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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
Proposed Sustainable General Eco-HospitalArchitecture that can contribute to the healing
process
A Thesis Presented to theSchool o! Architecture, "ndustrial #esign $ the %uilt En&iron'ent
(apua "nstitute o! Technolog)
"n Partial *ul+ll'ent o! the euire'ents in Architectural #esign 11. A/00. A/00S!or the #egree o! %AHE2 2* S"E3E "3 AH"TET4E
Presented b)
Lansang, Princess Joy G./0111/5109
Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap, MSAEAd&iser
#ece'ber /016
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
Approval Sheet
This is to certi!) that " ha&e super&ised and read the preparation o! the thesisentitled Proposed Sustainable General Eco!ospital" Architecture that cancontribute to the healing process prepared b) Lansang, Princess Joy G. and
that the said thesis has been reco''ended !or acceptance and appro&al !or oralde!ense b) the Thesis E&aluation o''ittee7
88888888888888888888888888888 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
Ad&iser
As 'e'bers o! the Thesis E&aluation o''ittee, e certi!) that e ha&e
re&ieed and e:a'ined this thesis ith the grade o! 8888888888 and hereb)reco''end that it be accepted as partial !ul+ll'ent o! the reuire'ents inArchitectural #esign 11 ; A/00. /S. A/00. /* !or the degree o! %achelor o! Sciencein Architecture7
8888888888888888888888888 8888888888888888888888888
3a'e 3a'ePanel (e'ber 1 Panel (e'ber /
8888888888888888888888888 3a'e
o''ittee hair
This thesis is hereb) appro&ed and accepted b) the School o! Architecture,"ndustrial #esign and the %uilt En&iron'ent in partial !ul+ll'ent o! the reuire'ents!or the degree o! %achelor o! Science in Architecture7
8888888888888888888888888 Arch. Gloria #. Teodoro, $uap, piep
#eanSchool o! Architecture, "ndustrial #esign and the %uilt En&iron'ent
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
A#ST%A&T
The proposed Energ) E<cient Eco-Hospital Architecture that can contribute to
the healing process is an en&isioned sustainable Hospital that includes and integrates
green building strategies and techniues !or its design, 'aintenance and
construction, "ncluding and connecting nature and art to the design o! the hospital
that can help a lot to the reco&er) o! the patients7 Pro'oting green architecture and
art, the pro=ect intends to ser&e as the ideal 'odel on ho to conceptuali>e, design
and plan a sustainable hospital ith its on architecture that can help to the healing
process7
?ith sustainable design principles and techniues that ere used and
integrated in the pro=ect, it ai's to be the best and start o! a ne hospital design in
the architecture industr)7 "t ai's to in@uence not onl) ho the !uture general hospital
pro=ects, but also to in@uence and inspire the design and construction co''unit) to
appl) this concept7 This green de&elop'ent shos ho a general hospital can be
sustainable despite its /6hours orking ti'e ith proper conceptuali>ation and
anal)sis7
The pro=ect ai's to !ull) connect the proposed structure to the natural
en&iron'ent, connecting 'an-'ade structures to the nature7 The design and
planning is greatl) aected b) the e:isting natural !eatures o! the pro=ect site7
*olloing the natural en&iron'ent b) ad=usting the design o! the proposed pro=ect7
There is the call !or all the architects to co'e up ith designs that consider
and include en&iron'ental to 'ake it an en&iron'ental !riendl) and sustainable
structure, pro=ects that ha&e 'ini'al negati&e i'pacts to the natural en&iron'ent
and resources to lessen the carbon e'ission o! the structures7
The proposed general hospital is a le&el / sustainable hospital that is greatl)
concerned on the co'!ort o! the all the users and 'ore i'portantl) to connect nature
and art to the structure that ill help the patients reco&er) and to ha&e a co'!ortable
and good a'bience o! the hospital, the design is also concerned in lessening the
energ) consu'ption o! the structure and 'ake it sustainable7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
A#'(T T!E A(T!'%
Princess Jo) G7 ansang is a *ourth )ear student hoBs taking up Architecture
in (apua "nstitute o! Technolog)7 She en=o)s 'ostl) to design 'odern residential
pro=ects and also speciali>es in the design o! lots o! other pro=ect t)pes and st)les7
She donBt take hersel! too seriousl) but she ha&e a great deal o! pride and a teen)
tin) co'petiti&e streak7 She actuall) take hat she do seriousl) but she tr) to +nd a
a) to ha&e !un hile sheBs doing it7 She is !airl) acti&e in 4nited Architects o! the
Philippines Student Au:iliar) or 4APSA7
C"t 'ust be inno&ati&e, e look to the past !or inspiration and e look at its
'istakes, but e 'ust look !orard to keep ith toda)Bs societ)7 "t 'ust be artistic7
?e need to be inspired and 'o&ed in order !or us to !ashion ne ideas and drea's7 "t
'ust be !un7 ?e 'a) act as adults, but e )earn to be children again7D
*or her Architecture 'ust enco'pass these ideals in order to be good
Architecture7 She do not look to a speci+c st)le in Architecture !or inspiration rather
she use inno&ation, art, and !un to guide her to sculpt Architecture7 Architecture is
so'ething that e e:perience e&er) da), regardless i! )ou like it or not7 "t is
so'ething that 'ust be sculpted, it cannot be designed it should take in all that
nature gi&es to it light, rain, ind, and dirt7
Architecture is a part o! her soul and her passion7 She !eel that Architecture is
not =ust so'ething !or us to spend so'e ti'e in, but rather Architecture is so'ething
that can change ho e !eel, act, think, and lo&e7 As an Architect, ansang !eel that
she ha&e the chance to open peopleBs e)es to so'ething that could e:press and ha&e
