Park District Manual - Pest Control

7/30/2019 Park District Manual - Pest Control

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Introduction to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 1 - 2

Chapter 2 Getting Started; Implementation Timeline/Checklist 3 - 5

Chapter 3 Monitoring and Evaluation 6 - 13

Chapter 4 Weeds 14 - 22

Chapter 5 Plant Diseases 23 - 30

Chapter 6 Wildlife 31 - 36

Chapter 7 Insects 37 - 51

Chapter 8 Soil, Turf, and Landscaping 52 - 58

Chapter 9 Making it official: An IPM Policy 59 - 65

Appendix A Monitoring Forms 66

Appendix B Policy, Law and Regulations 67 - 73

Appendix C Product Supplier List 74

Appendix D Contact/Resource Information 75

Appendix E Resources 76 - 78

Special thanks to: Rick Stumpf, Park District of Highland Park; Phil Nixon, University of Illinois

Extension; Julie Samuels, Openlands Project; John Masiunas, University of Illinois Extension;Raymond Cloyd, University of Illinois Extension; Bettina Francis, University of Illinois Extension;Dawn Nordby, University of Illinois Extension; Larry Hanks, University of Illinois Extension; TomVoigt, University of Illinois Extension; Jennifer Grant; New York Extension; Rachel Rosenberg,Safer Pest Control Project; Kim Stone, Safer Pest Control Project; Fred Gullen, Superintendent ofParks Glenview; Dave Shangle, Dalsh Consulting for their contributions.

Compiled and Edited by John Q. Knight.


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Integrated Pest Management for Park Districts

Safer Pest Control Project 1

CHAPTER1INTRODUCTION TO INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

WHY PRACTICE IPM?Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a system of controlling nuisance wildlife that uses a

combination of methods to maximize the effectiveness of control, while minimizing pesticideapplications and the potential hazards associated with their use. IPM offers park districtmanagement and staff a way of managing parks without depending on pesticides, which in turnprovides a safer place for people to enjoy the outdoors, improves the health and vitality of the parksecosystem, and ultimately reduces maintenance needs and costs.

A Safer Place for People to EnjoyIPM is a pest control method that has been around for centuries. Current IPM programs arose outof a desire to manage areas such as parks without relying heavily on pesticides. Pesticides have beenlinked with a variety ofhealth problems, ranging from acute short-term symptoms of poisoningsuch as nausea, dizziness, headaches, and aches and pains1 to chronic problems such as cancer2,

endocrine disruption, asthma irritation3

, and learning disabilities.

Routine use of pesticides on park grounds may expose park users and staff to these short and longterm health risks. Pesticide accidents such as spills or misapplications could subject the park ormunicipality to liabilities. Storing pesticides also includes the potential for accidents. Reducingpesticide use and using IPM helps reduce these risks.

Improved Health and Vitality of the Parks EcosystemPesticides dont just harm or kill the undesired organism. They reduce populations of beneficialplants, insects, fish, and other organisms. They kill beneficial microorganisms in soil that are neededto grow healthy plants, in turn requiring the application of fertilizers to help these plants grow. Thisself-perpetuating cycle will often cause artificially healthy turf that relies heavily on chemicalfertilizers.

IPM focuses your efforts on maintaining healthy plants and soil, enabling you to more effectivelycontrol pest problems. When problems do arise, you can address them by more effectively choosingthe most appropriate method weighing risk, costs, and effectiveness. Additionally, many IPMmethods also reduce or eliminate the residues and run-off associated with applying pesticides particularly important in areas used by children.

Reduced Maintenance Needs and CostsOver the long-term, IPM can reduce the costs associated with pest control (See Susqueanna School,p. 57). Repeated maintenance inputs of pesticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers can be phased

1 Lowengart, R. et al. 1987. Childhood leukemia and parents occupational and home exposures. Journal of the

National Cancer Institute 79:39-46.2 Davis, J.R., et al. 1993. Family pesticide use and childhood brain cancer. Archives of Environmental

Contamination and Toxicology 24(February):87-92.3 National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. 1997. Guidelines for the Diagnosis and

Management of Asthma (April), NIH Publication No. 97-4051.


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out, restoring the natural balance of the soil, and eventually requiring fewer water and fertilizerinputs.

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PRINCIPLES AND METHODS

PP RR II NN CC II PP LL EE SS Eliminating insect, disease, and weed pestproblems not eradicating allpests Applying pesticides, fertilizers, or watering only when the benefits outweigh the costs Considering all pest management options, including natural, biological, cultural, and chemical

methods(Adapted From: Gemplers 1999-2000 IPM Almanac)

Instead of relying on pesticides as the first choice to manage pest problems, IPM uses a hierarchy ofpest control methods to maintain pest populations at or below levels determined by park

management. A hierarchical list of these methods follows:

I P M M E T H O D S Natural control creating habitat for natural predators of pests, i.e. planting native

landscaping to attract dragonflies for mosquito control. Cultural control maintaining the site in a way to discourage pests. For example, maintaining

grass heights of 2 to 3 inches to shade out weeds. Physical control removing the pest; i.e. employing someone to pull weeds from flowerbeds Biological controls applying insects or bacterium for pest control. For example, a

bacterium called milky spore can be used to control Japanese Beetle grubs in turf. Least Toxic Chemical controls when all other methods have not brought pest populations

to tolerable levels, chemical controls that are the least hazardous to the environment and non-target or beneficial organisms should be considered.

Integrated Pest Management for Park DistrictsSafer Pest Control Project

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CHAPTER2TRANSITIONING TO IPM(HOW TO USE THE MANUAL)

Transitioning to IPM will be a gradual process, taking at least a few seasons. To start, traditionalpest management strategies, such as routine pesticide applications, should be phased out andreplaced with IPM methods. Chapters 4 through 7 have sketches of pests (including weeds in

Chapter 4) to aid in identification. Descriptions include the damage caused by the pest, coupledwith specific IPM methods that can be implemented over the short and long term. The short-termmethods will keep pests at acceptable levels while making the IPM transition. As you proceed,implementing long-term methods will begin to reduce the amount of maintenance and inputsneeded.

IIPPMM PP RR OO GG RRAA MM This manual is designed as a reference tool. Please flip through it, using the information pertinentto your site to design your IPM program. The steps in constructing a program are outlined in thetimeline and checklist below, and are numbered sequentially. Details regarding each of the steps canbe found in the following section entitled Explanation of Steps and in the cited chapters. Consult

the chapter(s) before executing the step.

II MM PP LL EE MM EE NN TT AATT II OO NN TT II MM EE LL II NN EE AA NN DD CC HH EE CC KK LL II SS TT

EE XX PP LL AA NN AA TT II OO NN OO FF SS TT EE PP SS ::

STEP 1BEGINNING THETRANSITION Timeline(In Months) Phase out the use of pesticides 0-4 Begin implementing short-term IPM methods 0-4

STEP 2ASSESSING THE SITE Collect and review historical information regarding the site 4-6 Develop and draft monitoring form 6 Collect soil sample(s) to be analyzed 7-8 Conduct baseline assessment 7-8 Analyze baseline assessment information and soil test results 8

STEP 3DEVELOPING AN IPMPLAN Set an action threshold 8 Prioritize pests and evaluate available resources; target methods 8 Develop a monitoring schedule 9 on Plan for and implement IPM methods 9 on

STEP 4CONTINUED MONITORING,RECORD KEEPING, AND EVALUATION Maintain detailed, consistent, and updated records 9 on Evaluate IPM program 9 on

STEP 5DEVELOPING/ADOPTING POLICY Draft IPM policy and adopt (Chapter 9 for example) 12 on


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EEXXPPLLAANNAATTIIOONN OOFFSSTTEEPPSS

STEP 1BEGINNING THETRANSITION

A. Phase Out Pesticide Use and Implement Short-Term IPM Methods Chapters 4 7

Phase out chemical applications and begin to apply pesticides only where and when neededto control a specific pest. Identification of the pest(s) is an important first step in asuccessful IPM program. Sketches are provided to aid in identification and descriptionsinclude short-term IPM methods for control (including least toxic products) that are lesshazardous than traditional practices.

