Advanced English C1 Exam

Name & surnames: __________________________________________________________________

DNI: _____________________________

Signature: _________________________________________________________________________

Read the instructions carefully. Write ALL your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Part 1: Reading (25%)

(1 hour 10 minutes)

There are three questions in this part of the exam.

Question 1 (14 marks)

Read the text below and choose the best answer (A, B, C or D) for the following statements 1 – 7. Write the answers on the separate answer sheet. Sample question: What happened in Uganda in 2000?

A Nearly 800 people died. B 800 people nearly died. C Almost 800 wanted the world to end. D Followers of Charles Manson killed themselves.

Answer: A 1. Bishop James Ussher´s estimate of when the world was created was: A the best one ever produced. B the most accurate given the times. C based on the Bishop’s theological knowledge. D considered ridiculous at the time. 2. The author gives us examples of unsuccessful predictions in order to show us that: A predictions have existed from the beginning of time. B it is impossible to predict the end of the world. C predictions not only originated amongst the religious and esoteric. D often the predictions are harmless.

3. The author thinks that the people who have made predictions in the past: A are slightly ridiculous B deserve our contempt C deserve our respect D should not be overly criticised 4. The tone of the text in paragraph 7 is: A sarcastic B humorous C factual D critical 5. One negative implication for NASA of the end-of-world predictions is that: A it is not doing what it is supposed to be doing. B it is receiving more applications from young inexperienced people. C the ability to educate people is becoming a near impossible task. D they must design websites to explain why the predictions are false. 6. The “unknown land” referred to by the author is: A the unknown B people’s ignorance C our imagination D the world of science 7. The point that the author wants to make in the last paragraph is that: A the educational system has disimproved over the years. B people nowadays lack the knowledge to understand the predictions made. C we shouldn’t laugh at others who know less than we do. D it isn’t always easy to tell fact from fiction.

The end of the world. Really?

Mayan apocalypse? Rogue planets? Relax. We've heard it all before. Peter Bowditch slays the latest crop of end-of-the-world soothsayers.

By Peter Bowditch

I suppose there are some people in the world with access to the internet or mass media who haven't heard the stories about how the world is possibly going to end on December 21, 2012. The usual reason for picking this date is that a calendar made by the Mayans several centuries ago only runs until this date.

Predictions of the end of the world are not new, and there have been thousands of them over the centuries, and they fall roughly into two classes: religious prophecy and weirdness, with the latter including psychics, UFO believers and the truly insane.

Predictions of the end of the world based on religion seem almost exclusively confined to Christianity and it is easy to ridicule people from the past who knew less that we know now, but I found a few real scientists who devoted at least some of their time to trying to calculate the end of time.

John Napier and Jakob Bernoulli predicted the world would end in the late 17th/early 18th centuries — Napier predicted 1688 or 1700, while Bernoulli predicted a comet would wipe out the Earth in 1719. Isaac Newton made the safe prediction of 2000.

Another I put in the scientist category is Bishop James Ussher, often ridiculed for his estimate of 4004BC for the creation, but he based this on matching Bible stories with independent folk histories and produced the best estimate from the available data.

When Charles Darwin walked past the end of my street in the Blue Mountains on January 17, 1836, and looked out over the Jamison Valley, he assumed that he was looking at a drained seabed. He did not know that the Earth was old enough to allow the "tiny rill of water" to carve out the valley, and it wasn't until about a century later that the discovery of radiation and plate tectonics could explain both the age of the Earth and how the sedimentary rock he stood on managed to get almost a kilometre above sea level. Science is always a work in progress, and it is not fair to judge people harshly for doing the best with what they had at the time.

The outright crazy predictions are the most fun, although they raise a serious question about science education that I will revisit later. Nostradamus is there, of course, predicting July 1999. Sheldan Nidle had 16 million spaceships coming in 1996, and Nancy Lieder had the twelfth planet, Nibiru, crashing into Earth in 2003 (both dates since revised to December 21, 2012). Ronald Reagan's psychic adviser Jeane Dixon predicted February 4, 1962, later updated to "2020-2037". Assorted people worried about the Large Hadron Collider in 2010 and Comet Elenin in 2011, with the Earth being sucked into a black hole or shattered into a million pieces.

