Parliamentary Democracy-Chapter 5

8/20/2019 Parliamentary Democracy-Chapter 5

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PARLIAMENTARYPARLIAMENTARYDEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY


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The Senate (Dewan Negara)The Senate (Dewan Negara)

• TheThe Dewan NegaraDewan Negara oror SenateSenate is the upper house of theis the upper house of theParliament of Malaysia.Parliament of Malaysia.

• The enate !onsists of "# mem$ers% of &hi!h '( areThe enate !onsists of "# mem$ers% of &hi!h '( arein)ire!tly ele!te) $y the states% &ith t&o senators forin)ire!tly ele!te) $y the states% &ith t&o senators fore*ery state in the +e)eration% an) the other ,, $ein-e*ery state in the +e)eration% an) the other ,, $ein-

appointe) $y the Yan- )iPertuan A-on-.appointe) $y the Yan- )iPertuan A-on-.• The enate re*ie&s le-islation that has $een passe) $yThe enate re*ie&s le-islation that has $een passe) $y

the lo&er house of Parliament% the De&an Ra/yat.the lo&er house of Parliament% the De&an Ra/yat.

• 0oth houses must pass a $ill $efore it !an $e sent to the0oth houses must pass a $ill $efore it !an $e sent to the

1in- for royal assent2 ho&e*er% if the1in- for royal assent2 ho&e*er% if the Dewan NegaraDewan Negara re3e!ts a $ill% it !an only )elay the $ill4s passa-e $y are3e!ts a $ill% it !an only )elay the $ill4s passa-e $y ayear 5at the most6 $efore it is sent to the 1in-.year 5at the most6 $efore it is sent to the 1in-.


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MembershipMembership

• Appointe) persons must ha*e 7ren)ere) Appointe) persons must ha*e 7ren)ere))istin-uishe) pu$li! ser*i!e or ha*e a!hie*e))istin-uishe) pu$li! ser*i!e or ha*e a!hie*e))istin!tion in the professions% !ommer!e%)istin!tion in the professions% !ommer!e%in)ustry% a-ri!ulture% !ultural a!ti*ities or so!ialin)ustry% a-ri!ulture% !ultural a!ti*ities or so!ialser*i!e or are representati*e of ra!ial minoritiesser*i!e or are representati*e of ra!ial minorities

or are !apa$le of representin- the interests ofor are !apa$le of representin- the interests ofa$ori-ines 5Oran- Asli6a$ori-ines 5Oran- Asli6

• Ea!h of the 89 state le-islati*e assem$liesEa!h of the 89 state le-islati*e assem$lies!hooses ' enators.!hooses ' enators.

• The term of offi!e is 9 years an) enators !anThe term of offi!e is 9 years an) enators !anonly $e reele!te) on!e% !onse!uti*ely or nononly $e reele!te) on!e% !onse!uti*ely or non!onse!uti*ely.!onse!uti*ely.


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• The 1in- appoints t&o enators for the +e)eralThe 1in- appoints t&o enators for the +e)eral

Territory of 1uala Lumpur% an) one for theTerritory of 1uala Lumpur% an) one for the+e)eral Territory of La$uan un)er the a)*i!e of+e)eral Territory of La$uan un)er the a)*i!e ofthe Prime Minister.the Prime Minister.

• Another ,# enators% re-ar)less of their states% Another ,# enators% re-ar)less of their states%are appointe) $y the 1in-% also on the Primeare appointe) $y the 1in-% also on the PrimeMinister4s a)*i!e.Minister4s a)*i!e.

• To :ualify% a !an)i)ate must $e a MalaysianTo :ualify% a !an)i)ate must $e a Malaysian!iti;en resi)inin the +e)eration% must not o&e!iti;en resi)inin the +e)eration% must not o&ealle-ian!e to any forei-n state% must not ha*ealle-ian!e to any forei-n state% must not ha*e

re!ei*e) a prison senten!e of one year orre!ei*e) a prison senten!e of one year orlon-er% an) must not ha*e $een fine) RM'%###lon-er% an) must not ha*e $een fine) RM'%###or more.or more.