STEP 2ASSESSING THE SITE

A. Prepare for and Conduct the Baseline Assessment Chapter 3Before developing an IPM plan for your site, it is useful to observe and record conditions of

weather, soil, and plants. Comparing current and past conditions will help to determine thecause of pest problems and the most effective methods of pest control for the site. Chapter3 includes sample forms that may be used to gather this information.

STEP 3DEVELOPING AN IPMPLAN

A. Set an Action Threshold Chapter 3How many pests or weeds are acceptable? This section provides a framework to help youdecide when a pest is problematic enough to warrant treatment.

B. Prioritize Pests and Target IPM Methods Chapters 4 -7Identify common causes for the pests that are found on the site, prioritize methods tocontrol the pests that cause the most damage, and decide which methods are the mostfeasible for the site.

C. Develop a Monitoring Schedule Chapter 3Depending on the amount and type of pests identified, develop a routine schedule in whichmonitoring will be performed to ensure that pests are being maintained below the actionthresholds.

D. Plan for and ImplementIPM Methods Chapter 3Develop a routine schedule in which IPM methods will be implemented to meet actionthresholds.

Long-Term IPM Methods Chapter 8Improving site conditions is the base of a successful IPM program. By modifying the soil,landscaping, and maintenance methods, plant health and pest resistance can be significantlyimproved, which leads to a higher level of pest tolerance and decreases the need for pestcontrol activities.


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STEP 4CONTINUED MONITORING,RECORD KEEPING, AND EVALUATION

A. Maintaining Detailed, Consistent, and Updated Records Chapter 3Good records save time by providing an account of past pest conditions and effectiveness of

controls, allowing for the fine-tuning of an IPM program. With them, pest outbreaks can beanticipated and, in some cases, altogether prevented. Also, records enable the manager ormaintenance staff to evaluate and fine-tune the IPM program to make it the most effective.

B. Evaluate IPM Program Chapter 3

STEP 5DEVELOPING/ADOPTING POLICY

A. Draft IPM Policy and Adopt Chapter 9An effective IPM program will improve the health and appearance of the site, save time andmoney, and improve the environment. Additionally, the program can offer numerous waysin which to involve the public: educational site visits, management presentations, publicsigns and displays, etc. The next step is to incorporate IPM into park management policy publicizing the park districts dedication to providing a healthy place for people to enjoy.


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CHAPTER3MONITORING,IPMPLAN, AND EVALUATION

WHAT IS MONITORING?In an IPM program, monitoring includes the regular observation and recording of site conditions.These conditions include plant health, drainage and moisture, soil health, compaction, turf density,

sun exposure, soil physiology (study of soil processes), and the presence of weeds, wildlife, insects,or disease. Monitoring is the base of an IPM program.

WHYMONITOR?Maintaining good monitoring records will make your job easier. Monitoring will help you:

1) Determine the extent of pest populations2) Design and time appropriate pest management methods3) Maintain pests and pest damage at acceptable levels

Monitoring is an essential component of an effective IPM program. By taking a broad look at site

conditions, you can choose targeted methods of pest control that are the most effective.

For example, an area of the park continually has problems with broadleaf weeds. A soil test comesback from the lab with results indicating that the phosphorus levels are suitable for turf. Thisinformation, coupled with investigations that found that the soil is not overly compacted and thegrass varieties are well suited to the shade and moisture conditions, would lead you to look to otherpossible causes. Further review of the test results reveals that calcium levels are slightly low. Byincorporating more calcium into the next fertilizer application and evaluating the results, you willbe able to determine whether or not this is an effective method of controlling the weeds.

Or, take another example where an area of the park has recently been renovated with some newplayground equipment. The construction vehicles tore up some turf, so some areas needed to bereplanted. As the new sod went in, it was watered thoroughly for weeks following the installation.However, you notice the sod hasnt taken hold in areas that had a lot of traffic, particularly wheretire ruts had formed. At this point, you decide to aerate the area and relieve the compaction. Theturf recovers and is able to grow where the ruts once were.

Having data on site conditions will also aid in the evaluation of past management methods andenable you to continually select the best methods, which will minimize inputs and maximizeeffectiveness.


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DEVELOPING AMONITORING PROGRAM1. Historical InformationMonitoring begins with collecting site-specific historical data. Records of pesticide applications andlandscape maintenance may be good sources for this information. Collect as much of the followingas possible:

Inventory of plants on the site

Pest problems, control strategies, and the effectiveness of those strategies, time of yearpest is present

Weather and site conditions during pest problems: rainfall, temperatures, sparse turf,presence of weeds, etc.

Description and extent of tree, plant and landscaping damage from disease, insects, orwildlife

Soil types, nutrient deficiencies, pH levels, compaction Man made and natural features near problem areas Site use: playground, hiking trail, etc. Time of year pests have been present

Previous construction or other damage

Ideally, the data should be compiled into a database so that it can be readily compared with currentinformation. If this isnt possible, arranging the files to the above categories should provide for easyreference and comparison.

If no historical data is available, the IPM program will be based on the baseline assessment.Historical data will accumulate over time as it is collected on monitoring forms.

2. Developing or Using a Monitoring FormAppoint a staff member to be responsible for monitoring. If there isnt sufficient staff or staff time,consider hiring a consultant or intern. The most important element of monitoring is consistency, soit is important to have the same person develop or select the monitoring form that they will useduring monitoring visits. Sample monitoring forms are included inAppendix A, or a new one canbe created by drafting a log and sketch of the site. You can find information on how to do thisbelow.

The monitoring form will be used to record historical data, perform the baseline assessment, andrecord information gathered at follow-up monitoring visits. It consists of a site log (Figure 1) andmap (Figure 2) that is used to record observations during these visits. Below are suggestions onhow to organize the data when adapting or developing the monitoring form. (Alternatively, the logand map can be easily recorded directly into a computer using spreadsheets, ArcView GIS software,GIS positioning devices, or other similar technologies).


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FIGURE 1LOG PORTION OF MONITORING FORM


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MM OO NN II TT OO RR II NN GG FF OO RR MM CC OO NN TT EE NN TT SS

LOG (Organized in Columns) FIGURE 1 Inventory of trees and other plants on the site Pest problems, including identification of

weeds, insects, disease, or wildlife damage,time of year pests are present

Weather and site conditions: rainfall,temperatures, sparse turf, presence of weeds,etc.

Description and extent of tree, plant andlandscaping damage from disease, insects, orwildlife

MAP (Adapted or Sketched) FIGURE 2 Soil types, nutrient deficiencies, pH levels,

compaction Man made and natural features near problem

areas including areas that flood, have drainageor other moisture problems

Site use: playground, hiking trail, etc. Time of year the pest is present

FIGURE 2MAP PORTION OF MONITORING FORM

The monitoring form should betailored to the site and preferencesof the assessor, but should containboth a map and a log in someform. It may be possible to adaptan aerial photo of the site as the

basis for your map, or to useexisting topographical drawings. Besure that property lines, roads,tennis courts, baseball fields, otherrecreational areas, etc. are includedfor ease in orientation.

If these resources are not suitable,a map can be drafted during a walkthrough of the site keeping inmind that it should be made by the

same person responsible forcontinued monitoring. Includeeasily recognizable landmarks andincluding the information listed inthe log and map sections. Thesketch will serve as yourmonitoring form.


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IMPORTANT: Since the monitoring form (map and log) will be used to record changes in siteconditions during each monitoring visit, copy it before filling it out during the baseline assessment.

3.Baseline AssessmentThe baseline assessment is the initial collection of current information about the site. Larger sites

may take some time, so you may want to break the area into smaller segments while performing thebaseline assessment, or initially focus on a pilot plot. The next page contains a list of suggested toolsto bring along.

