Part II – The Middle Ages and Renaissance Time Line Rome sacked by Vandals 455 Beowolf c. 700...

Part II – The Middle Ages and RenaissancePart II – The Middle Ages and Renaissance

Time LineTime Line

Rome sacked by VandalsRome sacked by Vandals 455 455

BeowolfBeowolf c. 700 c. 700

First CrusadeFirst Crusade 10661066

Black DeathBlack Death 1347-52 1347-52

Joan of Arc executed by English 1431Joan of Arc executed by English 1431

Middle Ages (450-1450)

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages

Period of wars and mass migrationPeriod of wars and mass migration

Strong class distinctions

– Nobility: castles, knights in armor, feasting

– Peasantry: lived in huts; serfs—part of land

– Clergy: ruled everyone; only monks literate


Architecture

– Early: Romanesque

Visual Arts– Stressed iconic/symbolic, not realism

Late Middle Ages saw technological progress

– Late: Gothic

The Middle AgesThe Middle Ages


Chapter 1: Chapter 1: Music in the Middle AgesMusic in the Middle Ages

Church dominates musical activityChurch dominates musical activity

Music primarily vocal and sacred– Instruments not used in church

– Women did not sing in mixed church settings

– Most musicians were priests

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Gregorian Chant

Was official music of Roman Catholic Church

Flexible rhythm without meter and beat

Monophonic melody set to Latin text

Named for Pope Gregory I (r. 590-604)

Originally no music notation system

– No longer common since Second Vatican Council

– Notation developed over several centuries

The Church Modes

“Otherworldly” sound—basis of Gregorian Chant

Different ½ and whole steps than modern scales

Middle Ages and Renaissance used these scales

– Some Western Music uses these scale patterns

- What Do You Do With a Drunken Sailor?—Dorian mode

- When Johnny Comes Marching Home—Aeolian mode

Chapter 1Chapter 1

ListeningListening

Alleluia: Vidimus stellamAlleluia: Vidimus stellam(We Have Seen His Star)(We Have Seen His Star)

Listening Outline: p. 68Listening Outline: p. 68

Brief set, CD 1:47Brief set, CD 1:47

Listen for:Listen for: Gregorian Chant (Latin language)Gregorian Chant (Latin language)

Many notes per syllable of textMany notes per syllable of text

Monophonic textureMonophonic texture

Ternary form—A B ATernary form—A B A

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Chapter 1: Music in Nonwestern Cultures

Characteristics of Nonwestern Music

It reflects its supporting culture

– Frequently linked with religion, dance and drama

– Often used to communicate messages and relate

traditions

Chapter 1

Oral Tradition

– Music notation far less important than in western culture

Frequently transmitted by oral tradition

- Many cultures do not have a music notation

- When they do, it serves as a record, not for teaching or

performance

Chapter 1

Improvisation

Improvisation is frequently basic to the musicImprovisation is frequently basic to the music

– Improvisation usually based on traditional melodic

phrases and rhythmic patterns

Chapter 1

Voices

Singing usually main way of making music

Vocal approach, timbre, and techniques vary throughout the world

– Nasal sound

– Strained tone

– Throat singing

– Many others

Chapter 1

Music in Society

Music permeates African life from religion, Music permeates African life from religion,

entertainment, and magic to rites of passageentertainment, and magic to rites of passage

It is so interwoven into life that the abstract word

“music” is not used by many peoples

Chapter 2

Closely associated with dancing in ceremonies,

rituals, and celebrations

– Dancers frequently play and sing while dancing

Music is a social activity—everyone joins in

No musical notation—passed by oral tradition

Chapter 2

Elements of African Music

Rhythm and Percussion

The body used as an instrument

Complex rhythms and polyrhythms predominate

Dancers choose to follow any of the various rhythms

– Clapping, stamping, slapping thigh/chest

Chapter 2

Vocal Music

Wide variety of sounds, even within a single piece

Percussion ostinato frequently accompanies singers

– Call and response extremely common

Short musical phrases repeated to different words

Chapter 2

Texture

Often homophonic or polyphonic

Same melody often sung at many pitch levels

– This is unlike most nonwestern musics

Chapter 2

ListeningListeningOmpehOmpeh

Song from central GhanaSong from central GhanaClaude DebussyClaude Debussy

Listening Outline: p. 411Listening Outline: p. 411Brief Set, CD 4:66Brief Set, CD 4:66

Music of the Akan-speaking peoples in Ghana.Music of the Akan-speaking peoples in Ghana.