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•


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• The enate ele!ts a Presi)ent to presi)e o*erThe enate ele!ts a Presi)ent to presi)e o*er

sittin-s of the enate% ensure o$ser*an!e of thesittin-s of the enate% ensure o$ser*an!e of therules of the house% an) interpret the tan)in-rules of the house% an) interpret the tan)in-

Or)ers of the house shoul) they $e )ispute).Or)ers of the house shoul) they $e )ispute).

houl) the Presi)ent $e a$sent% his Deputyhoul) the Presi)ent $e a$sent% his Deputy

ta/es his pla!e.ta/es his pla!e.


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Dewan Rakyat (House ofDewan Rakyat (House of

Representatives)Representatives)

• TheThe Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat is the lo&er house of theis the lo&er house of theParliament of Malaysia.Parliament of Malaysia.

• All $ills or propose) a!ts of la& must pass All $ills or propose) a!ts of la& must passthrou-h thethrou-h the Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat $efore pro!ee)in- to$efore pro!ee)intothe upper house of the De&an Ne-ara% &hi!hthe upper house of the De&an Ne-ara% &hi!hmust pass the $ill as &ell to ha*e it sent to themust pass the $ill as &ell to ha*e it sent to theYDPA 51in-6 for royal assent.YDPA 51in-6 for royal assent.

• TheThe Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat may also amen) le-islationmay also amen) le-islation

at &ill.at &ill.• Mem$ers of theMem$ers of the Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat are oftenare often

referre) to as Mem$ers of Parliament or MPs.referre) to as Mem$ers of Parliament or MPs.


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• Parliament4s mem$ers are permitte) to spea/ onParliament4s mem$ers are permitte) to spea/ on

any su$3e!t &ithout fear of !ensure outsi)eany su$3e!t &ithout fear of !ensure outsi)eParliament2 the only $o)y that !an !ensure anParliament2 the only $o)y that !an !ensure anMP is the


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• @n)er the A!t% all pu$li! )is!ussion of repealin-@n)er the A!t% all pu$li! )is!ussion of repealin-

!ertain arti!les of the !onstitution )ealin- &ith!ertain arti!les of the !onstitution )ealin- &ith0umiputra pri*ile-es su!h as Arti!le 89 is0umiputra pri*ile-es su!h as Arti!le 89 is

ille-al.ille-al.

• This prohi$ition is e>ten)e) to all mem$ers ofThis prohi$ition is e>ten)e) to all mem$ers of

$oth houses of Parliament.$oth houses of Parliament.

• Mem$ers of Parliament are also for$i))en fromMem$ers of Parliament are also for$i))en from

!riti!i;in- the 1in- an) 3u)-es.!riti!i;in- the 1in- an) 3u)-es.


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• The e>e!uti*e -o*ernment% !omprisin- theThe e>e!uti*e -o*ernment% !omprisin- the

Prime Minister an) his Ca$inet% is usually )ra&nPrime Minister an) his Ca$inet% is usually )ra&nfrom mem$ers of Parliament2 most of itsfrom mem$ers of Parliament2 most of itsmem$ers are typi!ally mem$ers of themem$ers are typi!ally mem$ers of the DewanDewanRakyat Rakyat ..

• After a -eneral ele!tion or the resi-nation or After a -eneral ele!tion or the resi-nation or)eath of a Prime Minister% the 1in- sele!ts the)eath of a Prime Minister% the 1in- sele!ts thePrime Minister% &ho is the


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• The Prime Minister then su$mits a list !ontainin-The Prime Minister then su$mits a list !ontainin-

the names of mem$ers of his Ca$inet% &ho &illthe names of mem$ers of his Ca$inet% &ho &illthen $e appointe) as Ministers $y the 1in-.then $e appointe) as Ministers $y the 1in-.• Mem$ers of the Ca$inet must also $e mem$ersMem$ers of the Ca$inet must also $e mem$ers

of Parliament.of Parliament.

• If the Prime Minister loses the !onfi)en!e of theIf the Prime Minister loses the !onfi)en!e of theDewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat % &hether $y losin- a no% &hether $y losin- a no!onfi)en!e *ote or failin- to pass a $u)-et% he!onfi)en!e *ote or failin- to pass a $u)-et% hemust su$mit his resi-nation to the 1in-% &ho &illmust su$mit his resi-nation to the 1in-% &ho &illthen appoint a ne& Prime Minister.then appoint a ne& Prime Minister.

