled by elected kings

Frankish Empire 400-700, warrior tribes divided Europe The Franks emerged as the most powerful and successful of the tribes in Gaul (France) Clovis, king of the Franks Converted to Christianity, which gained him a powerful ally in the church Battle of Tours Muslims moved into Spain Attempt to move into France 732, Battle of Tours, the Franks defeated the Muslim army Muslim advanced no further than Spain

Charlemagne 800s, Charlemagne, Frankish king, built and empire that stretched across modern-day France, Germany, and Italy Answers the call from the Pope; 800, Pope Leo III called for help against the rebellious nobles in Rome Charlemagne defeated the Romans Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Emperor of the Romans The crowning helped revive the ideal of a united Christian church and empire Charlemagne strengthened his rule and attempted to create a united Christian Europe Spread of Christianity throughout the empire Government appointed nobles to rule local areas; gave them land, and in return, expected them to help with the defense of the Empire Learning set up schools to ensure the education of government officials; established libraries 814, Charlemagne dies quickly the empire falls apart heirs battled for control 845, Charlemagne's grandson signs the Treaty of Verdun, which divided the empire into three separate kingdoms, one for each grandson Lasting Legacy strong government was a model for future medieval rulers; helped spread Christianity

Feudalism and Manorialism During the early part of the Middle Ages, kings were too weak to keep invaders out People would leave town and cities, banding together in the countryside for protection and survival Medieval Society everyone had a well-defined place Born into their social positions, and there was little change of moving up Nobility consisted of the kings, queens, lords, and knights Nobles controlled the land and power Lower class, the peasants, worked the land and served the nobles Clergy was highly respected Christian Church dominated

Feudalism political system in which powerful lords (nobles) owned large sections of land Divided their land into estates called fiefs Fiefs given to lesser lords called vassals Vassals pledged their loyalty and military support to their lords in return for the land Knighthood War was commonplace during the Middle Ages thus many nobles trained to become knights Knights were bound by a code of conduct known as Chivalry, code charged them to be brave, loyal, and true to their word. The code also required them to protect women

Feudalism Role of Noblewomen assumed an active role in feudal society A lad was in charge of her husbands estate while he was away serving his lord in battle Responsible for all household affairs, including raising the children Girls received training in household arts such as spinning, weaving, and the management of servants. Had limited inheritance rights most possessions went to the eldest son

Manorialism The economic force Manorialism structured around a lords manor, or estate included one or more villages and the land surrounding them each group in society had a place; each also had certain rights and responsibilities Peasants and Lords most of the peasants who lived on the estate were serfs Serfs were not slaves, but they were bound to the land They could not leave without the lords approval Farmed the lords land The lord provided the serfs with several acres of land to farm Lord protected the serfs Peasants worked long hours and died young (few lived past 35) Common thread kept them together Christianity Loved their holidays center of the Christian Church

The Role of the Church Two Churches emerge Orthodox Christian Church (East) and Roman Catholic (West) Permanent split in 1054 Roman Catholic Church was a stabilizing force in Western Europe Provided religious leadership Secular Church (see below) Pope head of church; spiritual leader; representative of Jesus Archbishops, Bishops, and local priests Everyday life for peasants was tied to local priests Responsibility of Church spiritual needs; instruction; taught that all men and women were sinners Could achieve salvation or eternal life through faith in Jesus, good works, and participation in sacraments

The Role of the Church Secular role of Church Secular or worldly Economic Power vast landholder; significant power; wealth, which was gained through the tithe (a tax Christians were required to pay that equaled a % of their income) Political Power Own Laws or Cannon Laws; own courts and justice Claimed authority over monarchs not all agreed and there were frequent struggles for power Popes believed they had power over kings Excommunication challenge or threaten the Church and you may be excluded from the Church Monastic Orders monks and nuns Centers for Learning monks and nuns preserved ancient writings by copying ancient texts; taught Latin and Greek Missionary Work spread the message of Christianity

Jews in Medieval Europe Jews in Muslim Spain and northern areas of Europe were tolerated Overall, most Christians persecuted Jews Church bars Jews from owning land and practicing their occupation Anti-Semitism prejudice against Jews Christians blamed the Jews for all types of misfortunes (famines to disease) The Role of Usury and the expulsion of Jews from Europe Jews migrated to Eastern Europe to escape persecution Medieval Contributions Literature began to appear in everyday languages (not just Latin) Authors Dante and Chaucer Architecture and Art Roman influence around 1000, stone building Gothic Traditions 1100s New building that soared upward. Characterized by pointed arches

The Crusades 1050, Turks, who were Muslim invaded the Byzantine Empire and conquered Palestine Christian Church called for a movement to drive the Muslims out of Palestine 200 years, Christians fought a series of religious wars The Crusades The wars failed left a legacy of ill will and distrust between Christians and Muslims The positive side of war trade increased and European economy expanded Feudal monarchs gained more power Europeans learned of the existence of lands beyond their borders Cultural Diffusion learned from Islam The Start of the Crusades 1050, Turks invaded the Byzantine Empire 4 decades, the Turks overran most of the Empire, Asia Minor, and Palestine Byzantine asks the Pope (Pope Urban) for help Council of Clermont Pope asks for all Christians to help take back the Holy Land People who answered the call from the Pope were called Crusaders

Why The Crusades Happened Religion and Secularism The pope believed that the Crusades would increase his power Christians believed that their sins would be forgiven for participating Nobles hoped to gain wealth and land Adventurers saw it as a chance to travel and excitement Serfs hoped to escape feudal oppression The Four Crusades As mentioned, the Crusades last for 200 years The First Crusade was the ONLY Crusade that came close to achieving its goals 1099, the Christians captured the city of Jerusalem; followed up with massacres of both Muslim and Jewish inhabitants Saladin and Muslim Victory During the 1100s, Saladin united the Muslims Respected by both Muslims and Christians March to Jerusalem Christians prepare to fight back Saladin wins back Jerusalem; forbade his soldiers from killing or harming the defeated Crusaders

