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Consumer Product Safety Commission Pt. 1512

PART 1512—REQUIREMENTS FORBICYCLES

Subpart A—Regulations

Sec.1512.1 Scope.1512.2 Definitions.1512.3 Requirements in general.1512.4 Mechanical requirements.1512.5 Requirements for braking system.1512.6 Requirements for steering system.1512.7 Requirements for pedals.1512.8 Requirements for drive chain.1512.9 Requirements for protective guards.1512.10 Requirements for tires.1512.11 Requirements for wheels.

1512.12 Requirements for wheel hubs.1512.13 Requirements for front fork.1512.14 Requirements for fork and frame as-

sembly.1512.15 Requirements for seat.1512.16 Requirements for reflectors.1512.17 Other requirements.1512.18 Tests and test procedures.1512.19 Instructions and labeling.1512.20 Separability.

Subpart B—Policies and Interpretations[Reserved]

FIGURES 1–8TABLES 1–4

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16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.1

1 Copies may be obtained from: Super-intendent of Documents, U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

AUTHORITY: Secs. 2(f)(1)(D), (q)(1)(A), (s),3(e)(1), 74 Stat. 372, 374, 375, as amended, 80Stat. 1304–05, 83 Stat. 187–89 (15 U.S.C. 1261,1262).

SOURCE: 43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, unlessotherwise noted.

Subpart A—Regulations§ 1512.1 Scope.

This part sets forth the requirementsfor a bicycle as defined in § 1512.2(a)(except a bicycle that is a ‘‘track bicy-cle’’ or a ‘‘one-of-a-kind bicycle’’ as de-fined in § 1512.2 (d) and (e)) which is nota banned article under § 1500.18(a)(12) ofthis chapter.

§ 1512.2 Definitions.For the purposes of this part:(a) Bicycle means a two-wheeled vehi-

cle having a rear drive wheel that issolely human-powered.

(b) Sidewalk bicycle means a bicyclewith a seat height of no more than 635mm (25.0 in); the seat height is meas-ured with the seat adjusted to its high-est position.

(c) Seat height means the dimensionfrom the point on the seat surfaceintersected by the seat post center line(or the center of the seating area if noseat post exists) and the ground plane,as measured with the wheels alignedand in a plane normal to the groundplane.

(d) Track bicycle means a bicycle de-signed and intended for sale as a com-petitive machine having tubular tires,single crank-to-wheel ratio, and nofree-wheeling feature between the rearwheel and the crank.

(e) One-of-a-kind bicycle means a bicy-cle that is uniquely constructed to theorder of an individual consumer otherthan by assembly of stock or produc-tion parts.

(f) Normal riding position means thatthe rider is seated on the bicycle withboth feet on the pedals and both handson the handlegrips (and in a positionthat allows operation of handbrake le-vers if so equipped); the seat and han-dlebars may be adjusted to positionsjudged by the rider to be comfortable.

§ 1512.3 Requirements in general.Any bicycle subject to the regula-

tions in this part shall meet the re-

quirements of this part in the condi-tion to which it is offered for sale toconsumers; any bicycle offered for saleto consumers in disassembled or par-tially assembled condition shall meetthese requirements after assembly ac-cording to the manufacturer’s instruc-tions. For the purpose of compliancewith this part, where the metric andEnglish units are not equal due to theconversion process the less stringentrequirement will prevail.

§ 1512.4 Mechanical requirements.(a) Assembly. Bicycles shall be manu-

factured such that mechanical skillsrequired of the consumer for assemblyshall not exceed those possessed by anadult of normal intelligence and abil-ity.

(b) Sharp edges. There shall be no un-finished sheared metal edges or othersharp parts on bicycles that are, ormay be, exposed to hands or legs;sheared metal edges that are not rolledshall be finished so as to remove anyfeathering of edges, or any burrs ofspurs caused during the shearing proc-ess.

(c) Integrity. There shall be no visiblefracture of the frame or of any steer-ing, wheel, pedal, crank, or brake sys-tem component resulting from testingin accordance with: The handbrakeloading and performance test,§ 1512.18(d); the foot brake force andperformance test, § 1512.18(e); and theroad test, § 1512.18(p) (or the sidewalkbicycle proof test, § 1512.18(q)).

(d) Attachment hardware. All screws,bolts, or nuts used to attach or securecomponents shall not fracture, loosen,or otherwise fail their intended func-tion during the tests required in thispart. All threaded hardware shall be ofsufficient quality to allow adjustmentsand maintenance. Recommended qual-ity thread form is specified in Hand-book H28, ‘‘Screw Thread Standards forFederal Service,’’ 1 issued by the Na-tional Bureau of Standards, Depart-ment of Commerce; recommended me-chanical properties are specified in ISORecommendation R898, ‘‘MechanicalProperties of Fasteners,’’ and in ISO


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Consumer Product Safety Commission § 1512.5

2 Copies may be obtained from: AmericanNational Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway,New York, New York 10018.

Recommendations 68, 262, and 263,‘‘General Purpose Screw Threads.’’ 2

(e)–(f) [Reserved](g) Excluded area. There shall be no

protrusions located within the areabounded by (1) a line 89 mm (31⁄2 in) tothe rear of and parallel to the handle-bar stem; (2) a line tangent to the fronttip of the seat and intersecting the seatmast at the top rear stay; (3) the topsurface of the top tube; and (4) a lineconnecting the front of the seat (whenadjusted to its highest position) to thejunction where the handlebar is at-tached to the handlebar stem. The toptube on a female bicycle model shall bethe seat mast and the down tube ortubes that are nearest the rider in thenormal riding position. Control cablesno greater than 6.4 mm (1⁄4 in) in diam-eter and cable clamps made from mate-rial not thicker than 4.8 mm (3⁄16 in)may be attached to the top tube.

(h) [Reserved](i) Control cable ends. Ends of all con-

trol cables shall be provided with pro-tective caps or otherwise treated toprevent unraveling. Protective capsshall be tested in accordance with theprotective cap and end-mounted de-vices test, § 1512.18(c), and shall with-stand a pull of 8.9 N (2.0 lbf).

(j) Control cable abrasion. Control ca-bles shall not abrade over fixed partsand shall enter and exit cable sheathsin a direction in line with the sheathentrance and exit so as to prevent ab-rading.

§ 1512.5 Requirements for braking sys-tem.

(a) Braking system. Bicycles shall beequipped with front- and rear-wheelbrakes or rear-wheel brakes only.

(b) Handbrakes. Handbrakes shall betested at least ten times by applying aforce sufficient to cause the handleverto contact the handlebar, or a maxi-mum of 445 N (100 lbf), in accordancewith the loading test, § 1512.18(d)(2), andshall be rocked back and forth with theweight of a 68.1 kg (150 lb) rider on theseat with the same handbrake force ap-plied in accordance with the rockingtest, § 1512.18(d)(2)(iii); there shall be no

visible fractures, failures, movement ofclamps, or misalignment of brake com-ponents.

(1) Stopping distance. A bicycleequipped with only handbrakes shall betested for stopping distance by a riderof at least 68.1 kg (150 lb) weight in ac-cordance with the performance test,§ 1512.18(d)(2) (v) and (vi), and shall havea stopping distance of no greater than4.57 m (15 ft) from the actual test speedas determined by the equivalentground speed specified in§ 1512.18(d)(2)(vi).

(2) Hand lever access. Hand levermechanisms shall be located on thehandlebars in a position that is readilyaccessible to the rider when in a nor-mal riding position.

(3) Grip dimension. The grip dimension(maximum outside dimension betweenthe brake hand lever and the handle-bars in the plane containing thecenterlines of the handgrip and thehand brake lever) shall not exceed 89mm (31⁄2 in) at any point between thepivot point of the lever and lever mid-point; the grip dimension for sidewalkbicycles shall not exceed 76 mm (3 in).The grip dimension may increase to-ward the open end of the lever but shallnot increase by more than 12.7 mm (1⁄2in) except for the last 12.7 mm (1⁄2 in) ofthe lever. (See figure 5 of this part1512.)