Listen for:Listen for: Call and responseCall and responseSolo vocalist and chorusSolo vocalist and chorusPercussion ensemblePercussion ensemble

Chapter 2

Renaissance (1450-1600)

Guttenberg Bible 1456

Columbus reaches America 1492

Leonardo da Vinci: Mona Lisa c. 1503

Michelangelo: David 1504

Time LineTime Line

Raphael: School of Athens 1505

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses 1517

Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet 1596


The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

Rebirth of human learning and creativity

Time of great explorers

Humanism

Fascination with ancient Greece and Rome


The RenaissanceThe Renaissance

– Mythology is favorite subjectMythology is favorite subject

– Nude body, as in ancient times, is shownNude body, as in ancient times, is shown

Visual art becomes more realistic

Weakening of the Catholic Church

Education and literacy now status symbol– Result of invention of printing press

David by Michelangelo


Chapter 2: Chapter 2: Music in the RenaissanceMusic in the Renaissance

Church choirs grew in size (all male)Church choirs grew in size (all male)

– Women did not sing in mixed church settings

– Musical center shifted from church to courts

– Court composers wrote secular and sacred music

Rise of the individual patron

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Musicians: higher status and pay than before

Italy became music capital in 16th century

– Composers became known for their work

– Worked throughout Europe, especially in Italy

Many composers were Franco-Flemish

– Other important centers: Germany, England, Spain

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Words and MusicWords and Music

Characteristics of Renaissance Music

Vocal music more important than instrumental

Word painting/text painting

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Polyphonic

– Instruments, if present, doubled the vocal parts

Texture

Primarily vocal - a cappella

Rhythm and Melody

Rhythm “flows” and overlaps– Composers less concerned with metrical accents

Smooth, stepwise melodies predominate– Melodies overlap rhythmically between voices

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Secular Music in the RenaissanceSecular Music in the Renaissance

MadrigalMadrigal

– Extensive use of text painting

– Intended for amateur performers (after dinner music)

- English madrigal

lighter and simpler

– Originated in Italy

Printing Printing

PrintingPrinting– Printed in part-book or

opposing-sheet format

Chapter 2Chapter 2

ListeningListening

As Vesta was DescendingAs Vesta was Descending (1601) (1601)by Thomas Weelkesby Thomas Weelkes

Vocal Music Guide: p. 87Vocal Music Guide: p. 87

Brief Set, CD 1:62Brief Set, CD 1:62

Follow text (English) throughout songFollow text (English) throughout song

Note text painting:Note text painting:Pitches rise on “ascending”Pitches rise on “ascending”

Pitches fall on “descending”Pitches fall on “descending”

““Running down”Running down”

““Two by two,” “three by three,” “all alone”Two by two,” “three by three,” “all alone”

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Time LineTime Line

PART III—THE BAROQUE PERIOD

Shakespeare: Hamlet 1600

Cervantes: Don Quixote 1605

Jamestown founded 1607

Galileo: Earth orbits Sun 1610

King James Bible 1611

Newton: Principia Mathematica1687

Witchcraft trials in Salem, Mass. 1692

Defoe: Robinson Crusoe 1719

Swift: Gulliver’s Travels 1726

The Baroque StyleThe Baroque Style

Time of flamboyant lifestyleTime of flamboyant lifestyle

Baroque style “fills the space”

Visual Art

– Implies motion

– Busy

- Note pictures p. 94

- Note pictures p. 93


The Baroque StyleThe Baroque Style

Architecture– Elaborate

- Note picture p. 95

Change in approach to science– Experiment-based, not just observation

– Inventions and improvements result


Chapter 1: Baroque MusicChapter 1: Baroque Music

Period begins with rise of operaPeriod begins with rise of opera– Opera: a play with speaking parts sung