Richard the Lion-Hearted 1189, King of England Determined to take back Jerusalem from Saladin Third Crusade Unable to take back Jerusalem End of the Crusades Fourth Crusade Again, attempt to retake Jerusalem Defeated Byzantine trade rivals Looted Constantinople War had changed from a war that started as a war of Christian vs. Muslim Ended in a battle between rival Christian factions Impact of the Crusades Failed to attain their main goal of retaking the Holy Land Left behind a deed divide a legacy of hatred between Christians and Muslims Why? Each group committed terrible acts of violence against each other Not all bad! European economies grew; expanded view of the world Cultural Diffusion expanded Ships built for the purpose of carrying Crusaders now moved product Europeans exposed to advancement in math, science, literature, art, geographical knowledge

Impact of the Crusades Changes within the Church Temporarily increased the power of the pope Conflicts with feudal monarchs in Europe would lessen the power Eastern and Western churches affected the gap widens Changes in Feudal System Crusades increased power of monarchs; gained the right to increase taxes Feudal Monarchs were the leaders of the Crusades thus their prestige increases Feudalism weakens An economy based on money, not land, took hold

Council of Clermont

DBQ Practice For your brethren who live in the east are in urgent need of your help, and you must hasten to give them the aid which has often been promised them. Forthe Turks and Arabs have attacked themThey have occupied more and more of the lands of those ChristiansIf you permit them to continuethe faithful of God will be much more widely attacked by them. On this account I, or rather the Lord, beseech you as Christ's heralds to publish this everywhere and to persuade all people of whatever rank, foot-soldiers and knights, poor and rich, to carry aid promptly to those Christians and to destroy that vile race from the lands of our friends.Christ commands it. Fulcher of Chartres, 1095 Contemporary account of Urban IIs speech at the Council of Clermont What does the speaker want Christians to do in response to his words? ______________________________________________________________________________

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Part Three Global Contact

Global Contact Early Japan and Feudalism Key IDs ShintoSamuraiKamiBushido Zen Buddhism ShogunDaimyoKabukiHaiku Cultural Diffusion TTYN: Describe Feudalism

Japan Geography Major Physical Features Japan is comprised of a chain of mountainous islands (archipelago) Pacific Ocean Off the coast of mainland Asia Part of the Ring of Fire vulnerable to earthquakes and volcanoes Underwater earthquakes may cause Tsunamis Impact of Geography Land difficult to farm (mountainous) Largest % of people live near coast Use of Sea as a source for food and transportation Unsettled natural environment developed a deep respect for the forces of nature

Japan Shintoism Traditional Japanese religion Shinto = the way of the gods Worship of the Kami, or spirits found in all living and nonliving things Believed that Kami control the powerful forces of nature Shared belief of Shinto helped to unite the country

Japan Cultural Diffusion: Korea and China Japanese culture features a blend of its own original traditions and ideas adopted from Korea and China Contact with Korea and China result of war and trade Interest in Chinese culture peaked around 600 Japan sends scholars to China to learn China influences Japanese writing Koreans bring Buddhism to Japan Chinese sect of Buddhism develops Zen Buddhism Value peace, simple living, nature, and beauty Confucianism emphasis regarding family loyalty, educations, and educated class

Japan The Imperial Tradition Early society was organized into clans with separate rulers and religious customs The Yamato Clan gained control over the largest island of Japan (500 BCE) Extended their rule and established themselves as the royal family of Japan Claim to be direct descendants of the sun goddess Heian Period (700-1100 BCE) an era of elegance and sophistication Feudal Japan 1100s, Authority of the Japanese emperor declined Local Warlords fought for control Feudal System emerges all members had a defined place

Japan Feudal Japan Landowners and Warriors Emperor still ruled in name only Powerful warrior nobles controlled the country Shoguns real power lay in the hands of the shoguns, or top military commanders Europe nobles distributed lands to vassal lords Japan Shoguns distribute lands to daimyo; in exchange for a promise to support the shogun with their armies Samurai Daimyo granted lands to lesser warriors called Samurai, those who serve Bushido strict code of conduct for the Samurai; to be loyal, brave, and honorable; ritual of suicide (seppuku)

Japan Feudal Japan Peasants and Artisans peasants farmed the land, and artisans made the weapons for the Samurai in exchange for protection Merchants Usually had more wealth than the upper classes, merchants were the lowest social class. Women Early Feudal period, women sometimes became warriors or ran estates Over time, status declined Inheritance was passed to sons only Tokugawa Shogunate 1603, Tokugawa shogunate emerges brings peace and stability to Japan for 300 years

Japan Tokugawa Shogunate Centralized Feudal Government eliminated fighting between powerful daimyo by forcing them out of their country estates and into Edo (Tokyo) Economic Prosperity new seeds, tools, and techniques for farming Population grew Towns linked by roads Trade increased Wealthy merchants emerged Culture Growth of Zen Buddhism Tea Ceremony and Gardening

Japan Tokugawa Shogunate Culture Growth of Zen Buddhism Tea Ceremony and Gardening Kabuki theater; actors wore colorful costumes and acted out stories Haiku Chinese-influenced poetry Comparison with Europe Feudalism was similar Both evolved desire for stability; Emperors and Kings were too weak to prevent invasions or halt internal wars Feudalism provided a method for ruling classes to preserve law and order Everyone had a well-defined place in society

The Mongols Key IDs Genghis KahnGolden HordeKublai Kahn Yuan DynastyMughal DynastyAkbar the Great Pax MongoliaMarco PoloIbn Battuta Rise of the Mongols Nomadic Herders who roamed the grasslands with their horses and sheep Skillful riders Fierce fighters and raiders

The Mongols Genghis Khan born Temujin (1100s) Earned the title Genghis Kahn (World Emperor) Courageous warrior and skilled leader Supreme ruler of the Mongol Clans Very organized and disciplined armies Took most of Asia from Korea to the Caspian Sea Advanced into Persia, India, and northern China Borrowed new technology for warfare from China and the Turks (cannons) Expansion to West Invaded Eastern Europeattacked Russia, Hungary, and Poland Grandson, Batu, led armies into Russia between 1236-1241 Golden Horde the armies of Mongols were known as the Golden Horde because of the color of their tents.