(4) Attachment. Brake assembliesshall be securely attached to the frameby means of fasteners with locking de-vices such as a lock washer, locknut, orequivalent and shall not loosen duringthe rocking test, § 1512.18(d)- (2)(iii).The cable anchor bolt shall not cut anyof the cable strands.

(5) Operating force. A force of lessthan 44.5 N (10 lbf) shall cause thebrake pads to contact the braking sur-face of the wheel when applied to thehandlever at a point 25 mm (1.0 in)from the open end of the handlever.

(6) Pad and pad holders. Caliper brakepad shall be replaceable and adjustableto engage the braking surface withoutcontacting the tire or spokes and thepad holders shall be securely attachedto the caliper assembly. The brake padmaterial shall be retained in its holderwithout movement when the bicycle isloaded with a rider of at least 68.1 kg(150 lb) weight and is rocked forward


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16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.5

3 This is proportional to a gear develop-ment greater than 6.67 m (21.9 ft) in the bicy-cle’s highest gear ratio. Gear development isthe distance the bicycle travels in meters, inone crank revolution.

and backward as specified in the rock-ing test, § 1512.18(d)(2)(iii).

(7) [Reserved](8) Hand lever location. The rear brake

shall be actuated by a control locatedon the right handlebar and the frontbrake shall be actuated by a control lo-cated on the left handlebar. The left-hand/right-hand locations may be re-versed in accordance with an individualcustomer order. If a single hand leveris used to actuate both front and rearbrakes, it shall meet all applicable re-quirements for hand levers and shall belocated on either the right or left han-dlebar in accordance with the cus-tomer’s preference.

(9) Hand lever extensions. Bicyclesequipped with hand lever extensionsshall be tested with the extension le-vers in place and the hand lever exten-sions shall also be considered to behand levers.

(c) Footbrakes. All footbrakes shall betested in accordance with the forcetest, § 1512.18(e)(2), and the measuredbraking force shall not be less than 178N (40 lbf) for an applied pedal force of310 N (70 lbf).

(1) Stopping distance. Bicyclesequipped with footbrakes (except side-walk bicycles) shall be tested in ac-cordance with the performance test,§ 1512.18(e)(3), by a rider of at least 68.1kg (150 lb) weight and shall have astopping distance of no greater than4.57 m (15 ft) from an actual test speedof at least 16 km/h (10 mph). If the bicy-cle has a footbrake only and the equiv-alent groundspeed of the bicycle is inexcess of 24 km/h (15 mph) (in its high-est gear ratio at a pedal crank rate of60 revolutions per minute), 3 the stop-ping distance shall be 4.57 m (15 ft)from an actual test speed of 24 km/h (15mph) or greater.

(2) Operating force. Footbrakes shallbe actuated by a force applied to thepedal in a direction opposite to that ofthe drive force, except where brakesare separate from the drive pedals and

the applied force is in the same direc-tion as the drive force.

(3) Crank differential. The differentialbetween the drive and brake positionsof the crank shall be not more than 60°with the crank held against each posi-tion under a torque of no less than 13.6N-m (10 ft-lb).

(4) Independent operation. The brakemechanism shall function independ-ently of any drive-gear positions or ad-justments.

(d) Footbrakes and handbrakes in com-bination. Bicycles equipped with foot-brakes and handbrakes shall meet allthe requirements for footbrakes in§ 1512.5(c), including the tests specified.In addition, if the equivalent groundspeed of the bicycle is 24 km/h (15 mph)or greater (in its highest gear ratio ata pedal crank rate of 60 revolutions perminute), 3 the actual test speed speci-fied in § 1512.18(e)(3) shall be increasedto 24 km/h (15 mph) and both brakingsystems may be actuated to achievethe required stopping distance of 4.57 m(15 ft).

(e) Sidewalk bicycles. (1) Sidewalk bi-cycles shall not have handbrakes only.

(2) Sidewalk bicycles with a seatheight of 560 mm (22 in) or greater(with seat height adjusted to its lowestposition) shall be equipped with a foot-brake meeting all the footbrake re-quirements of § 1512.5(c), including thespecified tests except that the brakingforce transmitted to the rear wheelshall be in accordance with the side-walk bicycle footbrake force tests,§ 1512.18(f).

(3) Sidewalk bicycles with a seatheight less than 560 mm (22 in) (withseat height adjusted to its lowest posi-tion) and not equipped with a brakeshall not have a freewheel feature.Such sidewalk bicycles equipped with afootbrake shall be tested for brakeforce in accordance with the sidewalkbicycle footbrake force test, § 1512.18(f).Such sidewalk bicycles not equippedwith brakes shall be identified with apermanent label clearly visible from adistance of 3.1 m (10 ft) in daylight con-ditions and promotional display mate-rial and shipping cartons shall promi-nently display the words ‘‘No Brakes.’’


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§ 1512.6 Requirements for steering sys-tem.

(a) Handlebar stem insertion mark. Thehandlebar stem shall contain a perma-nent ring or mark which clearly indi-cates the minimum insertion depth ofthe handlebar stem into the fork as-sembly. The insertion mark shall notaffect the structural integrity of thestem and shall not be less than 21⁄2times the stem diameter from the low-est point of the stem. The stemstrength shall be maintained for atleast a length of one shaft diameterbelow the mark.

(b) Handlebar stem strength. The han-dlebar stem shall be tested for strengthin accordance with the handlebar stemtest, § 1512.18(g), and shall withstand aforce of 2000 N (450 lbf) for bicycles and1000 N (225 lbf) for sidewalk bicycles.

(c) Handlebar. Handlebars shall allowcomfortable and safe control of the bi-cycle. Handlebar ends shall be symmet-rically located with respect to the lon-gitudinal axis of the bicycle and nomore than 406 mm (16 in) above theseat surface when the seat is in its low-est position and the handlebar ends arein their highest position.

(d) Handlebar ends. The ends of thehandlebars shall be capped or otherwisecovered. Handgrips, end plugs, controlshifters, or other end-mounted devicesshall be secure against a removal forceof no less than 66.8 N (15 lbf) in accord-ance with the protective cap and end-mounted devices test, § 1512.18(c).

(e) Handlebar and clamps. The handle-bar and clamps shall be tested in ac-cordance with the handlebar test,§ 1512.18(h). Directions for assembly ofthe bicycle required in the instructionmanual by § 1512.19(a)(2) shall includean explicit warning about the danger ofdamaging the stem-to-fork assemblyand the risk of injury to the rider thatcan result from overtightening thestem bolt or other clamping device.The directions for assembly shall alsocontain a simple, clear, and precisestatement of the procedure to be fol-lowed to avoid damaging the stem-to-fork assembly when tightening thestem bolt or other clamping device.

§ 1512.7 Requirements for pedals.(a) Construction. Pedals shall have

right-hand/left-hand symmetry. The

tread surface shall be present on bothtop and bottom surfaces of the pedalexcept that if the pedal has a definitepreferred position, the tread surfaceneed only be on the surface presentedto the rider’s foot.

(b) Toe clips. Pedals intended to beused only with toe clips shall have toeclips securely attached to them andneed not have tread surfaces. Pedalsdesigned for optional use of toe clipsshall have tread surfaces.

(c) Pedal reflectors. Pedals for bicyclesother than sidewalk bicycles shall havereflectors in accordance with§ 1512.16(e). Pedals for sidewalk bicyclesare not required to have reflectors.

§ 1512.8 Requirements for drive chain.