'eaning and at ti'es could e&en change ones a) o! li!e7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
A&)*'+LEGEME*T
*irst and !ore'ost, " a' grate!ul to The Al'ight) God !or guiding, helping and
gi&ing 'e isdo' to co'plete this thesis7
" ould also like to thank ') parents, !or all the kind o! support the) ha&e
gi&en 'e and
hose sel@ess ti'e and care ere so'eti'es all that kept 'e going and supporting
'e spirituall) throughout ') li!e7
" ish to e:press ') sincere gratitude to Arch7 Junar P7 Tablan, ') thesis
ad&iser, ho read ') nu'erous re&isions and helped 'e 'ake so'e sense o! the
con!usion and 'ade it possible to success!ull) +nish and co'e up ith the right
design7
Also to ') !riends and !ello class'ates !or gi&ing 'e ad&ice and opinions in
') research stud)7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
TA#LE '- &'*TE*TS
Part " The Proble/ and 0ts #ackgroundhapter 171 General 2&er&ie
17171 "ntroduction1717/ %ackground o! the Stud)
17175 State'ent o! the Proble' 17176 Pro=ect Goals, 2b=ecti&es and Strategies 1717F Signi+cance o! the Stud) 1717 Scope and i'itation 1717 Assu'ptions 1717I onceptua*ra'eork 17179 #e+nitions o! Ter's
171710 Acron)'shapter "7/ e&ie o! elated iterature and Studies 17/71 elated iterature 17/7/ elated Studies. Pro=ects
17/7/ ocal Pro=ects17/7/71 St7ukeBs Hospital17/7/7/ 4STH
17/75 *oreign17/7571 SedishBs "ssauah Highands Hospital17/757/ liniku' lagen!urt Hospiatal
hapter "75 esearch (ethodolog) 17571 esearch (ethod 4sed 1757/ esearch "nstru'ents
17575 esearch ocale 17576 Population 4ni&erse 1757F Sa'pling Procedure
hapter "76 Su''ar) o! *indings and Anal)sis 17671 Presentation o! ollected #ata 1767/ 3eed Anal)sis 17675 onclusion and eco''endations
&hapter 1" %esearch -ocus /71 ationale /7/ Principles and ele&ance to the Pro=ect /75 Application to the Pro=ect
&hapter 2" Site 0denti3cation and Analysishapter 571 Site Selection Process
57171 riteria !or Site Selection 5717/ Site 2ption #escription 57175 Site Selection and Justi+cation
hapter 57/ Site E&aluation and Anal)sis 57/71 li'ate #ata 57/7/ #e'ographics 57/75 Ha>ard #ata 57/76 Geoph)sical disaster, cli'ate disaster, risk o! t)phoons, earthuake-
induced shallo landslides and tsuna'is 57/7F The (acro Setting 57/7 The (icro Setting 57/7 elated as and 2rdinance
hapter 575 #e&elop'ent 2ptions 57571 Site Anal)sis 5757/ Proposed Site #e&elop'ent Plan
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
Part . " The Proble/ and 0ts #ackground
.. 0*T%'(&T0'*
Public health proble's are no longer =ust local, national or regional7 Public
health proble's are groing concern orldide7 Public health threats are aected b)
the relationship beteen people and biological nature o! our natural en&iron'ent7
?eather and cli'ate ha&e aected hu'an health !or 'illennia7 Population groth,
technolog) and cli'ate change also aect and increase the di<culties related ith
sustaining eecti&e public health per!or'ance and policies7 En&iron'ental threats
aects public health, the orld reuires knoledge and kno ho to +nd a ne
solutions !or sustaining the in!rastructure o! public health7 4nderstanding
en&iron'ent is a reuire'ent to protecting public health7As the population increases the nu'ber o! hospital patients also increases7
The 'ore people in the s)ste' 'eans 'ore de'and !or ser&ices that nu'erous
health care s)ste's are unable to acco''odate due to patient locations and
in!rastructure li'itations7
?hen it co'es to the in!rastructure o! hospitals the proble' is that it si'pl)
not able to cope ith toda)Bs en&iron'ental issues and health issues7 Hospitals ha&e
a proble' ith the structure, Their inco'patibilit) ith present needs ranges !ro'
dierent design proble's, a little &alue is attached to the architectural ualit) o! the
hospital to a'enities such as natural light, &ies, a) +nding de&ices and public
spaces7 Hospitals are ideall) constructed to deli&er the present. !uture reuire'ents
o! healthcare but 'ost o! our hospital are not read) !or the present and !uture
de'ands7 The co'!ortableness in the hospitals also !ades because o! the design o!
the structure, poor lighting, poor &entilation and boring interiors7 Hospital canBt also
acco''odate all the patients, it is caused b) the !ast groing population7 The co'bination o! en&iron'ent, art, health and architecture is a natural step
!orard7 Stud)ing the relation o! en&iron'ent and art to hu'an health shos that
en&iron'ent and art can possibl) aect to the healing process o! patients7 "ncluding
en&iron'ent and art in the architecture o! a hospital ill surel) aect the patients in
their reco&er)7 %alancing the architecture beteen the needs o! (an and 3ature,
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
hich each should be gi&en eual eighting ill help the patients reco&er) and it can
also lessen its contribution to cli'ate change7 A sustainable general hospital that is
connected to nature and art that gi&es a positi&e healing eects ill 'ake a
dierence7
..1 #A&)G%'(* '- T!E ST(4
Hospitals pla) an essential role in the hole orld7 Hospitals are health care
institutions that ha&e related ser&ices /6 hours per da) and da)s per eek7 "t
pro&ides patient treat'ent ith speciali>ed sta and euip'ent7 The best-knon
t)pe o! hospital is the general hospital, hich has an e'ergenc) depart'ent7
Hospitals ser&e as the core o! health care deli&er) in the Philippines7 "t oer
high-ualit) 'edical care7 Hoe&er, e&en the best hospitals 'a) not 'eet the
standards o! 'edical care, sanitation, co'!ort and in!rastructure design o! hospitals
in other countries7 Hospitals in the Philippines are one o! the structure o! )esterda)
that si'pl) not able to deli&er toda)Bs clinical ser&ices and these buildings are not
designed !or sustainabilit)7 2ne e:a'ple is the PGH, it is the largest go&ern'ental
general hospital in the Philippines.