TTOOOOLLSS FFOORRTTHHEEBBAASSEELLIINNEE AANNDDFFOOLLLLOOWW--UUPPSSIITTEEAASSSSEESSSSMMEENNTTSS:: Magnifier to identify insects too small to identify with the naked

eye Insect Sweep Nets to collect insects for identification Insect Traps and Lures to aid in collection Jars and Vials with 70% Ethyl or Isopropyl Alcohol To

preserve insects for identification Identification Keys to assist in identifying the pest; Chaps 4 7 Small shovel and soil test kit to collect soil samples to be sent

to a lab Collection Bags Clip Board

Before conducting your baseline assessment, a useful information source to review is TurfgrassWeed Management An IPM Approach, (Reference #21). The article outlines specifics inmonitoring for weeds, but includes methods that can be applied to monitoring for all pests.

OO NN TT HH EE GG RR OO UU NN DD :: CC OO NN DD UU CC TT II NN GG TT HH EE SS II TT EEAA SS SS EE SS SS MM EE NN TT

With the tools listed above, walk the site. Survey the site to locate pests and use nets, jars, traps,lures, and collection bags to trap or collect them if you have difficulty identifying them right away.Use the magnifying glass if theyre hard to see, and the guide to identify them. Record the type ofpest, location, and estimated amount on the monitoring form.

Walk through all areas of the park, mapping plants and site conditions such as amount of shade,soil characteristics and traffic as well as any weeds or diseases present. Nearby features such asstorm water discharge pipes, rocky soils, and areas of low or high elevation or heavy use patterns

are all conditions that can contribute to pest problems and should be recorded. Take soil samplesin areas that have weed growth or poor turf/landscaping health.

Identifying both pests and site conditions will help you address possible causes of pest problemsand will provide you with information that you can use to improve the health of your turf andlandscaping. Be sure to record as much of the above information as possible, since moreinformation will lead to better pest management decisions.


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Additional information can be collected to increase the precision of the IPM program. For example,detailed weather data such as Growing Degree Days, combined with plant phenology can help youpredict the occurrence of a pest problem or the vulnerable life stages of insect pests and can helpprevent disease outbreaks. A list from the local extension office should be available to help you

determine when these events may occur.

IPMPLANAssemble historical data and pest control information that was recorded during the baselineassessment. Contact an extension office for any nearby, current, or potential pest problems thatcould possibly affect your site to be prepared should a problem develop.

1. Setting Action Thresholds When to Take ActionEstablish a threshold based on the amount of pest-related damage that will be tolerated. This levelmay vary depending on the use of the site. For example, weeds in a park may be more frequently

tolerated than in front of village hall. Powdery mildew on some plants may be tolerated as it is moreunsightly than harmful. Determining how much of a particular pest, or the damage caused by thatpest, can be tolerated is setting an action threshold.

Many factors may play into setting these thresholds, and they may change over several seasons asyou build up information about the patterns at each site. Certain levels of insects will not affectplants, and certain numbers of weeds are unnoticeable at a casual glance. For example, in setting aweed threshold, some things to consider may be aesthetics, the purpose of the site, user safety(athletic fields) nearby neighbors, etc. You may ask yourself questions such as can I stand to have afew dandelions on the practice field, or, does the milkweed near the footpath really deter from thelandscape? On the other hand, it is important to take action while it is possible to take proactivesteps.

Public awareness is also important in setting thresholds. Is the public willing to tolerate a few weedsif they know that the IPM program will reduce the use of pesticides? If this is a new program, it willbe important to develop an outreach program for the public explaining the change in the park andhow it will benefit the community.

Finding the appropriate balance and setting a corresponding threshold can only be done through asystem of trial and error for some pests. The most important thing to determine about the site is theamount of damage that can be tolerated before it becomes harmful, noticeable, or both.

General Rule for Insect Damage:1)Pest damage on new plants should be limited to roughly 5% of the total plant2)Older, hardier plants can withstand 10-15% damage from the pest.

2. Prioritize IPM MethodsAs you determine your thresholds, take an inventory of the resources you have available to reachthem. Do you have the machinery you need for larger modifications of the site and soil? Are youable to identify a supplier that can provide you with beneficial insects, insecticidal soaps and other


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less harmful products (Appendix C)? Use the list from your baseline assessment to identify whatIPM methods you can apply towards each pest, and which methods they may have in common. It isalso important to consider whether the chemical controls are species specific or affect non-targetspecies. Take time to prioritize IPM methods that will be used, and formulate an annual IPM planincluding soil preparation, landscape maintenance, and monitoring.

Determine the potential pest problems that may be encountered base on historical data and thecurrent site assessment. Use the turf and landscaping knowledge of the park staff, and advice fromyour local cooperative extension office. Gather information from Chapters 4-7 and other sourceson how to prevent outbreaks and manage these pests if they become a problem.

3. IPM Methods Short and Long TermTake action on your thresholds using the information provided in Chapters 4-7. To reach yourdesired threshold, your IPM Plan will include both short-term and long-term methods. Short-termmethods are steps taken to immediately deal with pests, (for example mechanical removal for weeds)and long-term methods are steps to designed to prevent problems from occurring, or to minimizethem before the become a larger problem. Chapters 4-7 list both short and long-term methods.

When transitioning into an IPM Program, your management techniques will initially focus on short-term treatment options. As you transition into an IPM program, the amount of short-term methodsused will be gradually reduced. Prioritize the IPM methods that are feasible for you, and which maybe long-term goals. Think of problems cumulatively often the conditions causing one problemwill cause others as well. Making one lasting change to the soil may initially involve a large amountof work, but it will save a lot of effort in the long run by preventing future problems.

4. Establish a Monitoring ScheduleCreate a schedule for monitoring, taking into account the number and diversity of plants on theproperty, the size of the site, the life cycles of the pests you find, as well as anticipated pest problems

in the area. Monitoring should occur at regular intervals. If this proves unfeasible, then knowingwhich problems will likely arise will enable you to anticipate when you will need to monitor suchas correlating with the seasonal appearance of certain pests to other occurrences, (including theflowering of a particular shrub). Generally, its most useful to increase the frequency of monitoringin spring, in order to identify potential problems before they occur. Given the differences in pestspecies, plants, and site sizes, each will need a customized monitoring schedule to prevent problems.If this is not easily determined, start out monitoring on a quarterly basis.

5. Record KeepingKeep records of how each control measure worked by following up during the next monitoringvisit. These records ensure that ineffective methods are not duplicated.

Be sure to include basic weather information along with it, as natural cycles, including temperatureand precipitation, can have blanket effects on pest populations and methods to control them.


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EVALUATIONEvaluate the impact of the IPM program at the end of the year. Were you able to control targetedpests? How well did you achieve the threshold levels that you had set? Were there observableimpacts on the pests? What was the reaction to the program from the public or from municipalleaders? Certain IPM methods may take awhile to have an effect, and should be evaluated

accordingly for instance, improving drainage is often a lengthy process and, consequently, it maybe difficult to evaluate the impacts right away.

Take into account that the process of transitioning into IPM will occur over a few seasons. As such,expectations and outcomes should be evaluated accordingly. Below are questions that will help youevaluate the program on an annual basis, provide assistance in customizing the program, plan formonitoring, equipment, and product needs.

EE VV AA LL UU AA TT II OO NN QQ UU EE SS TT II OO NN SS Are thresholds too difficult to attain, should they be readjusted? Has the health of the landscape improved? Have the long-term IPM methods been successful? Which treatments were cost-effective, which werent? Have you realized the savings from reduced pesticide use and needs?

Beginning an IPM program can be an intimidating task. Start with a small site that can be easilymanaged, or divide a larger site to make the task easier. A test plot on a segment of a larger site canbe used to evaluate an IPM program. The key is to select a parcel of land small enough so thatbeginning an IPM program is not too intimidating. Establishing an electronic database to track thisinformation will help streamline data collection and make analysis easier.