The drive chain shall operate overthe sprockets without catching orbinding. The tensile stength of thedrive chain shall be no less than 8010 N(1,800 lbf) or 6230 N (1,400 lbf) for side-walk bicycles.

§ 1512.9 Requirements for protectiveguards.

(a) Chain guard. Bicycles having asingle front sprocket and a single rearsprocket shall have a chain guard thatshall cover the top strand of the chainand at least 90° of the perimeter wherethe drive chain contacts the drivesprocket as shown in figure 7. Thechain guard shall extend rearward to apoint at least 8 cm (3.2 in.) forward ofthe centerline of the rear axle. Theminimum width of the top area of thechain guard shall be twice the width ofthe chain in that portion forward ofthe rear wheel rim. The rear part of thetop area may be tapered. The minimumwidth at the rear of the guard shall beone-half the chain width. Such chainguard shall prevent a rod of 9.4 mm (3⁄8in.) diameter and 76 mm (3.0 in.) lengthfrom entrapment between the upperjunction of the chain and the sprocketwhen introduced from the chain side ofthe bicycle in any direction within 45°from a line normal to the sprocket.

(b) Derailleur guard. Derailleurs shallbe guarded to prevent the drive chainfrom interfering with or stopping therotation of the wheel through improperadjustments or damage.


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16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.10

§ 1512.10 Requirements for tires.The manufacturer’s recommended in-

flation pressure shall be molded into oronto the sidewall of the tire in letter-ing no less than 3.2 mm (1⁄8 in.) inheight. The statement of recommendedinflation pressure shall be in theEnglish language utilizing Arabic nu-merals. (The following language is sug-gested to indicate recommended infla-tion pressure: ‘‘Inflate to — PSI.’’)After inflation to 110 percent of therecommended inflation pressure, thetire shall remain intact on the rim, in-cluding while being tested under a loadof 2,000 N (450 lbf) in accordance withthe rim test, § 1512.18(j). Tubular sew-uptires, nonpneumatic tires, and non-molded wired-on tires are exempt fromthis section.

§ 1512.11 Requirements for wheels.(a) Spokes. There shall be no missing

spokes.(b) Alignment. The wheel assembly

shall be aligned such that no less than1.6 mm (1⁄16 in.) clearance exists be-tween the tire and fork or any framemember when the wheel is rotated toany position.

(c) Rims. Rims shall retain the spokesand tire when side-loaded with 2000 N(450 lbf) and tested in accordance withthe rim test, § 1512.18(j). Sidewalk bicy-cles need not meet this requirement.

§ 1512.12 Requirements for wheelhubs.

All bicycles (other than sidewalk bi-cycles) shall meet the following re-quirements:

(a) Locking devices. Wheels shall besecured to the bicycle frame with apositive lock device. Locking deviceson threaded axles shall be tightened tothe manufacturer’s specifications.

(1) Rear wheels. There shall be no rel-ative motion between the axle and theframe when a force of 1,780 N (400 lbf) isapplied symmetrically to the axle for aperiod of 30 seconds in the direction ofwheel removal.

(2) Front wheels. Locking devices, ex-cept quick-release devices, shall with-stand application of a torque in the di-rection of removal of 17 N-m (12.5 ft-lb).

(b) Quick-release devices. Lever-oper-ated quick-release devices shall be ad-justable to allow setting the lever posi-

tion for tightness. Quick-release leversshall be clearly visible to the rider andshall indicate whether the levers are ina locked or unlocked position. Quick-release clamp action shall emboss theframe or fork when locked.

(c) Front hubs. Front hubs notequipped with lever-operated quick-re-lease devices shall have a positive re-tention feature that shall be tested inaccordance with the front hub reten-tion test, § 1512.18(j)(3), to assure thatwhen the locking devices are releasedthe wheel will not separate from thefork.

§ 1512.13 Requirements for front fork.

The front fork shall be tested forstrength by application of at least 39.5J (350 in-lb) of energy in accordancewith the fork test, § 1512.18(k)(1), with-out visible evidence of fracture. Side-walk bicycles need not meet this re-quirement.

§ 1512.14 Requirements for fork andframe assembly.

The fork and frame assembly shall betested for strength by application of aload of 890 N (200 lbf) or at least 39.5 J(350 in-lb) of energy, whichever resultsin the greater force, in accordance withthe frame test, § 1512.18(k)(2), withoutvisible evidence of fracture or framedeformation that significantly limitsthe steering angle over which thewheel can be turned. Sidewalk bicyclesare exempt from this section.

§ 1512.15 Requirements for seat.

(a) Seat limitation. No part of the seat,seat supports, or accessories attachedto the seat shall be more than 125 mm(5.0 in.) above the top of the seat sur-face at the point where the seat surfaceis intersected by the seat post axis.

(b) Seat post. The seat post shall con-tain a permanent mark or ring thatclearly indicates the minimum inser-tion depth (maximum seat-height ad-justment); the mark shall not affectthe structural integrity of the seatpost. This mark shall be located no lessthan two seat-post diameters from thelowest point on the post shaft, and thepost strength shall be maintained forat least a length of one shaft diameterbelow the mark.


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(c) Adjustment clamps. The seat ad-justment clamps shall be capable of se-curing the seat in any position towhich it can be adjusted and prevent-ing movement of the seat in any direc-tion under normal conditions of use.Following the road test, § 1512.18(p) (orthe sidewalk bicycle proof test,§ 1512.18(q), as applicable), the seatclamps shall be tested in accordancewith the seat adjustment clamps andload test, § 1512.18(l).

§ 1512.16 Requirements for reflectors.

Bicycles shall be equipped with re-flective devices to permit recognitionand identification under illuminationfrom motor vehicle headlamps. The useof reflector combinations off the centerplane of the bicycle (defined in§ 1512.18(m)(2)) is acceptable if each re-flector meets the requirements of thissection and of § 1512.18 (m) and (n) andthe combination of reflectors has aclear field of view of ±10° vertically and±50° horizontally. Sidewalk bicycles arenot required to have reflectors.

(a) Front, rear, and pedal reflectors.There shall be an essentially colorlessfront-facing reflector, essentiallycolorless or amber pedal reflectors, anda red rear-facing reflector.

(b) Side reflectors. There shall beretroreflective tire sidewalls or, alter-natively, reflectors mounted on thespokes of each wheel, or, for non-cali-per rim brake bicycles, retroreflectivewheel rims. The center of spoke-mounted reflectors shall be within 76mm (3.0 in.) of the inside of the rim.Side reflective devices shall be visibleon each side of the wheel.

(c) Front reflector. The reflector ormount shall not contact the groundplane when the bicycle is resting onthat plane in any orientation. The op-tical axis of the reflector shall be di-rected forward within 5° of the hori-zontal-vertical alignment of the bicy-cle when the wheels are tracking in astraight line, as defined in§ 1512.18(m)(2). The reflectors and/ormounts shall incorporate a distinct,preferred assembly method that shallinsure that the reflector meets the op-tical requirements of this paragraph (c)when the reflector is attached to thebicycle. The front reflector shall be

tested in accordance with the reflectormount and alignment test, § 1512.18(m).

(d) Rear reflector. The reflector ormount shall not contact the groundplane when the bicycle is resting onthat plane in any orientation. The re-flector shall be mounted such that it isto the rear of the seat mast with thetop of the reflector at least 76 mm (3.0in) below the point on the seat surfacethat is intersected by the line of theseat post. The optical axis of the reflec-tor shall be directed rearward within 5°of the horizontal-vertical alignment ofthe bicycle when the wheels are travel-ing in a straight line, as defined in§ 1512.18(m)(2). The reflectors and/ormounts shall incorporate a distinct,preferred assembly method that shallinsure that the reflector meets the op-tical requirements of this paragraph (d)when the reflector is attached to thebicycle. The rear reflector shall betested in accordance with the reflectormount and alignment test, § 1512.18(m).