..2 STATEME*T '- T!E P%'#LEMS
The primary purpose of this study is to determine the possible ways to innovate a general
hospital. It focuses on how the design of the infrastructure of a hospital affects the patients, in
what solution or approach will patients be comfortable while staying in the hospital and how can
the architecture of hospital will help in the healing process. Considering the lighting and energy
consumption in the hospital, finding a solution on how to lessen the energy consumption.In this study, it will attempt to answer the following questions:
1. What are the most common problem in the infrastructure of a hospital!. What are the improvements and innovations that can be applied to the design of a
hospital". #ow can nature and art affect the healing process$. #ow can nature and art improve the hospital%. #ow can this hospital be sustainable
..5 P%'JE&T G'ALS, '#JE&T06ES A* ST%ATEG0ES
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
The goal o! this stud) is to create and i'pro&e a hospital structure !or the
bene+ts and co'!orts o! all the users, not =ust the patients but also the e'plo)ees
and &isitors7 "t also stri&e to create a better and i'pro&ed !acilities and introduce
inno&ations to ha&e a ne and inno&ated sustainable general hospital and to enhance
the e:perience o! the users7 To de&elop a nature-inspired hospital7
• 2%JET"KE 1
To i'pro&ed and introduced ne spaces that are needed7
The ob=ecti&e can be achie&ed ith the use o! the !olloing strategies
o Gather in!or'ation !ro' reliable sources Lpatients, &isitors, doctors,
nurses, hospital e'plo)eesM
o To stud) the spaces o! the e:isting buildings and current condition o!
hospitals7
o "ntegrate ne and i'pro&ed spaces !or i'pro&ed e:perience in the
structure7
• 2%JET"KE /
To create a patient !ocused, patient centered architecture7
The ob=ecti&e can be achie&ed ith the use o! the !olloing strategies
o b) oering an at'osphere o! sa!et), securit), cleanliness and
ph)sical co'!ort7
o "ntroducing a hotel like design, including art ork in the design that
lessens the stress o! the patients7
• 2%JET"KE 5
To ha&e an architecture that can help to the healing process7
The ob=ecti&e can be achie&ed ith the use o! the !olloing strategies
o To stud) about the eects o! nature and artork to patient e:periences7
o to co'e up ith a good design !or a hospital, that 'akes the patient
co'!ortable and please7
o Attention to the proportion, color, scale and details
o Ho'elike and inti'ate scale in patient roo's, da) roo's, consultation
roo's and o<ces
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
structure in ter's o! space, !unctionalit), sustainabilit), and circulation7 This is onl)
li'ited to architectural design7
..9 ASS(MPT0'*S
This stud) is conducted based on the data gathering !ro' reliable sources and
inter&ie !ro' dierent pro!essionals that are related to the stud)7 3atural
2bser&ations in the hospital !or case studies ere presented accuratel)7 The gathered
data !ro' reliable sources are the !acts that ill support that @o o! the stud) o! the
general hospital7 This stud) guarantees a !air collection o! data due to the sincerit)
!or this research7
..: &'*&EPT(AL -%AME+'%)
17M Sustainable #esign Theor) ; 'ini'i>e carbon !ootprints using dierent strategies7
A building Cthat 'eets the needs o! conte'porar) societ) ithout den)ing !uture
generations o! the abilit) to 'eet their needsD/7M Green Theor) ; To cool don the heat e'ission o! the buildings7 "ncluding
&egetation to the design o! architecture757M KET"A *A("3G THE2N- esponding to global cli'ate change and continued
population groth, pro&ides solution !or groing local and aordable !ood7
Alternati&e and e<cient 'ethods o! !ar'ing ill be essentian67M o'ple: s)ste's - present proble's both in 'athe'atical
'odelling and philosophical !oundations7 The stud) o! co'ple: s)ste's
represents a ne approach to science that in&estigates ho relationships beteen
parts gi&e rise to the collecti&e beha&iors o! a s)ste' and ho the s)ste'
interacts and !or's relationships ith its en&iron'ent7
..; E-0*0T0'* '- TE%MS
S(STA0*A#LE ; to be used ithout being co'pletel) used up or destro)ed, to last or
continue !or a long ti'e7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
GE*E%AL !'SP0TAL -
hospital not speciali>ing in the treat'ent o! particular illnesses or o! patients
o! a particular se: or age group7P(#L0& !EALT!
-health ser&ices to i'pro&e and protect co''unit) health, especiall) sanitation,i''uni>ation, and pre&enti&e 'edicine7&L0MATE &!A*GE- a long ter'
hange in the earthOs cli'ate, especiall) a change due to
an increase in the a&erage at'ospheric te'perature
..< A&%'*4MS
*#& ; 3ational %uilding ode
'! ; #epart'ent o! Health
0&( ; "ntensi&e are 4nit
E% ; E'ergenc) oo'
&hapter 0.1 %E60E+ '- %ELATE L0TE%AT(%ES
#ackgroundHospitals are, as e&er, under increasing pressure to pro&ide high-le&el patient
care ith 'ini'al !unding7 Higher patient de'and !or treat'ent and surgical
procedures, coupled ith increased pressure to 'easure the ser&ices pro&ided, are
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
so'e o! the ke) issues dri&ing the need !or hospitals to re-engineer the logistic
processes to raise ser&ice ualit) and sa&e costs7
.1. %ELATE L0TE%AT(%EHospital poses 'an) challenges to those undertaking re!or' o! health care
s)ste's7 The) are uite literall), i''o&able structures hose design as set in
concrete, usuall) 'an) )ears pre&iousl)7 Their inco'patibilit) ith present needs
ranges !ro' 'a=or design proble's such as scarcit) o! operating roo's, to 'ore
'inor proble's such as the lack o! poer sockets !or the e&er e:panding nu'ber o!
