Part III— Understanding H1N1 Influenza A A “Just-in-Time” Primer on H1N1 Influenza A and...

Part III—Part III—Understanding Understanding H1N1 Influenza H1N1 Influenza

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A “Just-in-Time” Primer on H1N1 Influenza A and Pandemic A “Just-in-Time” Primer on H1N1 Influenza A and Pandemic Influenza provided by the National Association of State EMS Influenza provided by the National Association of State EMS

OfficialsOfficialsRevised June 12, 2009

Table of ContentsTable of Contents

Part I--Understanding Influenza and the Part I--Understanding Influenza and the Current Influenza PandemicCurrent Influenza Pandemic

Part II--Understanding the TerminologyPart II--Understanding the Terminology Part III—Understanding H1N1 Influenza APart III—Understanding H1N1 Influenza A Part IV—Personal Protective Equipment Part IV—Personal Protective Equipment

(PPE) for EMS(PPE) for EMS Part V--Decontamination of AmbulancesPart V--Decontamination of Ambulances Part VI—Influenza and EMTALAPart VI—Influenza and EMTALA Part VII– Planning ConsiderationsPart VII– Planning Considerations

6/12/2009 National Association of State EMS Officials

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DisclaimerDisclaimer

This self-learning module was developed by the This self-learning module was developed by the National Association of State EMS Officials. The National Association of State EMS Officials. The content was collated from various sources and content was collated from various sources and current as of June 12, 2009. Users are strongly current as of June 12, 2009. Users are strongly encouraged to review situational reports and updates encouraged to review situational reports and updates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the US Department of Health and Human Services, the US Department of Agriculture, the World Health the US Department of Agriculture, the World Health Organization, and similar entities as revised and Organization, and similar entities as revised and additional information becomes available. NASEMSO additional information becomes available. NASEMSO did not review or approve material which may have did not review or approve material which may have been added beyond the distributed version which is been added beyond the distributed version which is on our web site at www.nasemso.org .on our web site at www.nasemso.org .

6/12/2009 3National Association of State EMS Officials

EMS & 9-1-1EMS & 9-1-1Critical Components of the Critical Components of the

National StrategyNational Strategy


EMS and 9-1-1 documents are available for download at www.ems.gov

Current H1N1 OverviewCurrent H1N1 Overview

Most people recover from infection without Most people recover from infection without the need for hospitalization or medical care. the need for hospitalization or medical care.

Overall, national levels of severe illness from Overall, national levels of severe illness from influenza A (H1N1) appear similar to levels influenza A (H1N1) appear similar to levels seen during local seasonal influenza periods, seen during local seasonal influenza periods, although high levels of disease have occurred although high levels of disease have occurred in some local areas and institutions. in some local areas and institutions.

Overall, hospitals and health care systems in Overall, hospitals and health care systems in most countries have been able to cope with most countries have been able to cope with the numbers of people seeking care, although the numbers of people seeking care, although some facilities and systems have been some facilities and systems have been stressed in some localities. stressed in some localities.


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UNDERSTANDING H1N1 UNDERSTANDING H1N1 INFLUENZA A INFLUENZA A

Part IIIPart III

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What You Need to Know What You Need to Know About the H1N1 Influenza A About the H1N1 Influenza A

VirusVirus Influenza viruses are not Influenza viruses are not

transmitted by food.transmitted by food. You cannot get influenza from You cannot get influenza from

properly handled and cooked food, properly handled and cooked food, eating pork or pork products. eating pork or pork products.

Our food supply is protected.Our food supply is protected. Testing programs are in place.Testing programs are in place. All animals used for food, including All animals used for food, including

pigs, are inspected by USDA.pigs, are inspected by USDA.Source: CDC at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/key_facts.htm and www.usda.gov Source: CDC at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/key_facts.htm and www.usda.gov


How does H1N1 How does H1N1 Influenza A spread?Influenza A spread?

Human-to-human transmission of the Human-to-human transmission of the H1N1 virus is thought to occur in the H1N1 virus is thought to occur in the same way as seasonal flu occurs in same way as seasonal flu occurs in people, which is mainly people, which is mainly person-to-person-to-person transmission through coughing person transmission through coughing or sneezing or sneezing of people infected with the of people infected with the influenza virus. influenza virus.

People may become infected by People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it touching something with flu viruses on it and then touching their mouth or nose.and then touching their mouth or nose.

Source: CDC at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/key_facts.htm Source: CDC at http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/key_facts.htm


A Diagnostic A Diagnostic ChallengeChallenge

A pandemic flu carrier might not A pandemic flu carrier might not show any symptoms for up to two show any symptoms for up to two days while still shedding the virus, days while still shedding the virus, thus making it harder to isolate.thus making it harder to isolate.

Source: NGA Pandemic Primer, 2007Source: NGA Pandemic Primer, 2007http://www.nga.org/Files/pdf/0607PANDEMICPRIMER.PDF http://www.nga.org/Files/pdf/0607PANDEMICPRIMER.PDF


Pandemic Planning Pandemic Planning Assumptions Assumptions

The typical incubation period for influenza The typical incubation period for influenza averages 2 days.averages 2 days.