(e) Pedal reflectors. Each pedal shallhave reflectors located on the front andrear surfaces of the pedal. The reflectorelements may be either integral withthe construction of the pedal or me-chanically attached, but shall be suffi-ciently recessed from the edge of thepedal, or of the reflector housing, toprevent contact of the reflector ele-ment with a flat surface placed in con-tact with the edge of the pedal.

(f) Side reflectors. Reflectors affixed tothe wheel spokes shall be mounted ei-ther flat on the spokes or within thespoke cage such that the angle betweenthe optical axis and the normal to theplane of the wheel shall not exceed theangle of the spokes with the plane ofthe wheel. The reflectors shall notinterfere with any wheel adjustments.The side-mounted reflector devicesshall be essentially colorless or amberon the front wheel and essentiallycolorless or red on the rear wheel.

(g) Reflector tests. The pedal, front-mount, rear-mount, and side-mount re-flectors shall be tested in accordancewith the reflector test, § 1512.18(n), toassure the reflectance values over theangles given in tables 1 and 2.

(h) Retroreflective tire sidewalls. Whenretroreflective tire sidewalls are usedin lieu of spoke-mounted reflectors, the


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16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.17

reflecting material shall meet the fol-lowing requirements:

(1) The retroreflective material shallform a continuous circle on the side-wall.

(2) The retroreflective material shalladhere to the tire such that after thetire has been subjected to a tempera-ture of 50°±3 °C (122°±5.4 °F) for 30 min-utes, the retroreflective material can-not be peeled or scraped away withoutremoval of tire material.

(3) The retroreflective material shallbe as resistant to abrasion as is the ad-jacent sidewall material so that whenretroreflective material is removedfrom the inflated tire by abrasion witha wet, steel bristle brush, tire materialwill be removed along with the retro-reflective material.

(4) The retroreflective material shallbe tested for performance in accord-ance with the retroreflective tire test,§ 1512.18(o), to assure the reflectanceproperties over the angles given intable 3. When a portion of the retro-reflective material is selected (and theremainder is masked as specified in§ 1512.18(o)(2)(i)), the selected portionshall not contact the ground planewhen the assembled bicycle is restingon that plane in any orientation.

(i) Retroreflective rims. When retro-reflective rims are used in lieu ofspoke-mounted reflectors or retro-reflective tire sidewalls, the reflectingmaterial shall meet the following re-quirements:

(1) The retroreflective material shallform a continuous circle on the rim.

(2) If the retroreflective material isapplied to the rim in the form of a self-adhesive tape, the following require-ment must be met: Use a sharp knife,razor blade, or similar instrument tocarefully release an end of the tape ma-terial sufficient to be grasped betweenthe thumb and finger. Grasp the freedtape end and gradually pull in a direc-tion 90° to the plane of the rim. Thetape material must break before addi-tional separation (peeling) from therim is observed.

(3) After the retroreflective materialis abraded in accordance with the abra-sion test for retroreflective rims at§ 1512.18(r), the rim must then be testedfor performance in accordance with theretroreflective tire and rim test at

§ 1512.18(o), to assure the reflectanceproperties over the angles given intable 3.

[43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 45FR 82627, 82628, Dec. 16, 1980]

§ 1512.17 Other requirements.

(a) Road test. Bicycles, other thansidewalk bicycles, shall be ridden atleast 6.4 km (4.0 mi.) by a rider weigh-ing at least 68.1kg (150 lb.) and travelfive times over a 30.5 m (100 ft.) cleatedcourse in accordance with the roadtest, § 1512.18(p), and shall exhibit sta-ble handling, turning, and steeringcharacteristics without difficulty ofoperation. There shall be no system orcomponent failure of the structure,brakes, or tires, and there shall be noloosening or misalignment of the seat,handlebars, controls, or reflectors dur-ing or resulting from this test.

(b) Sidewalk bicycle proof test. Side-walk bicycles shall be dropped a dis-tance of at least 300 mm (1.0 ft.) threetimes onto a paved surface withweights attached in accordance withthe sidewalk bicycle proof test,§ 1512.18(q). There shall be no fractureof wheels, frame, seat, handlebars, orfork during or resulting from this test.

(c) Ground clearance. With the pedalhorizontal and the pedal crank in itslowest position and any trainingwheels removed, it shall be possible totilt the bicycle at least 25° from thevertical without the pedal or any otherpart (other than tires) contacting theground plane.

(d) Toe clearance. Bicycles notequipped with positive foot-retainingdevices (such as toe clips) shall have atleast 89 mm (31⁄2 in) clearance betweenthe pedal and the front tire or fender(when turned to any position). Theclearance shall be measured forwardand parallel to the longitudinal axis ofthe bicycle from the center of eitherpedal to the arc swept by the tire orfender, whichever results in the leastclearance. (See figure 6 of this part1512.)

§ 1512.18 Tests and test procedures.

(a) Sharp edge test. [Reserved](b) [Reserved](c) Protective cap and end-mounted de-

vices test. (Ref. § 1512.4(i), § 1512.6(d).)


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4 For hand lever extensions, the loadingshall be continued until a force of 445 N (100lbf) is reached or the hand lever extension isin the same plane as the upper surface of thehandlebars or the extension lever contactsthe handlebars.

Any device suitable for exerting a re-moval force of at least 67 N (15 lbf) forprotective caps and 8.9 N (2.0 lbf) forend caps at any point and in any direc-tion may be used. All protective capsand end-mounted handlebar devicesshall be tested to determine that theycannot be removed by application ofthe specified forces.

(d) Handbrake loading and performancetest. (Ref. § 1512.5(b)).

(1) Apparatus. A spring scale or othersuitable device for measuring the spec-ified forces on the handbrake leversand a dry, clean, level, paved surface ofadequate length.

(2) Procedure. The loading test,§ 1512.18(d)(2)(i), and the rocking test,§ 1512.18(d)(2)(iii), shall be performed be-fore the performance test,§ 1512.18(d)(2)(v), is performed and noadjustments shall be made betweenthese tests.

(i) Loading test procedure. The handlevers shall be actuated with a forceapplied at a point no more than 25 mm(1.0 in) from the open end of the lever.If the hand lever contacts the handle-bar (bottoms) before a force of 445 N(100 lbf) is reached, the loading may bestopped at that point, otherwise theloading shall be increased to at least445 N (100 lbf). 4 Application of the load-ing force shall be repeated for a total of10 times and all brake componentsshall be inspected.

(ii) Loading test criteria. There shallbe no visible fractures, failures, mis-alignments, and clearances not in com-pliance with applicable parts of § 1512.5.

(iii) Rocking test procedure. A weightof at least 68.1 kg (150 lb) shall beplaced on the seat; the force requiredfor the hand levers to contact the han-dlebars or 445 N (100 lbf), as determinedin § 1512.18(d)(2), shall be applied to thehand levers; 4 and the bicycle shall berocked forward and backward over adry, clean, level, paved surface at leastsix times and for a distance of at least76 mm (3 in) in each direction.

(iv) Rocking test criteria. There shallbe no loosening of the brake pads, pad

holders, or cable and hand-lever secur-ing devices or any other functionalbrake component.

(v) Performance test procedure. The fol-lowing test conditions, unless other-wise specified in this part 1512, shall befollowed:

(A) The bicycle shall be ridden over adry, clean, smooth paved test coursefree from protruding aggregate. Thetest course shall provide a coefficientof friction of less then 1.0 and shallhave a slope of less than 1 percent.

(B) The wind velocity shall be lessthan 11 km/h (7 mph).

(C) Only the brake system under testshall be actuated.

(D) The bicycle shall attain the spec-ified ground speed while the rider is inthe normal riding position.