electronic 'onitors7 ThereBs a enor'ous social changes that i'pacted on health and health care7 The
rapid groth o! cit) population pro&ided opportunities !or trans'ission o! in!ection,
unsa!e !actories increased in=uries, death rates rose rapidl) and social supports
cru'bled ith increasing population 'obilit)7 LThe role o! the hospital in a changing
en&iron'ent %N (artin (cee1 $ Judith Heal)/M
The 47S7 health care apparatus is so unprepared and short on resources to
deal ith the deadl) Ebola &irus that e&en s'all clusters o! cases could o&erhel'
parts o! the s)ste', according to an Associated Press re&ie o! readiness at hospitals
and other co'ponents o! the e'ergenc) 'edical netork7 E:perts broadl) agree that
a idespread outbreak across the countr) is e:tre'el) unlikel), but the) also concur
that it is i'possible to predict ith certaint), since pre&ious Ebola epide'ics ha&e
been con+ned to re'ote areas o! A!rica7 And Ebola is not the onl) possible danger
that causes concern e:perts sa) other deadl) in!ectious diseases ranging !ro'
airborne &iruses such as SAS, to an un!oreseen ne strain o! the @u, to 'ore e:otic
plagues like assa !e&er could crash the health care s)ste'7 LAP "(PAT "! Ebola
batters 4S, e are not read) %) JE** #233 and GAA3E %4EM
A'erican architect (ichael Gra&es has little patience !or bad design7 He also
dislikes the ugl) things he sees in hospitals7 ?hen he sta)ed at a rehabilitation center
reco&ering !ro' a rare, li!e-threatening in!ection, Gra&es e)ed the 'agenta-and-
green @oral sheets on his bed and he +nd it too ugl)7 "t got orse as he sta)ed at
eight dierent hospitals and three rehabilitation centers ad=usting to li!e in a
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
heelchair7 Throughout his reco&er), Gra&es beca'e !rustrated ith his hospitals and
!acilities7 At a rehabilitation center, there are lot o! proble's he !ound hen it co'es
to the accessibilit) o! the patients based !ro' his on e:perience in the rehabilitation
center7 All the 'one) had been spent on the public spaces, he said7 The public
spaces ere glorious7 " got to the patient roo', these ere the s'allest patient
roo's e&er knon to 'an7
Gra&esO interest in architecture no e:tends to building better hospitals, !acilities and
ho'e care en&iron'ents7 LGra&es ?h) hospital roo's donOt ork %) (adison Park,
33 #ece'ber 1F, /011M
.1.1 %ELATE ST(0ES=P%'JE&TS.1.1. L'&ALST. Lukes !ospital
St7 ukeOs (edical enter has pro&ided high-ualit) healthcare !or o&er a
centur)7 "t as !ounded in 1905 ith a 'ission to pro&ide outstanding out-patient
care7 "t is the !ore'ost and 'ost ad'ired hospital in the Philippines and an
acknoledged leader in Asia7 The F0-bed hospital is ho'e to ten L10M "nstitutes,
eight LIM #epart'ents, and tent)-three L/5M enters7 2&er 1,00 hospital-a<liated
'edical consultants see out-patients in 'ore than 6F0 pri&ate clinics7St7 ukeBs oers a hotel like hospital that 'akes the patients co'!ortable and to
re'o&e the sense o! sickness7 The hospital is not =ust concern ith the patients but
also to &isitors, doctors and e'plo)ees7 The 'ain hospital ad=usted its building to
a&oid the noise o! the 'a=or road7 The alka) going to the hospital ha&e
landscaping7 At the entrance o! the lobb), thereBs a aiting area !or the users i! the)
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
4ni&ersit) o! Santo To'as Hospital L4STHM currentl) 'aintains 60 dedicated
beds !or charit) or clinical patients7 These are +nanciall) sustained b) =ust 5F/ pri&ate
patient beds, o! hich the resulting re&enues support and deli'it the e:tent o!
charit) to the sick and poor in the clinical or charit) beds7 ?hen it co'es to the 'ain
hospital, there are lot proble's e:posed7 "tBs not ele&ated, @ooding is ala)s a
proble' !or the'7 ighting is also a proble', it doesnBt use natural lighting7 The
hospital a'bience is not good, the !eeling o! sa!eness as gone because o! the
creep) dark halla)s7 The ne 'edical arts building o! the hospital sa&es energ)
because o! the natural lighting in the halla)s, so'e halla)s are in the outer side o!
the building7 4STH is adding additional &egetation to its structure and itBs a good
thing, it 'akes the place cooler and greener7 4ST is de&eloping their structure !or the
better, the ne proposed hospital in the 4STH uses li&ing alls in its building corners
and uses green roo+ng7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
.1.1.1 -'%E0G*
S>edish?s 0ssa@uah !ighlands hospital
The Sedish planned the ca'pus, energ) e<cienc) e'erged as a !ocus7 The
idea to 'ini'i>e the i'pact on the en&iron'ent ca'e earl) as the 101-)ear-old
hospital s)ste' started en&isioning the highlands hospital7 The process reuired a
balancing act beteen creature co'!orts and energ) e<cienc)7 Hospital planners
ad=usted 'a=or ele'ents based on speci+c energ)-use targets7 The +gure is not +r'
)et, but the hospital could recei&e beteen Q/ 'illion and Q6 'illion in grants and
rebates !ro' Puget Sound Energ) !or energ) e<cienc) steps7
*irst, the building start to conser&e energ) b) using a good building en&elope7 The
building used lots o! insulation and good indos, in doing that, it takes less energ)
to heat it in the inter and it takes less energ) to cool it in the su''er7 The building
applied an abundant natural light and a ,000-suare-!oot landscaped roo!top deck,
patients, e'plo)ees and guests 'ight not notice 'an) o! the eco-conscious
@ourishes7 The push !or e<cienc) starts at ho the building sits on the 1/7F-acre site7
The hospital is oriented to recei&e !ull sun on three sides, and includes a da)light
base'ent7 The design !eatures super-energ)-e<cient indos7 res rec)cled 95
percent o! building 'aterials during construction7 The 'edical o<ce building-!eatures
a h)dronic heating s)ste', rather than electric radiant heat7 The h)dronic s)ste'
sends heated ater !ro' a boiler through tubes beneath the @oor7 The hospital
includes high-e<cienc) chillers to capture e:cess heat to help ar' the buildings
and ater7 The ductork in the !acilit) is ider to reduce !riction as air 'o&es through
the !acilit)7 So'e lighting operates on 'otion or occupanc) sensors to !urther reduce
energ) use7 Sedish targeted a 10-)ear pa)back !or energ) e<cienc) 'easures7 The
hospital is on track to 'eet the goal and, in the
'eanti'e, ser&e as a shocase !or a CgreenD health
care !acilit)7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
)liniku/ )lagen$urt
liniku' lagen!urt, AustriaOs third largest hospital, is no the +rst building in
the countr) to be certi+ed as an E4 Green %uilding7 An abundance o! natural
da)lighting, integrated gardens, and a co'prehensi&e energ) e<cienc) strateg) set
the hospital apart !ro' the rest o! the pack7 The ne hospital sa&es an a'ount o!