• The Ca$inet formulates -o*ernment poli!y an)The Ca$inet formulates -o*ernment poli!y an))rafts $ills% meetin- in pri*ate.)rafts $ills% meetin- in pri*ate.


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• Its mem$ers must a!!ept 7!olle!ti*eIts mem$ers must a!!ept 7!olle!ti*e

responsi$ility7 for the )e!isions the Ca$inetresponsi$ility7 for the )e!isions the Ca$inetma/es% e*en if some mem$ers )isa-ree &ith it2ma/es% e*en if some mem$ers )isa-ree &ith it2if they )o not &ish to $e hel) responsi$le forif they )o not &ish to $e hel) responsi$le forCa$inet )e!isions% they must resi-n.Ca$inet )e!isions% they must resi-n.

• Althou-h the Constitution ma/es no pro*ision for Althou-h the Constitution ma/es no pro*ision forit% there is also a Deputy Prime Minister% &ho isit% there is also a Deputy Prime Minister% &ho isthethe de factode facto su!!essor of the Prime Ministersu!!essor of the Prime Ministershoul) he )ie or $e other&ise in!apa!itate).shoul) he )ie or $e other&ise in!apa!itate).


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MembershipMembership

• A mem$er of the A mem$er of the Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat must $e at leastmust $e at least'8 years of a-e an) must not $e a mem$er of'8 years of a-e an) must not $e a mem$er ofthethe Dewan NegaraDewan Negara..

• The presi)in- offi!er of theThe presi)in- offi!er of the Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat is theis the

pea/er% &ho is ele!te) at the $e-innin- of ea!hpea/er% &ho is ele!te) at the $e-innin- of ea!hParliament or after the *a!ation of the post% $yParliament or after the *a!ation of the post% $ythe MPs.the MPs.

• T&o Deputy pea/ers are also ele!te)% an) oneT&o Deputy pea/ers are also ele!te)% an) one

of them sits in pla!e of the pea/er &hen he isof them sits in pla!e of the pea/er &hen he isa$sent.a$sent.


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• TheThe Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat ma!hinery is super*ise) $y thema!hinery is super*ise) $y theCler/ to the imum of fi*e

years% after &hi!h a -eneral ele!tion must $e !alle).years% after &hi!h a -eneral ele!tion must $e !alle).• In the -eneral ele!tion% *oters sele!t a !an)i)ate toIn the -eneral ele!tion% *oters sele!t a !an)i)ate to

represent their !onstituen!y in therepresent their !onstituen!y in the Dewan Rakyat Dewan Rakyat ..

• 0efore a -eneral ele!tion !an $e !alle)% the 1in-0efore a -eneral ele!tion !an $e !alle)% the 1in-

must first )issol*e Parliament on the a)*i!e of themust first )issol*e Parliament on the a)*i!e of thePrime Minister.Prime Minister.


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General le!tionGeneral le!tion


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• Malaysia is a !ountry that pra!tisesMalaysia is a !ountry that pra!tises

parliamentary )emo!ra!y.parliamentary )emo!ra!y.• The ele!tion an) *otin- are the importantThe ele!tion an) *otin- are the important

politi!al metho) for the people to -i*e thepoliti!al metho) for the people to -i*e theman)ate for a !ertain party to form theman)ate for a !ertain party to form the-o*ernment.-o*ernment.

• Ele!tions -i*e the !iti;ens ri-ht to pi!/ their o&nEle!tions -i*e the !iti;ens ri-ht to pi!/ their o&n-o*ernment.-o*ernment.

• The -o*ernment that pra!tises a )emo!rati!The -o*ernment that pra!tises a )emo!rati!system is one that is !hosen an) a-ree) uponsystem is one that is !hosen an) a-ree) upon

$y the people throu-h the ele!tions to !arry out$y the people throu-h the ele!tions to !arry outthe )uties or responsi$ilities in the interests ofthe )uties or responsi$ilities in the interests ofthe people.the people.


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• This is &hat is meant &hen &e say that theThis is &hat is meant &hen &e say that the

philosophy of )emo!ra!y is from the people tophilosophy of )emo!ra!y is from the people tothe people an) for the people.the people an) for the people.

• All these pro!esses !an only ta/e pla!e throu-h All these pro!esses !an only ta/e pla!e throu-h

ele!tions.ele!tions.