Persons who become ill may transmit Persons who become ill may transmit infection for one half to one day before the infection for one half to one day before the onset of illness.onset of illness.

On average about 2 secondary infections will On average about 2 secondary infections will occur as a result of transmission from occur as a result of transmission from someone who is ill.someone who is ill.

In an affected community, a pandemic In an affected community, a pandemic outbreak will last about 6 to 8 weeks.outbreak will last about 6 to 8 weeks.

Work/school absenteeism may be as high as Work/school absenteeism may be as high as 40% at the peak.40% at the peak.

At least two pandemic disease waves are At least two pandemic disease waves are likely.likely.6/12/2009 10National Association of State EMS

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Pandemic SeverityPandemic Severity

At the current time, CDC estimates At the current time, CDC estimates that the pandemic situation in the U.S. that the pandemic situation in the U.S. would be equivalent to a pandemic would be equivalent to a pandemic severity index of 2 (out of 5.)severity index of 2 (out of 5.)

WHO has a three point scale to WHO has a three point scale to determine pandemic severity – mild, determine pandemic severity – mild, moderate and severe.moderate and severe.

At this time, WHO has indicated this At this time, WHO has indicated this seems to be a moderately severe seems to be a moderately severe pandemic.pandemic.


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Community Strategies by Pandemic Flu Severity (1)

Pandemic Severity Index

Interventions by Setting 1 2 and 3 4 and 5

Home

Voluntary isolation of ill at home (adults and children); combine with use of antiviral treatment as available and indicated

Recommend Recommend Recommend

Voluntary quarantine of household members in homes with ill persons (adults and children); consider combining with antiviral prophylaxis if effective, feasible, and quantities sufficient

Generally not recommended

Consider Recommend

School

Child social distancing–dismissal of students from schools and school-based activities, and closure of child care programs


Consider:≤ 4 weeks

Recommend:≤ 12 weeks

–reduce out-of-school contacts and community mixing


Consider:≤ 4 weeks

Recommend:≤ 12 weeks13

Community Strategies by Pandemic Flu Severity (2)

Pandemic Severity Index

Interventions by Setting 1 2 and 3 4 and 5

Workplace/CommunityAdult social distancing

–decrease number of social contacts (e.g., encourage teleconferences, alternatives to face-to-face meetings)


Consider Recommend

–increase distance between persons (e.g., reduce density in public transit, workplace)


Consider Recommend

–modify, postpone, or cancel selected public gatherings to promote social distance (e.g., stadium events, theater performances)


Consider Recommend

–modify workplace schedules and practices (e.g., telework, staggered shifts)


Consider Recommend

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Good Question!Good Question!

Why is there an Why is there an emphasis on emphasis on community mitigation community mitigation such as school closings?such as school closings?


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Effect of Community-Based Effect of Community-Based InterventionsInterventions

1. Delay disease transmission and outbreak peak2. Decompress peak burden on healthcare infrastructure3. Diminish overall cases and health impacts

DailyCases

#1

#2

#3

Days since First Case

Pandemic outbreak:No intervention

Pandemic outbreak:With intervention

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Population Density and Mitigation

Population Density and Mitigation

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Workplace / Classroom Social Workplace / Classroom Social DensityDensity

http://buildingsdatabook.eren.doe.gov/docs/7.4.4.xls

12 feet 3-4 feet

8 feet

Elementary Schools

Hospitals

Offices

16 feet

Residences

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Spacing of people: If homes were like schools


*Based on avg. 2,600 sq. ft. per single family home6/12/2009 19



*Based on avg. 2,600 sq. ft. per single family home6/12/2009 20

Potential Strategies to Potential Strategies to Decrease the Impact Decrease the Impact

Prevent or delay introduction of the Prevent or delay introduction of the virusvirus

Disease containmentDisease containment Social distancingSocial distancing Antiviral treatment and isolation for Antiviral treatment and isolation for

people with illnesspeople with illness Voluntary quarantine for those exposedVoluntary quarantine for those exposed Vaccine when availableVaccine when available

Source: DHHS Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation (2007)Source: DHHS Community Strategy for Pandemic Influenza Mitigation (2007)


CDC Interim Guidance CDC Interim Guidance IS Currently AvailableIS Currently Available

Multiple topics to meet a variety Multiple topics to meet a variety of needsof needs

This is a rapidly evolving This is a rapidly evolving situationsituation

All guidance should be All guidance should be considered interim and checked considered interim and checked frequently for updatesfrequently for updates

http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/http://www.cdc.gov/swineflu/guidance/ guidance/


Critical StrategiesCritical Strategies

Respiratory Respiratory HygieneHygiene Cover your mouth Cover your mouth

when you sneeze or when you sneeze or coughcough

WASH YOUR HANDS WASH YOUR HANDS FREQUENTLYFREQUENTLY

Avoid touching your Avoid touching your face, eyes, nose, face, eyes, nose, mouthmouth

If you are sick, STAY If you are sick, STAY HOMEHOME

Immediately discard Immediately discard used tissues and then used tissues and then WASH YOUR HANDS!WASH YOUR HANDS!