energ) eui&alent to the production capacit) o! to h)droelectric plants7 The pro=ect
as also recentl) the recipient o! one o! the 'ost i'portant architectural aards in
Austria - Austrian lientBs Aard /0117 oncei&ed as a Opark hotelO, it as laid out to
pro&ide a 'ore hospitable character and as surrounded b) green space ith 'an)
garden court)ards interspersed throughout7 The hospital is organi>ed around a
central surger) spine ith 'ultiple patient ings shooting out !ro' the center and
into the park7 These +ngers allo a'ple da)light to +lter into all o! the roo's and
each 'a) en=o) &ies into the court)ards or the park, hich is graduall) groing into
the gentle riparian 'eado landscape7 The hospital as laid out to pro&ide a 'ore
hospitable character and as surrounded b) green space ith 'an) garden
court)ards interspersed throughout7 The hospital is organi>ed around a central
surger) spine ith 'ultiple patient ings shooting out !ro' the center and into the
park7 These +ngers allo a'ple da)light to +lter into all o! the roo's and each 'a)
en=o) &ies into the court)ards or the park, hich gros graduall) into the gentle
riparian 'eado landscape7 Hospitals are usuall) &er) high in energ) de'and, but
the both the heating and cooling de'and as noticeabl) decreased a'ounting to a
total sa&ings o! 6 gigaatt hours o! electricit) e&er) )ear si'ilar to reducing the
energ) production !ro' to h)droelectric plants7 o'pleted in /010, liniku'
lagen!urt also recei&ed the arinthian Architecture Pri>e in /0107
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&hapter 0.2 %esearch Methodology
.2. %ESEA%&! MET!' (SE
This research used descripti&e 'ethod and !ocused on current proble's and
issues o! the hospital !acilit) in order to support and strengthen the stud)7 This
descripti&e 'ethod in&ol&es case stud), inter&ie, group discussion, sur&e) and
research o! !acts7 ase stud) as conducted b) &isiting, obser&ing and in&estigating
e:isting hospital and in&ol&ed so'e inter&ie and uestioning hile looking around7
Group discussion is done ith reliable sources like residential doctors7 The
respondents are the users o! the structure, ansers and suggestions o! the
respondents ill be help!ul in this stud)7 Gathering in!or'ation !ro' reliable sources7
Article re&ies ; readings on nespaper articles, architectural
'aga>ines, =ournals, and other architectural publications about green
architecture and General Hospital pro=ects7 This ould !urther
!a'iliari>e the researcher about the pro=ect7
.2.1 %esearch 0nstru/ents
The researcher used obser&ation techniue, conducted inter&ie, sur&e) and group
discussion7 2bser&ation techniue b) obser&ing and in&estigating the hospital !acilit)7
%) obser&ing the hospital !acilit), the researcher sa the current proble' and issues
o! the hospital7 %) conducting inter&ie, sur&e) and group discussion, the researcher
got 'ore ideas and suggestion about the current proble' and issues o! the hospital
stud)7 %) ibrar) Techniue, in!or'ation gathering and anal)sis o! General Hospital
and sustainable.Green #esign ill be per!or'ed b) the researcher7 Applicable
concepts, 'ethods, techniues and principles ill then be used in the design o! the
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pro=ect7 Through article re&ies, readings on nespaper articles, architectural
'aga>ines, =ournals, and other architectural publications about green architecture
and General Hospital pro=ects7 This ould !urther !a'iliari>e the researcher about the
pro=ect7
.2.2 %esearch Locale
The researcher ill obser&e the 4#( hospital in Rue>on it), Philippines7
This stud) is a tour and alk-obser&ation to the !acilit) o! 4#(7 #eter'ining,
identi!)ing and con+r'ing the proble'atic areas o! the !acilit), the stud) co'poses
o! inter&ies, and docu'entation !ro' reliable source in identi!)ing the needs in the
!acilit)7
%uilt and established in 19F, the 11-store) 4nited #octors (edical enter
L4#(M houses a /F0-bed hospital7 4#( pioneered technological ad&ance'ent in
the +eld o! ultrasonograph) and oered ultrasound ser&ices at &er) aordable prices7
"t installed the TScan 'achine in (etro (anila and acuired ireless "4 'onitors,
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
and 19 he'odial)sis 'achines7 Endoed ith a deep sense o! co''it'ent to public
interest, 4#(Bs stockholders ant to set the tone !or corporate social responsibilit)7
?hen it co'es to the in!rastructure o! 4#(, the !eeling o! co'!ortabilit) as
gone7 "t is old and there are lot proble's in the structure like lighting s)ste',
&entilation and ater leaks7 The ceiling is !ull o! cracks and it is noticeable that it
reall) needs to be +:7 The halla)s are creep) because o! the plainness and poor
lighting s)ste'7 The ground @oor is air conditioned hile the entrance door o! the
ground @oor is idel) open7 ?hen it co'es to spaces, the base'ent includes the
dietar) and the 'orgue7 2perating roo's are in the second @oor7 abor roo' is in the
second @oor and the nurser) roo' is in the 5 rd @oor, the doctors said that the) still
need to get the bab) !ro' second @oor to 5 rd @oor to deli&er it in the nurser) roo',
the proble' is that the) donBt ha&e an pri&ate ele&ator !or this, there are onl) /
ele&ators and its !or both public use7 ?hen it co'es to e'ergenc) roo', it is uite
s'all, the) cant acco''odate all the patients co'ing at the sa'e ti'e7
The 'ain proble' is its in!rastructure, it no longer ser&es its 'ain purpose
properl), )es the) can still use it but the !eeling o! co'!ortableness, sa!et) and
cleanliness as gone7 The structure is also not read) !or the groing population o!