The Mongols Expansion to the West Ruled Russia from the capital on the Volga River for 240 years Fierce warriors Relatively tolerant rulers Late 1300s, Timur (Tamerlane) led the Mongols into the Middle East Conquered areas of Persia, Mesopotamia, Russia, and India Descendants of Tamerlane would establish the Mughal Dynasty in India Mongols in China 1279, Kulai Kahn, grandson of Genghis, completed the job of conquering China Ruled China, Korea, Tibet, and parts of Vietnam Created the YUAN Dynasty Best govt jobs to Mongols and only Mongols could serve in military

The Mongols Mongols in India Babur, descendant of Tamerlane, established the Mughal Dynasty 1526 1857 Akbar the Great (grandson of Babur) greatest Mughal ruler Muslim, but very tolerant Mongol Impact Mongol power and influence reached its greatest extent by 1300 Stretched from Central Asia and China, into Russia and Europe, and into S.W Asia and India

The Mongols Destruction and Conquest Fierce Mongol warriors spread terror and destruction Devastated China; looted and burned Kiev; killing countless inhabitants Despite the brutality that reigned down, Mongols were very tolerant Genghis respected academics, artists, and artisans ; listened to ideas of scholars of many religions Genghis heirs would continue this tradition and tolerant policies Conquered peoples were allowed to live as before as long as they paid a tribute Lasting Effects on Russia Absolutist Govt served as model for later Russian leaders who also expected to rule w/o interference from the Church Isolation Cut Russia off from Western Europe; deprived Russia of many advancements in the arts and sciences of the later Middle Ages and Renaissance

The Mongols Pax Mongolia Period of stability. Political stability; allowed for an exchange of goods and ideas between the East and the West The Silk Road Trade route that linked China to the Middle East had become dangerous Mongols provided safe passage; trade flourished For example, gunpowder, porcelain, papermaking, and the use of windmills spread west Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta Marco Polo, Italian merchant traveled to the court of Kublai Kahn (late 1200s) His writings introduced Europeans to the beauty of China

The Mongols Pax Mongolia Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta Ibn Battuta, scholar from Morocco late 1200s Traveled to Mecca and through Asia Minor, Persia, India, Indonesia, and China Decline of Mongol Power Mongols lands were too large and diverse Had little experience governing ; depended on other people to do this job; many were incompetent or corrupt Death of strong leaders; i.e. death of Kublai marked the decline of the Yuan Dynasty Resentment of the Mongols; desire for independence from foreign rule

Expansion of Chinese Trade Key IDs Zheng HeCairoHanseatic League Bubonic PlagueVeniceCanton MogadishuTrade FairEpidemic Major Trade Routes Trade routes enabled people and goods to move across Asia, Africa, and Europe Indian Ocean allowed easy trade between Asia and East Africa Trading Centers emerged

Major Trade Routes Mogadishu and Great Zimbabwe thrived on trade across the Indian Ocean European ships on their way to Asia often stopped at East African coastal cities Overland Overland trade routes linked Asia with the Middle East, N. Africa, and Europe Trade from China followed the Silk Road and entered Europe through Russia and Constantinople Goods also traveled between Constantinople and India Mediterranean Sea Middle East; Muslim traders brought goods to ports in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey Ports included Cairo and Alexandria

European Trade Europeans became more and more interested in trade with the East Improved methods of agriculture during the Middle Ages Population grows Impact of the Crusades Increase in trade; interest in the East Returning Crusaders brought back goods Ships once used to carry Crusaders now used for trade Italian City-States Late 1300s, Italian cites become centers for trading and industry Venice, Genoa, Florence grow Spread throughout Europe

European Trade Trade Fairs Took place in towns where trade routes met; usually near rivers Contributed to the growth of cities throughout Europe New craftworks Population increases Large cities developed Wealthiest cites were at end of trade routes Hanseatic League Northern Germany, traders and merchants began to join together in the 1100s 1300s, German towns were members of the Hanseatic League monopolized trade in the Baltic and North Sea The League worked to make navigation safer by controlling piracy, building lighthouses, and training sailors

European Trade Spice Trade Spices, such as pepper and cinnamon were extremely valuable during the Middle Ages Used to preserve meat and perfumes, medicines Ottoman Empire disrupts trade Portugal looks for new routes Early 1400s, Portugal explores the coast of Africa Discover a new route around the tip of Africa 1500s, establish ports in Africa, India, Japan, and China Brought great wealth to Portugal

European Trade The Plague Bubonic Plague or the Black Death Spread by fleas that lived on rates Within days of infection, most people died No cure Global Epidemic 1100s, trade helped the plague spread Mid-1300s, plague reached Spain and France.then the rest of Europe Effects of the Plague Devastation throughout the world Population Declines; early 1300s, 35M Chinese die At its peak, the plague killed 7K people per day 1/3 of the world population dies

European Trade Effects of the Plague Economic Decline Destroyed economies Farm and industry decline The people who were left were in a position to demand higher wages and prices rose When landowners and merchants responded, peasant revolts occurred Social and Political Change Feudalism declines as result of peasant revolts As a result, growth of new political systems Monarchs gained power and began to build more powerful nations People began to question their faith and the Church Jews were blamed; poison in the wells, thousands were murdered