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CHAPTER4WEEDS

Below, you will find descriptions of common weed species in Illinois, conditions that can potentiallycontribute to their growth, and IPM methods that can be used for their control. Explanations of themethods can be found at the end of this chapter; pages 18 to 22, and in the listed sections of

Chapter 8.

WW EE EE DD II DD EE NN TT II FF II CC AA TT II OO NN GG UU II DD EE (Source: Illinois Pesticide Applicator Training Manual Fruit and Vegetable Crops Pest Control)

Buckhorn plantain (Plantago lanceolata) Narrow, lance like leaves

with prominent parallel veins. Leaves are 2 to 10 long and 1/3 to1 wide with three predominate parallel veins on the blade. Flowersare present from June to September and are produced at the end oflong, unbranched stems. Seed heads are bullet-shaped. Common ondrier soils and neutral to basic soils. Tolerates close mowing.

Short Term Control: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer,flaming, and heat treatment.Long-Term Control: See Chapter 8: moisture management.

Broadleaf and Blackseed Plantain (Plantago major and P. rugelii)Perennial weeds that have broad oval leaves with parallel veination.Leaves are 1 to 7 long and 2/3 to 4 wide. From June throughSeptember leafless, unbranched stems are produce with smallinconspicuous flowers. Both species are common in turf or sod areasand tolerate close mowing and damp, heavily compacted soils.

Short Term Control: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer,flaming, and heat treatment.

Long-Term Control: See Chapter 8: compaction, moisturemanagement.


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Large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) A matforming, summer annual with purple stems. Canreach 3 feet in height. Leaf blades are about 12 timeslonger than wide, and are flat, sharply pointed, andnormally dull green (sometimes purple tinged).

Seedheads appear as several finger-like spikes at theend of each stalk. The spreading, flat growth ofcrabgrass tends to crowd out desirable grasses.Crabgrass is killed by the first frost, leaving unsightlydead patches. Can be found in warm, moist, and fertile lawns where turf is thin or mowed short.After becoming established it will tolerate hot, dry, and compacted soils.

Short Term Control: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming, and heat treatment.Long-Term Control: See targeted fertilizing and Chapter 8: moisture management, fertilizing, soilheatlh.

Garlic Mustard (Alliaria petiolata)A non-native, invasive, biennialherb that invades shaded areas. Can out compete and displace nativegrasses and wildflowers. Seeds germinate in early spring. Whiteflowers with four petals occur the following year during May to July.Seeds are in slender capsules, 1 to 2 long and are dispersed inAugust but remain dormant until the second following spring. Stemsreach 1 to 3 1/2 high and emit a strong odor when crushed. Leavesare alternate, triangular, with toothed edges. Control immediately toprevent dense growth; in spring or fall before seeds are added to thesoil bank [22]

Short Term Control: See mechanical control, flaming, and heattreatment.Long Term Control: Contact the Illinois Department of NaturalResources (http://dnr.state.il.us/).

Ground Ivy (Glechoma hederacea) (Creeping Charlie) A perennial withcreeping, square stems that root at the nodes and form dense prostratepatches. Foliage emits a mint-like odor when injured. Bright-green leavesare opposite on the stem, round, with scalloped edges. Flowers are

produced from early April through June. Bluish-purple flowers are borneon short ascending stems. This plant grows well in shady areas where soilsare poorly drained.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming, and heattreatment.Long-Term: See sun exposure and Chapter 8: moisture management.


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White Clover (Trifolium repens) A mat-forming perennialwith creeping branched stems. Stems are smooth or onlyslightly hairy. The plant has three short-stalked leafletsthat are egg shaped and rounded at the apex. Roundflower heads are produced through the summer and are

white or pinkish in color. Thrives in moist, low-fertilitysoils. Beneficial, as it fixes nitrogen in the soil.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer,flaming, and heat treatmentLong-Term: See targeted fertilizing and Chapter 8: moisture management, fertilizing.

Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) A perennial weed reproducing

from seed and broken segments of the taproot. Can be 8 to 12high and 6 to 15 in diameter. Leaves are 3 to 10 long and 1 to2 wide, variously lobed. Strong taproot is thick and fleshy,branched, and deep. Flower heads are 1 to 2 in diameter, brightyellow, and upon maturing; bear seed with fluffy white downattached. Seeds detach readily and are wind disseminated.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming,and heat treatment.Long-Term: See Chapter 8.

Prostrate Knotweed (Polygonum aviculare) A summer annual thatgerminates in early spring. Young plants have long, slender, darkgreen leaves and are often mistaken for grass. Mature plants havesmall, dull-green leaves and inconspicuous white flowers. The plantforms a tough, prostrate wiry mat. Leaves are alternate, elliptic tooblong, approximately 1 inch long by 1/4 inch wide, pointed at theapex. Grows well on compacted soils.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming, andheat treatment.Long-Term: See Chapter 8: compaction.


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Prostrate and Spotted Spurge (Euphorbia supina and E. maculata).Mat-forming summer annuals that usually appear midseason. Thesmall leaves are opposite, egg-shaped, up to 1 long, and 1/3wide. Prostrate spurge has pale green leaves while spotted spurgehas a maroon spot on each leaf. Flowers are present July through

September in the axils of the upper leaves. Survives on dry or sandy,low nutrient soil and on compacted or disturbed sites.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming, andheat treatment.Long-Term: See targeted fertilizing and Chapter 8: compaction,fertilizing.

Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum slicaria) an invasive perennial, with a base that may

appear woody. Stems have four sides, are stiff, and reach 3 to 10 tall. Leaves arein whorls of three or opposite. Flowers bloom in mid to late summer. Will crowdout most native aquatic vegetation. Spreads by root and stem cuttings andproduces many seeds. Listed as an exotic weed in Illinois.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming, and heat treatment.Long-Term: Contact the Illinois Department of Natural Resources(http://dnr.state.il.us/)

Common Milkweed (Asclepias syriaca). A perennial with stout,unbranched, and erect stems, becoming woody and reaching 3 to 4feet. The plant exudes a milky sap when injured. Reproduces fromseed or from long, spreading roots. Leaves are large and oblong, 4 to8 long. Flowers are borne from late June to early August. Globe-likeflower clusters develop at the end of the stem and upper leaf axils.Individual flowers are purplish pink to white and fragrant. Seedpods

are large, 2 to 5 long, spiny, and pointed. Grows better in well-drained soil and does not tolerate frequent mowing or cultivation.Monarch butterfly habitat. Not a persistent weed.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming, andheat treatment.Long-Term: See Chapter 8.


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Mouseear Chickweed (Stellaria media) A perennial thatreproduces by seeds and occasionally spreads by creepingstems. Has shallow, fibrous roots. Mat forming, growing upto 20 tall and have weak and hairy stems. Leaves areopposite, dark green, very hairy, less than 1 long, and up to

wide. Small white flowers have 5 white petals that arenotched at the tips. Grows in cool, moist soils and in shade.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer,flaming, and heat treatment.Long Term: See sun exposure, Chapter 8: moisturemanagement.

Poison Ivy (Toxicodendron radicans) A woody perennial. Plant is either an

upright shrubby plant 2 to 3 feet high, or more commonly a vine thatclimbs trees and fences. Plants are distinguished by the 3 shiny leafs oneach branch. Leaflet edges are smooth to roughly toothed, and can bevariable in shape. Flowers, and its fruit are small (1/8 inch in dia.), round,and waxy white in color. Leaves develop attractive autumn coloration ofreds and orange. May have red stems. Plant contains poisonous oils thatcan produce a serious rash on contact or through the smoke of burningplants. Control is important because of the hazard to persons that maycome into contact with it.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming, and heat treatment.Long-Term: See sun exposure.Note: Should you chose mechanical removal, take extreme caution and wear gloves, pants, and along-sleeved shirt. Do not come into contact with clothes that may have oil from the plant on them,and make sure they are immediately washed with detergent in warm water.