Period ends with death of J. S. Bach

The two giants: Bach and Handel

Other important composers:

– Claudio Monteverdi

– Henry Purcell

– Arcangelo Corelli

– Antonio Vivaldi

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Period divided into 3 phases:

– Early: 1600-1640

- Rise of opera

- Text with extreme emotion

- Homophonic to project words

Chapter 1Chapter 1


– Early: 1600-1640

– Middle: 1640-1680

- New musical style spreads from Italy throughout Europe

- Use of the church modes gives way to major and minor scales

- Rise of importance of instrumental music

Chapter 1Chapter 1


– Early: 1600-1640

– Middle: 1640-1680

– Late: 1680-1750

- Instrumental music becomes as important as vocal music

- Elaborate polyphony dominates

- Most baroque music we hear comes from the Late Baroque

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Chapter 2:Chapter 2:Music in Baroque SocietyMusic in Baroque Society

Music written to orderMusic written to order– New music, not old-fashioned, was desired

Courts:– Music and musical resources indicated affluence

Court Music Director– Good prestige, pay, and other benefits

- Still considered a skilled servant

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Some aristocrats were musiciansSome aristocrats were musicians

Church music was very elaborate

– Most people heard music only in church

Some, though few, public opera houses

Music careers taught by apprenticeship

– Orphanages taught music as a trade

Chapter 2Chapter 2

Unity of MoodUnity of Mood

Characteristics of Baroque Music

– Expresses one mood per piece

Rhythm– Rhythmic patterns are repeated throughout

Melody

Dynamics

– Opening melody heard again and again

– Volumes constant with abrupt changes

Texture

– Late baroque mostly polyphonic

– Extensive use of imitationChapter 1Chapter 1

Chords and the Basso Continuo– Emphasis on way chords follow each other

- Bass part considered foundation of the harmony

– Basso Continuo: bass part with numbers to represent chord tones- Similar to modern jazz and pop “fake book” notation

Words and Music– Text painting/word painting continues

– Words frequently emphasized by extension through many rapid notes

Chapter 1Chapter 1

Chapter 5: The Elements of OperaChapter 5: The Elements of Opera

Drama sung to orchestral accompanimentDrama sung to orchestral accompaniment

Text in opera is called libretto

– Music is written by a composer

– Libretto is written by a librettist

Opera can be serious, comic, or both

Chapter 5Chapter 5

– Recitative: presents plot material

Two primary types of solo songs:

Other types of songs in opera:

- Allows for conversation between characters

- Three or more singers make up an ensemble

– Duet

– Trio

– Quartet

– Aria: expresses emotion—usually a “show-off”

vehicle for the singer

– Quintet, etc.

Chapter 5Chapter 5

ChorusChorus: groups of actors playing crowd parts: groups of actors playing crowd parts

The prompter and the prompter’s box

– Translation of text and effects upon text painting

Modern questions concerning text in opera

The orchestra pit

Preludes: Instrumentals that open opera acts

– Supertitles—projection of text above the stage

Chapter 5Chapter 5

Chapter 7: Claudio MonteverdiChapter 7: Claudio Monteverdi

Italian, early baroque composerItalian, early baroque composer

Wrote first great operatic work, Orfeo

Only three of his twelve operas still exist

Worked last 30 years at St. Mark’s in Venice

– Composed both sacred music and secular music for the aristocracy

Chapter 7Chapter 7

ListeningListening

Tu Se’ Morta Tu Se’ Morta from from Orfeo Orfeo (Orpheus, 1607)(Orpheus, 1607)Claudio MonteverdiClaudio Monteverdi

Vocal Music Guide p. 119Vocal Music Guide p. 119


Listen for:Listen for: Homophonic textureHomophonic texture

Rhythmically free vocal lineRhythmically free vocal line

Use of text paintingUse of text painting

Chapter 7Chapter 7

Time LineTime Line

Freud: Freud: Interpretation of DreamsInterpretation of Dreams 19001900

Einstein: special theory of relativity 1905

First World War 1914-

1918

Russian Revolution begins 1917

Great Depression begins 1929

Hitler appointed chancellor of Germany 1933

Second World War 1939-1945

Atomic bomb destroys Hiroshima 1945PART VI—THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND

