Part 5 Perforating Techniques
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Transcript of Part 5 Perforating Techniques
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PerforatingPerforating TechniquesTechniques
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– Please hand in your feedback forms after lunch today.
– Your comments are important to improve future courses.
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CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Gun System
3. Gun Types
4. Gun Conveyance
5. Perforating Environment
6. Factors Affecting The Productivity
7. Safety
8. Conclusion. 3
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Introduction
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Perforating Gun
Shaped Charge Bullet
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ShapedShaped ChargeCharge GunGun ComponentsComponents
Charge Carrier
Explosive Charge
Detonating Cord
Detonator
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GunGun SystemSystem
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The Liner ¾
The Case ¾
The Explosive ¾
Shaped Charge Components
GunGun systemsystem8
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JeJett PenetratinPenetratingg MechanismMechanism
1. Detonation Waves.
2. Liner Collapse
3. Jet Formation
4. Slug Formation
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Gun system9
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10
The Shaped Charge
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Shaped Charge Design Parameters
¾Liner Size
¾Liner Geometry
¾Explosive Properties
¾Case Material
¾Charge Size
¾Design Optimization.
GunGun systsystee1mm1
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ThThee BulleBullett GunGun
Gun Components:
¾ Gun Body
¾ Igniter
¾ Propellant Charge
¾ Combustion Chamber
¾ Barrel and Bullet
Gun sys1t2em
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Gun Types
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Gun Types
Reusable
Shaped Charge Gun Bullet Gun
Expendable(Reusable Hollow Carrier Gun )
Gun Typ14
es
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ReusableReusable GunGun (Reusable(Reusable HollowHollow CarrierCarrier Gun)Gun)
Charge
Port Plug
Carrier
Gun Typ15
es
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ExpendableExpendable ShapedShapedChargeCharge GunGunExpendable
Hollow Carrier
Charge
Strip
Dome (Recess)
Carrier
Gun Typ16
es
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RecoveredRecovered expendableexpendable hollowhollow carriercarrier gungun
Gun Typ17
es
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ExpendableExpendable ShapedShaped ChargeCharge GunGun
Expendable hollow carrier
Fully expendable Semi expendable
Charge
Strip
Dome (Recess)
Carrier
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18Gun Types
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BulletBullet GunGun
z Is not common in use
z Bullet penetration decreases substantially in high strength formation & high strength casing
z The most important applications are:- Hydraulic Fracturing
- Injection Wells
19Gun Types
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Gun Conveyance
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GunGun ConveyanceConveyance
1. Wire Line Conveyed Perforating
2. Tubing Conveyed Perforating
3. Coiled Tubing Conveyed Perforating
21Gun Conveyance
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ents :
22
1.1. WireWire LineLine ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
Gun String Compon
1. Cable Head
2. Measurement Devices
3. Auxiliary Weights
4. The Gun
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Applications :
1. Completion of Relatively Short Zones.
2. Very High Reservoir Temperature.
3. When the Well May be ShotOverbalanced..
4. Perforating for Squeeze.
WireWire LineLine ConveyedConveyed
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PerforPerforaa23tingting
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22.. TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
Gun String Component :
1. Radioactive Sensor.
2. Packer.
3. Firing Head.
4. The Gun.
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rocedure :P
¾ Make up the String
¾ Run String to Depth
¾ Positioning
¾ Installing Surface Equipments
¾ Shot the Gun
¾ Retrieve the String
25TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
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Applications:
1. Large Intervals or Multi Zones Wells
2. Gravel Packed Wells
3. Wells Containing Sour Gases (H2S)
26TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed perforatingperforating
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33.. CoiledCoiled TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
Coiled tubing is high-strength yet ductile steal
tubing ,usually( 1.25-1.5 inch OD).
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Gun String Component
1. Tubing Real
2. Goose neck
3. Injector
4. Stripper
28CoiledCoiled TubingTubing ConveyedConveyed PerforatingPerforating
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Application:Used in highly deviated or horizontal wells.
Advantages:
1. Saving Time
2. Minimizing Cost
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PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
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Perforating Environment
Underbalance Overbalance
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Underbalanced-Pressure Perforating
¾ Formation pressure is higher than well bore pressure
¾ Perforating is made after well equipments have been run in
¾ Level of underbalance should be optimized
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Problems
¾ Mechanical Failure of Formation
¾ Movement of Formation Fines
¾ Blowing of The Gun String up The Hole
¾ Casing Collapse
¾ Other Tubular Damage
PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment33
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Advantages
¾ Provides optimum perforation cleanup and minimum skin
¾ Eliminates the risk of formation damage as a result of completion fluid
¾ Perforations are not plugged by the completion fluid
PerforatingPerforating EnviEnvirr3oo4nmentnment
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Overbalanced-Pressure Perforating
¾ Well pressure is higher than formation pressure
¾ Perforations are made Before well equipments have been run in
¾ Wellbore fluid should be selected carefully
¾ Small amount of solids can decrease productivity
¾ Level of overbalance pressure should be minimum
35PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
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Disadvantages¾ Formation damage results from fluid
invasion¾ Perforations are plugged by the
completion fluid¾ It’s difficult to get all the perforations
behave actively¾ A lot of rig time is required to clean the
perforations¾ Wellbore fluid must be filtered
36PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
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Advantages
¾ Provides good well performance with clean well fluid and minimum level of overbalance.
Used in the cases of :
- Long Interval
- Over-pressured Gas Reservoir
37PerforatingPerforating EnvironmentEnvironment
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Factors Affecting The Productivity
of Perforated System
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FactorsFactors AffectingAffecting TheThe ProductivityProductivityofof
1.
PerforatedPerforated System:System:
Number of Effective Perforation
2. Perforation Penetration
3. Characteristics of The DamagedZone
Perforation
4. Number of Shot Directions
5. Perforation Diameter
39Factors Affecting The Productivity
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1. Number of Effective Perforations
¾ Are the perforations open to flow
¾ Can be measured by:
- Flow Meter
- Spinner Survey
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2. Perforation Penetration
¾ Increasing penetration length increases productivity
¾ Penetration depends on :
-The Explosive Load
-Shape and Type of Cone Penetration
-The Clearance Between Gun and Casing
Factors Affecting The
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Produc4t1ivity
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ClearancClearancee EffectEffect
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3-Characteristics of The Damaged
Perforation Zone
Depends on :¾ Formation Type (lime,s.s,…) & Fluid Type¾ Porosity and Permeability¾ Type of Shaped Charge¾ Direction and Level of Differential Pressure
FactorsFactors AffectingAffecting TheThe ProdProduu4cc3
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tivitytivity
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4. Number of Shot Directions
¾ Angular phasing other than 0 degree increasesproductivity
¾ Going from one direction to two shot direction increases the productivity index by 20%
FactorsFactors AffectingAffecting TheThe
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ProducProductt4iivv4ityity
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PhasingPhasing (180(180 00 )) Phasing (900)
45Factors Affecting The Productivity
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5. Perforation Diameter
¾ Increasing entry hole diameter increasesproductivity index
¾ Perforation diameter depends on :
-Charge Cone (angle,etc )
-Clearance Between Gun and Casing
46FactorsFactors AffectingAffecting TheThe ProductivityProductivity