Quackgrass (Elytrigia repens) A common perennial in NorthernIllinois. A patch forming, coarse-textured grass that spreads bystrong underground stems (rhizomes). The blades are dull-green incolor, up to 12 long, flat, and hairy to smooth on the upper surface

and smooth underneath. The plants produce a long, spiked seedhead in June and July. Tolerates frequent mowing.

Short Term: See mechanical removal, weed trimmer, flaming, andheat treatment.Long-Term: See Chapter 8.


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SHORT-TERM IPMMETHODSMechanical RemovalThe best short-term method in an IPM program is mechanical removal. Put simply, you pull theweed from the ground by hand or by using a garden tool. Figure 3 has some garden tools thatcan be used, accompanied by an illustration and suggested use for the tool. Most of these tools can

be found at hardware stores or garden centers. When removing the weed, its important to removethe entire plant, including the taproot, so that the weed cannot regrow. Its also best to remove theweed before it goes to seed, to reduce the possibility of further weed growth. Although mechanicalremoval can be labor intensive, it is effective and often a good choice for sites of moderate size.

FIGURE 3COMMON GARDENTOOLS(Source: Safe & Easy Lawn Care; The Complete Guide to Organic, Low-Maintenance Lawns)


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Weed TrimmerMany weeds will not regrow if they are cut down a handful of times. Using aweed trimmer sometimes called a hedge or grass trimmer will help you

perform this task quickly. A weed trimmer is usually around 4 long with twohandles, one on the end of the trimmer that houses a trigger to engage themotor and another mid way down for controlling the trimmer while in use.On the other end is a circulating motor with a plastic whip. When themotors engaged, the whip circulates around the motor, cutting any weeds orgrass that the whip comes into contact with. Available at any local hardwarestore, garden center, or can be purchased from:www.mcmaster.com.(Source: www.mcmaster.com)

Flaming

Another IPM treatment technique is flaming. This method consists of using a handheld torch toburn the plant for a couple of seconds. The flame damages the plants cells, causing it to wilt anddie. Additionally, any seeds that come into contact with the flame are rendered infertile, preventingthe plant seeds from germinating.

This method is a good substitute for a pesticide spray gun as you will just as easily be able to spottreat weeds along fence lines, around trees, sidewalks and paths, parking lots, and other hard toaccess areas. Flaming may not be appropriate for athletic fields, however, as it will leave burnpatches in the turf. Possible benefits of flaming include lower costs by substituting butane gas forseasonal pesticide purchases. Flamers are generally more effective on annual weeds.

Below is a picture and description of a flaming device:

To minimize the risk of fire, flaming must be done with caution and should not beused in areas that are particularly dry or that have debris or dry vegetation that maycatch fire. Also, the applicator should take precautions to avoid burns and preventtheir clothing from catching fire while applying [8]. It is important to heed all themanufactures warnings before using.

Description:3 torch with ignition switch is connected to a butane tank with a neoprene hose.Tank is fixed to a lightweight dolly. 3 flame from end of torch used to flame weed.

Check with you local hardware store for availability or trywww.gemplers.com,www.groworganic.com, orwww.greenfire.net.

(Source: Gemplers 1999-2000 IPM Almanac; The Essential Resource for Integrated PestManagement)


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Heat TreatmentHeat treatments, whether flaming or hot water/steam, can be substituted for bare-groundtreatments such as applying broad-spectrum plant killers Roundup or other Glyphosate-containing generic herbicides.Heat-treating makes use of hot water and foam mixtures that are directly applied to the weed. These

mixtures are heated to extremely high temperatures, and when applied to the weed, cause it to wiltand die. Applicator designs vary, but generally consist of a 3 to 4 wand connected by hose to atank containing the heated mixture.

These applicators, like flamers, are handy for spot treatments of fence lines, around trees, sidewalksand paths, parking lots, and other hard to access areas. After treatment, the non-toxicfoam/mixture dissipates, posing minimal environmental impact. See Waipuna inAppendix C formore details.

Least-Toxic Chemical ControlsAnother option for weed control is the use of certain less-hazardous herbicides. These include

herbicidal soaps and essential oils. Herbicidal soaps are made of fatty acids that are naturally foundin the soil, have few known adverse environmental effects, and can be applied like traditionalherbicides which is especially useful for spot-treatment applications.

Herbicidal soaps can be used to control mosses, algae, lichens, broadleaf weeds, and annual grassyweeds. They kill weeds and quickly decompose in the soil. One example would be ammoniatedsoap Concern Fast-Acting Weed Killer available atwww.victorpest.com. Additional herbicidalsoaps are available atwww.groworganic.com orwww.biconet.com. Vinegar has also been shown tobe an effective spot treatment. However, the USDA warns that vinegar concentrations over 5% canburn and should be handled with protective equipment. Using vinegar in a sprayer can also corrodeseals and valves. Research thoroughly before considering its use.

CheckAppendix C for additional resources.

IPMLONG-TERM METHODSThe goal of using long-term IPM methods is to decrease the likelihood of or prevent weed growthon the site before it occurs. Prevention first builds on maintaining a healthy, dense turf andeffectively covering areas that do not have turf. Below you will find long term IPM methodsspecific to weeds. ReviewChapter 8 for a more thorough explanation of long-term methods asthey apply to the entire landscape.

Most long-term weed management steps should be taken before spring, while outside temperaturesare tolerable, but before initial weed growth actually occurs. When including weed control in yourIPM Plan, you may incorporate all or a few of the steps below keeping in mind available time andresources.


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A logical sequence for incorporating long-term methods: Monitoring and Mapping Site Modifications landscaping with mulches, barriers, groundcovers, adjusting sun

exposure Targeted Watering and Fertilizing systems installed before spring, used throughout

growing season

Monitoring and MappingOnce weeds are identified, you will be able to build information about the plants life cycle into yourIPM plan. For instance, knowing that dandelions go to seed in late summer and spring can help youplan to mow them down before the seed fluff matures and dissipates. Knowing that CreepingCharlie is a perennial may convince you to focus on it rather than other annual weed species thatmay die off at the end of summer. All these things need to be considered when formulating yourIPM plan. See Chapter 3 for more information on monitoring and mapping.Landscaping with Mulches, Barriers, and GroundcoversThe goal is to eliminate areas where weeds can grow. This includes exposed soil in-between

ornamental plants or trees, areas of high foot traffic, areas that are shaded by trees, etc. Often,turfgrass cannot be grown or isnt desired in these areas. Landscaping options for these areasinclude:

1) Fabric or plastic barriers to cover soil before landscaping, laid on bare ground beforecovering with landscaping rocks or mulch

2) Apply mulch directly on the ground around landscaping. Mulch can also be appliedto walking paths, play areas, service areas and other locations where plants are notappropriate. Mulches used around ornamentals have the additional benefit ofreducing evaporation from the soil, adding organic material to the soil, and helpingprotect plants against extreme temperatures.

These products can be found at the local hardware store, garden center, or similar stores using thewebsite www.homeharvest.com. SeeAppendix C for other potential suppliers.

Sun ExposureCertain weed species favor shady conditions where the ground is moist and turf density is low. Inthese areas, tree limbs, shrubbery, or other ornamentals should be trimmed to allow for sunlight topenetrate onto the turf, encouraging turf growth and density.

Targeted FertilizationThe goal of targeted fertilization is to ensure that ornamentals are fertilized and weeds are not.Fertilizing impacts the nature and extent of weed growth. For example, to discourage the growth of

white clover, avoid overfertilizing with phosphorus.

Fertilizer can be applied through drip irrigation systems, with equipment found at your localhardware store or garden center. Another method is to apply a slow-release fertilizer to theplanting-hole before planting ornamentals. Keep in mind that fertilizers should be appliedjudiciously to control weeds, reduce costs, and limit potential environmental impacts such asrunoff.


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CHAPTER5PLANT DISEASE

Both the turf and ornamental plants in a park can be susceptible to disease. Below, you will finddescriptions of diseases that affect turf, turf and ornamentals, and solely ornamentals. Therecurrence of a disease may indicate that long-term IPM methods are needed (See Chapter 8). Also,

some diseases may be difficult to diagnose from the descriptions, and may require the help of anexpert, such as a state extension specialist.