Time LineTime Line

Korean WarKorean War 1950-1953 1950-1953

Crick & Watson: structure of DNA 1953

Vietnam War 1955-1975

President Kennedy assassinated 1963

American astronauts land on moon 1969

Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1991

Mandela elected president of South Africa 1994

Terrorist attacks in U.S. 2001

War in Iraq began 2003

PART VI—THE TWENTIETH CENTURY AND BEYOND

Characteristics of Twentieth-Century Music

Tone Color

Unusual playing techniques were called for

Percussion use was greatly expanded

– New instruments were added/created

- Xylophone, celesta, woodblock, …

- Other “instruments:” typewriter, automobile brake drum, siren

– Glissando, flutter tongue, col legno, extended notes

Chapter 1

Music not written for choirs of instruments

- Orchestra scoring also reflects this trend

– Composers wrote for timbres, or “groups of soloists”

- Unusual groupings of instruments for small ensembles

Chapter 1

Harmony

Consonance and Dissonance

Harmony and treatment of chords changed

- Opposite sides of the coin

– Before 1900: consonant and dissonant

– After 1900: degrees of dissonance

Chapter 1

Rhythm

Rhythmic vocabulary expanded

- Irregular meters

– Polyrhythm

– Emphasis upon irregularity and unpredictability

- Shifting meters

Chapter 1

Melody

Melody no longer bound by harmony’s notes

Major and minor keys no longer dominate

Melody may be based upon a variety of scales, or even all twelve tones

– Frequent wide leaps

– Rhythmically irregular

– Unbalanced phrases

Chapter 1

Chapter 18: Jazz

Developed in the United StatesDeveloped in the United States– Began around 1900 in New Orleans– Originally music for bars and brothels– Early practitioners primarily African-American

Main characteristics– Improvisation– Syncopated rhythm– Steady beat– Call and response

Originally performance music; not notated

Tremendous impact on pop and art music

Chapter 18

Jazz in Society

Geographical center has moved aroundGeographical center has moved around

Originally music for dancing

– Listening forms later developed

– No longer associated with unfashionable lifestyle

- Colleges now offer bachelor and graduate degrees in jazz

Chapter 18

Roots of Jazz

Blend of elements of several cultures

– West African emphasis on improvisation, percussion, and call and response techniques

– American brass band influence on instrumentation

– European harmonic and structural practice

Ragtime and blues were immediate sources

Chapter 18

Blues

Vocal and instrumental form

Twelve-measure (bar) musical structure

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12I IV I V I

Three-part vocal structure: a a’ b

– Statement—repeat of statement—counterstatement

Chapter 18

Listening

Lost Your Head BluesLost Your Head Blues (1926) (1926)Performed by Bessie SmithPerformed by Bessie Smith

(Smith known as “Empress of the Blues”)(Smith known as “Empress of the Blues”)

Vocal Music Guide: p. 375Vocal Music Guide: p. 375


Listen for:Listen for: Strophic formStrophic formTwelve-bar blues formTwelve-bar blues formThree-part (a a’ b) vocal structureThree-part (a a’ b) vocal structureTrumpet answers vocalist (call and response)Trumpet answers vocalist (call and response)

Performance Profile: Performance Profile:

Bessie Smith, vocalistBessie Smith, vocalist

Listen for performer’s Listen for performer’s

interpretation interpretation that that

includes clear diction, includes clear diction,

powerful round sound, powerful round sound,

and “bent” notesand “bent” notes

Chapter 18

Chapter 20: RockDeveloped in mid-1950sDeveloped in mid-1950s

Common features:

– First called rock and roll, later shortened to rock

– Vocal– Hard-driving beat– Featured electric guitar

- Made use of heavily amplified sound

Chapter 20

– Also drew influences from country and western

Grew mainly from rhythm and blues

Incorporated new technologies as they came available

Development of Rock

Early performers included:Early performers included:

