Part III-Monitoring Aerosol, Clouds and Water-1€¦ · 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995...

Monitoring Aerosol, Clouds and Monitoring Aerosol, Clouds and Water in the Polar AtmosphereWater in the Polar Atmosphere

part IIIpart III

JeanJean--Pierre BlanchetPierre Blanchet

ESCER ESCER -- UQAMUQAMCenter for StudyCenter for Study and Simulation of Regional Climate and Simulation of Regional Climate

Canadian Regional ClimateCanadian Regional ClimateModeling and Diagnostics NetworkModeling and Diagnostics Network

Summer SchoolSummer SchoolNSERC CREATE Training Program in NSERC CREATE Training Program in

Arctic Atmospheric ScienceArctic Atmospheric Science

AllistonAlliston, ON, July 23, ON, July 23--27, 201227, 2012

Atmospherictemperatureand water

Cloud Cloud –– Radiation FeedbackRadiation FeedbackWinter (IR dominated)Winter (IR dominated)

SurfaceTemperature

Cloud optical depth Aerosols

Surface and TOAradiation flux

Cloud fractionLarge scale

advection and vertical motion

+ -

++

+-

+

+Acid

-TIC-2

+YesPrecipitation

+

-

TIC-1 + No

+

+

+

+

GHG

-/+

DGF Process

Greenhouse

#1

Dehydration#2

Planetarycirculation

#3

?OUR ROAD MAP

PlanPlan

A 360A 360oo cloud view around the Polecloud view around the Pole Polar GHG & DGF versus NAO activityPolar GHG & DGF versus NAO activity Simulating atmospheric moisture in Simulating atmospheric moisture in

cold climatescold climatesMeasuring cold anomalies and water Measuring cold anomalies and water

budget budget TICFIRE projectTICFIRE project

A-Train : CloudSat – CALIPSO – AQUA – AURA – AIRS

Ref.: CALIPSO Web site

CALIPSO

CloudSat

PEARL

Frequent Arctic Overpass Frequent Arctic Overpass Compact Time Sampling and near 3D Horizon ViewCompact Time Sampling and near 3D Horizon View

«« Tour Tour dd’’horizonhorizon »» around the Polearound the PoleJanuary 19, 2007January 19, 2007


PEARL

Frequent Arctic Overpass Frequent Arctic Overpass Compact Time Sampling and near 3D Horizon ViewCompact Time Sampling and near 3D Horizon View

Loop #3 : The big circulationLoop #3 : The big circulation

Lorenz Energy CycleLorenz Energy Cycle

PM: mean available potential energyPE: eddy available potential energy, which is

composed of PSE and PTEPSE: stationary eddy available potential energyPTE: transient eddy available potential energyKM: mean kinetic energyKE: eddy kinetic energy, which is

composed of KTE and KSEKTE: transient eddy kinetic energyKSE: stationary eddy kinetic energyC(A,B) : conversion rate of A to Bhttp://wmolc.org/multi_model/energetics.php

G

G D

D

( ),j i j ij

dbpv v

dt xa p aw e

¶+ + = - -

¶

Kinetic Energy :

LorenzLorenz’’s Energy Cycle s Energy Cycle (Lorenz, 1967; Boer, 1975)(Lorenz, 1967; Boer, 1975)

pa Nc T Pº + b k paº +F-

p

ds dTQ T c

dt dtaw= = -

Kinetic Energy

GeopotentialWork

Heating Rate

Specific Volume

Vertical Motion

Potential Energy

Molecular Momentum Flux

Local Dissipation

Barotropic Reference Pressureda

NQdt

aw= +

Potential Energy :

( ) /1 / a pR c

rN p pº -

Lorenz Efficiency Factor :

STORMS

34

Cooling processesCooling processesTotal Cooling ≈ -30 to - 50°C

Process #2: Direct IR

ΔT ≈ -16° to +10°C

Cooling over the total column in TIC-2

Process #3: Indirect IR

ΔT ≈ -5° to -10°C

Dehydration and opening of the grey far-IR window

Process #1: Dynamics

ΔT ≈ -10° to -20°C

Air is lifted along with aerosols

TIC-2B TIC-1

Dry radiation

Dry adiabatic

p

ds dTQ T c

dt dtaw= = -

aw

CLOUDS

dTdt

High Transmittance

35

North Atlantic OscillationNAO

Ref.: Jim Hurrell, NCARhttp://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/jhurrell/indices.htmlhttp://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Study/NAO/NAO_2.html