(E) The rider shall remain in the nor-mal riding position throughout thetest.

(F) The bicycle must be moving in astraight line at the start of brake ap-plication.

(G) Corrections for velocity at theinitiation of braking may be made. Thecorrected braking distance shall becomputed as follow:

Sc=(Vs/Vm)2Sm

where:Sc=Corrected braking distance,Vs=Specified test velocity.Vm=Measured test velocity,Sm=Measured braking distance.

The test run is invalid if at the com-mencement of the test, the measuredtest speed of the bicycle is not lessthan nor greater than the test speed re-quired by this part 1512 by 1.5 km/h (0.9mph).

(H) Four test runs are required. Thestopping distance shall be determinedby averaging the results of the fourtest runs.

(I) The stopping distances specifiedare based on a rider weight of at least68.1 kg (150 lb) and a maximum riderand weight combination of 91 kg (200lb). Greater stopping distances are al-lowable for heavier riders and testequipment weights at the rate of 0.30 mper 4.5 kg (1.0 ft per 10 lb).

(J) A test run is invalid if front-wheellockup occurs.

(vi) Performance test criteria. The stop-ping force applied to the hand lever at


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16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.18

3 See footnote 3 to § 1512.5.

a point no closer than 25 mm (1.0 in)from the open end shall not exceed 178N (40 lbf). Bicycles with an equivalentground speed in excess of 24 km/h (15mph) (in its highest gear ratio at apedal crank rate of 60 revolutions perminute) 3 shall stop from an actual testspeed of 24 km/h (15 mph) or greaterwithin a distance of 4.57 m (15 ft); whenthe equivalent ground speed is lessthan 24 km/h (15 mph) under the sameconditions, the bicycle shall stop froman actual test speed of 16 km/h (10 mph)or greater within a distance of 4.57 m(15 ft).

(e) Footbrake force and performancetest. (Ref. § 1512.5(c) (1) and (2)):

(1) Apparatus. Suitable devices for ex-erting and measuring the requiredforces and a dry, clean, level, pavedsurface of adequate length.

(2) Force test. The braking force shallbe measured as the wheel is rotated ina direction of forward motion, and thebraking force is measured in a direc-tion tangential to the tire during asteady pull after the wheel completesone-half revolution but before thewheel completes one revolution. Thebrake shall be capable of producing alinearly proportional brake force for agradually applied pedal force from 89 Nto 310 N (20 to 70 lbf) and shall not beless than 178 N (40 lbf) for an appliedpedal force of 310 N (70 lbf). All datapoints must fall within plus or minus20 percent of the brake force, based onthe measured brake load using theleast square method of obtaining thebest straight line curve.

(3) Performance test. The procedure of§ 1512.18(d)(2)(v) shall be followed totest the footbrake performance. Thestopping distance shall be less than 4.57m (15 ft) from an actual test speed of 16km/h (10 mph). In addition, if theequivalent ground speed of the bicycleis in excess of 24 km/h (15 mph) (in itshighest gear ratio at a pedal crank rateof 60 revolutions per minute), 3 thestopping distance shall be 4.57 m (15 ft)from an actual test speed of 24 km/h (15mph) or greater.

NOTE: No allowance shall be made for riderweight. See § 1512.5(d) for additional require-ments for bicycles with both handbrakes andfootbrakes.

(f) Sidewalk bicycle footbrake force test.For sidewalk bicycles, the footbrakeforce test is the same as for bicyclesexcept; the brake force transmitted tothe rear wheel shall continually in-crease as the pedal force is increasedfrom 44.5 N to 225 N (10 to 50 lbf). Theratio of applied pedal force to brakingforce shall not be greater than two-to-one.

(g) Handlebar stem test. (Ref.§ 1512.6(b)).

(1) Procedure. The handlebar stemshall be tested for strength by applyinga force of 2000 N (450 lbf), in a forwarddirection, for bicycles, or 1000 N (225lbf) for sidewalk bicycles, at a point inline with the handlbar attachmentpoint and at an angle of 45° from thestem centerline (See fig. 2).

(2) Criteria. No visible fractures shallresult from this test.

(h) Handlebar test. (Ref. § 1512.6(e)).(1) Stem-to-fork clamp test—(i) Proce-

dure. The handlebar and handlebarstem shall be assembled to the bicyclein accordance with the manufacturer’sinstructions. The handlebar-fork as-sembly shall be subjected to a torqueapplied about the axis of the stem, andshall then be disassembled and exam-ined for signs of structural damage in-cluding cracking, splitting, stripping ofthreads, bearing damage, and bulgingof the stem and fork structures. Thehandlebar and handlebar stem compo-nents shall be inspected for visiblesigns of galling, gouging, and scoringnot due to normal assembly and dis-assembly operations.

(ii) Criteria. There shall be no visiblemovement between the stem and forkwhen a torque of 47+3, ¥0 N–m (35+2,¥0 ft=lb) for bicycles and 20+3, ¥0 N–m(15+2, ¥0 ft=lb) for sidewalk bicycles isapplied to the handlebar about thestem-to-fork axis. There shall be novisible signs of damage to the stem-to-fork assembly or any component partthereof.

(2) Handlebar strength and clamp test—(i) Procedure. The stem shall be in placeon the bicycle or in an equivalent testfixture and secured according to manu-facturer’s instructions. A load shall beapplied equally to each handlebar endin a direction to cause the greatesttorque about the handlebar-to-stem


511


clamp; deflection shall be measuredalong the line of applied force.

(ii) Criteria. The handlebars shall sup-port a force of no less than 445 N (100lbf) or absorb no less than 22.6 J (200 in-lb) of energy through a maximum de-flection of no more than 76 mm (3.0in.); the handlebar clamp shall preventrotational movement of the handlebarsrelative to the clamp, and there shallbe no visible fractures.

(i) Pedal slip test. [Reserved](j) Rim test. (Ref. §§ 1512.10 and

1512.11(c)):(1) Procedure. Only one wheel need be

tested if the front and rear wheel are ofidentical construction. The wheel to betested shall be removed from the bicy-cle and be supported circumferentiallyaround the tire sidewall. A load of 2000N (450 lbf) shall be applied to the axleand normal to the plane of the wheelfor at least 30 seconds. If the wheel hubis offset, the load shall be applied inthe direction of the offset.

(2) Criteria. The wheel and tire assem-bly shall be inspected for compliancewith the requirements of § 1512.11(a)and shall be remounted on the bicycleaccording to the manufacturer’s in-structions and shall turn freely with-out roughness and shall comply withthe requirement of § 1512.11(b).

(3) Front hub retention test. (Ref.§ 1512.12(c)).

(i) Procedures. Front hub locking de-vices shall be released. When threadednuts and axles are used, the nuts shallbe open at least 360° from a finger tightcondition. A separation force of atleast 111 N (25 lb) shall be applied tothe hub on a line along the slots in thefork ends.

(ii) Criteria. The front hub shall notseparate from the fork; fenders, mud-guards, struts, and brakes shall not beallowed to restrain the separation.

(k) Fork and frame test. (Ref. §§ 1512.13and 1512.14):

(1) Fork test—(i) Procedure. With thefork stem supported in a 76 mm (3.0 in)vee block and secured by the method il-lustrated in figure 1 of this part 1512, aload shall be applied at the axle at-tachment in a direction perpendicularto the centerline of the stem andagainst the direction of the rake. Loadand deflection readings shall be re-corded and plotted at the point of load-

ing. The load shall be increased until adeflection of 64 mm (21⁄2 in) is reached.

(ii) Criteria. Energy of at least 39.5 J(350 in-lb) shall be absorbed with a de-flection in the direction of the force ofno more than 64 mm (21⁄2 in.).

