PART OF SPEECH.pptx

7/30/2019 PART OF SPEECH.pptx

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1. Nandi

2. Annisa Resti

3. Lanita Sylvana

4. Febriana Arum

5. Dini Lusida

6. Ferina Ayu

PART OF SPEECH


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In grammar, a part of speech (also a word class,

a lexical class, or a lexical category) is a linguistic

category of words (or more precisely lexical items).

Common linguistic categories include noun and verb,

among others.

In our English speech we number the same partswith Latines :

1. Noune 5. Adverbe

2. Pronoune 6. Conjunction

3. Verbe 7. Preposition

4. Participle 8. Interjection

Only, we added a ninth, that is an article.


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Noun : any abstract or concrete entity; a person (police

officer, Michael), place (coastline, London), thing

(necktie, television), idea (happiness), or quality (bravery)

Pronoun : any substitute for a noun or noun phrase

Adjective : any qualifier of a noun (modifying noun)

Verb : any action (walk), occurrence (happen), or state of

being (be)

Adverb : modifies an adjective, verb, clause, sentence,

or other adverb

Preposition : any establisher of relation and syntactic

context

Conjunction : any syntactic connector

Interjection : any emotional greeting (or "exclamation")


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New Word ClassesDivided into 3 groups :

1.Consist of form-classes (noun, verbs, adjectives,

adverbs, and uninflected word)

2.Positional classes (nominal, verbal, adjectival,

adverbial)3.Consist of the structure classes (preposition and

auxiliaries)Nouns

Noun is a member of a large, open lexicalcategory whose members can occur as the main

word in the subject of a clause, the object of a verb,

or the object of a preposition.


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Noun are identified as nouns by two aspect of form :

1. inflectional morphemes (noun plural [-s pl] and

noun possessive [-s ps])

2. derivational morphemes (added to verbs,

adjectives, noun, adverbs, and bound forms)

[Example : * the quality is pure

* the quality is purity

-ity added to an adjectives, which its significant

as a noun.]


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There is a partial list of word pairs, the second word

in each containing one of the suffixes that enable us

to classify a word as a noun.

SOURCE VERB DERIVED

NOUN

1.Accept acceptance2.Achieve achievement

3.Arrive arrival

And etc (you can see in your book at page 164)


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Since inflectional endings follow derivational suffixes

and are used to identify nouns, we should bother at

all about the derivational suffixes, because inpractice some words with such suffixes are seldom

or never inflected.

Example : derision, drainage, fertility, iciness,

manhood, and nourishment.

The personal pronouns arent included among the

form-classes because the personal pronouns

resemble nouns in that they are inflected for theplural and the possessive and they occupy most

noun positions in the basic patterns.


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B. Verbs

Verbs have a maximum of five different inflectionalforms.

Any word that has three or more of these inflectionalforms is said to belong to the form-class called the

verb.

Stem

Present Third

Person

Singular

Present

ParticiplePast Tense

Past

Participle

rise rises rising rose risen


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The derivational suffixes by which a verb is identified

are few. This list contains verbs with such suffixes and

the source parts of which the verb are derived.

These verb-forming suffixes are occasionally found

combined with bound stems, as in sanctify.

Source Noun Derived Verb

Beauty Beautify

Colony Colonize

Length Lengthen

Strife Strive

Source Adjective Derived Verb

Ripe RipenSolid Solidify


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C. Adjectives

Compare words having the -erand -est

inflectional suffixes, enable us to set up a class of

words called comparables, but they do not

permit us by themselves to separate into twoclasses the words traditionally called adjectives

and adverbs.

A word that is inflected with erand estand that

is capable of forming adverbs with

lyand/ornouns with ness is called an adjective.


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The adjective-forming suffixes are illustrated in this

list.

o Noun

o Verb

oAdjective

Source Noun Derived Adjective

Child Childish

Fortune Fortunate

Source Verb Derived Adjective

Collect Collective

Expect Expectant

Source Adjective Derived Adjective

Dead Deadly

Red Reddish


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These adjective-forming suffixes and others are

frequently added to bound forms; e.g.,

Pens- + ive > pensive

Cred- + ible > credible

Loc- + al > local


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D. Adverbs

The adverb has four suffixes to set it apart fromother form classes, the derivational suffixes ly, -

wise, -ward, and s, and the free form like.

Source Adjective Derived Adverb

fortunate fortunately

Source Noun Derived Adverbstudent studentwise


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This same

s closes some adverbs, like always,unawares, and the adverb suffix wise. It is

sometimes called the adverbial s.

Source Noun Derived Adverb

student studentlike

Source Adjective Derived Adverb

casual Casual-like


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Uninflected Words

Words that cannot be kenneled in one of the four form-

classes-noun, verb, adjective, or adverb.

1. Words that are traditionally called nouns (pathos, advice,

tennis, evidence)

2. Words traditionally called adverbs (often, seldom, also,

never, perhaps)

3. Words traditionally known as adjectives (antic, menial, only,

tired)4. Most of the words in the structure classes (the, must, quite,

from, and, since, which, all)


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Nouns in the singular are uninflected, such as "wing"

or "switch", but are inflected in the plural when theytake on the affix "-s" or "-es", as in "wings" or

"switches".

Adjectives and adverbs are inflected in the

comparative ("greater") and the superlative

("greatest"), but are uninflected in their positive form

"great".