– Chuck Berry

– Bill Haley and His Comets

– Little Richard

– The Platters

- Rock Around the Clock

– Elvis Presley (King of Rock and Roll)

Chapter 20

1960s:

– Diana Ross & the Supremes, Stevie Wonder, …

– James Brown, Ray Charles, Aretha Franklin

Motown blended R&B with mainstream music

Rock by black performers called soul

Chapter 20

– More English groups followed: The British Invasion

1964: US tour by the Beatles, an English group

– Beatles most influential group in rock history

- Rolling Stones, The Who, …

Elements of Rock

Tone ColorGuitar-based, small core performance groupGuitar-based, small core performance group

– Two guitars, bass guitar, drum set, keyboards

Frequent vocal effects (shout, scream, falsetto)

– Usually a singer/instrumentalist

– Occasionally other instruments (horns, strings, etc.)

Chapter 20

Rhythm

Almost always in 4/4 meter

– Simple subdivision of beats

– Late-70s & 80s: more rhythmically complex

- 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &, 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 &, …

- Result of polyrhythmic influences of African music

Chapter 20

Form, Melody, and Harmony

Two commonly utilized forms:Two commonly utilized forms:

– Twelve-bar blues form

Short, repeated melodic patterns

– Thirty-two-bar A A B A form

Chapter 20

– Usually three or four (or fewer) chords

Usually built on modes, not major/minor

Harmonically simple

– Often uses chord progressions that were rare in

earlier popular music

Listening

Lucy in the Sky with DiamondsLucy in the Sky with Diamonds (1967) (1967)from from Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club BandSgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band

The BeatlesThe Beatles

Sgt. Pepper Sgt. Pepper was rock setting of unified song cycle (13 songs). was rock setting of unified song cycle (13 songs). Wide range of instruments, influences, and styles.Wide range of instruments, influences, and styles.

Listening Guide: p. 400Listening Guide: p. 400

Lucy in the SkyLucy in the Sky, third song in cycle, has three sections: A & B , third song in cycle, has three sections: A & B are gentle in triple meter, while C strongly contrasts and is in are gentle in triple meter, while C strongly contrasts and is in quadruple meter.quadruple meter.

Chapter 20

Time LineTime Line

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Hugo: Hunchback of Notre Dame 1831

Dickens: Oliver Twist 1837

Dumas: The Three Musketeers 1844

Poe: The Raven 1845

Darwin: Origin of Species 1859

American Civil War 1861-1865

Twain: Huckleberry Finn 1884

Bell invents telephone 1876

PART V—THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

Romanticism (1820-1900)Romanticism (1820-1900)

PART V—THE ROMANTIC PERIOD

Stressed emotion, imagination, and individualismStressed emotion, imagination, and individualism

Emotional subjectivity basis of arts

Favorite artistic topics:– Fantasy and the supernatural

Period of the Industrial Revolution– Resulted in social and economic changes

– Middle Ages/concept of chivalry and romance

– Nature as mirror of the human heart

- Architecture revived Gothic elements

Chapter 1: Romanticism in MusicChapter 1: Romanticism in Music

Many important Romantic composersMany important Romantic composers

Franz Schubert Bedrich Smetana

Antonin Dvořák

Peter Tchaikovsky

Johannes Brahms

Giuseppe Verdi

Giacomo Puccini

Richard Wagner

Robert Schumann

Clara Schumann

Frederic Chopin

Franz Liszt

Felix Mendelssohn

Hector Berlioz

Chapter 1

– Much individual alteration and adjustment

Continued use of classical period forms

Greater range of tone color, dynamics, and pitch than in classical period

Expanded harmony—complex chords

Chapter 1

Characteristics of Romantic Music

Individuality of Style

Composers wanted uniquely identifiable music

– Worked to find their own voice

In romantic music, it is far easier to identify

individual composers through listening

Chapter 1

Expressive Aims and Subjects

Dark topics draw composers

All approaches were explored:– Flamboyance, intimacy, unpredictability, melancholy,