Dangerous predictions

As much as we may laugh at these bizarre end-of-the-world predictions, it's sobering to remember that some have ended in tragedy.

Charles Manson convinced his followers to murder strangers because the end was coming, and Jim Jones predicted the end in 1967. Fortunately nobody took any notice of him then, unlike 11 years later when he was able to convince people to kill their children and then themselves.

This brings me to the danger of failed prophecies. Believers have been known to sell their houses and property, leave their jobs and families and harm themselves and others. I've mentioned Charles Manson, but in Uganda in 2000 almost 800 people died because the world hadn't ended. We remember Marshall Applewhite and Heaven's Gate in 1997 when a group of intelligent young people killed themselves, the Aum Shinriko cult released sarin gas into the Tokyo subway in 1995 to hasten the end of the world.

There is also the danger of wasted time and resources needed to assure people that the next prediction is unlikely or even impossible. NASA have been receiving a large number of enquiries from fearful people, many of them young enough to not have experienced some of the past scare campaigns. They have had to waste time that would have been better spent exploring the cosmos to produce websites explaining why things just aren’t going to happen.

I mentioned science education before, and that is what really concerns me about the fears of December 21.

Knowledge of basic science, the stuff I was taught in primary school and the first years of high school, is enough to know that these predictions are not just unlikely, but actually impossible. No huge planet can wander through the solar system unnoticed. A spinning body with the mass of the Earth can not suddenly change its axis of rotation or direction of spin. Major shifts in the magnetic field of the Earth can't happen suddenly. It's all very well to laugh at these silly predictions, but the laughing should stop when you realise that the fact that some people aren't laughing is a sign that they are lacking a basic education in how to tell fantasy and fiction from fact. And there be dragons in that unknown land.

(874 words) taken from www.abc.net.au/allinthemind

Question 2. (24 marks)

Read the text below and answer the following questions. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Sample question: 0. Where does most of the iron ore extracted from Carajás end up?

Answer: 0. It is exported to China.

1. Exactly how important is Vale to the Brazilian economy? 2. What conditions does Vale impose before letting their archeologist have contact with the press? 3. How accessible is the area of Carajás? 4. What important archeological information do the Carajás caves provide? 5. Which multinational company has had to delay mining work due to a Brazilian court ruling? 6. What were prospectors looking for when they came across the iron ore in Carajás? 7. What kind of conclusions are experts now reaching about the pre-Columbian era? 8. How fast is work progressing in Carajás? 9. How is Vale managing to get permission for the expansion? 10. How do speleologists feel about the possibility of Vale being allowed to go ahead with their plans? 11. Why would other archeological sites be more protected than the Carajás Caves? 12. Where are the caves located in relation to the mine?

http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/16/world/americas/in-brazil-caves-would-be-lost-in-mining-

project.html?pagewanted=1&ref=world (1.221 words)

Brazil expands mines to drive future, but cost is a treasured

link to past.

CARAJÁS NATIONAL FOREST, Brazil — Archaeologists must climb tiers of orchid-encrusted rain forest,

where jaguars roam and anacondas slither, to arrive at one of the Amazon’s most stunning sights: a series of

caves and rock shelters guarding the secrets of human beings who lived here more than 8,000 years ago.

Almost anywhere else, these caves would be preserved as an invaluable source of knowledge into prehistoric

human history. But not in this remote corner of the Amazon, where Vale, the Brazilian mining giant, is

pushing forward with the expansion of one of the world’s largest iron-ore mining complexes, a project that

will destroy dozens of the caves treasured by scholars.

The caves, and the spectacular mineral wealth in their midst, have presented Brazil with a dilemma. The iron

ore from Carajás, exported largely to China where it is used to make steel, is a linchpin of Brazil’s ambitions

of reviving a sluggish economy, yet archaeologists and other researchers contend that the emphasis on short-

term financial gains imperils an unrivaled window into a nebulous past.