the patients7
0.2.5 Population (niverse
The researcher conducted an inter&ie and group discussion ith the doctors
at the 4#( and sur&e)s ith the patients and nurses7 The researcher also
conducted so'e inter&ies !ro' the co''unit) o! the chosen site Angat, %ulacan7
0.2.7 Sa/pling Procedure
The researcher used probabilit) sa'pling selecting respondents based on the
knoledge o! the group o! people co'pro'ising the population and rando'
sa'pling, selecting rando' users o! the structure7 "nter&ieing and conducting a
group discussion ith knoledgeable people about this stud)7
"nter&ie.sur&e)
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
The inter&ie as done through &erbal uestioning7 The respondents ere
asked certain uestions about the stud)7 esults ill be used !or reco''endations
and design applications !or the proposal7
Group #iscussion
The Group #iscussion as done through !ace to !ace discussion ith
residential doctors7 Talked about the proble's, ideas and suggestion concerning the
hospital structure. This information will help a lot in the study.
&hapter 0.5 Su//ary o$ -indings and Analysis
.5. Presentation o$ &ollected ata
&'()* +IC)I(- 'esident +octors/
+r. *hilip 0anas +r. 'aymond +ela Cru +r. 2oshua 3im
The flow of discussion is from the most common patients, comfortableness in the wor4ing
hospital and their quarters, changes and additional spaces that they need, problems in the
infrastructure and additional ideas that may help to improve the hospital.
Common patients
There are lot of patients in the Internal 5edicines. Internal 5edicine are non6surgical
cases. *atients here are 17yo and above. These are the most common patient in all the hospital.
Emergency Room
There are % beds in the emergency room, 1 bed8department. 9ccording to +r. +ela Cru
there should be 1 beds. They can;t accommodate all the patients at the same time in the <' if lot
of patients come at the same time, sometimes they use the (*+ room for emergency cases.
Infrastructure
9ccording to the doctors, the hospital should have an ambiance li4e a hotel, because
patients does need a comfortable structure. 9ll the users need a comfortable structure and not a
boring one. Cleanliness should be maintained. The dar4 side of the #ospital should be eliminated.
When it comes to doctors and machines, they said that there;s no problem , the only problem is in
the infrastructure. The hospital infrastructure needs an innovation to ma4e the users comfortable.
Spaces
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
#ospitals need to save lives, for emergency cases, spaces should be fle=ible to perform
any activity that is une=pected. 9dditional paces should be added concerning the other users
li4e visitors, family of patients, doctors, nurses and employees, these users should be given
concern too in the hospital infrastructure.
Presentation of Collected Data
>or the purpose of the study, the verbal interpretation of the tables will be described as followe
W<I&#T<+ 5<9- ?<'093 I-T<'*'<T9TI(-
1
?<'@ *(('
!
*(('
"
9TI>9CT('
@
$
&((+
%
?<'@ &((+
.
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
.5.1 *eed Analysis
%ased on the in!or'ation gathered, the need anal)sis ca'e up to satis!) the needs o!
the users7
The needs o! the hospital are the !olloing
• 2pen spaces Lgardens.healing sanctuar)M
• ecreational roo' L kids and adults M
• Entertain'ent roo' and stud) area !or doctors
• Pla)roo' !or kids
• ?aiting area !or &isitors
• Additional outlets
• EE# lights
• Aa) >ones
• Art reco&er) progra'.creati&e art studio
.5.2 &onclusions and %eco//endations
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
"t is i'portant to e:a'ine the issues that e'erging in hospitals toda) to see
the current proble's7 %ased on the obser&ation, inter&ies and group discussion, lot
o! issues and needs in the hospital re&ealed7 ack o! spaces, circulation, needs o!
users, co'!ortabilit) in the !acilit) and design o! hospital7 Hospital should be sensiti&e
not =ust to the needs o! patients but also to the needs o! the sta, nurses, doctors and
&isitors including patientBs !a'il)7 ot o! hospitals doesnBt 'eet the needs o! these
users, the) !ocuses on the needs o! the patients7 "t is i'portant to e:a'ine the issues
that e'erging in hospitals toda)7 Stud)ing and anal)>ing the issues in the hospital
architecturall) shos lot o! proble's, using the de&eloping trends and &arious
strategic options a&ailable !or designing, planning and constructing hospital can help
a lot to inno&ate the structure and adapt to the en&iron'ent toda)7 Sol&ing the issues
b) adding ne spaces and 'eeting the needs o! users can 'ake the users 'ore
co'!ortable and satis+ed7 "'pro&ing the lighting, &entilation, circulation and design
o! hospital b) using dierent architectural techniues can help to a&oid the issues in
hospitals toda)7 onnecting nature to the structure can help to i'pro&e patients
reco&er) process and can lessen the stress o! patients7 4sing sustainable design and
'eet the needs o! the !uture7
Part 1. %esearch -ocus1. %ationale
?ith hospitals pla)ing a big role in the co''unit) it and in the health care s)ste'7
The) are health care institutions that deli&ers 'edical related ser&ices /6 hours per
da), da)s per eek7 Hospitals should 'eet the de'ands o! the users continuousl)7
Hospitals 'ust continue to e&ol&e in response to !actors such as changing health care
needs, population groth, changing en&iron'ent and e'erging technologies7 %)
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
'eeting the ne and !uture de'ands o! the hospitals that the users needed including
the inno&ation o! the hospital can help a lot to 'ake a lot !or 'ore co'!ortable
orking en&iron'ent !or the orkers and a co'!ortable en&iron'ent !or the patients
and &isitors that needs it7 A General Eco-Hospital diers !ro' toda)Bs hospital, in that
during the conceptual design and planning o! a General Eco-Hospital, protecting the
en&iron'ent and natural resources, the ell-being o! the user and patients, the
co'!ort and last but not the least in ti'es hen 'one) is short, reducing user costs
in particular are taken into consideration7 Eco-Hospital ai's to raise the bar !or
sustainabilit) in health care b) i'pro&ing ualit) o! care and achie&ing the loest
en&iron'ental i'pact !or a ne hospital and architecture7 "t is i'portant to create an
en&iron'ent conducti&e to pro&iding leading healthcare and pro'oting healing,
rather than si'pl) a Ctreat'ent and reco&er)D !actor)7 Hospitals should be a
onder!ul place7 "t should ha&e a hu'ani>ing architecture than can contribute
positi&el) to the healing process7 "n this thesis, student ha&e an opportunit) to stud)
and present her proposal !or general hospital 'eeting the ne de'ands o! the
!acilit)7
1.1 Principles and %elevance to the Proect
"n this thesis, the author ill use the principles o! Go green.sustainable design that
can lessen the en&iron'ental i'pact, hu'ani>ing architecture principle that can
possibl) contribute to the healing process, #2H and 3% las and regulation to !ollo
the right and 'ini'u' reuire'ents, principles in Achie&e'ent o! Patient entered
are, Principle o! using generic spaces to 'ake the hospital spaces @e:ible, Principles
to Support Econo'ic Kiabilit) to i'pro&e e<cienc) and reduce cost7 Principle o!