(2) Fork and frame assembly test—(i)Procedure. The fork, or one identical tothat tested in accordance with the forktest, § 1512.18(k)(1), shall be replaced onthe bicycle in accordance with themanufacturer’s instructions; and a loadof 890 N (200 lbf), or an energy of atleast 39.5 J (350 in-lb), whichever re-sults in the greater force, shall be ap-plied to the fork at the axle attach-ment point against the direction of therake in line with the rear wheel axle.The test load shall be counteracted bya force applied at the location of therear axle during this test.

(ii) Criteria. There shall be no visibleevidence of fracture and no deforma-tion of frame that significantly limitsthe steering angle over which the frontwheel can be turned.

(l) Seat adjustment clamps and loadtest. (Ref. § 1512.15(c)).

(1) Procedure. A force of at least 668 N(150 lbf) shall be applied verticallydownward (334 N (75 lbf) for sidewalkbicycles) to a point within 25 mm (1.0in.) from either the front or rear of theseat, whichever produces the greatesttorque on the seat clamp. After re-moval of this force, a force of 222 N (50lbf) shall then be applied horizontally(111 N (25 lbf) for sidewalk bicycles) toa point within 25 mm (1.0 in.) from ei-ther the front or rear of the seat,whichever produces the greatest torqueon the clamp.

(2) Criteria. No movement of the seatwith respect to the seat post, or of theseat post with respect to the bicycleframe, shall have resulted from appli-cation of the forces specified.

(m) Reflector mount and alignment test.(Ref. § 1512.16 (c) and (d)).

(1) Procedure. A force of 89 N (20 lbf)shall be applied to the reflector mountin at least three directions selected asmost likely to affect its alignment. Atleast one of those directions shall beselected to represent a force that wouldbe expected in lifting the bicycle bygrasping the reflector.


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16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.18

(2) Criteria. (i) During test: The opticalaxis of the reflector shall remain par-allel within 15° to the line or intersec-tion of the ground plane and the centerplane of the bicycle defined as a planecontaining both wheels and thecenterlines of the down tube and seatmast.

(ii) Post test: The optical axis of thereflector shall remain parallel within5° to the line or intersection of theground plane and the center plane ofthe bicycle defined as a plane contain-ing both wheels and the centerlines ofthe down tube and seat mast.

(n) Reflector test. (Ref. § 1512.16(g)).(1) Conditioning. The following condi-

tioning in the order given shall be per-formed prior to testing for perform-ance.

(i) Warpage conditioning. The reflec-tor shall be held in a preheated ovenfor at least one hour at 50°±5 °C (122±5.4°F). A pedal reflector may be condi-tioned integrally with its pedal.

(ii) Mechanical impact conditioning.The reflector shall be mounted faceupin a manner similar to the way inwhich it is mounted on the bicycle. A13 mm (1⁄2 in.) diameter polished steelball shall be dropped normal to thecenter of the face of the reflector froma height of 0.76 m (30 in.). The ball maybe guided by a tube with holes, but notrestricted in free fall. Pedal reflectorsare exempt from this impact condi-tioning.

(iii) Moisture conditioning. The reflec-tor shall be submerged in tap water ina suitable container. The containershall be pressurized in 17.2 kN/m2 (2.5psi) (equivalent to 1.7 m (53⁄4 ft.)) ofwater for 15 minutes and then released.

(2) Reflector performance test. (i) Ar-rangements for the reflector perform-ance test shall be as shown in figure 3and the distance D between the lightsource and the reflector shall be 30.5 m(100 ft.). The source of illuminationshall be a lamp with a 51 mm (2.0 in.)effective diameter and a filament oper-ating at 2,856±10 percent color tempera-ture. The observation point shall be co-located (as close as practicable) withthe source of illumination. The reflec-tor shall be mounted with the center ofthe reflector at the center of rotationand at the same horizontal level as thesource of illumination. Photometric

measurements shall be made at the ob-servation angles and entrance anglesgiven in tables 1 and 2.

(ii) The observation angle is theangle formed by a line from the pointof observation to the center of the re-flector with a second line from the cen-ter of the reflector to the source of il-lumination. The entrance angle is theangle between the optical axis of thereflector and a line from the center ofthe reflector to the source of illumina-tion. The entrance angle shall be des-ignated left, right, up, and down in ac-cordance with the position of thesource of illumination with respect tothe axis of the reflector as viewed frombehind the reflector when the plane ofthe observation angle is vertical andthe receiver is above the source.

(iii) Photometric measurements shallbe made either visually orphotoelectrically. With either method,the light reflected to the observationpoint shall be determined. Also, the il-lumination on the reflector from thesource shall be measured.

(iv) For visual measurements a com-parison lamp, emitting light similar inspectral quality to the reflector, shallbe located adjacent to the reflector (atan angle not to exceed 1⁄2°) and ar-ranged so that the candlepower can bevaried from 0.01 to 0.25 to make the in-tensity duplicate that of the reflectorunder test. The candlepower of thesource of the illumination of the reflec-tor under test shall be known or deter-mined for this test. Means shall be pro-vided to change the intensity of thesource of illumination without chang-ing the filament color temperature.The comparison lamp shall be designedto avoid reflection from the source ofillumination back in the direction ofthe observer. It shall be of such sizeand so diffused that when viewed bythe observer (through a 21⁄2× reducingmonocular), the candlepower can bereadily compared and adjusted to thatof the reflector. The observer shallhave at least 10 minutes of darkadaption before making observations.For photoelectric measurements, theopening to the photocell shall not bemore than 1⁄2 inch vertical by 1 inchhorizontal.

(v) Reflectors that mount on the bi-cycle in a fixed rotational position


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5 Copies may be obtained from IlluminatingEngineering Society, 35 East 47th Street,New York, N.Y. 10017.

with respect to the bicycle, or the bicy-cle component on which they aremounted (such as pedals or spokes),shall be tested with a single orienta-tion. Reflectors that do not mount onthe bicycle in a fixed rotational posi-tion with respect to the bicycle shallbe rotated about their axis through 360°to find the minimum candlepower perfootcandle for each test point. If themeasurement falls below the minimumrequirement at any test point, the re-flector shall be rotated ±5° about itsaxis from the angle where the mini-mum occurs, and the maximum candle-power per footcandle within this angleshall be the measured value.

(vi) Should uncolored reflectionsfrom the front surface interfere withphotometric readings at any test pointthe lowest reading and location within1° above, below, right, and left of thetest point shall meet the minimum re-quirement for the test point.

(vii) A recommended coordinate sys-tem for definition of color is the‘‘Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE1931)’’ system in the IES Lighting Hand-book, 5 fifth edition, 1972. In the coordi-nate system and when illuminated bythe source defined in table 4 of thispart 1512, a reflector will be consideredto be red if its color falls within the re-gion bounded by the red spectrum locusand the lines y0.980–¥x and y0.335; a re-flector will be considered to be amberif its color falls within the regionbounded by the yellow spectrum locusand the lines y0.382, y0.790–0.667x, and yx–¥0.120.

(o) Reflective tire and rim test (Ref.§ 1512.16(h) and (i)).

(1) Apparatus. Arrangements for thereflective intensity measurement shallbe as shown in figure 3 of this part 1512.A light projector (having a maximumeffective lens diameter of D/500, whereD is the distance from the source tothe retroreflective surface being meas-ured) capable of projecting light of uni-form intensity shall be used to illu-minate the sample. The light falling onthe sample shall have a color tempera-ture of 2856°K+10% (equivalent to atungsten filament lamp operated at a

color temperature of 2856°K+10% hav-ing approximately the relative energydistribution given in table 4 of thispart 1512). The light reflected from thetest surface shall be measured with aphotoelectric receiver, the response ofwhich has been corrected for the spec-tral sensitivity of the average photopichuman eye. The dimensions of the ac-tive area of the receiver shall be suchthat no point on the perimeter of thereceiver is more than D/100 from itscenter (where d is the distance fromthe receiver to the retroreflective sur-face). Wheels used for the measurementof retroreflective tires or rims shallhave all exposed metallic surfaces, in-cluding spokes, masked in flat black sothat when measured these surfaces in-dicate no appreciable reflectance. Thetire shall be mounted and fully in-flated. Distances shall be measuredfrom the plane of the wheel and thecenter of the hub. For the tests, thedistance D between the projector andthe center of the wheel and distance dbetween the center of the wheel andthe receiver shall each be at least 15 m(50 ft.).