“This is a crucial moment to learn about the human history of the Amazon, and by extension the peopling of

the Americas,” said Genival Crescêncio, a caver and historian in Pará State, which includes Carajás. “We

should be preserving this unique place for science, but we are destroying it so the Chinese can open a few

more car factories.” As Brazil embarks on a frenzied effort to increase mining and improve infrastructure,

work crews in the Amazon and beyond are unearthing one startling discovery after another. In Rio de

Janeiro, archaeologists are examining a slave market and cemetery where thousands of Africans were

buried. The discoveries have complicated the upgrade of the harbor and public transportation network ahead

of the 2016 Olympic Games.

Brazilian courts can require companies to preserve archaeological sites, or at least transfer archaeological

material to universities or museums where it can be studied, before work continues. In some cases, rulings

have stalled huge projects, as Anglo American, the mining giant, discovered this year when prosecutors

halted work on a large mining project in Minas Gerais State over concerns that an archaeologically

significant cave could be damaged.

Scholars say that the caves of Carajás, which archaeologists began exploring in the 1980s, offer coveted

insight into what may be the earliest known stages of human settlement in the world’s largest tropical rain

forest, helping to piece together the puzzle of how the Americas came to be inhabited. Pieces of ceramic

vessels and tools made of amethyst and quartz are among the signs of human occupation from thousands of

years ago. Such artifacts, along with the abundance of the caves and rock shelters themselves, make Carajás

one of the Amazon’s most important places for the study of prehistoric humans.

The Amazon is already a hotbed of archaeological investigation, as researchers find evidence that far more

people might have lived in the region than once considered possible. While the Amazon was once thought

incapable of supporting large, sophisticated societies, researchers now contend that the region might have

been home to thriving urban centers before the arrival of Columbus. Before those cities were carved out of

the forest, people lived in the Amazon’s caves. At Pedra Pintada, a cave that, like those in Carajás, is also in

Pará, Anna C. Roosevelt, an American archaeologist, has shown that hunter-gatherers moved to the region

10,900 to 11,200 years ago, far earlier than once thought, about the same time people in North American

were hunting mammoths.

Outside the Amazon, remarkable discoveries have been announced in recent months at other Brazilian sites.

At Lapa do Santo, a rock shelter near the city of Belo Horizonte, archaeologists said this year that they had

found the New World’s oldest known figurative petroglyph. The rock art, a drawing of a man with an

oversize phallus, is thought to have been made 10,500 to 12,000 years ago.

To reach the caves of Carajás, researchers must drive hours along washboard roads cut through the jungle,

before scaling escarpments with spectacular views of the Carajás Mountains, a range of canopied peaks

rising out of the forest. Macaws fly overhead and bats swirl inside the earth cavities in which hunting tribes

once found shelter. Some of the caves, substantially cooler inside their openings than the surrounding forest,

are large enough for more than a dozen people; others might have provided just enough space for two or

three people.

Vale, then a state-owned company, began developing the iron ore deposits here after they were discovered in

1967 by a Brazilian geologist on assignment to find manganese for the U.S. Steel Corporation. Vale has

since been privatized, but the government still controls big equity stakes. Thanks largely to its Carajás

complex, where thousands of workers labor 24 hours a day amid the clamor of digging machines, Vale

accounts for 16 percent of Brazil’s total exports. As Vale grapples with a sharp decline in profits this year

and delays at projects outside Brazil, Carajás is expected to become more important. Vale has said it plans to

create 30,000 jobs in the expansion of iron-ore mining at Carajás, a $20 billion project called Serra Sul,

which is already luring thousands of migrants from around Brazil to this frenetic part of the Amazon.

To comply with regulations governing archaeological sites, Vale executives said, the company hired

archaeologists and a team of speleologists, or cavers, to survey the caves, which are clustered around the

open-pit Carajás mine. Vale also adapted its construction proposal to preserve some caves while planning to

destroy dozens of others. While Vale acknowledged that at least 24 of the caves to be destroyed are of “high

relevance,” it said it would also preserve caves in another part of Pará to compensate for their loss. “For us

there is just one procedure, and that is being transparent,” said Gleuza Josué, Vale’s environmental

director. Describing the expansion of Carajás as a project of “paramount importance,” she said that Vale had

rigorously complied with environmental and archaeological legislation in order to move forward with its

plans.