protection, separation, circulation and control to 'ake the hospital organi>e7 astl) to
'eet the current needs and sol&e the issues o! the hospitals7
1.2 Application to the Proect
?ith the use and application o! the de&eloped principles, an inno&ati&e &ision o!
general hospital ill be success!ull) established7 "'pro&ed design o! the hospital ill
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
'ake the patients 'ore co'!ortable and it can a&oid the ho'esickness o! the
patients hile sta)ing in the hospital7 ?ith hu'ani>ing architecture principles and
principles in achie&e'ent o! patient centered care this ill i'pro&e the patients
centeredness, patients ill ha&e ne e:perience in this hospital because its not a
boring hospital an)'ore, people ho ill co'e in the hospital ill +nd that the state
o! the art !acilities are designed to !ul+l their personal needs and help to ease stress
and it ensures patients to a ha&e a positi&e and co'!ortable e:perience hile the)
are undergoing a series o! dierent treat'ent7 ?ith the use o! the dierent
techniues and 'ethods o! green architecture.sustainable design the proposed
hospital ill lessen its en&iron'ental i'pact and it ill lessen the energ)
consu'ption o! the hospital, this ill help a lot because o! its /6. orking hours7
(aking the hospitalBs spaces @e:ible is a big ad&antage and help !or the' !or
e'ergenc) cases7 ?ith the right anal)sis, the principle o! protection, separation,
circulation and control can 'ake the hospital 'ore organi>e, lessens the stress and
'ake the users sa!er and secure7 Additional spaces like healing sanctuar) pro'otes
rapid reco&er), it oers patients the chance to en=o) nature in a tactile and 'ulti-
sensor) en&iron'ent7 ecreational roo's and art reco&er) progra'.creati&e art
studio can help to ease the stress o! the patients7 Additional space ,CAa) >onesD
areas here users can take a break and breath !resh air7
Part 2" Site 0denti3cation and Analysis
&hapter 2. Site Selection Process
2.. &riteria $or Site Selection
A list o! criteria is created as part o! the process to +nd out the ideal site
here the pro=ect ill be situated7 These criteria are i'portant to +nd a site that ill
gi&e the 'a:i'u' positi&e bene+t o! the pro=ect to the co''unit), 'ini'u'
negati&e i'pact to the co''unit), and to achie&ed the organic architecture ; a
structure that is placed here it should be, its per!ectl) +tted in the place here it
should be7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
En&iron'ent A hospital and other health !acilities shall be so located that it is
readil)
accessible to the co''unit) and reasonabl) !ree !ro' undue noise, s'oke, dust, !oul
odor, @ood, and shall not be located ad=acent to railroads, !reight )ards, childrenOs
pla)grounds, airports, industrial plants, disposal plants7
2..1 Site 'ption escription
isted belo are
the list o! icensed Go&ern'ent and Pri&ate Hospitals as o! #ec7 51, /011
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
%ased on the data gathered !ro' the list o! Go&ern'ent and Pri&ate Hospitals,
Angat, %ulacan needs a hospital7 As o! (a) 10, /010 ?ith the population o! FF,55/
and ith the land area o! 600hectares, Angat is a big place and still donBt ha&e a
hospital !or its co''unit)7
Encircled in the 'ap is the pre!erable site !or the hospital !or easier access to all the
users7
2..2 Site Selection and Justi3cation
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
"TE"A.*AT2S GE3EA?E"GHT
S"TE A S"TE % S"TE
2AT"23.AEA.AESS"%" TN
10 1 1 1
23T24 2* 2T 10 6 I 9
KEGETAT"23 10
AKA"A%"TN 2* K"E? 10 10 10
32"SE 10 10 10 I
#4ST 10 9 I F
S(2E 10 I I F
*24-2#2 10 10 10 10*22# 10 10 10 10
T2TA 100 I5 :8 F
2AT"23.AEA.AESS"%""TN ; this *actor is based on the location and area o! the
lot !or the hospital considering the !uture de&elop'ent7 Also based on the presence o!