EE XX PP LL AA NN AATT II OO NN OO FF TT EE RR MM SS ::

Sunscald occurs when a trees trunk is burned from exposure to the sunSolarization process of placing thin sheets of clear plastic over turf for several weeks. Sunlightpenetrates the tarp, heats the soil to temperatures in the range of 100oF to 122oF, and kills the pathogenthat lies in the top 2 to 4 of the turf.Tree wrap burlap, cloth or other material thats wrapped around a tree trunk or other woodyornamental to protect it from physical damage; i.e. sunscald.Herbicidal soaps usually a liquid concentrate, consisting of sodium or potassium salts combined withfish or vegetable oil to control weeds. Low toxicity [8].Neem Oil derived from the tropical neem tree; exhibits very low toxicity to mammals. Primarily usedas an insecticide. Should not be used near waterbodies.Fungicidal soaps usually a liquid concentrate, consisting of sodium or potassium salts combined withfish or vegetable oil to control fungus. Low toxicity [8].Garlic Oil derived from garlic bulbs, contains the volatile oil alliin. Recent studies have shown that itexhibits antibacterial, antifungal, amebicidal, and insecticidal traits. Word of caution: has a broad-spectrum effect, killing both pests and beneficial insects [8].Tarp Dragging method of reducing the amount of moisture thats collected on turf, achieved bydragging a tarp across the surface of the grass leaves to absorb the excess moisture.

Thatch a mat-like layer made up of dead roots, stolons, rhizomes, and, to a lesser degree, grassclippings; accumulates on the soil where turfgrass is planted and prevents water from reaching grassroots, harbors insects and diseases, and blocks light penetration.

TT UU RR FF GG RRAA SS SS DD II SS EE AA SS EE SS

BROWN PATCHDark or water-soaked patches first appearing grayish black, then turning brown as grass dries;

patches are a few inches to 3 in diameter. Caused by a fungus that lives in the soil. All grasses aresusceptible to attack. Brown Patch will develop when weather is warm, hot, and humid, withtemperatures above 85oF during the day and 60oF at night, in combination with leaf surfaces thatremain wet for 6-8 hours. Unbalanced soil fertility, particularly high nitrogen levels, and excessivelylow mowing height exacerbate the disease. Effects St. Augustine, bent grasses, and KentuckyBluegrass.


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With proper management, lawn turf will generally tolerate or recover from the disease withoutsignificant damage. Remove thatch (Chapter 8) as it harbors the disease. At fist sign of the disease,spread hydrated lime (be sure to read the directions first) at rate of 10 lb per 1,000 sq. ft. of grass tokeep grass dry and reduce damage from Brown Spot. Apply only when grass is dry to prevent injuryto grass. Repeat process in roughly 3-week intervals until disease is completely gone. You can also

dry grass by dragging a tarp across the grass surface. Collect grass clippings when mowing the turfto prevent thatch build up.

Solarization is another option. Although solarization will kill most lawn pathogens, valuablebeneficial organisms will survive. For instance, microorganisms such as Trichoderma will surviveand be most effective at suppressing Brown Spot once the soil has been solarized. Trichoderma isalso found in aged compost or pulverized tree bark. The compost can also be added to solarizedsoil to compete with and destroy Brown Spot. Dig holes in the damaged turf and add a to layer of composted tree bark or compost.

For control, least toxic products include neem oil, which suppresses pathogens by preventing themfrom reproducing, and garlic oil, used as a soil drench at a concentration of 150 to 200 ppm [8] See

Appendix C for a list of possible suppliers.

DOLLARSPOTAppears as light tan patches of dead leaf tissue, about the size of a silver dollar on closely mownturf. On taller cut turf the patches may appear as large as 3-4 in diameter, although usually onlythe upper half of the leaf is affected. Lesions on individual leaves are tan, hourglass-shaped, andstraddle the leaf blade. Overwinters in thatch. Thrives in nutritionally deficient grasses, and duringweather with warm days and cool nights. Affects creeping bentgrass, Kentucky bluegrass, fine-leavedfescue, ryegrass, zoysia, and bermudagrass. Supina bluegrass is more susceptible to the disease thanKentucky bluegrass or perennial ryegrass [16].

Proper nitrogen fertilization will stimulate turf growth and the affected tissue can be mown.Remove thatch. Try solarization, neem and garlic oil, or fungicidal soap. Using the soap as a drenchspot treatment on discrete areas of damaged lawn and repeating applications every 4 5 days mayprovide sufficient control.

FAIRY RINGSFairy rings are patches, arcs, and sometimes lines of dark green, fast growing turf or occasionallydead turf. Fairy rings may or may not be accompanied by mushrooms. These are caused by any oneof a number of Basidiomylete fungi (mushrooms). The fungi are not infecting the turf but instead

are living on dead organic material in the soil or thatch, including buried wood, tree stumps, peat, oreven thatch. The dark green color results from the release of nitrogen produced by the decayingaction of the fungi on dead organic matter in the soil. All grass species and varieties are equally atrisk.

Does not usually require treatment. If the cause is a buried tree stump or other solid wood debris,remove the wood and replace with soil. If it is peat, or another non-discrete source of organicmatter, there is not much that can be done. The dark green color can be masked by applying a


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nitrogen source to the local area or, if necessary, the entire turf [16]. See Chapter 8 on how tofertilize turf properly.

FUSARIUM BLIGHT

This disease appears as 2 to 6 diameter patches that turn red-brown, then tan and yellow. Grassroots and crowns are rotted. This is a warm-weather disease that can occur from late June throughearly September particularly in July and August. The disease usually appears after a week or two ofdry weather following a heavy rain, and is associated with shallow rooted grass, which is highlyvulnerable to drought stress. Symptoms usually appear first in areas of lawn under stress, forexample, along sidewalks and in poorly drained areas. Fusarium Blight attacks Kentucky bluegrasswhen the turf is over fertilized. High nitrogen and low calcium levels in the soil favor the disease.

Avoid fertilizing in late spring or early summer, and adjust fertilizer to address nutrient deficiencies(Chapter 8). Maintain lawn health, remove clippings that may be diseased, remove thatch, and aeratethe turf. Raise the mowing height in summer. Rake out dead grass and replace with Fusarium

resistant cultivars (check with your local extension office for a list) [3].

(DRECHSLERA)MELTING OUT ORLEAF SPOTEarly symptoms of melting out appear as small dark purple or black leaf spots occurring primarilyduring cool weather in spring and fall. Centers of the spots may become light tan as the spotsenlarge. Cool, moist weather promotes infection of grass roots and crowns. Similar symptoms canoccur in summer when temperatures exceed 85oF. Can be found on nearly all turf types throughoutthe year. Generally the disease is so minimal it goes unnoticed. Occasionally it may become severeand turf loss may result. Kentucky bluegrass is primarily susceptible.

Keep the turf on a well-balanced fertilization and irrigation program. Do not keep the turf overlymoist nor should the turf be allowed to become drought stressed. Increase the mowing height toprovide more leaf tissue, which will ultimately help the turf recover. Plant disease-resistant grasses(check with your local extension office for a list). Spring fertilization protects grass during springinfection season. Reduce thatch to remove overwintering areas for the disease. Avoid workingaround infested grass when wet, and remove and destroy infected grass clippings [3,8,12].

NECROTIC RING SPOTThis disease leaves dead spots that appear suddenly. It is caused by a fungus that rots the roots andcrowns of susceptible grasses, resulting in dead circular patches of turf that often contain living turfor weeds in the center (called a frog-eye pattern). This is a warm-weather disease that can occur

from late June through early September. Usually appears after a week or two of dry weatherfollowing a heavy rain, and is associated with shallow rooted grass, which is highly vulnerable todrought stress. Symptoms usually appear first along sidewalks and in poorly drained areas. Thedisease primarily attacks Kentucky bluegrass when it is over-fertilized in the summer.