• The party that &ins the ele!tion at theThe party that &ins the ele!tion at the

Parliamentary le*el &ith a ma3ority% &ill form theParliamentary le*el &ith a ma3ority% &ill form the

!entral -o*ernment.!entral -o*ernment.

• Those &ho &in &ith a ma3ority at the tateThose &ho &in &ith a ma3ority at the tateLe-islati*e Assem$ly &ill form the stateLe-islati*e Assem$ly &ill form the state

-o*ernment.-o*ernment.


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• A -eneral ele!tion is hel) on!e e*ery fi*e years. A -eneral ele!tion is hel) on!e e*ery fi*e years.

•


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• The $yele!tion is hel) at the )eath of aThe $yele!tion is hel) at the )eath of a

representati*e or mem$er of the taterepresentati*e or mem$er of the tateLe-islati*e Assem$ly or mem$er ofLe-islati*e Assem$ly or mem$er of

Parliamentary or if there is a *a!ant seatParliamentary or if there is a *a!ant seat

$e!ause of a$senteeism from meetin-s for a$e!ause of a$senteeism from meetin-s for a

fi>e) perio) of time.fi>e) perio) of time.• It is also hel) &hen the -eneral ele!tion result ofIt is also hel) &hen the -eneral ele!tion result of

a !onstituen!y is !onsi)ere) not le-al.a !onstituen!y is !onsi)ere) not le-al.

• Only the !ourt !an )e!i)e &hether the result ofOnly the !ourt !an )e!i)e &hether the result ofan ele!tion is ille-al after a !har-e has $eenan ele!tion is ille-al after a !har-e has $een

offi!ially ma)e follo&in- rules an) le-islation.offi!ially ma)e follo&in- rules an) le-islation.


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• @sually the


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The "otersThe "oters

• The *oter is an in)i*i)ual &ho has the ri-htThe *oter is an in)i*i)ual &ho has the ri-htan) :ualifies to $allot in an ele!tion.an) :ualifies to $allot in an ele!tion.

• A!!or)in- to the !onstitution% e*ery Malaysian A!!or)in- to the !onstitution% e*ery Malaysian

!an *ote for the


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• The person !annot *ote if his name )oes notThe person !annot *ote if his name )oes not

appear on the ele!toral list. Those &hose namesappear on the ele!toral list. Those &hose namesare not re!or)e) in the list are not allo&e) toare not re!or)e) in the list are not allo&e) to*ote.*ote.

• The :ualifyin- )ate refers to the 98The :ualifyin- )ate refers to the 98stst of Au-ustof Au-ustea!h year. This )ate is ma)e the )ate forea!h year. This )ate is ma)e the )ate for

!he!/in- an) preparin- the *oters re-ister ea!h!he!/in- an) preparin- the *oters re-ister ea!hyear $y the ele!tion !ommission.year $y the ele!tion !ommission.

• The &or) not resi)in- means not li*in- orThe &or) not resi)in- means not li*in- orpresent in an ele!toral !onstituen!y )urin- thepresent in an ele!toral !onstituen!y )urin- the

time of ele!tion.time of ele!tion.• A *oter not resi)inin ele!toral !onstituen!y is A *oter not resi)inin ele!toral !onstituen!y is)es!ri$e) as an a$sentee *oter an) !an still)es!ri$e) as an a$sentee *oter an) !an still*ote.*ote.


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• +or e>ample% a !iti;en &ho is &or/inin the+or e>ample% a !iti;en &ho is &or/inin the

fe)eration Arme) +or!es% a !iti;en &ho is li*in-fe)eration Arme) +or!es% a !iti;en &ho is li*in-o*erseas $ut &or/in- &ith the fe)eral or stateo*erseas $ut &or/in- &ith the fe)eral or state-o*ernment or lo!al or semi-o*ernment-o*ernment or lo!al or semi-o*ernmentauthority% an) a !iti;en &ho is stu)yin- a$roa).authority% an) a !iti;en &ho is stu)yin- a$roa).

• There are t&o matters that !an $ar a !iti;enThere are t&o matters that !an $ar a !iti;enfrom *otin-Ffrom *otin-F

8.8.