L

H

H

L– NAO

~30 years

+ NAO ~40 years

20001990198019701960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

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2

2.5Magpie

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ée)

2000199019801970

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

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1.5

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2.5Moisie

Lam

e an

nuel

le a

vril

à m

ars

norm

alis

ée

2000199019801970

Northeastern Canada – River Bassin HydrologyM. Slivitzky – Ouranos – Brown – CFLCo

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5Natashquan

Lam

e an

nuel

le a

vril

àm

ars

norm

alis

ée

2000199019801970

NAO

ELW

Equivalent Liquid Water(surface accumulation)

SO2 Trend75 90

Sulphur Dioxide Emission Trend

Ref.: David Stern http://stochastictrend.blogspot.ca/2011/03/global-trends-in-carbon-and-sulfur.html

Steve Smith of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

75 90

Sulphur Dioxide Emission Trend1990 - 2006

Ref.: http://www.eea.europa.eu/

75 90

North Atlantic Oscillation – NAO

Ref.: Osborn, T. @ http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/nao/

Positive Phase : High NAO

Negative Phase : Low NAO

64 year trend

Average Strong East Coast Winter Storms (ECWS)Winds Exceeding 52 mph

(US Northeast Regional Climate Center)

Strong ECWS

All ECWS

Observed Winter Storm Trend Northern Hemisphere

Number of intense (< 970hPa) winter cyclones per year in the Northern Hemisphere. The red line represents a 5 year running mean. Ref.: Lambert, S. J. (1996).

Anthropogenic Forcing of NAOEnsemble GCM Simulations for 2 Scenarios A2 and B2

(C. Cassou,2004: La Météorologie, 45, 21-33)

Control: Present ClimateExp.1: Pessimistic Case A2Exp.2: Moderate Case B2

Greenhouse GasesSulphate Aerosols (solar only)

Our question: What about IR ?

Sulphate – Clouds – Precipitationvia IR in the Arctic Polar Night

Dehydration Greenhouse Feedback(DGF)

?

Surface Pressure Anomalies (hPa)Surface Pressure Anomalies (hPa)due to acid aerosol + TICdue to acid aerosol + TIC--2B (DGF)2B (DGF)

-3.5

-2.5

+4

Europe

Russia

China

Kamchatka

Alaska

Greenland

Canada

Quebec

Ref.: Girard et al. 2012: Assessment of the effects of acid-coated ice nuclei on the Arctic cloud microstructure, atmospheric dehydration, radiation and temperature during winter. Int J. Climatol. DOE: 10.1002/joc.3454.

Cold AnomaliesCold Anomalies

L

Jan 2007

SIMULATED Jan-Feb 2007

L

Jan 2007


L

Jan 2007


Jan 2007

SIMULATED Jan-Feb 2007SIMULATED Jan-Feb 2007

The generation of cold air (blue-purple geopotential color contours versus warm yellow-orange subtropical) create gradients of geopotential where big winter storms are forming. Cold anomalies produce intense storm and severe weather.

Thus it is important to monitor the formation of cold air in the Arctic through TIC formation, precipitation and radiation

Ice clouds particles specific properties and atmospheric water amounts near detection limit suggest remote sensing applications in far-IR TICFIRE mission

46

WATERWATERthe cornerstonethe cornerstone

Total Precipitable Water Errors over Antarctica in Summer

Ref.: Ye and Fetzer, 2006


Percentage Difference with Elevation – Antarctica Summer

Colder


Percentage Difference with Elevation – Greenland Summer

Error Variances: Model and ObservationsError Variances: Model and ObservationsPREMIER mission and othersPREMIER mission and others

Ref.: ESA SP-1313/5 Candidate Earth Explorer Core Missions – Reports for Assessment: Premier – Process Exploration through Measurements of Infrared and millimetre-wave RadiationSource : A. Waterfall

Measurement Gap in a Measurement Gap in a Critical Spectral RangeCritical Spectral Range

In Space Instruments Microwaves

?