(2) Procedure—(i) Masking. The re-flecting strip to be tested shall be with-in two concentric circles, the larger ofwhich is no more than 0.02 m (0.79 in.)greater in radius than the smaller.While additional reflecting material ispermitted outside such boundaries,such additional material shall not becounted in determining the averagewidth of the reflecting strip and shallbe masked off with opaque, matteblack tape in testing the reflecting ma-terial.

(ii) Orientation. Every position of thereflecting strip on the rim or themounted and fully inflated tire to betested shall be oriented so that thenormal to this portion is within 40° ofparallel to the axis of rotation of thewheel.

(iii) Measurement. Measure the dis-tance d from the receiver to the centerof the wheel and the minimum distancer from the axis of rotation of the wheelto the unmasked portion of the reflec-tive strip. Measure the illumination in-cident on the reflective strip at uni-form intervals of no more than 45°around the wheel, with the receiver


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16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.18

oriented in the direction of the inci-dent radiation. The average of suchreadings will be the mean illuminationof the sample E. If any one of suchreadings differs by more than 10 per-cent from the mean illumination, thena more uniform source must be ob-tained. Measure the illumination of thereceiver due to reflection from theretroreflective surface for each en-trance angle and each observationangle given in table 3 of this part 1512.The entrance angle and the observationangle shall be in the same plane. A neg-ative entrance angle (figure 3 of thispart 1512) is specified when the en-trance angle is small because the loca-tion of the receiver with respect to thedirection of illumination becomes im-portant for distinguishing between or-dinary mirror-like reflection andretroreflection. The illumination inci-dent on the test surface and the re-ceiver shall be measured in the sameunits on a linear scale. Compute theratio A for each combination of en-trance angle and observation anglelisted in table 3 as follows:

A=[(Er/Es)(d2/r)]

Where:

A=Ratio in meters,Er=Illumination incident upon the receiver,Es=Illumination incident upon a plane per-

pendicular to the incident ray at thespecimen position (see instructionsabove in this paragraph (o)(2)(iii) foraveraging), measured in the same unitsas Er,

d=The distance in meters from the receiverto the center of the wheel,

r=The minimum radius in meters of theboundary circles of the retroreflectivestrip.

The minimum value of A shall be thatlisted in table 3 of this part 1512 foreach combination of entrance angleand observation angle. The plane con-taining the entrance angle and theplane containing the observation angleshall coincide. In table 3, a positive en-trance angle corresponds to the case inwhich the line of sight to the receiverlies between the line of incidence andthe optic axis of the reflector, and anegative entrance angle corresponds tothe case in which the line of incidencelies between the line of sight of the re-ceiver and optic axis of the reflector.

(iv) Criteria. The ratio A as defined in§ 1511.18(o)(2)(iii) shall not be less than:

A=[4(cos2/1+(o/0.225)3/2]

where A is ratio in meters, is the en-trance angle, and o is the observationangle in degrees. The criterion appliesonly for entrance angles from 0° to 40°and observation angles from 0.2° to 1.5°,and performance is not specified be-yond this range. The values of A intable 3 are obtained from the above for-mula by rounding up to two significantfigures. Except in cases in which theperformance of the reflector is seri-ously questionable, a reflector with Aat least the value given in table 3 ateach of the six combinations of en-trance and observation angles will beconsidered to satisfy this criteria.

(p) Road test. (Ref. §§ 1512.15(c) and1512.17(a)).

(1) Procedure. The bicycle shall be rid-den at least 6.4 km (4.0 mi.) by a riderweighing at least 68.1 kg (150 lb.) withthe tires inflated to maximum rec-ommended pressure. Travel shall in-clude riding the bicycle five times overa 30 m (100 ft.) course of wooden cleatsfastened to a paved surface. The cleatsshall be a full 25 mm (1.0 in.) high by 51mm (2.0 in.) wide lumber with a 12 mmby 12 mm (1⁄2 in. by 1⁄2 in.) chamfer of45° on the corners contacting the tires.The cleats shall be spaced every 1.8 m(6.0 ft.) over the 30 m (100 ft.) course.The bicycle shall be ridden over thecleated course at a speed of at least 24km/hr (15 mph) with the rider firmlyseated.

(2) Criteria. The bicycle shall exhibitstable handling, turning, and steeringcharacteristics without difficulty ofoperation. There shall be no system orcomponent failure of the structure,brakes, or tires and there shall be noloosening or misalignment of the seat,handlebars, controls, or reflectors.

(q) Sidewalk bicycle proof test. (Ref.§§ 1512.15(c) and 1512.17(b)).

(1) Procedure. The bicycle shall beloaded with weights of 13.6 kg (30 lb.)on the seat surface and 4.5 kg (10 lb.)attached to the end of each handle gripfor a total load of 22.7 kg (50 lb.). Thebicycle shall be lifted a distance of 0.3m (1.0 ft.) and dropped (while maintain-ing an upright position) three timesonto a paved surface. Following this


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6 For compliance testing the Commissionwill use a brush meeting this description dis-tributed by Dremel Manufacturing Company,Racine, Wisconsin as Dremel Part No. 442.This brush is manufactured by Weiler BrushCompany as No. 26074, MC–10 Wire.

and with weight removed, it shall beallowed to fall in any configurationand attitude from an upright positionto the paved surface three times oneach side.

(r) Abrasion test for retroreflective rims.(Ref. § 1512.16(i)). (1) This test consistsof a steel wire cup brush rotating at aconstant velocity of 60 rpm that is ap-plied at a force of 2 N (0.45 lbf) to theretroreflective material on one side ofa bicycle wheel rim. The rim is rotatedabout the axle at a linear velocity of0.23 m/sec (9 in./sec). The test is com-plete when the wheel has completed1000 revolutions.

(2) Apparatus. Figure 8 of this part1512 illustrates the following test fix-ture arrangement that is suitable toperform this abrasion test:

(i) Test fixture. The test fixture con-tains a clamp to hold the axle of a bi-cycle wheel so that the wheel can ro-tate freely about the axle. The axis ofrotation is capable of being inclinedfrom the vertical to bring that portionof the side of the wheel rim containingthe retroreflective material into a hor-izontal plane as it passes beneath theabrading brush. A drive mechanism torotate the bicycle wheel contains ameans to adjust the rotational velocityto obtain the specified linear velocitymeasured at a point on the wheel rimon the axis of the abrading brush.

(ii) Abrader. The abrader is a cupbrush meeting the specification inparagraph (r)(3)(v) of this section. It ismounted in a chuck attached to amotor that rotates about a verticalaxis at the specified rotational veloc-ity. A means is provided to apply therotating cup brush at the specifiedforce against the retroreflective mate-rial on the bicycle wheel rim. The axisof the abrading brush is positioned onthe mid point in the width of theretroreflective material. The force isproduced by deadweights applied to apan on the axis of the counterbalancedmotor/brush assembly.

(3) Specifications. (i) The linear veloc-ity of the reflective band on wheel rimshall be 0.23 m/sec (9 in./sec) measuredat a point on the axis of the abradingbrush.

(ii) The rotational velocity of theabrading brush shall be 60 rpm.

(iii) The force normal to the plane ofthe retroreflective material at whichthe abrading brush is to be appliedshall be 2 N (0.45 lbf).