Provide balanced nutrition to the affected area. If turf has died, overseed (Chapter 8) with perennialryegrass or tolerant cultivars of Kentucky bluegrass [8,16].


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PYTHIUM BLIGHT,GREASE SPOT,COTTONYBLIGHTThis disease causes circular spots of dark green grass growing together to form large, irregularclusters. Overwinters in thatch. Active in warm, wet weather when day temperatures exceed 85oF,

nighttime temperatures are above 68o

F, and relative humidity is close to 100%. All common turfgrasses are susceptible. Grasses in poorly drained, high traffic areas are particularly vulnerable.Disease thrives in soils with calcium deficiency or excessive alkalinity.

Avoid applications of highly soluble nitrogen fertilizers just prior to or during warm weather.Ensure proper drainage. Fill in any low spots in the lawn where water collects. Irrigate infrequentlyand deeply during warm weather. Water early in the day. Aerate, reduce thatch, and, if necessaryapply neem oil, or a fungicidal soap [8].

RED THREAD (PINKPATCH)

Fungus that appears as red threads extending from the grass blades. Grass is often affected in lighttan to pinkish patches, usually 2-12 in diameter. Will develop in cool to warm weather, in humidareas, particularly around rivers, lakes, and ponds. Threads are elongated, antler-like masses of redfungal tissue extruding from the tips of infected turf plants. Fungus later dries, becoming brittle andturning dark red. Red thread occurs primarily on under-fertilized fine fescues during cool, wetweather, primarily in the spring.

Maintain balanced fertility, paying particular attention to nitrogen levels. When nitrogen is low,apply organic fertilizers with nitrogen in fast-releasing form. Mow often to remove infected leaves,particularly when grass is slow growing and the weather is cool to warm and humid [16].

RUSTRust is easily identified by orange spore-bearing pustules on the surface of leaves. Infected turf areashave a yellow to orange tinge and the orange spores can coat clothing as pedestrians walk throughaffected areas. As the disease ages the orange pustules turn brown. May appear at any time of thegrowing season, but is most common on Kentucky bluegrass during autumn. Rust diseases rarelykill turf but are unsightly and can predispose the turf to environmental stresses. Rust diseases occurmost frequently on slow-growing turf.

Proper nitrogen fertilization, mowing, and irrigation will help manage most infections until thedisease disappears due to changes in the weather. Avoid excessive applications of highly solublenitrate fertilizers because this generates frequent flushes of lush, weak growth that are very

susceptible to Rust. Apply moderate amounts of compost, stabilized manure or slow-releaseammonium based fertilizers in affected areas during the late fall and early spring. SubstituteKentucky blue grass with disease-resistant cultivars. Provide good air circulation by pruning nearbytrees and shrubs. Do not work on turf while leaves are still wet. Remove thatch. Remove anddestroy infected leaves to slow spread of disease. Spray or dust susceptible plants with sulfur asneeded, to reduce moisture build up on plants [8,12,16].


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SLIME MOLDSlime Mold is rarely a serious problem. Mold spores suddenly appear on turf during warm weatheror following heavy rains, coating the grass with what looks like cigarette ash on the surface of thegrass blades. Does not harm grass, however, it can cover and disfigure it. Infected areas may varyfrom a few inches to a few feet across. Typically appears in the fall, or under humid conditions.

Spores can be easily removed from grass by rinsing with water during dry weather, or mowing andraking at any time [3].

SOOTYMOLDThis fungus appears as a dark gray to sooty black layer covering the surface of grass leaves, and canbe readily wiped off to show healthy green leaf surface underneath. Sometimes forms papery blacklayer that can be peeled away from the leaf. Results in poor growth or collapse of the plant.

Rinse sticky leaves with water to reduce honeydew before molds can grow. Control sucking-insects

such as aphids and whiteflies to reduce honeydew (Chapter 7). Rinse off infected leaves with streamof water [12].

STRIPE SMUTFungus that appears on grasses as yellow or brown spots with black or dark longitudinal stripes onthe blades. Infected blades eventually dry out and die. Stripes will eventually burst, releasingpowdery spores. Usually occurs during the cool weather of spring and fall. Turns grass plants palegreen, yellow, or brown. Particularly destructive to Kentucky bluegrass.

Mow frequently and remove clippings. Maintain a healthy lawn. Replace or overseed with resistant

Kentucky bluegrass varieties [3].

SUMMER PATCHFungus forming 2 circular spots of dead and dying grass that often enlarge to 24 in diameter.Spots start out as dark blue to purple wilted turf and turn straw-colored to light tan when dead.Grass in the center of each spot may remain healthy and become surrounded by a band of dead turf(called Frog Eye). Leaf blades and crown may be affected.

Summer patch is a warm-weather disease that occurs from late June through early September.Fungus overwinters in infected plants, in thatch, or in soil. Usually appears after a week or two of

dry weather following a heavy rain and is associated with shallow rooted grass, which is highlyvulnerable to drought stress. Symptoms usually appear first along sidewalks and in poorly drainedareas. Primarily attacks and Kentucky bluegrass when its over-fertilized during the summer.

Fertilize with slow-release organic products. Ensure proper drainage. Water infrequently and deeply[8].


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TYPHULA BLIGHT,GREYSNOW MOLDFungus that causes patches of circular, gray to brown spots 3 to 2 in diameter which appear assnow melts. Occurs when the ground is unfrozen, soil moisture is plentiful, and the temperature isbetween 32oF and 40oF. Initially develops in the absence of light brought about by snow cover.Fuzzy, gray-white fungi are visible, particularly on the edges of spots right after the snow melts. The

fungus oversummers on infected leaves.

Avoid mulching with straw. Plant or overseed with disease resistant grasses, lightly fertilize in earlyfall. Reduce thatch by aerating and then top dress with compost. Use solarization to kill the fungus.Use snow barriers, and apply neem oil, garlic oil, or fungicidal soap for control [8].

TT UU RR FF AA NN DD OO RR NN AA MM EE NN TT AA LL DD II SS EE AA SS EE

POWDERYMILDEWPowdery Mildew is a fungus mostly affecting turf, though other ornamental plants may be affected.

Spreads rapidly to become patches of white that will eventually cover the entire surface of leaves,shoots, flowers, and, when applicable, fruit. Thrives in warm, dry climates because the spores donot require a film of water on the leaf to germinate. More commonly found on turf surfaces,appearing as small patches of white or gray on grass blades, and can easily be scraped off. Occursthroughout the growing season but is most typically seen on Kentucky bluegrass in moderate toseverely shaded conditions. It is not present on most athletic fields but is often found near bleachersand buildings.

Slow spread of the disease by removing and destroying infected leaves. Wash leaves of infectedplants with water every 1-2 weeks to remove spores; be sure to wash undersides as well. May besuccessful applying a spray of .5% solution of Baking Soda (1 teaspoon to 1 quart water). Avoidexcessive applications of highly soluble nitrate fertilizer because it generates frequent flushes of lush,weak growth that is very susceptible to attack (also susceptible to black spot and rust). Usemoderate applications of compost, stabilized manure or slow-release ammonium based fertilizers inlate fall and early spring. Substitute Kentucky blue grass with disease-resistant cultivars of grass.Increase air circulation by pruning nearby trees and shrubs. Remove thatch to reduce overwinteringsites for the fungus. Apply lime to dry soil or drag a tarp to control moisture [8,12].

ROOT ROTThese soil-borne fungi cause leaves to be smaller than usual and cause plants or turf to wilt and turnyellow or brown. Plants begin to decline gradually or quickly for no apparent reason. Brown orblackened damaged areas are visible on crowns or roots. Presence on trees is denoted by white mats

of fungi and dark brown fungal strands found on the roots or growing between the bark and wood.