Regulatory officials said they had won concessions from Vale but had not been able to stop the mine

expansion. Despite archaeological concerns, the government granted the company a crucial environmental

license in June, allowing the expansion to move forward. The company still needs another installation

license, expected to be granted in 2013, to go ahead with Serra Sul. Archaeologists and cavers familiar with

Carajás seem resigned to the possibility that Vale will get its way. Frederico Drumond Martins, a

government biologist who oversees the Carajás National Forest, said he remained concerned that mine

expansions here in the decades ahead could eventually destroy every last cave in Carajás.

Renato Kipnis, a respected archaeologist in São Paulo whom Vale hired to survey the caves of Carajás, said

that Vale had prohibited him from discussing their archaeological significance, because of a confidentiality

agreement Vale had required him to sign. Later, a Vale spokeswoman allowed Mr. Kipnis to be interviewed

by e-mail, but only if the company was allowed to vet his replies. In written replies screened by Vale, he

marveled at the importance of the caves.“The great challenge,” he said, “is finding middle ground between

preservation and development.”

Question 3 (12 marks) Read the text below about homeopathy and answer the following questions. You must write the actual sentence/s or part of a sentence from the text and state the paragraph where you have found the answer. Write your answers on the answer sheet. Sample question: How long has homeopathy been practised on an international scale? Answer: Paragraph B. “…homeopathy has been widely used worldwide for more than 200 years”. _______________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Is there a scientific explanation for the way in which homeopathy works?

2. How were the first tests carried out?

3. What criticism has homeopathy received?

4. What substance, when diluted, can cure insomnia?

5. Why has Hahnemann’s work been so relevant?

6. What distinguishes homeopathic medicines from conventional treatment?

7. What do scientists consider to be the key element in the production of homeopathic medicines?

8. What different homeopathic preparations do some researchers use as a means of control?

http://www.homeopathy-soh.org/about-homeopathy/what-is-homeopathy/ (834 words)

What is Homeopathy?

A Homeopathy is based on the principle that you can treat ‘like with like’, that is, a substance which causes symptoms when taken in large doses, can be used in small amounts to treat those same symptoms. For example, drinking too much coffee can cause sleeplessness and agitation, so according to this principle, when made into a homeopathic medicine, it could be used to treat people with these symptoms. This concept is sometimes used in conventional medicine, for example, the stimulant Ritalin is used to treat patients with ADHD, or small doses of allergens such as pollen are sometimes used to desensitize allergic patients. However, one major difference with homeopathic medicines is that substances are used in ultra high dilutions, which makes them non-toxic.

B The principle of treating “like with like” dates back to Hippocrates (460-377BC) but in its current form, homeopathy has been widely used worldwide for more than 200 years. It was discovered by a German doctor, Samuel Hahnemann, who, shocked with the harsh medical practises of the day (which included blood-letting, purging and the use of poisons such as arsenic), looked for a way to reduce the damaging side-effects associated with medical treatment. He began experimenting on himself and a group of healthy volunteers, giving smaller and smaller medicinal doses, and found that as well as reducing toxicity, the medicines actually appeared to be more effective the lower the dose. He also observed that symptoms caused by toxic ‘medicines’ such as mercury, were similar to those of the diseases they were being used to treat e.g. syphilis, which lead to the principle he described as ‘like cures like’. Hahnemann went on to document his work, and his texts formed the foundations of homeopathic medicine as it is practised today. A BBC Radio 4 documentary aired in December 2010 described Hahnemann as a medical pioneer who worked tirelessly to improve medical practice, insisting that medicines were tested before use.

