Parking Management Opens Wider Opportunities

PARKING MANAGEMENT

OPENS WIDER OPPORTUNITIES

Paul Barter

www.reinventingparking.org

@ReinventParking

Keynote Presentation for PIE 2017

Mindset matters

Mindsets matter!

Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org

Parking is usually planned like …

Can you guess what’s coming?


Parking is usually planned like …

Restrooms

Every development expected to

provide enough on-site to meet its

own demand


But is parking really like restrooms?

Do people do it in the streets without embarrassment?

Does off-street provision easily prevent a mess in the street?

Does everyone need it, or only motorists?

Do some users occupy it for hours on end?

Can we predict long-term demand, even if the use changes?

How much space and cost does it take to have enough?

Does oversupply encourage excessive use?


Parking is also often planned like …

Transit As a public service/infrastructure that serves an area


Parking supply can ALSO be determined like …

Restaurants

A real-estate service serving

an area and provided by a

competitive market at market-

responsive prices


Photo: Matthew Roth

Off-street parking

~~ restaurants

On-street parking

~~ sidewalk vendors


Off-street parking

~~ restaurants

On-street parking

~~ sidewalk vendors

(which the city needs

to regulate)


like restrooms

in car-oriented suburbs


Parking is usually planned …

like restrooms

like transit


in many urban districts



like restrooms

like transit

like restaurants


in many urban districts

in some downtowns



Can we EXPAND the

zones in which parking

supply is determined like

transit or like restaurants?


And can we shrink the

area in which it is

planned like restrooms?


Blackwood,

South Australia

Which of these

yields most value

from urban space?


Urban success

Like restrooms?

Like restaurants?

Like local streets?

Which is most

responsive to

change?

Which is most

adaptable to local

context?


Donald Shoup’s most prominent three

proposals for municipal parking policy

i. Price on-street parking for 85%

occupancy

ii. Use revenue as desired by local

stakeholders

iii. Abolish minimum parking

requirements

Adaptive

Parking

Towards municipal

parking policy that

delivers:

- success without

excess

- responsiveness to

local conditions and

to change

- more value from

urban space


THE PRIZE Freedom, Choices, Options!


Traffic reduced

Housing affordability

Unleash part of parking ‘land bank’

Transit-oriented development boost

Infill boost


Fiscally healthy development

Fargo (as highlighted by

Strong Towns)

Renaissance zone: zero parking

minimums

Enormous increase in assessed

value of the area


Image via https://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/23/

robust-growth-and-development-without-mandating-parking

“Future proof” the parking ecosystem

Adaptive Parking thrusts

aim to increase market-

responsiveness in local

parking

Photo by Grendelkhan CC BY-SA 4.0 via Wikipedia


RELAX! Success without Excess



The place where my elementary school used to be

Enough yet? Urban success?


Photo: Paul Barter

Noarlunga, South Australia (via Google Maps)

Stop boosting supply

So long as on-street parking is very well managed

Photo by Flickr user gregwake

Photo by Mariordo - CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Sao Paulo in Brazil

completely abolished

parking minimums in

2014 Paul Barter


Abolishing parking minimums is not radical:

example London

No non-residential minimums since 1974

(maximums instead)

Similarly for residential minimums since

2004

Average 40% fewer spaces with new

residential buildings (steepest drops in

transit-rich areas) (Zhan Guo)

London PTAL (public transport accessiility

level) scores

Photo by Rept0n1x CC BY-SA 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons

Beaufort Park Apartments, Colindale, London



example Berlin

0.25 € / per 15 min

0.50 € / per 15 min

0.75 € / per 15 min

Off-street parking deregulation was complemented

by improved on-street management (Image source: Dr Friedemann Kunst)

In the 1990s: Berlin abolished ALL parking minimums

No maximums

Result: less parking in transit-oriented locations

but little change elsewhere

(according to Dr Kunst, former head of transport for the Berlin Senate)



example USA cities

Source: Strong Towns, http://www.strongtowns.org/journal/2015/11/18/a-

map-of-cities-that-got-rid-of-parking-minimums


At least make parking minimums less harmful: Japan

Simple land-use categories (only 2 main

ones) for parking minimums

Zero parking minimums for small and

medium-sized buildings <1500 m2

Low minimums generally (applying in full only for

buildings with 6,000 m2 or more):

Office: 0.3 spaces per 100 m2

Retail: 0.4 spaces per 100 m2

Residential: 0.2 to 0.3 spaces per 100 m2

(Gradually rises to these levels between 1500 and 6000 m2)


Fix more than just the minimums

Tax and zoning anomalies

Parking usually doesn’t count as

floor area in zoning codes

Dubious evaluation practices for

city parking investments


Kuala Lumpur,

Malaysia

SHARE! “Walkable Parking”

Towards more widespread park-once-and-walk

districts where most parking is open to the public


Each site required to provide enough on-

site parking for its own peak parking

demand

Visitors to a site expected to park on site

Graphic by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard


Graphics by Patrick Siegman of Nelson/Nygaard



Source: ITDP, Shared Parking, 2015.

https://www.itdp.org/shared-parking/

Park-once-and-walk districts

Encourage parking to be open to the public

Stop requiring on-site parking

Focus on design quality not quantity

Manage on-street parking well

Parking guidance

Walkability


Avoid permit-

holder ONLY

zones

Prefer permit

zones that give

priority to permit

holders

Paul Barter www.reinventingparking.org Image by DeFacto [CC BY-SA 2.5 via Wikimedia Commons

ON-STREET PARKING

UNDER CONTROL


Weak on-street parking

management

Obstruction, double parking, cruising

On-street parking panic

Excessive parking supply

Undermining urban success


Many cities have improved their on-street

parking management recently


PRICE! Responsive rationing

both on-street and off


GOAL: new arrivals find a space

PRICE-SETTING PRACTICE: occupancy targets

For city-owned parking

BOTH on-street AND

off-street


Image source: Donald Shoup, ‘Cruising for Parking’, Access Magazine, Spring 2007.

http://www.accessmagazine.org/articles/spring-2007/cruising-parking/

Price

zones:

how big?


Los Angeles Express Park

Calgary

Discourage bundling of parking costs

Unbundle parking in commercial space leases

Unbundle residential parking costs

Discourage employer-provided free parking

Avoid the oversupply that prompts bundling

ENGAGE! Engage with local stakeholders who feel a strong sense of ownership over local parking


Can we get that snowball rolling?


By Kamyar Adl (Flickr) [CC BY 2.0] via Wikimedia Commons https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AGiant_snowball_Oxford.jpg

COULD THIS WORK FOR YOU?


Benefits from even

small steps on each

Adaptive Parking

thrust?


Wicker Park, Chicago, IL

Image via Google Maps

Benefits from even

small steps on each

Adaptive Parking

thrust?


Blackwood,

South Australia

Part of central Detroit Image via Google Maps

Benefits from even small

steps on each Adaptive

Parking thrust?


Blackwood,

South Australia

Image via Google Maps

THANK YOU Questions?

Paul Barter


@ReinventParking

Parking Management Opens Wider Opportunities

Government & Nonprofit

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