Role for AntiviralsRole for Antivirals

Antiviral drugs are being used to treat Antiviral drugs are being used to treat H1N1 Influenza A or to prevent H1N1 Influenza A or to prevent infection with H1N1 viruses. infection with H1N1 viruses.

These medications must be prescribed These medications must be prescribed by a health care professional.by a health care professional.

Influenza antiviral drugs work best Influenza antiviral drugs work best when started soon after illness onset when started soon after illness onset (within two 2 days), but treatment (within two 2 days), but treatment with antiviral drugs should still be with antiviral drugs should still be considered after 48 hours of symptom considered after 48 hours of symptom onset, particularly for hospitalized onset, particularly for hospitalized patients or people at high risk for patients or people at high risk for influenza-related complications.influenza-related complications.


Role for AntiviralsRole for Antivirals

Influenza antiviral drugs work Influenza antiviral drugs work best when stated soon after best when stated soon after illness onset (within two 2 days), illness onset (within two 2 days), but treatment with antiviral but treatment with antiviral drugs should still be considered drugs should still be considered after 48 hours of symptom onset, after 48 hours of symptom onset, particularly for hospitalized particularly for hospitalized patients or people at high risk for patients or people at high risk for influenza-related complications.influenza-related complications.


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Use of Antivirals Use of Antivirals

Laboratory Laboratory testing on these testing on these H1N1 Influenza A H1N1 Influenza A viruses so far viruses so far indicate that indicate that they are they are susceptiblesusceptible (sensitive) to (sensitive) to oseltamivir oseltamivir and and zanamivirzanamivir. .


Vaccines for the Novel Vaccines for the Novel Strain of H1N1Strain of H1N1

Development started as soon as Development started as soon as the new strain was identified.the new strain was identified.

May not be available for 4-6 May not be available for 4-6 months.months.


Worth Repeating…Worth Repeating…


Family PlanFamily Plan

If you haven’t developed a If you haven’t developed a personal/family emergency plan personal/family emergency plan yet, consider developing one yet, consider developing one now as a precaution. This should now as a precaution. This should include storing a supply of extra include storing a supply of extra food, medicines, facemasks and food, medicines, facemasks and other essential supplies.other essential supplies.


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Update on Cases –Update on Cases –June 12, 2009June 12, 2009

Influenza illness, including illness Influenza illness, including illness associated with the novel influenza A associated with the novel influenza A H1N1 virus is ongoing in the United H1N1 virus is ongoing in the United States. States.

Influenza activity is decreasing in the Influenza activity is decreasing in the United States; however, levels of United States; however, levels of influenza-like illness are higher than influenza-like illness are higher than normal for this time of year. normal for this time of year.

The majority of influenza viruses The majority of influenza viruses isolated in the United States are now isolated in the United States are now novel H1N1 viruses. novel H1N1 viruses. 6/12/2009 National Association of State EMS

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Stats as of June 12, 2009Stats as of June 12, 2009

74 countries have officially reported 74 countries have officially reported 29,699 cases of influenza A(H1N1) 29,699 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection, including 145 deaths. infection, including 145 deaths.

In the US, 17,855 confirmed and In the US, 17,855 confirmed and probable cases and 45 deaths in 52 probable cases and 45 deaths in 52 states & territories. states & territories.

The states that have reported the most The states that have reported the most novel H1N1 activity are California, novel H1N1 activity are California, Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Illinois, Massachusetts, New York, Texas, Washington (state) and Texas, Washington (state) and Wisconsin. Wisconsin. 6/12/2009 National Association of State EMS

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Influenza on the RiseInfluenza on the Rise


Countries Affected

Worldwide Cases

Total Deaths

33% 22%30%

Typical Week: May 26-June 3, 2009

Vaccine for H1N1 Novel VirusVaccine for H1N1 Novel Virus

CDC has isolated the novel H1N1 flu virus CDC has isolated the novel H1N1 flu virus and is working to make a candidate vaccine and is working to make a candidate vaccine virus that can be provided to industry so virus that can be provided to industry so that manufacturers can scale up for that manufacturers can scale up for production of a vaccine, if necessary.production of a vaccine, if necessary.

$1 billion in existing funds that will be used $1 billion in existing funds that will be used for clinical studies that will take place over for clinical studies that will take place over the summer and for commercial-scale the summer and for commercial-scale production of two potential vaccine production of two potential vaccine ingredients for the pre-pandemic influenza ingredients for the pre-pandemic influenza stockpile. stockpile.


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Part III— Understanding H1N1 Influenza A A “Just-in-Time” Primer on H1N1 Influenza A and...

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