roads that deter'ines the accessibilit) o! a site and the transportation s)ste' that is
a&ailable in the site7 An ideal Hospital should be accessible !or the con&enience o! its
users7
Grading Kalues
Site A, % and got the sa'e rating7 The sites are closed to each other7
The sites has e:isting roads and is &er) accessible !or the users7
23T24 2* 2T ; Topograph) should be considered in choosing a site7 A site that
has a 'ini'al slope is 'ore pre!erable7
S"TE A ; reuires too 'uch cutting and +lling in order to achie&e a
@atted land7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
S"TE % ; 'ini'al cutting and +lling in order to achie&e a @atted land7
S"TE ; a &er) little a'ount o! cutting and +lling is needed7
KEGETAT"23 - presence o! natural &egetation in a site is a !a&orable situation !or the
proposed pro=ect7 A site that has rich &egetation 'eans that the site has a health)
en&iron'ent7
S"TE A, % and got the sa'e rating7 All the sites has rich &egetation that
'eans that the site has a health) en&iron'ent7
AKA"A%"TN 2* K"E?- ith a natural and onder!ul &ie, a serene panora'a that
ill pro&ide
its users ith so'ething to look !orard and inspire their sel&es in li&ing7 A 3atural
&ie 'akes the users co'!ortable and relie&e stress7
S"TE A and % got the sa'e rating, a natural &ie can be achie&ed in the site7
Site has a industrial orking area across the site that blocks the natural &ie7
32"SE ; A hospital should be a noise !ree area !or the co'!ortableness o! the
patients7
S"TE A and % got the sa'e rating, sites are noise !ree area7 Site got the
loest rating because o! the industrial orking area across the site7
#4ST ; a hospital site should be dust !ree area in order to ha&e a health)
en&iron'ent !or the hospital7 leanliness is a 'ust in a hospital7
S"TE A- the 'ost dust !ree area because o! its high topograph)7
S"TE %- 'ini'al, because o! the industrial orking area near the site7
S"TE - not a dust !ree area because o! the industrial orking area
across the site7
S(2E ; A hospital should be located in a s'oke !ree area7 oncerning the
health o! the patients that needs a health) en&iron'ent7
S"TE A and % got the sa'e rating, the site is a s'oke !ree area7 Site c
has the loest rating because o! the industrial orking area across the site7
*24-2#2- a hospital should be located !ar !ro' a !oul-odor area, concerning
the health o! the users7
S"TE A, % and got the sa'e rating, all the sites are !oul-odor !ree7
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
*22# ; a hospital should be located in a @ood !ree area7 Hospital are the
'ost needed structure, orking process shouldnBt be dela)ed at an) cost o! disaster7
The site should be @ood !ree area because itBs the nearest hospital that can be
a&ailable hen @ood co'es to other 'unicipalit)7
S"TE A, % and are @ood !ree area7 ThereBs no possible @ooding can
occur in the sites7
%ased !ro' the rating table, site got the highest rating, there!ore itBs the
'ost appropriate site !or the proposed pro=ect7
&hapter 000.1 Site Evaluation and Analysis
Angat is a +rst class partiall) urban 'unicipalit) in
the pro&ince o! %ulacan, Philippines7 According to the /010 census, it has a
population o! FF,55/ inhabitants7 9ngatAs mountainous and hilly area has abundance of
trees that are source of timber and wood materials.
3.2.1 Climate data of Angat
The cli'ate is tropical in Angat7 "n 'ost 'onths o! the )ear, there is signi+cant
rain!all in Angat7 There is onl) a short dr) season and it is not &er) eecti&e7
According to ppen and Geiger cli'ate is classi+ed as A' 7 The a&erage annual
te'perature in Angat is /70 U7 The a&erage annual rain!all is // ''7
3.2.2 Demographics
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%ased on the data, the co'puted population o! the 3S2 in Angat in the )ear 1990 to
/010 ith the total o! FF,55/ last (a) /010 and ith a percentage increase o!
V17F07
3.2.3 a!ard map
0ased on the
haard map,
9ngat, 0ulacan is
not a flood prone
area.
2.1.5. Geophysical disaster, cli/ate disaster, risk o$ typhoons, earth@uakeinduced shallo> landslides and tsuna/is.
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
0ased from the analysis of 5anila (bservatory and +epartment of <nvironment and -atural
'esources are the following:
Combined ris4 to geophysical disaster B very low
Combined ris4 to climate disaster B medium
'is4 to earthqua4es B medium
'is4 to earthqua4e6induced shallow landslides B medium
'is4 to tsunami B medium
'is4 to typhoons B medium
2.1.7 The Macro Setting
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
The site is located in the pro&ince o! %ulacan at Angat7 %ased on the data gathered,
Angat is a @ood !ree area, itBs the nearest 'unicipalit) !ro' other 'unicipalit) that is
high @ood ha>ard7 The chosen site is in beteen the area o! Angat7
2.1.8 The Micro Setting
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
The site is less than 10 'ins7 Aa) !ro' the 'unicipalit) o! Angat7 The lots
around the chosen site are e'pt) that can be use !or !uture de&elop'ent7 The area o!
the chosen site is the best open space area that is suitable !or hospital7 Across the
site is a church7
2.1.9 %elated La>s and 'rdinances
W P7 #7 109 ; 3ational %uilding ode o! the Philippines and "ts "'ple'entingules and egulations
W P7 #7 11IF ; *ire ode o! the Philippines and "ts "'ple'enting ules andegulations
W P7 #7 IF ; ode on Sanitation o! the Philippines and "ts "'ple'enting ules
and egulationsW %7 P7 566 ; Accessibilit) a and "ts "'ple'enting ules and egulationsW 7 A7 15I ; 3ational Plu'bing ode o! the Philippines and "ts "'ple'enting
ules and egulationsW 7 A7 1I6 ; Philippine Electrical odeW (anual on Technical Guidelines !or Hospitals and Health *acilities Planning
and#esign7 #epart'ent o! Health, (anila7 1996
W Signage S)ste's (anual !or Hospitals and 2<ces7 #epart'ent o! Health,(anila7 1996
W Health *acilities (aintenance (anual7 #epart'ent o! Health, (anila7 199F
W (anual on Hospital ?aste (anage'ent7 #epart'ent o! Health, (anila7 199W #istrict Hospitals Guidelines !or #e&elop'ent7 ?orld Health 2rgani>ation
egional Publications, ?estern Paci+c Series7 199/W Guidelines !or onstruction and Euip'ent o! Hospital and (edical *acilities7
A'erican "nstitute o! Architects, o''ittee on Architecture !or Health7 199/W #e hiara, Joseph7 Ti'e-Sa&er Standards !or %uilding T)pes7 (cGra-Hill
%ooko'pan)7 19I0
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Architectural Thesis 9, 10, 11 Architect Junar Pakingan Tablan, uap
&hapter 2.2 evelop/ent 'ptions
2.2. Site Analysis
AEA LS"TE %M 11,50/s'7 S"TE A3ANS"S
32"SE A3ANS"S*2? 2* KEH"ES
2.2.1 Proposed
Site evelop/ent
Plan B1C
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APPE*0&ES
S&ALE PLA* '- T!E S0TES "5<<<
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