rapture, longing, …

Romantic love still the focus of songs and operas– Lovers frequently depicted as unhappy and facing

overwhelming obstacles

Chapter 1

Colorful Harmony

Chords built with notes not in traditional keys

– Chromatic harmony

Harmonic instability a consciously used device

– Wide use of keys

– Frequent and rapid modulation

Chapter 1

Expanded Range of Dynamics, Pitch, and Tempo

Dynamics ff, pp expanded to ffff and pppp

Extremely high and low pitches were added

Changes in mood frequently underlined by (sometimes subtle) shifts in tempo

– Rubato: slight holding back or pressing forward of tempo

Chapter 1

Forms: Miniature and Monumental

Some composers went on for hours

Others’ music lasted only a few minutes

– Written for a single instrument

– Required hundreds of performers

Composers wrote symphonies, sonatas, string quartets, concertos, operas, and many other classically traditional works

Chapter 1

Chapter 2: Romantic Composers and Their Public

Demise of the patronage systemDemise of the patronage system

– Composers regarded themselves as “free spirits”

– Decline in aristocratic fortune—Napoleonic wars

New urban classes and new musical topics

Public was entranced by virtuosity

Music conservatories founded in Europe and U.S.

Chapter 2

Private music-making increased

Composers and audience came from the same social class

Few composers were financially successful

– Piano became fixture in most homes

– Most supported themselves through performing, teaching lessons, and/or authoring

Chapter 2

Chapter 3: The Art Song

Composition for solo voice and pianoComposition for solo voice and piano– Accompaniment integral part of the song

– Composers interpret poem’s, mood, atmosphere and imagery into music- Mood often set at beginning with piano introduction and

summed up at end with piano postlude

Linked to vast amount of poetry in this period

Chapter 3

Strophic and Through-Composed Form

Strophic form repeats music for each verse

Through-composed—new music for each verse

Sometimes modified strophic form used

The Song Cycle

Group of songs unified in some manner

– Storyline or musical idea may link the songs

Chapter 3

Chapter 4: Franz Schubert

Born in Vienna (1797-1828)Born in Vienna (1797-1828)

Early Romantic composer

Prodigious output

– When eh was 18 years old, he wrote 143 songs

- Included two symphonies, an opera, and a mass

Not financially successful– His symphonies were not performed until after his death

– At 19 years of age, he wrote 179 works

Chapter 4

Schubert’s Music

Wrote over 600 songs

– Also symphonies, string quartets, other chamber music,

sonatas, masses, operas, and piano works

- The Unfinished Symphony: only two movements, not four

Chapter 4

ListeningListening

ErlkonigErlkonig ( (The Erlking; The Erlking; 1815)1815)Franz SchubertFranz Schubert

Vocal Music Guide: p. 223Vocal Music Guide: p. 223Brief Set, CD 3:12Brief Set, CD 3:12

Based upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by GoetheBased upon narrative ballad with supernatural topic by Goethe

Listen for:Listen for: Through-composed formThrough-composed form

Piano portrays galloping horsePiano portrays galloping horse

Different characters have their notes pitched atDifferent characters have their notes pitched atdifferent levels to emphasize dialogdifferent levels to emphasize dialog

Dramatic endingDramatic ending

Chapter 4

Chapter 11: Johann Sebastian BachChapter 11: Johann Sebastian Bach

German, late baroque composerGerman, late baroque composer

Organist and violinist

Large family

– Deeply religious (Lutheran)

– Worked in sacred and secular positions

- Weimar, Cothen, Leipzig

Chapter 11Chapter 11

Known during lifetime as keyboardist, not composer

– Master of improvisation

Almost unknown outside Germany

Baroque style going out of fashion during his lifetime

– Bach’s music fell from use following his death


Bach’s MusicWrote in every form except opera

– Compositions recognized for technical mastery

- Highpoint of polyphony combined with harmony

- All music majors study Bach’s compositions

His extensive instrumental works indicate the new importance of instrumental music

Wrote music exploring musical concepts– Art of the Fugue demonstrates potential of this form