Europe Comes Alive IDs GuildHumanismIgnatius LoyolaApprentice CapitalismMichelangeloCommon LawMagna Carta Commercial Revolution Leonardo da Vinci95 ThesesParliament Renaissance Protestant Revolution IndulgencesMartin Luther

Commercial Revolution 1000 -1300 Expansion of trade and the growth of cities brought new ways of thinking and doing business Money grew in importance New social class emerged Urban Centers based on trade gave new power to a rising new class middle class middle class merchants, traders, and artisans Middle ranked between the older feudal classes of nobles and peasants Guilds trade associations emerge Checked of quality of goods hospitals and aid to widows and children Regulated hours of work and price of goods Apprentices training of new artisans

Commercial Revolution Capitalism Feudalism in decline New system emerges Capitalism Based on trade and capital When the demand for a product is great, prices rise, and traders profit Traders can lose everything if demand falls New Business Practices Partnerships and Joint Stock Companies Merchants joined together in partnership; pooling capital, they could finance ventures that no single merchant could afford to do alone Joint Stock Company allowed many merchants to pool their funds for business ventures. Invested in trading ventures around the world. i.e. The Virginia Company of London

Commercial Revolution Capitalism Banking grew duirng this period Merchants borrowed from moneylenders, who developed systems of banking Bill of Exchangeno more coins Merchants deposited money with a baker in his hometown, banker gave him a bill of exchange; merchant exchange this bill for cash in the city where he would be exchanging in trade Social Changes The Commercial Revolution reshaped medieval society Use of money undermined serfdom and led to the decline of feudalism Peasants began to sell their products and began paying their feudal lord with money instead of product.

The Renaissance and Humanism 1300s 1500s A period of great creativity and change in Europe Renaissance = Rebirth Golden age in the arts, literature, and sciences Began in Italy in the mid-1300s and then spread northward Why Italy? Thriving centers of trade and manufacturing. Merchants had new-found wealth and were willing to use it to promote the arts and education

The Renaissance and Humanism New Ways of Thinking - Humanism During the Middle Ages, people (philosophers and writers) began to think about life after death Humanists began to focus more on the present Emphasis on individual; instead of religious issues, humanists examined subjects that the ancient Greeks and Romans had studied Humanists wanted to increase knowledge about their own times

The Renaissance and Humanism Artistic Achievements Renaissance produced some of the greatest paintings, sculptures, and architecture Good-bye Medieval architecture, hello (hello again) to Greek and Roman styles for columns, arches, and domes Paintings often included contemporary figures not limited to religion 3-dimensional imagery Study of the human anatomy often used as live models, with great detail Michelangelo and di Vinci Literature Dante, Cervantes, Shakespeare, Machiavelli The invention of the printing press 1456 the Bible Literacy increased and ideas spread rapidly

Michelangelo

The Creation of Adam is a section of Michelangelo's fresco Sistine Chapel

di Vinci

Reformation and Counter-Reformation By the 1500s, religious life was changing in Europe: The Protestant Reformation and Counter-Reformation Cause for Reformation The Renaissance Humanism led people to question Church authority Placed increasing faith in human reason Strong Monarchs strong monarchs were beginning to emerge Problems within the Church people began to believe that Church leaders were acting more like kings fighting for power and wealth, than like representatives of God Objection to fees for marriages, baptisms, and selling of indulgences (pardons for sins)

Reformation and Counter-Reformation By 1500s, many Christians looking to reform the Church Martin Luther Disgusted over the sale of indulgences 1517, 95 Theses, which were 95 arguments against indulgences; sparked the Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation period when many Europeans broke away from the Catholic Church and formed new Christian Churches Luther believed: people could only reach heaven through faith in God and that the pope could not grant a pardon for sins The Bible was the only source of religious truth

Reformation and Counter-Reformation John Calvin another reformer Like Luther, believed that people could only reach heaven through faith Predestination belief that God had determined before the beginning of time who would gain salvation Calvinists lived a strict, disciplined, and frugal lives LutherCalvin Did not believe in the sale of indulgencesBelieved Christians reached heaven only through faith in God Believed people are born sinners Did not believe that priests had special powers Preached Predestination Ideas spread to northern Germany and Scandinavia Ideas spread to Germany, France, Holland, England, and Scotland Followers later called themselves Protestants Led a community in Switzerland

Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Counter Reformation Response to the Protestant Reformation Reform movement within the Catholic Church Purpose to strengthen the Catholic Church as well as to keep Catholics from converting to Protestantism Council of Trent Pope Paul III; 1545 Led reform movement reaffirmed traditional Catholic beliefs worked to end abuses in the Church set up schools to assure that the clergy would be well educated

Reformation and Counter-Reformation Ignatius Loyola Found the Society of Jesus Called on the Jesuits defenders of the Catholic faith Jesuit missionaries spread Catholicism to Asia, Africa, and the Americas Teresa of Avila Spanish noblewoman Religious order of nuns called the Carmelites Disturbed by the lack of severity within the order Established a convent Catholic Church asked Teresa to reorganize and reform Carmelite monasteries and convents Saint Teresa

Reformation and Counter-Reformation The Effects of the Reformation Religious and Political Division Loss of religious unity in Western Europe Rulers would select a religion for their nation Religious wars would emerge Catholics battled Protestants The Thirty Years War (1600s) Anti-Semitism Witch Hunts