C

As yet, science has not been able to explain the mechanism of action of ultra high dilutions in the body, but laboratory experiments have repeatedly demonstrated that homeopathically prepared substances cause biological effects. For example, the hormone thyroxine prepared as a homeopathic ‘30C’ dilution can slow down the process of metamorphosis of tadpoles into frogs. One theory is that during the production of a homeopathic medicine, the dilution and agitation processes cause an interaction between the original material (e.g. a plant such as Belladonna) and the water and alcohol it is mixed with. This creates tiny new structures (nanostructures) which are the ‘active ingredient’ and remain present even when the sample has been diluted many, many times. There is also a growing body of research evidence that homeopathic medicines have clinical effects. D 75% of in vitro experiments have found that substances as dilute as homeopathic medicines have specific effects(2) Scientists frequently refer to homeopathic medicines as being diluted ‘beyond Avogadro’s number’. This means that they have been diluted beyond 10(-23) – the final concentration at which molecules of the original substance would still be present. Confusingly several different expressions are used to refer to dilutions beyond this point: ‘high dilutions’, ‘ultrahigh dilutions’, ‘ultramolecular dilutions’ and ‘UHDs’; in homeopathic language they may also be referred to as ‘high potencies’. Homeopathic medicines of the strength 12c and above are in this ultramolecular range. This is why homeopathy attracts such controversy, with sceptics saying that homeopathic medicines are ‘nothing but water’.

E “The facts are indisputable, statistically significant and reproducable, even if they cannot be explained by the molecular paradigm.”(1) Experimental results from many different independent laboratories have confirmed that there are physical differences between homeopathically prepared samples and control (control = provides a basis for comparison in a trial e.g. an established treatment or inactive ‘dummy’ treatment) samples (such as plain water or other solvents). These differences can be measured using scientific techniques such as:

Calorimetry Measuring the amount of heat given off by a sample Spectroscopy Measuring how a substance absorbs, emits or scatters electromagnetic radiation Thermoluminescence The amount of light produced by a sample when it is heated (due to the release of stored energy) can also be measured.

Experiments of this kind demonstrate that the homeopathic preparation process (serial dilution and violent agitation) creates samples that have specific physical properties, despite the fact that they do not contain molecules. They do not tell us how homeopathic medicines interact with the living body, but the more we learn about the properties of these ultrahigh dilutions in the laboratory, the closer we can come to understanding exactly how homeopathic medicines work in practice. The manufacture of homeopathic medicines involves two processes – serial dilution and succussion (succussion = a specific form of vigorous agitation). Researchers believe that the succussion is an essential component in creating biologically effective samples, so experiments investigating ultrahigh dilutions always use succussed samples. Some experiments even compare diluted and succussed samples to samples that have been diluted to the same level but not succussed, as well as other controls.

Part 2: Writing (25%) (1 hour 45 minutes)

In this part of the test, you must answer Question 1 and ONE other question. Question 1

Read the following curriculum vitae from a student who wishes to participate in an MBA program at an American

university and then write the accompanying letter of application (180 - 200 words). Use your own words as much as

possible.

Brian D. Wylie, 717 Dartmoor, Ann Arbor,

MI 48103, (313) 555-9872

Career Goal My career goal is to become an effective and conscientious corporate general manager. My strong engineering background, a projected MBA, and my diverse activities will have formed a solid foundation for this goal. Education and Work Experience Current Bachelor’s degree in engineering science from the University of Michigan (expected completion: May 2013). Emphasis on biomechanics and industrial human performance. Independent studies on stress-related anxiety, materials used for human implantation, and nerve conduction velocities in the hand. Summer Assistant Pool Manager, Travis Pointe Country Club, Saline, Michigan. Responsibilities included maintaining effective relations with the membership, organizing the physical plant, and teaching group and private swim lessons. Summer Cabin Counselor, National Music Camp, Interlochen, Michigan. I had 24-hour counselling responsibility for 20 teenage boys with homesickness, personality conflicts, group problems, and personal problems. This job enabled me to use my motivational and leadership skills to keep the boys interested in their musical and physical activities. I also had responsibility for the waterfront, the recreation program, and special events. Activities and Honors Activities Michigan swim team, three varsity letters (2007- 2010). Michigan varsity club water polo (2007-2009). Psi Upsilon fraternity (2005-2007), rush chairman (2007). Honors Tau Beta Pi National Engineering Honorary Society (2006-2007). Dean’s List (three semesters); Regents’ scholar (2005).. Academic scholarship (2007-2008, 2009-2001). Athletic scholarship (2008-2011) References Richard E. Spaid, President, Hillman Manufacturing Company. David M Sonsegard, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Applied Mechanics, U.M. Larry E Dittmar, All-State Boys’ Director, National Music Camp. Augustus P Stager, U.M. Varity Men’s Swim Coach Taken from Technical Writing & Professional Communication for Non-native Speakers of English by T N Huckin & L A Olsen McGraw Hill (authentic material used in publication).