FIR Sub-mm

Black Body

TICFIRE

Abs

orpt

ion

0

1

Mid-Upper Troposphere

52

Wavelength (µm)

Tran

smitt

ance

CO2 FIR

Win

dow

Sensitivity of the FIR to Water Vapour Concentration for Arctic Air

Win

dow

2 km

5 km

1 km

MAÎTRISER LA LUMIÈRE POUR NOS PARTENAIRESCHALLENGING LIGHT FOR OUR PARTNERS

TICFIREPayload Concepts

UQÀM-INO-USher

TICFIRE: Mission & Science ObjectivesTICFIRE: Mission & Science Objectives(Thin Ice Clouds in Far Infra Red Experiment)

1- Monitor the formation of cold anomalies in Polar Regions and globally near the tropopause from far IR emissions

2- Fill an important gap in the far infrared range where most of the Earth’s atmosphere thermal cooling originate and yet unobserved from satellites.

3- Determine sub-visible cloud types and properties in extreme cold regions.

4- Improve measurements of water-vapour concentrationin the low limit (< 5mm columnar) where cold climate is most sensitive.

55

TICFIRE: Concept and Key RequirementsTICFIRE: Concept and Key RequirementsParameter Requirement

Spectral Bands #1 : 7.9 – 9.5 µm#2 : 10 – 12 µm#3 : 12 – 14 µm

#4 : 17.25 – 19.75 µm #5 : 22.5 – 27.5 µm

#6 : 30 – 50 µmSpectral Response Flat within the each band

Dynamic range 0 – 45 W m-2 sr -1

Resolution 0.1 W m-2 sr -1

Accuracy 1.5 K for a reference temperature of 300 K

Vertical limb forward sampling

30 pixels in vertical x 1km640 pixels across track x 1km(averaged to 10km to match )

Geolocation Horizontal : Better than 2 kmVertical : Better than

Footprint size Horizontal : 10 km (GSD)Vertical : 1 km

Swath Horizontal : 640 kmVertical : 30 km

Mass: 30 kg Power Consumption: 29 W Data rate: 185 Mb per orbit Volume: 430 x 430 x 220 mm3

56

TICFIRE payload: Limb instrumentTICFIRE payload: Limb instrument

NEP< 33 pW Resolution in radiance ~0.15 W/(m2 sr) for a 1 km x 1 km pixel Radiometric resolution better than 0.05 W/(m2 sr) if 10 horizontal pixels are

averaged

Commercial version for technology demonstration (INO)

57

http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/edu/dees/ees/Earthlimb/

Simulation in Simulation in LimbLimb ViewView

Clear Sky

TIC-2#1 #3#2 #4 #5 #6

#1 #3#2 #4 #5 #6

PROFILESH2O (< 2mm PCPW)

PROFILESTIC Top altitude

TIC Type COD (< 5)

Hei

ght(H

= 1

km)

Sensitive toupper layers

Sensitive tolower layers

TICFIRE payload: TICFIRE payload: Technology developmentTechnology development

STDP-4 TECHNOLOGIES FOR FUTURE MISSIONS

PRIORITY TECHNOLOGY 7: FAR IR COATINGS AND FOCAL PLANE ARRAY

DEVELOPMENT FOR THE TICFIRE MISSION

Supported by the Canadian Space Agency (Contract 9F063-100359/002/MTB- Project PT-7)

Sensor for TICFIRE nadir instrument:

3 x 32 microbolometermatrix

Far-IR coatings:

TICFIRE filters

60

MicrobolometerMicrobolometer Infrared Detector TechnologyInfrared Detector TechnologyCharacteristics of INO Uncooled Microbolometer Technology: no cryogenic cooling required: micro and nanosatellite compatible broadband sensitivity

MWIR (3-5 µm) LWIR (8-12.5 µm) TICFIRE VLWIR (14-27 µm) TICFIRE THz (> 35 µm, 100 µm) TICFIRE Broadband (0.2->50 µm) BBR

NEP* on order 5 pW/root Hz detector pitch 25 to 100 µm space qualifiable ROIC formats 256x1, 512x3, 160x120, custom