(iv) The bicycle wheel shall make1000 complete revolutions per test.

(v) The abrader shall be a cup brushhaving bristles that are 0.005 in.(approx. 0.13mm) diameter low carbonsteel wire; an outside diameter of 0.5inch (aprox. .13mm); a wire bristlelength of 0.25 inch (approx. 6.4mm); anda cup diameter of 0.405 inch (approx.10.29mm). 6

(vi) The abrasion test shall be con-ducted at an ambient temperature ofbetween 16 °C (60 °F) and 27 °C (80 °F).

(4) Procedure. (i) The retroreflectivebicycle rim to be tested shall be an un-used sample free from grit, grime andgrease. Prior to beginning the test, re-move, according to instructions sup-plied with the bicycle, any protectivecoating or material used to preventdamage in shipping.

(ii) Test the wheel in a suitable testfixture, according to the specificationsin paragraph (r)(3) of this section.

(iii) Clamp the wheel by its axle inthe test fixture and align the axis ofrotation so that the portion of the re-flective material below the axis of theabrading brush is horizontal.

(iv) Shape the cup brush by hand tothe specified 0.5 (approx. 13mm) diame-ter. Any stray wire bristles projectingmore than 1/32 in. (approx. 1 mm) be-yond the tip of the bulk of the bristlesshould be clipped off. Adjust the posi-tion of the brush so that its axis is cen-tered over the mid-point in the widthof the retroreflective material.

(v) Adjust the rotational velocity ofthe bicycle wheel to obtain a linear ve-locity of 0.23 m/sec (9 in./sec) measuredat the mid-point in the width of theretroreflective material. Adjust theforce to obtain a force normal to thesurface under the brush of 2 N (0.45 lbf).

(vi) Apply the abrading brush to theretroreflective material on the wheel


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16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.19

rim, and continue the test for 1000 com-plete revolutions of the bicycle wheel.

[43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 45FR 82628, Dec. 16, 1980; 46 FR 3204, Jan. 14,1981]

§ 1512.19 Instructions and labeling.A bicycle shall have an instruction

manual attached to its frame or in-cluded with the packaged unit.

(a) The instruction manual shall in-clude at least the following:

(1) Operations and safety instructionsdescribing operation of the brakes andgears, cautions concerning wet weatherand night-time operation, and a guidefor safe on-and-off road operation.

(2) Assembly instructions for accom-plishing complete and proper assembly.

(3) Maintenance instructions forproper maintenance of brakes, controlcables, bearing adjustments, wheel ad-justments, lubrication, reflectors, tiresand handlebar and seat adjustments;should the manufacturer determinethat such maintenance is beyond thecapability of the consumer, specificsregarding locations where such mainte-nance service can be obtained shall beincluded.

(b) A bicycle less than fully assem-bled and fully adjusted shall haveclearly displayed on any promotionaldisplay material and on the outsidesurface of the shipping carton the fol-lowing: (1) A list of tools necessary toproperly accomplish assembly and ad-justment, (2) a drawing illustrating theminimum leg-length dimension of arider and a method of measurement ofthis dimension.

(c) The minimum leg-length dimen-sion shall be readily understandableand shall be based on allowing no lessthan one inch of clearance between (1)

the top tube of the bicycle and theground plane and (2) the crotch meas-urement of the rider. A girl’s styleframe shall be specified in the sameway using a corresponding boys’ modelas a basis.

(d) [Reserved](e) Every bicycle subject to the re-

quirements of this part 1512 shall beara marking or label that is securely af-fixed on or to the frame of the bicyclein such a manner that the marking orlabel cannot be removed without beingdefaced or destroyed. The marking orlabel shall identify the name of themanufacturer or private labeler andshall also bear some form of markingfrom which the manufacturer can iden-tify the month and year of manufac-ture or from which the private labelercan identify the manufacturer and themonth and year of manufacture. Forpurposes of this paragraph, the termmanufacture means the completion bythe manufacturer of a bicycle of thoseconstruction or assembly operationsthat are performed by the manufac-turer before the bicycle is shipped fromthe manufacturer’s place of productionfor sale to distributors, retailers, orconsumers.

[43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 60FR 62990, Dec. 8, 1995]

§ 1512.20 Separability.

If any section or portion thereof ofthis part 1512 or its application to anyperson or circumstance is held invalid,the remainder of the section(s) and its(their) application to other persons orcircumstances is not thereby affected.

Subpart B—Policies andInterpretations [Reserved]


517



518

16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.20


519



520

16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)§ 1512.20


521



522

16 CFR Ch. II (1–1–98 Edition)Pt. 1512, Tables

TABLE 1—MINIMUM CANDLEPOWER PER INCI-DENT FOOT-CANDLE FOR CLEAR REFLECTOR 1

Observationangle

Front, rear, and sidereflectors; entrance

angle in degrees

Pedal reflectors;entrance angle in

degrees

010up/

down

20left/right

010up/

down

20left/right

0.2 .................. 27.0 18.0 9.0 7.5 6.0 3.00.3 .................. .......... .......... ........ 6.0 4.8 2.41.5 .................. .28 .20 .12 .28 .20 .12

1 Amber values shall be 5⁄8 × clear values. Red values shallbe 1⁄4 clear values.

TABLE 2—MINIMUM CANDLEPOWER PER INCI-DENT FOOT-CANDLE FOR CLEAR REFLECTOR 1

Observation angle

Front, rear, and side re-flectors; entrance angle in

degrees

30 left/right

40 left/right

50 left/right

0.2 ........................................... 8.0 7.0 6.01.5 ........................................... .12 .12 .12

1 Amber values shall be 5⁄8 × clear values. Red values shallbe 1⁄4 × clear values.

TABLE 3—MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE VALUES FORTHE QUANTITY A DEFINED IN THERETROREFLECTIVE TIRE AND RIM TEST PRO-CEDURE

Observationangle (de-

grees)

Entranceangle

(degrees)

Minimum acceptable value ofA

Meters Feet

0.2 .................. ¥4 2.2 7.25.2 .................. 20 1.9 6.27.2 .................. 40 1.3 4.29

1.5 .................. ¥4 .22 .731.5 .................. 20 .19 .631.5 .................. 40 .13 .43

[43 FR 60034, Dec. 22, 1978, as amended at 45FR 82631, Dec. 16, 1980; 46 FR 3204, Jan. 14,1981]

TABLE 4—RELATIVE ENERGY DISTRIBUTION OFSOURCES

Wave length (nanometers) Relativeenergy

380 ......................................................................... 9.79390 ......................................................................... 12.09400 ......................................................................... 14.71410 ......................................................................... 17.68420 ......................................................................... 21.00430 ......................................................................... 24.67440 ......................................................................... 28.70450 ......................................................................... 33.09460 ......................................................................... 37.82470 ......................................................................... 42.87480 ......................................................................... 48.25490 ......................................................................... 53.91500 ......................................................................... 59.86510 ......................................................................... 66.06520 ......................................................................... 72.50530 ......................................................................... 79.13540 ......................................................................... 85.95550 ......................................................................... 92.91560 ......................................................................... 100.00570 ......................................................................... 107.18580 ......................................................................... 114.44590 ......................................................................... 121.73600 ......................................................................... 129.04610 ......................................................................... 136.34620 ......................................................................... 143.62630 ......................................................................... 150.83640 ......................................................................... 157.98650 ......................................................................... 165.03660 ......................................................................... 171.96670 ......................................................................... 178.77680 ......................................................................... 185.43690 ......................................................................... 191.93700 ......................................................................... 198.26710 ......................................................................... 204.41720 ......................................................................... 210.36730 ......................................................................... 216.12740 ......................................................................... 221.66750 ......................................................................... 227.00760 ......................................................................... 232.11


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