Long-Term CausesShort-Term Causes Roman Catholic Church becomes more worldly Humanists urge return to simple religion Strong kings emerge and resent power of the Church Indulgences are sold in Germany Martin Luther writes 95 Theses Luther translates Bible into German Printing press helps spread ideas Reformers call for change Long-Term EffectShort-Term Effects Religious wars break out in Europe for more than 100 years Catholic Reformation takes place Inquisition becomes stronger Many Jews forced into Eastern Europe Peasants revolt Lutheran, Calvinists, Anglican and Protestant churches emerge Holy Roman emperor weakened The Protestant Reformation

Reformation and Counter-Reformation Rise of Nation-States Middle Ages, kings, nobles, and the Church struggled for power Feudalism was on the decline Kings slowly began to increase power First shift in power England and France (somewhat different) Birth of Nationalism Growth of power in France Hugh Capet (987) At first, not a threat The Capetians slowly increase power; gained land; played nobles against each other Royal Power leads to the 100-Years War; France defeats England Joan of Arc stirs up nationalism

Reformation and Counter-Reformation Nationalism and the Limited Monarchy in England Anglo-Saxon king Edward dies (1066) Duke William of Normandy claims the thrown; William the Conquerer Common Law created Magna Carta (1215) - placed limits on the kings power Parliament (1200s) As English Church Nationalism grows

Add to their lands Set up organized government Collect Taxes Create a royal treasury Set up royal courts and royal law Decide who can build castles and where Force vassals to obey the King Establish common law so that all people are treated the same Collect records of who owns land Make throne hereditary Becomes allies with the Church Organize army Take French lands from English king Kings of EnglandKings of France Kings Increase Their Power

African Civilizations Keys IDs SavannaAxumMaliMansa Musa GhanaDesertSonghaiSwahili Geography 2 nd largest continent ; 1/5 of land surface Variety of climates and terrains Savanna grassy plains Large part of Africa is made up of desert Sahara worlds largest desert (maybe not see Antarctic)

Geography Africa has few good natural harbors Small belt of rain forests Difficult travel because of barriers Despite barriers, early Africans traveled within and beyond continent Travel linked to trade; gold, salt, iron, copper, and other raw materials Traditional Society Village Govt power was shared among members of the community rather than exercised by a single person/leader Family was basic unit of society in traditional Africa Religious Beliefs identified the forces of nature with divine spirits and worshiped many gods and goddesses Departed ancestors were present on earth

Rise and Fall of African Kingdoms Ghana (800 BCE) the rulers of many farming villages united to create the kingdom of Ghana Powerful king Gold Trade Large army of foot soldiers and Calvary Muslim merchants brought religion and ideas king had Muslim officials cultural diffusion Most people of Ghana maintained their traditional values

Rise and Fall of African Kingdoms Mali (1200-1450) was also ruled by powerful kings, called mansas Mansa Musa, the most powerful ruler Mali extended its borders and dominated W Africa Large army kept order Most people were farmers and herders Ran and efficient govt; appointing governors to rule particular areas Mansa Musa converted to Islam Based he system of justice on the Quran Made the city of Timbuktu a center for Muslim learning Empire declined in the 1400s when the people could not agree on who should rule

Rise and Fall of African Kingdoms Songhai Depended on a strong army Emperor Sonni Ali built Songhai into the largest state that had ever existed in W Africa Established an efficient bureaucracy to govern the kingdom Expanded trade to Europe and Asia Prospered until the late 1500s Civil War broke out Invaders from the north defeated the disunited forces of Songhai

Role in Global Trade The Mediterranean and the Red Sea linked Africa to the Middle East and Europe Indian Ocean linked E Africa to India and other Asian lands Products from the interior were transported overland to the coasts Hausa -1300s, the Hausa people built city-states (Nigeria) Benin Rain forests on the Guinea coast; traded ivory, pepper, and eventually slaves Developed trade with Portugal

Role in Global Trade East African City-State around 600, city-states along the coast developed Asian and Persian merchants traded By 1000, E African ports cites such as Mogadishu, Kilwa, and Sofala emerged; trade with India Trade led to cultural diffusion New language emerges Swahili, in which words were mixed with Bantu, an African language

Part Four The First Global Age

Mesoamerica Key Ids Geography Ice Age resulted in a land bridge between Siberian and Alaska Paleolithic Era Nomads (hunters) in Asia followed herds of bison and mammoths into North America Nomads migrated east and south

Geography 8500 2000 BCE, Hunters-Gatherers assimilated to their new surroundings Learned to cultivate crops, domesticate animals Crops corn, beans, potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, and squash This first Agricultural Rev. resulted in an increase in population Farmers began to settle areas; major cities would emerge; large religious centers would develop Mesoamerica the first great American civilization developed Region includes Mexico and Central America

Olmecs Olmec Empire 1400 500BCE First American Civilization Mexico tropical rain forest along the Gulf of Mexico Olmecs built ceremonial centers pyramid-shaped temples and other buildings Invented a calendar and developed a system of writing made up of carved inscriptions Religion honored their priests

The Mayas The Mayas influenced by the Olmecs 300 900 CE Developed a complex agricultural Established large city-states in southern Mexico and throughout Central America Farming and Trade Farmers made up most the population Men grew the food and women turned into food Farmers paid taxes, in the form of food, to supports cities and temples Profitable trade system across Central America

Religion Priests occupied an exalted place in the social hierarchy Priests conducted elaborate rituals that the Mayas believed would ensure bountiful harvests and victorious battles Social Structure Each city had a ruling chief Next, the nobles who served as city officials and military leaders On occasion, women would obtain power Majority of the population were farmers

Contributions Agriculture grew enough food to provide for a growing population Cleared dense fields throughout the rain forest Built raised fields designed to withstand heavy rains Learning and Science Developed hieroglyphic system of writing Mayan Priests developed a complex and accurate 365-day calendar Used a number system and understood the concept of zero before Europe Decline 900CE historians speculate that warfare or overpopulation may have caused agriculture to decline Possible revolts by lower classes