Question 2

Write an answer to ONE of the following questions A or B (270 - 300 words). Write the letter which corresponds to

the question you have chosen to answer in the box provided on the answer sheet.

A. Write an essay to discuss the following statement. Give reasons and examples where appropriate:

Man’s greatest danger to himself and society is his own indifference.

OR

B. You have been asked to write an article in the university student blog about places to shop in your city. The

blog is designed to help foreign students who have come to study at the local university. You should mention

the following:

· items on sale

· prices

· service

· location

· advantages in comparison with other similar shops

· reasons for recommending the shops

Examen de Inglés Avanzado - C1

Name & surnames: ______________________________________________

DNI: ___________________

Signature: ______________________________________________

Read the instructions carefully. Write ALL your answers on the separate answer sheet.

Part 3: Listening (25%) (40 minutes)

There are three questions in this part of the exam.

Question 1 (18 marks) Listen to this radio report about a bird counting campaign in the US. Read the sentences below and complete the missing information. You will hear the recording twice. Write your answers on the separate answer sheet. You will have 5 minutes at the end of the test to transfer your answers to the answer sheet. Taken from: http://www.npr.org/rss/podcast/podcast_directory.php?type=topic Example:

Over the Christmas period people all over

the country will be participating in the Christmas bird count. Answer 0. __until 5th January__

Now, listen to the recording. You will hear the recording twice.

Apart from binoculars people will use and

to collect data for the bird counts.

2.

0. until 5th January

1.

To count a bird you must first be able to see it. However there are two exceptions:

if it is and it has or if it is dark. or if it is dark. or if it is dark.

One of the less attractive aspects of bird counting is the need to go to

because birds are also found there.

Counters wait until dusk before they finish in order to

At the end of the day, participants hand in two forms: one which shows the list of

and .

The other form is called the Party Effort Form and is used for .

It includes information about how many

or how many and also information about the number of . Question 2 (20 marks) Watch a TV report about a project in the town of Todmorden and answer questions 1 to 10 below. You will see the video twice. Remember to transfer your answers to the answer sheet at the end of the test. Taken from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P3VLtr26e_E&feature=related

5.

3. 4.

7. 8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

6.

Sample question:

0. What can the locals do as they walk around the town?

Answer: They can eat.

1. How did the local community take control of the town?

2. What does the reporter mean by “it has taken off in a way few thought possible”?

3. Which particular group of people is the method of propaganda aimed at?

4. Where do vegetables grow in Todmorden?

5. What are old people not used to doing?

6. Why haven’t the sites been vandalized?

7. What institution is supporting the initiative?

8. How often do local schools eat their own produce?

9. Why didn’t Nick Green become a farmer?

10. What is the organizers’ ultimate ambition?

Question 3 (12 marks) Read the questions below then listen to a talk on materialism by psychologist, Tim Kasser and answer the questions. There is only ONE correct answer for each question. You will hear the recording twice. At the end you should transfer your answers to the answer sheet.