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• Rationally% a person of '8 is re-ar)e) an a)ultRationally% a person of '8 is re-ar)e) an a)ult

an) !an thin/ in a mature manner re-ar)in- thean) !an thin/ in a mature manner re-ar)in- theparty that he thin/s !an an) is !apa$le of loo/in-party that he thin/s !an an) is !apa$le of loo/in-

after the interests of the !ommunity.after the interests of the !ommunity.


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le!tion #ommissionle!tion #ommission

• The responsi$ility of the Ele!tion CommissionFThe responsi$ility of the Ele!tion CommissionF

8.8. Dra& up the $or)ers of the ele!toralDra& up the $or)ers of the ele!toral!onstituen!ies!onstituen!ies

'.'. Prepare an) !he!/ the *oters lists for the le!tionsPrepare an) !he!/ the *oters lists for the le!tions

9.9.

Mana-e the ele!tion pro!ess for theMana-e the ele!tion pro!ess for the

Parliamentary an) tate Le-islati*e Assem$lyParliamentary an) tate Le-islati*e Assem$ly

• The mem$ers of the Ele!tion Commission areThe mem$ers of the Ele!tion Commission are

appointe) $y the YDPA after !onsultations &ithappointe) $y the YDPA after !onsultations &ith

the Coun!il of Rulers.the Coun!il of Rulers.• Its mem$ership !onsists of a !hairperson% aIts mem$ership !onsists of a !hairperson% a

)eputy an) three other mem$ers.)eputy an) three other mem$ers.


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• The mem$ers are allo&e) to hol) the post untilThe mem$ers are allo&e) to hol) the post until

the a-e of ( an) !an resi-n from the post $ythe a-e of ( an) !an resi-n from the post $ysen)in- letter to the YDPAsen)in- letter to the YDPA

•


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"ote an$ %alloting"ote an$ %alloting

• +or a -eneral ele!tion% after the YDPA )issol*es+or a -eneral ele!tion% after the YDPA )issol*esParliament at the re:uest of Prime Minister% theParliament at the re:uest of Prime Minister% theEle!tion Commission &ill or-ani;e the $allotin-Ele!tion Commission &ill or-ani;e the $allotin-pro!ess 5ele!tion6.pro!ess 5ele!tion6.

• They also )etermines the )ate an) pla!e ofThey also )etermines the )ate an) pla!e of$allotin-.$allotin-.

• The nomination !an $e )one in not less than tenThe nomination !an $e )one in not less than ten)ays after its announ!ement has $een !ir!ulate).)ays after its announ!ement has $een !ir!ulate).

• Any !an)i)ate &ho &ishes to !ontest must o$tain Any !an)i)ate &ho &ishes to !ontest must o$taina nominator% a se!on)er an) at least four othera nominator% a se!on)er an) at least four otherpeople% &hose names are re!or)e) in thepeople% &hose names are re!or)e) in thenomination paper.nomination paper.


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• They must also $e re-istere) *oters in theThey must also $e re-istere) *oters in the

*oters re-ister of the !onstituen!y &here the*oters re-ister of the !onstituen!y &here the!an)i)ate is !ontestin-.!an)i)ate is !ontestin-.

• E*ery !an)i)ate has to put )o&n a )eposit%E*ery !an)i)ate has to put )o&n a )eposit%

)epen)in- on &hether it is a Parliamentary)epen)in- on &hether it is a Parliamentary

5RM8#%###6 or tate Le-islati*e Assem$ly5RM8#%###6 or tate Le-islati*e Assem$ly

!onstituen!y 5RM%###6 in '##,.!onstituen!y 5RM%###6 in '##,.

• The )eposit is use) to pay for infrin-ements ofThe )eposit is use) to pay for infrin-ements of

ele!tion la&s an) is returne) after pollin- )ayele!tion la&s an) is returne) after pollin- )ayunless the !an)i)ate loses an) fails to -et moreunless the !an)i)ate loses an) fails to -et more

than 8GHth of the *ote.than 8GHth of the *ote.


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• The $allotin- )ay !an $e after three &ee/s fromThe $allotin- )ay !an $e after three &ee/s from

the )ate of nomination $ut !annot e>!ee) ei-htthe )ate of nomination $ut !annot e>!ee) ei-ht&ee/s.&ee/s.• 0efore $allotin- )ay arri*es% the parties ha*e to0efore $allotin- )ay arri*es% the parties ha*e to

form their o&n manifesto an) are allo&e) toform their o&n manifesto an) are allo&e) to

!arry out ele!tion !ampai-ns throu-h politi!al!arry out ele!tion !ampai-ns throu-h politi!altal/s.tal/s.