Aztecs Late 1200s Migrated from the north into the Valley of Mexico Fierce warriors Used conquests and alliances to build a large empire Tenochtitlan (capital) city with temples, palaces, gardens, and zoos Aztec Expansion Early 1400s, formed alliances with neighboring states Military conquests over hundreds of smaller states Each conquered state was given and Aztec governor wealthy from tributes By 1500, Aztec empire covered most of Mexico; 30M people

Social Structure Ruled by a single ruler/emperor Emperor was chosen by a council of nobles and priests Nobles- officials, judges, and governors Warriors and Traders warrior might rise to noble Traders carried goods over long distances to exchange products from peoples who lived beyond the empire; scouted lands to conquer Farmers and Slaves most people were farmers Slaves mainly criminals or enemy soldiers; still had certain rights guaranteed by Aztec law; some slaves owned land and eventually bought their freedom

Religion Very important Priests gained significance because they led rituals that were believed to appease the gods, who would prevent disasters Built huge pyramids to honor their chief deity, the sun god Human sacrifices to please their gods usually enemy soldiers Contributions Accurate calendar Schools and recorded historical events Medical practices set bones and dental

Contributions Architecture Tenochtitlan (Mexico City) Built on tow small islands; engineers filled in parts of the lake and built stone causeways to connect the city to the mainland Huge pyramid temples, elaborate emperors palace 200K lived in city largest and most populated city in Mesoamerica Agriculture Fertilizers Chinampas, artifical islands made of earth pile on reed mats that were anchored to shallow bed of Lake Texcoco famers raised corn, squash, and beans Produced and abundance of food, which was a major factor in the success of the empire

Incas 1400s Emerged from the Andes Mtns Centralized Govt first emperor was a warrior who led his armies through many successful conquests The emperor held absolute power and owned all of the people, land, herds, and mines Emperor was also chief religious leader and claimed divine status of the sun Strong Central Govt - nobles ran the provinces along with local chieftains Collected taxes, enforced laws, and routine govt business Incan govt strictly controlled the lives of the people Everyone had to speak the same language and practice the same religion

Empire linked by roads Remarkable road system Allowed the emperor to keep a close attention of his empire If necessary, Incan armies could move quickly over the raods to crush rebellions Religion Affected all phases of life worshiped many gods related to forces of nature as well as guardian spirits in the home Chief Incan deity was the sun god Powerful priests conducted rituals and led monthly religious festivals that featured sports and games

Contributions Roads stand out as a major accomplishment; extended 12,000 miles Included bridges and tunnels to pass through mountainous terrain The Temple of the Sun huge stone blocks and inner walls lined with gold; able to withstand earthquakes Agriculture Cultural Diffusion borrowed ideas from other societies Farmers used stone walls to improve terraces held strips of land in place on steep hillsides and prevented rain from washing away the soil Quipus system of knotted, colored strings used to keep records; may have been used to record dates and events Calendar, but not as advanced as the Mayans

Terraces

The Ming Dynasty 1368, after 90 years of Mongolian rule, Chinese rule restored Under the Mongols, trade and transportation had improved Chinese resented foreign rule Led by a peasant farmer, Zhu Yuanzhang, a successful rebellion overthrew Mongol Rule the beginning of the Ming Dynasty The Middle Kingdom Ming leaders sought to restore the countrys greatness and its supremacy in the region China thought of itself as the Middle Kingdom the center of the earth and the source of civilization

The Ming Dynasty During the early 1400s, Zheng He, Chinese Admiral established trade links 1433, after the death of Zheng He, China banned the building of ships End of voyages and exploration Reasons: Economic and Cultural Voyages not profitable and fleets were costly to maintain Confucian scholars believed that China had the most advanced civilization, therefore limiting contact with foreign influences was the best way to preserve ancient traditions

Zheng He Expeditions

The Ming Dynasty Economic and Cultural Contributions Better fertilizations methods Different crops introduced (corn and squash) New technologies to increase manufacturing production Porcelain, tools, and paper thrived Repaired the neglected canal system New styles of landscape paintings Chinese silks were much admired Classical poetry

The Ming Dynasty China and the West 1500s, Portugal and other European merchants reach East Asia Europeans very excited about what China had to offer silks and porcelain Excited about the Chinese production of gun powder The Ming restricted foreign trade believed Europeans to be inferior Allowed limited trade at one outpost Macao (Guangzhou) Chinese interested in learning about new technologies, had little interest in the religious beliefs of Europeans (Christinainty)

The Ming Dynasty Chinas impact with Asia Exerted control and cultural influence over its Asian neighbors Korea, Japan, SE Asia At one point, took political control of Korea; maintained cultural control Japan, Korea served as a cultural bridge 500s strong interest in China; its traditions, culture, technology, etc Interest would wane over the yeas

The Ottoman Empire 1400s, Byzantine empire in decline; faced a growing threat from the Ottomans The Ottomans nomadic Turkish-speaking group that had migrated from central Asia into Asia Minor 1453, Ottoman armies surrounded the Byzantine capital of Constantinople Two-month siege, pounded the walls, and broke through and captured the city Constantinople changed to Instanbul Christian city now the capital of the Ottoman Muslim empire

The Ottoman Empire Expansion Expanded and grew quickly Well-armed forces and effective military strategies; used new technologies such as the musket. Conquered lands south of Mecca as well as along the Nile Expanded into the Balkans and into Russia Failed to capture Vienna By the 1500s, The Ottomans had built the largest, most powerful empire in the Middle East.reached three continents (Europe, Middle East, and N. Africa)

The Ottoman Empire New Trade Routes As the Ottoman influence and dominance in the Med interefered with Western Europes trade with East Asia Europe forced to look for new routes