– Six suites for solo cello demonstrates cello techniques

– Well-Tempered Clavier explores new method of tuning


Chapter 13: The Chorale and Chapter 13: The Chorale and Church CantataChurch Cantata

Lutheran church service was social event of the weekLutheran church service was social event of the week

– Lasted four hours with one-hour sermon

– Music was major part of worship service

– Congregation participated in singing chorales


Chorale: hymn tune with German text

Cantata

– Multi-movement church work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra

– Vernacular religious text

– Resembled opera in its use of choruses, recitatives,

arias, and duets


ListeningListening

Cantata No. 140Cantata No. 140: : Wachet Auf, Ruft Uns Die StimmeWachet Auf, Ruft Uns Die Stimme((Awake, A Voice Is Calling UsAwake, A Voice Is Calling Us-1731)-1731)Johann Sebastian BachJohann Sebastian Bach

Based upon a chorale tune that was then over 130 years old

Listening Guide: p. 135Brief Set, CD 2:45

Listen for: Vernacular (German) textA A B form


ListeningListening


First movement: Chorus and Orchestra

Listening Guides: pp. 136-138Basic Set, CD 2:39

Listen for: Vernacular (German) textChorale tune basisPolyphonicRitornello form


ListeningListening


Fourth movement: Tenor Chorale

Vocal Music Guide: p. 139Basic Set, CD 2:39 (Brief Set, CD 2:12)

Listen for: Scored for tenors, violins/violas in unison, and basso continuo

Chorale tune basisRitornello form


ListeningListening


Seventh movement: Chorale

Vocal Music Guide: p. 140Basic Set, CD 2:45 (Brief Set, CD 2:15)

Listen for: Chorale tune basis

Homophonic, instruments double voices

Simple/tuneful—congregation could join in


Chapter 14: The OratorioChapter 14: The Oratorio

Like opera:Like opera:– Large-scale work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra

– Contains arias, recitatives, ensembles

Unlike opera:

Not intended for religious services

– No acting, scenery, or costumes

– Based upon biblical stories

– Commonly performed today in both churches and concert halls


Chapter 15: George Frederic HandelChapter 15: George Frederic Handel

Born in Germany—same year as BachBorn in Germany—same year as Bach

Studied music in Germany, then to Italy to study opera, finally England to work

– Buried in Westminster Abbey

– Became England’s most important composer

– Not from musical family- Father wanted him to be a lawyer

– Wrote many operas in London

– Had own opera company- Worked as composer, performer, and impresario


Handel’s Music

Wrote in every baroque form– Bulk of his work in oratorios and operas

- Favored Old Testament stories as topics for oratorios

His music has more changes in texture than Bach’s

Extensive use of changing moods

– Shifts between major and minor keys

– His arias showcase virtuoso singers’ abilities


The MessiahThe Messiah (1741) (1741)George Frederic HandelGeorge Frederic Handel

2½ hours of music written over a period of 24 days

Premiered to wide acclaim during a trip to Ireland

Poorly received in England until a performance to benefit an orphanage

Topic: Prophesies about Christ, his birth, and death

Text drawn from Biblical passages


ListeningListening


Ev’ry Valley Shall Be ExaltedAria for tenor, strings, and basso continuo

Vocal Music Guide: p. 144Brief Set, CD 2:10

Listen for: Opens and closes with string ritornelloExtensive text painting


ListeningListening


For unto Us a Child is BornChorus, strings, and basso continuo

Listening Guide: p. 147Basic Set, CD 2:51

Listen for: Joyful musical moodSubdued dynamics until forte outburstExtensive text painting


ListeningListeningThe MessiahThe Messiah (1741) (1741)

George Frederic HandelGeorge Frederic Handel

Hallelujah Chorus

Vocal Music Guide: pp. 146-147Brief Set, CD 2:11

Listen for: Mixture of monophonic, polyphonic,homophonic textures

Words and phrases repeat over and over


Part II – The Middle Ages and Renaissance Time Line Rome sacked by Vandals 455 Beowolf c. 700...

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