• It is ne!essary to -et poli!e appro*al or permitIt is ne!essary to -et poli!e appro*al or permitfor all the politi!al tal/s.for all the politi!al tal/s.

• On the $allotin- )ay% all *oters !an !arry outOn the $allotin- )ay% all *oters !an !arry outtheir responsi$ility $y !astin- their *otes intheir responsi$ility $y !astin- their *otes in$allotin- pla!es pro*i)e) su!h as s!hools% to&n$allotin- pla!es pro*i)e) su!h as s!hools% to&nhalls% pu$li! halls an) -o*ernment $uil)in-s.halls% pu$li! halls an) -o*ernment $uil)in-s.


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• E*ery *oter is -i*en t&o sheets of $allot papersE*ery *oter is -i*en t&o sheets of $allot papers

of )ifferent !olours2 one for tate Le-islati*eof )ifferent !olours2 one for tate Le-islati*e Assem$ly !onstituen!y an) the other for the Assem$ly !onstituen!y an) the other for theParliamentary !onstituen!y.Parliamentary !onstituen!y.

• On ea!h $allot paper are sym$ols representin-On ea!h $allot paper are sym$ols representin-

the !ontestin- !an)i)ates an) the spa!e for thethe !ontestin- !an)i)ates an) the spa!e for the*oter to ma/e his !hoi!e.*oter to ma/e his !hoi!e.

• The *oter &ill mar/ =J in the spa!e pro*i)e)The *oter &ill mar/ =J in the spa!e pro*i)e)a-ainst the sym$ol representin- the !an)i)ate ofa-ainst the sym$ol representin- the !an)i)ate of

the *oters !hoi!e. The $allot papers are put intothe *oters !hoi!e. The $allot papers are put intoseparate $o>es.separate $o>es.


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• +or those !ate-ori;e) as nonresi)in- *oters%+or those !ate-ori;e) as nonresi)in- *oters%

*otin- is )one throu-h the post.*otin- is )one throu-h the post.• This means they )o not -o to $allotin- pla!eThis means they )o not -o to $allotin- pla!e

pro*i)e) $ut ma/e their !hoi!e earlier an) sen)pro*i)e) $ut ma/e their !hoi!e earlier an) sen)the $allot papers throu-h the post.the $allot papers throu-h the post.

• This in!lu)es those &ho are o*erseas% mem$ersThis in!lu)es those &ho are o*erseas% mem$ersof se!urity for!es an) pu$li!offi!e $earersof se!urity for!es an) pu$li!offi!e $earersin*ol*e) in han)lin- the ele!tion matters inin*ol*e) in han)lin- the ele!tion matters inareas outsi)e their $allotin- )istri!ts.areas outsi)e their $allotin- )istri!ts.


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• There are !auses that !an )is:ualify a personThere are !auses that !an )is:ualify a person

from $e!omin- a Parliamentary mem$er orfrom $e!omin- a Parliamentary mem$er ortate Le-islati*e Assem$ly mem$erFtate Le-islati*e Assem$ly mem$erF

8.8. The person is foun) to $e not of soun) min)The person is foun) to $e not of soun) min)

'.'. The person is a $an/ruptThe person is a $an/rupt

9.9. The person hol)s a salarie) postThe person hol)s a salarie) post

,.,. The person fails to sen) his statement ofThe person fails to sen) his statement of

e>penses for the le!tion &ithin 99 )ays aftere>penses for the le!tion &ithin 99 )ays after

announ!ement of resultannoun!ement of result.. Person has $een foun) -uilty of !riminalPerson has $een foun) -uilty of !riminal

offen!e $y any !ourtoffen!e $y any !ourt


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(. The person o$tains forei-n !iti;enship or use)(. The person o$tains forei-n !iti;enship or use)

forei-n !iti;enshipforei-n !iti;enship".". The person is foun) -uilty of an offen!e relate)The person is foun) -uilty of an offen!e relate)

to ele!tionsto ele!tions

Parliamentary Democracy-Chapter 5

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Transcript of Parliamentary Democracy-Chapter 5