The Ottoman Empire Achievements and Impact Cultural Diffusion absorbed many influences from the conquered Byzantine empire Byzantine (Greco-Roman and Middle East) Ottomans blended Byzantine culture with Muslim culture; govtt, social life, and architecture Golden Age Suleiman the Magnificent Ruled from 1520-66 Sultan name Turks gave to their rulers Effective leader, modernized the army, added new territories

The Ottoman Empire Golden Age Strengthened the govt improved the system of justice Muslim based his law of the Sharia (Islamic code of Law) Suleiman the Lawgiver He had absolute power, but did consult with advisor and coucil Had officials to manage the empire

The Ottoman Empire Diverse Society Because the Ottomans had such a vast empire and help onto for so long, Islam became the dominant cultural force throughout the region Social Classes Men of Pen (the educated, scientists, lawyers, judges, and poets) Men of the Sword (high-ranking leaders) Men of Negotiation (business people, moneychangers, tax collectors, artisans) Men of Husbandry (farmers and herders) Top two classes were made up of almost entirely Muslims helped Islam dominate

The Ottoman Empire Diverse Society Millets non-Muslims; allowed to maintain their own religion and traditions Janissaries Muslim influence rested on the backs of the Janissaries strong military and govt officers from conquered groups required to turn their sons over to the govt Converted to Islam Members of an elite force in the Ottoman army Arts and Literature Palaces and places of worship, the Mosque

The Ottoman Empire The Decline Survived into the 20 th century; decline began much earlier though Nations were able to break free of Ottoman rule Corruption and poor leadership European advances major reason for the decline 1571, Spain and Italy defeat the Ottoman fleet at Lepanto Even though the empire spread, it was cut out of global trade European commercial and military advancements European economies had become stronger

Exploration Key Ids The Eve of Remember the Ottomans, Europeans were looking for new routes to the riches of Asia Portugal and Spain took the lead Both had tech., resources, and political unity to support sea travel Both had struggled with Muslim rule

Exploration Reconquista and Expulsions 1469, Marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon to Isabella of Castile brought together two powerful Spanish kingdoms 1492, they forced the Muslims from Granada, which complete the Reconquista a campaign to recapture Spain from the Muslims (began in 700) Isabella launched a brutal crusade against Muslims and Jews (pro- Christtianity) Approx 150K were forced into exile

Exploration Reasons to Explore Ottoman Empire interference 1400s, seek new routes to the Asian spices Italian and Muslims merchants controlled the routes between Asia and Europe Muslims bring goods to the Med and the Italians brought it the rest of the way it became very expensive time to cut out the middleman Time to look for new oceanic routes

Exploration Impact of Technology The Printing Press mid 1400s, Gutenberg invents the press Enabled people to make books quickly and cheaply; became more available Access to new ideas and info, including geography Gunpowder - Arab traders brought gunpowder to Europe in the 1200s Late 1400s, Portugal were equipping ships with cannons Help Portugal win control of the Indian Ocean trade network Naval Tech Cartographers (mapmakers) created better maps and charts Astrolabe compass used to determine direction, perfected by the Arabs Europeans built bigger and better ships; sails and masts perfected

Exploration Early Exploration Africa to Asia 1415, Henry the Navigator (son of Portuguese king), fleet of ships that explored the coast of W Africa 1488, Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope (southern Africa) da Gama follows Dias route, across the Indian Ocean Lost half his ships Returned home with Asian spices Established a successful trade route and would expand their empire 1492, Columbus reaches the Americas 1493, Spain and Portugal claim land in the Americas Imperialism compete for colonies in the Americas

Exploration Imperialism 1400s, Africa, established a string of forts in the west and capturing several port cities in the east Unsuccessful in their attempt to push inland mid-1600s, Dutch s.w. tip of Africa, established Cape Town The Dutch farmers who settled in Cape Town were called the Boers; ousted or enslaved many Africans, whom they considered inferiors Asia, 1500s, Portugal took control of the trade networks from the Muslims Malacca on the Malay Peninsula in the Indian Ocean

Exploration Imperialism The Dutch Spain, England, and France The Dutch, the first to challenge Portuguese domination of the Asian spice trade Established trade links with Asia Formed the Dutch East India Co. in the early 1600s 1641, Dutch seized Malacca from Portugal; began trading with China; dominated the Asian trade routes Spain, established colonies in SE Asia in the 1500s Magellan, complete the first circumnavigation of the world; claimed the islands of the Philippines (1521) named for King Philip of Spain Used to trade with China and spread Catholic teachings

Exploration Imperialism The Dutch Spain, England, and France By the 1700s, England and France became competing forces in the Asian trade network, concentrating in India Mughal Rulers (India) weak and civil wars lead to British and French East India Companies making alliances with local rulers. Each organized their own army of sepoys, (Indian Troops) 1750s, British East India Company and sepoys push the French out Forced the Mughal emperor to allow it to collect taxes Would become the real power in the region

Exploration Triangular Trade and Slavery 1500s, Europeans came to view African slaves as the most valuable African trade goods Purchased slaves to work in order to satisfy the labor shortage in the Americas Slavery evolved in a huge and profitable business The Triangle Trade Europe, Africa, and Africa The Middle Passage the voyage from Africa to the Americas conditions were terrible Hundreds on people crammed onto a shingle ship Millions of Africans dies on the way from disease, brutal treatment, or suicide

Exploration The Spanish Empire 1500s, the empire stretched from California to So. America Brought great wealth to the Spanish Govt Govt maintained strict control over its empire King an the colonial govt through representatives, or viceroys, who ruled provinces Religion Catholic Church spread Christianity Encomienda System Spanish law allowed the colonies to only trade with Spain; Under this system, a conquistador, was granted land along with permission to demand labor or tribute from Native Americans Culture Colonies developed a new culture that combined European, Native American, and African traditionseverything was affected (art, literature, life)