Verbs are uninflected in the infinitive ("to love") and

the future tense ("will love"), but are inflected in the

past tense ("loved"). They are also inflected in the

third person singular with the "-s" affix ("she loves", "it

seems").


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ar o peec : ruc ureClasses

The three characteristics of structure class :

1. Members of a given structure class are

recognized mainly by position, as they have no

characteristics of form in common and, exceptinga few, do not change form.

2. A structure class is small, the largest one

(prepositions) having only about fifty members.

3. A structure class has a stable membership andis a-closed class-that, is, it rarely admits new

members.


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A. Qualifiers

A qualifier is a word or phrase that changed how

absolute, certain or generalized a statement is.

Qualifiers of Example

1. quantity some, most, all, none

2. time occasionally, sometimes, now and

again, usually, always, never,

3. certainty I guess, I think, I know, I am

absolutely certain

4. possibility could, may, likely, possible, probable

5. necessity must, should, ought, required, have to

6. relative quality best, worst, finest, sharpest, heaviest


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The qualifier occurs in the position just

before an adjectival or an adverbial as shownby the empty slots in these sentences:

The dinner was _____ good.

The dinner was verygood. She performed _____ skilfully.

She performed ratherskillfully.

Thus it is evident that words like very andrather are qualifiers.


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Prepositional

Phrase

Preposition Preposition are words like of, in and to which are usually

followed by a noun, noun phrase, personal pronoun, or noun

substitute called the object of preposition.

PrepositionObject

Of

preposition

One syllable prepositions such as of, in and to usually have

weak or third (low) stress in their common uses.

Monosyllabic preposition now and then take a primary stress

instead of a weak or third stress.

About, above, after, against, among, before, behind, below,

beneath, between beyond, despite, except, inside, into,

outside, under, and upon are two-syllables prepositions.


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Theres also a group of ing prepositions that all

have a verb as a stem, such as : assuming, beginning,

barring, concerning, involving.

Two-word compound prepositions

Her face was perfect aside from that one hairy

mole.

The bucks fought hard and its allbecause ofa

doe.

The detective didnt know he was sittingnext to a

wanted man.


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Determiners

A determiner is a word that patterns with a noun.

It precedes the noun and serves as a signal that a nounis soon to follow. If the noun is preceded by adjectivesand nouns, the determiner precedes these modifiers.

Example : The new gymnasium

List of determiners :

a/an my thisThe your that

his theseher thoseitsourtheirJohns


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Auxiliaries

Auxiliaries are divided into three kinds : 1. Modal Auxiliaries

Can could

May might

Shall should Will would

Two characteristics of modal auxiliaries :

1. The present tense form doesnt take an s in

the third person singular2. They dont have participle forms, present or

past.

Modal auxiliaries are sometimes called verbmarkers because they signal that a verb is about tofollow.


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2. Two Primary Auxiliaries, have and be

Stem Have BePresent Tense Has / have Am / is / are

Present Participle Having Being

Past Tense Had Was / were

Past Participle had been

When immediately preceding a main verb, have

is followed by a past participle as in He has

eaten and be is followed by either a past

participle.

When auxiliaries are employed in groups of two

or three, an obligatory sequence is followed:


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3. The Periphrastic auxiliary do

It has these uses :

a. In questions it carries the tense and provides theinversion that signals a question

b. In negative sentences it carries the tense and

positions the negative word not between an auxiliary and

the verb.

c. In declarative affirmative sentences it provides

emphasis and requires a primary or a secondary stress.

d. In tag questions it replaces a main verb in the simple

present or in past tense.

e. In sentences beginning with a negative adverbial like

seldom, never, not only, it expresses, in an inverted

structure, the tense.


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The behavior and patterning of auxiliaries differ from

those of verbs in three aspects :

1. An auxiliary isnt used as a full verb. It may be used asa substitute verb for a verb already mentioned as in :

He ate an orange and so didI.

2. The negative of a verb phrase containing an auxiliary or

auxiliaries is made by putting not after a single auxiliaryor after the first auxiliary in a sequence. Example :

He will not tell.

3. To make a question with an auxiliary, the subject and

the auxiliary, or first auxiliary in a sequence, arereversed :

She can do a good job.

Can she do a good job?


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Pronouns : Personal, Interrogative, Relative

1. Personal Pronouns (Singular)

(Plural)

Subject Object Prenominal

Possessive

Substitutio

nal

Possessive

1st I Me My Mine

2nd You You Your Yours

3rd M He Him His His

F She Her Her Hers

N It it its its

1st We Us Our Ours

2nd You You Your Yours

3rd They Them their Theirs

Interr Relative who whom whose whose


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2. Interrogative Pronouns : Who, whom, whose

Examples :

Who borrowed my tie? (subject of verb)Who did you take to the theater? (object of verb)

Who are you referring to? (object of preposition)

3. Relative Pronouns : Who, Whom, Whose The relative pronouns whois used as the subject of

the verb, and whom as object of the verb and objectof the preposition. (examples on page 190)

Who and whom (interrogative and relative) havehuman reference, whereas whose (interrogative) hashuman and whose (relative) both human andnonhuman reference.


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Which has nonhuman reference and in its uses

parallels those of who, whom, whose.

That has both human and nonhuman reference

and its uses are the same as which, except that it

does not directly follow a preposition.


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Thank you

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