Sample question:

0. What do the messages to which we are exposed suggest? a. By making money we will feel more fulfilled b. If we spend money we will help the economy c. If we make and spend money we will be happy d. Actors spend money in bars and city parks

Answer:

c. If we make and spend money we will be happy

1. What does research show?

a. People who are wealthier have more emotion in their lives b. People who are more materialistic don’t get anxious c. People who are poor become depressed because they can’t consume d. People who have material ambitions are not as satisfied

2. When people are more materialistic,

a. They buy bikes and use things in new ways b. They are less sociable c. They are not as ecologically minded d. They endorse beneficial activities

3. What causes people to give priority to materialism?

a. Using the car instead of walking b. Lacking self esteem c. They want to buy new handbags or power tools d. Spending time with friends

4. How can we become less materialistic?

a. Turn down the volume on TV commercials b. Get rid of advertising in communal areas c. Teach it at school d. Stop using the internet

5. In what ways does the development of intrinsic values help us?

a. It promotes personal and economical well being b. It serves as a kind of vaccine against materialism c. It allows us to grow strong and healthy d. It means we can be volunteers

6. Why do some countries now assess citizens’ well being?

a. For statistical purposes b. In order to calculate the GDP and economic growth c. They want to change their communities d. To come up with policies which promote intrinsic values

Taken from - http://www.newdream.org/resources/high-price-of-materialism Also available on - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oGab38pKscw&feature=youtu.be

C1 Respuestas / Answers

Comprensión Lectora/Reading Comprehension

Question 1. (The End of the World)

1. B

2. C

3. D

4. B

5. A

6. B

7. B

Question 2. (Brazil)

1. It is very important as Vale accounts for 16 percent of Brazil’s total exports. 2. They only allowed their archeologist to be interviewed by e-mail and with replies censured by the

company. 3. It is difficult to access. 4. They give information about the prehistoric human history of the Amazon and how the Americas

became inhabited. 5. Anglo American 6. Manganese

7. They think the region might have had big sophisticated cities

8. Very fast. There are people working 24 hours a day.

9. They comply with regulations and adapt their construction proposals

10. They feel sad/resigned

11. They are not as economically attractive to big companies as the Carajás Caves

12. They surround the mining area

Question 3. (Homeopathy)

1. Paragraph C. As yet, science has not been able to explain the mechanism of action of ultra high dilutions in the body 2. Paragraph B. He began experimenting on himself and a group of healthy volunteers 3. Paragraph D. sceptics saying that homeopathic medicines are ‘nothing but water’ 4. Paragraph A. drinking too much coffee can cause sleeplessness and agitation, so according to this principle, when made into

a homeopathic medicine, it could be used to treat people with these symptoms. 5. Paragraph B. his texts formed the foundations of homeopathic medicine as it is practised today 6. Paragraph A. one major difference with homeopathic medicines is that substances are used in ultra high dilutions, which

makes them non-toxic 7. Paragraph E. Researchers believe that the succussion is an essential component in creating biologically effective samples 8. Paragraph E. Some experiments even compare diluted and succussed samples to samples that have been diluted to the same

level but not succussed, as well as other controls

Comprensión Auditiva / Listening comprehension

Question 1. (Bird Count)

1. recorders/recording equipment

2. scopes/telescopes

3. a rare/an elusive bird; a difficult bird to find; a timid bird; a member of a rare species

4. a unique/distinctive/unusual bird call/bird song

5. unpleasant places /smell/disgusting/dirty places; sewage lagoons

6. look for birds/species that appear then.

/ look for the short-eared owl that appears then.

7. species recorded

8. the number of birds for each species

9. scientific research

10. hours on foot (walking) /hours spent walking

11. kilometres covered/driven/covered by car

12. participants/people who participated/bird counters

Question 2. (Todmorden)

1. By planting vegetables and herbs in public places 2. Not many people thought it would be so successful 3. People without backyards/gardens and a history of growing/ people without experience in growing 4. Everywhere/ in public places 5. Taking things they haven’t grown themselves 6. Because people respect food 7. The local council/ Calderdale council/the council 8. Daily/ every day/on a daily basis 9. If his parents had accepted it /agreed 10. For Todmorden to be more self-sufficient in local food and for every town or community in the country to do

the same so that children will have a great future.

Question 3. (Materialism)

1. D 2. C 3. B 4. B 5. B 6. D