Exploration The Spanish Empire Social Classes Spanish-born at top, known as peninsulares. Creoles was the name given to those Europeans who were born in the colonies. Mestizos, people of mixed Native American and European descent, Mulattoes, mixed African and European descent The Columbian Exchange Global exchange of people, plants, animals, ideas, and technology began during this time, leading to profound changes for people in Asia, the Americas, Africa, and Europe

Exploration European Capitalism Mercantilism increased trade with the colonies encouraged European capitalism (the investment of money to make a profit) Emergence of Joint Stock Companies allowed Europeans to gather the capital necessary to finance overseas voyages (see Virginia) Mercantilism policy involved building up national wealth by exporting more goods than the nation importedColonies supported the parent nation with raw materials and served as a market for its exports Nobles became less powerful because their wealth was based on the land they owned Merchants made the money and gained the power; emergence of the middle class

Absolutism Keys Ids Global Absolutism 1500s -1600s monarchs in Europe in Asia looked to centralize their power, which led to Absolutism autocratic rulers had complete authority over the government and the lives of the people in their nation.

Absolutism 1500s, India, Mughal Empire Akbar the Great strengthened the central govt and made his empire stronger and larger than any in Europe at the time Modernized his army, encouraged trade, introduced land reform Recognized India's diversity and promoted religious tolerance Successors were not as strong and less tolerant allowed France and England to spread their influence

Absolutism Spain 1500s, Spain became the most powerful nation in Europe Wealth from its empire helped the empire grow Charles V (1519-1556) King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor Faced military threats from the French and the Ottoman Empire Philip II wanted to control all aspects of govt, believing that he ruled by divine right according to this thinking, the king is an agent of God, and his authority to rules come directly from God

Absolutism France Late 1600sm France replaced Spain as the most powerful The Sun King, Louis XIV, from the age of 5 he ruled France for 72 years Took the sun as the symbol of his power and commanding complete loyalty from his subjects Bishop Jacques Bossuet argued that as Gods represented on Earth, the king was entitled to unquestioning obedience Persecuted the Protestant Huguenots

Absolutism Russia 1400s, Moscow became the center of power in Russia Ivan the Great - ruled from 1462-1505 Built the framework for absolute rule in Russia Ivan the Terrible Czar Ivan centralized royal power and extreme absolute power Harsh ruling style Organized a personal police force; agents of terror slaughtered rebellious nobles and destroyed towns suspected of disloyalty Peter the Great 1682-1725 brought all of Russia under his control; reduced the power of the nobility and gained control of the Russian Orthodox Church Westernized Russia Strong foreign policy largest army in Europe in the late 1600s, expanded Russian territory, fought the Ottoman Turks to gain a warm-water port he lost

Absolutism England Stuart Monarchs James 1 used divine right, conflicted with the Puritans The Leviathan, Thomas Hobbs wrote that people were nature selfish and greedy and would fall into chaos unless ruled by a strong govt that could suppress rebellionbelieved that an absolute monarchy was needed to maintain order 1500-1600s, England moved to a parliamentary system The English Civil War or the Puritan Revolution King Charles and the Cavaliers vs. Parliament forces, the Roundheads Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell Roundhead win, capture king, and beheaded him; signified that absolutism would not last in England

Absolutism England 1660,The Restoration parliament invited Charles II to become king of England The Glorious Revolution - Parliament overthrows James II became to absolutist Feared the return of Catholic dominance Jamess daughter, Mary and her Dutch husband William take the English throne Both Protestant Bloodless transfer of power Nonviolent overthrown is known as the Glorious Revolution 1500-1600s, England moved to a parliamentary system English Bill of Rights king must work regularly with Parliament House of Commons has financial control Toleration Act granted Protestant dissentes (Puritans and Quakers) limited toleration.not Catholics.

Part Five The Age of Revolutions

Scientific Revolution and the Age of Enlightenment Key IDs New Ideas Middle Ages, scholars believed the earth was the center of the universe. This idea came from Roman-Greco thinking and the teachings of the Church.

New Ideas European scientist began to think differently in the 1500s. The renaissance scholars began to question old ideas about the world - - this period is known as the Scientific Revolution Copernicus challenged the idea that the earth was the center of the universe; he argued that the universe was heliocentric, or sun-centered; that the planets revolved around the sun Most scholars rejected Copernicuss theory Early 1600s, Galileo would argue in favor of heliocentric theory; would observe the skies through a telescope, which would contradict the teachings of the Church; put on trial and forced to recant his ideas

Newton built on Copernicus and Galileo; used math to prove the existence of a force that kept planets in their orbits; called the force gravity, the same force that made objects fall toward Earth New Ways of Thinking Scientific Method - 1600s, this method relied on experimentation and observation Descartes and Human Reasoning challenged the idea that new knowledge should be made to fit existing traditional ideas; emphasized the power of human reason; believed that reason, rather than tradition, should be the way to discover truth. Descartes ideas paved the way for other changes.

Science and the Enlightenment Scientist would use reason to explain why things happened in the physical universe. 1700s, scholars and writers would reason to discover natural laws, or laws that govern human behavior; applied the scientific method of investigation and observation in order to solve the problems of society Enlightenment -1700s, people would reject traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason; logical thought can lead to truth is called rationalism; Enlightened Thinkers introduced new ways of viewing authority, power, government, and law

Enlightened Thinkers John Locke, 1600s; believed that all people possess natural rights. These rights include the rights to life, liberty, and property; if a government does not protect these rights, people have the right to overthrow it. Montesquieu, 1700s, argued that powers of government sho

Part One The Ancient World The first humans – believed to have appeared over 2M years ago ...

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Transcript of Part One The Ancient World The first humans – believed to have appeared over 2M years ago ...