IRL512 prototypes in test packages LWIR line-scan image (256x1) THz image

256x1 pixel FPA

Gold Black for Broadband DetectorsGold Black for Broadband Detectors‗ Gold black is the only absorber film suitable for integration with fast MEMS thermal

sensors

‗ The only other fully operational gold black facility is at NASA Goddard; it is not generally available to third parties

‗ Integration with microbolometer detectors has been demonstrated

• Measured pixel level absorption to above 90 % from visible to far infrared

• Detector thermal capacity increased by less than 50 %

‗ INO gold black film was integrated with custom linear detector array for EarthCARE BBR

10-1 100 101 102-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

Wavelength [µm]

Rel

fect

ance

[%]

Vertex 70 (16-50 µm)Vertex 70 (2.0-26 µm)Lambda 19 (0.2-2.5 µm)

62

Optical Optical coatingscoatings: Equipment: Equipment Thin film box coater key issues Thin film box coater key issues ::

oo FARFAR--IR thin film evaporation by thermal evaporator IR thin film evaporation by thermal evaporator oo Evaporation rate controlEvaporation rate controloo Film Film stoichiometrystoichiometry control control oo Densification improvement ( Temperature and IAD options)Densification improvement ( Temperature and IAD options)oo Cryogenic pumping for efficient Cryogenic pumping for efficient vaporvapor water removalwater removaloo Optical thickness measurement accuracyOptical thickness measurement accuracyoo Preliminary filter design required to answer questions !Preliminary filter design required to answer questions !

Typical BAK-760 unequipped chamber layout INO’s BAK-760 Ion-Assisted Deposition (IAD)63

Operational TICFIRE roadmap201320122011 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

FPA 3 x 32TRL3 TRL6

12

TRL

3456789

FIR filtresTRL3 TRL6

Star trackerTRL6 TRL6

TICFIRE (microsat /Quicksat platform)TRL3 TRL7

TICFIRE on operational satellitesTRL5 TRL9

TRL5

TRL5

TRL6

Estimated Launch Date

Winter field campaigns

TRL6 TRL7

TRL5

Calibration/Validation campaign

TRL3B/A-borne TICFIRE

TRL4

64

TICFIRE Data ProductsTICFIRE Data Products

XXXXXXX X ↔↔#6#6

XXXXX X ↔↔#5#5

XXXXXXX X ↔↔#4#4

XXXXXXXXX X ↔↔#3#3

XXXXXXXXX X ↔↔ ↕↕#2#2

XXXXX X ↔↔#1#1

PhasePhaseIce ShapeIce ShapeTsTsCODCODWater VaporWater Vapor(Low Range)(Low Range)

Part. SizePart. Size(TIC Type)(TIC Type)

Cloud TopCloud Top((LimbLimb))

RadianceRadiance(BT)(BT)

SpectralSpectralBandsBands

Level 1 Level 2a Level 2b

FIR

Win

dow

↔ : Nadir view↕ : Limb view

SummarySummary TICFIRE Mission Concept proposes new spectral bands for Earth

observation to monitor the formation of cold anomalies and water vapour measurements

Covers a important and unexplored spectral range for space-borne applications

Aims at polar and cold regions globally (and tropopause)

Key data for severe storm generation medium range forecasting and climate

Despite the fact that TICFIRE was defined as a standalone mission, its instruments would be a nice secondary payload for other cloud-aerosol oriented missions as well as for precipitation oriented missions involving microwave radar/radiometer or polarized radar

Technology developments are initiated to support TICFIRE mission (far-IR sensor and filters)

66

SummarySummary Thin ice clouds are dominant feature of Thin ice clouds are dominant feature of

the polar nightthe polar night Atmospheric models generally Atmospheric models generally

overestimate water vapour in cold air by overestimate water vapour in cold air by as much as 30 to 40%as much as 30 to 40%

Lacking effective light precipitation Lacking effective light precipitation (TIC(TIC--2)2)physics parameterizationphysics parameterization

Both GHG and aerosol sulphate favours Both GHG and aerosol sulphate favours the + NAO phase.the + NAO phase.

Take home message : Take home message :

pay attention to pay attention to atmospheric WATERatmospheric WATER

Part III-Monitoring Aerosol, Clouds and Water-1€¦ · 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995...

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Transcript of Part III-Monitoring Aerosol, Clouds and Water-1€¦ · 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995...