Transplant plants when warm, and enrich soil with compost. Refrain from cultivating close to roots,which causes injuries and allows for disease. Use mulches to suppress weeds, plant in well-drainedsoils, and avoid over-watering. Ensure water does not pool around plant base, and plant with soilline slightly higher than surrounding soil level and slope soil away from trunk. Remove and destroybadly infected plants. If feasible, save moderately affected plants by pruning away diseased roots


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and replanting in well-drained soil. Disinfect tools used on or around infected plants. Perform soilsolarization before planting may be effective in controlling root rot [12].

OO RR NN AA MM EE NN TT AA LL DD II SS EE AA SS EE

CANKERFungal disease affecting more than 70 species of woody plants particularly apple, plum, spruce,maple, poplar, and willow. Cankers on large branches and trunks first appear as a circular area ofdying bark. Area becomes brownish and sunken, often with raised ring of callus tissue around it.Dead tissue may exude sap that flows down the trunk. Later, bark dries and separates fromunderlying wood and the healthy bark. Cankers grow each year becoming large, rough swellings.Infected branches often break from the weight of fruit or a windstorm. Twigs and branches dieonce cankers completely girdle them.

During dry weather, remove cankerous tissue and prune away and burn infected branches. Do not

perform any unnecessary pruning. Seal wounds left from pruning with pruning sealer. Maintain treehealth by protecting it from sunscald and do not fertilize tree late in season. Avoid mechanicaldamage to trees [12].

NEEDLECASTThis fungus affects evergreens, especially arborvitae, pine, and western red cedar. Appears asmottled orange or brown spots, with light specks and dark bands on developing needles. Needlesturn olive green, usually dying from tip first. Severely affected needles drop by midsummer, andbranch tips may die back. Usually found on the lower two thirds of young trees. Plant growth maybe slowed. Severely infected young trees may die.

Plant tree species that are hardy, in areas with good air circulation, and maintain health. Prunedamaged needle tips and rake up and destroy dropped needles. Where infections are severe, spray at2-week intervals with Bordeaux mix or copper when new shoots are one-quarter grown [12].

OAKWILTOak Wilt fungus affects all oaks, however, red and black are most susceptible. Leaves in the upperportions of tree wilt and turn yellow or brown, leaves die from the tip and edges inward. Symptomsare most pronounced in late spring and early summer. Spreads rapidly in red and black oaks, andmay kill tree(s) within weeks. White oaks can survive 1-2 years. Bark of killed trees is raised andcracked by mats of fungus growing between bark and wood.

Prune trees only when dormant to prevent fungi from getting into the wood. Seal wounds left frompruning with pruning sealer. Remove and destroy fungus in infected trees immediately, beforefungus produces spores. To save nearby trees, carefully dig trench 3-4 feet deep between infectedand healthy trees to sever root contacts; as the disease can spread underground. Immediatelybackfill trench so roots do not dry out [12].


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SLIME FLUXWoody plants are susceptible to this bacterial disease, especially elm, maple, and poplar trees.Fermenting, dark-colored slimy sap, which may have foul smell, oozes from wounds or cracks in thebark of a branch, trunk, or fork of a limb. Wood around the wound becomes dark brown and

water-soaked. Flowing sap dries to a light gray or white stain on the bark. Appears in trees morethan 5 years old after heartwood has formed. Often associated with wet soils and mechanical orfrost injury to bark or roots. Leaves on young trees may wilt, turn yellow, and drop prematurely.Branches on older trees die back slowly. General decline in the health of the tree; symptoms areusually seen in spring and summer or after wet weather.

Avoid injuring bark. Use white trunk paint or a tree wrap (be sure to remove as tree grows too big)on young trees to prevent sunscald and injury. Maintain plant health. Clean out and trim edges ofbark wounds with a sharp knife immediately and seal with pruning sealer to promote healing. Pruneaway affected limbs and seal. Replace severely infected trees [12].

VERTICILLIUMWILTA fungus that causes plants to gradually wilt, turn yellow, and drop leaves although stems willremain upright. Branches may die one by one, or the whole plant may collapse suddenly. Usuallyappears on lower branches first, as yellow patches on older leaves. If you cut infected stems open,youll often see a light brown or yellow discoloration extending upward from the base of the stem.First year damage is mild, but worsens in succeeding years as disease builds up. Affects many woodyand herbaceous plants.

Remove and destroy infected plants. Clean tools afterward with 10% bleach solution. Solarize soilaround the location of the infected plant(s). Apply mulch to the soil to keep it cool during summer

months. Rotate plants [12].


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CHAPTER6NUISANCEWILDLIFE

Wildlife is generally an asset of park districts, as many people enjoy seeing and experiencing themany different animals they may encounter during a park visit. However, in certain circumstances,some animals may prove to be a nuisance to park management or even park goers themselves.

Below is a list of wildlife that can possibly become a nuisance, and some methods to control them.

BATSBats are small, black, flying mammals with a thin membrane of skinthat stretches between the front and back legs. They are not active inbright daylight, and hide in dark areas such as building awnings, caves,and hollow trees. Bats can enter areas through holes as small as 3/8.

In buildings, look for entry and exit points: loose flashing, shingles, ordamaged eaves. Pay attention to droppings under openings, smudgesaround holes, and any odors. Look inside attics and unused rooms

during daylight for the bat roost. Check inside chimneys and vents,bang walls to listen for screeching, look for droppings (will containinsect body parts: wings, etc), and smell droppings and urine are very odorous. Bats are beneficial,as they eat insects; including mosquitoes.

Screen or seal openings that are 3/8 or larger; making sure no bats are present beforehand. Avoidsearching in June/July as theyre raising young. Bats are heavily protected by most stategovernments, so check local regulations before attempting control.

CANADAGEESE

Canada, or Canadian, geese have black necks and heads with aprominent white cheek patch. Bill, legs, and feet are also black.Feathers are grayish to dark brown, with white feathers on the belly.Geese prefer water bodies where they can easily get in and out of thewater and banks that have short turf and grasses they can feed on.Feathers and droppings on shore from geese are often aestheticallydispleasing. Roosting on banks and feeding on grass also contributesto poor turf health, and the lack of turf can contribute to bankerosion.

Maintain at least a 10 foot wide buffer of native grasses, bushes, and trees, around detention ponds.High grass deters geese, as it provides habitat for their predators. Alter the edge or shore profiles

(using shoring rocks, etc.) of ponds to prevent easy movement in and out of the water. Some golfcourses have had good control results using a border collie to harass geese and prevent them fromcongregating. Products such as the Goosebuster noise deterrent (http://www.bird-x.com/gbuster.html) and Goose D-Fence at (http://www.lakerestoration.com/) are available, butmay not be appropriate for park use. Discourage people from feeding the geese. Geese areprotected by state, federal, and international laws. Consult government regulations beforeattempting control.


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CHIPMUNKSSmall, brown ground-dwelling mammal, typically 5-6 long. Haveshort, pointy heads marked with black and white stripes down theback. Most active during the early morning and late afternoon. Maydamage trees by feeding on the bark. Check tree trunks near ground

surface for damage. Chipmunks favor areas with stonewalls orrotting logs and heavy ground cover. They burrow, but excavate thesoil, so tunnel entrances are well concealed. Spend most of their time

in burrows. During winter months, they will go underground and stay inactive. Chipmunks eatboth plant and animal material, including seeds, fruits, seedlings, flower bulbs, nuts, insects, worms,frogs, and songbirds.

Seal entrance points and remove objects such as stones, logs, and debris that may be close to astructure. Place bird feeders at least 15-30 feet away from building. Remove debris piles that mayprovide harborage. Use taste repellents such as small amounts of garlic oil to help protect trees.

Check with the public works department or Department of Natural Resources before trapping. Totrap, use rat traps baited with peanut butter, sunflowers, oats, bacon, and apple slices placed nearden entrances. Seeds and nuts shouldnt be used because it will attract ground-dwelling birds.Relocate trapped chipmunk into remote forest at least 5 miles from trap site. Use caution inhandling and releasing.

WHITE-TAILED DEERFemales (does) are tan, cinnamon, and/or brown with a whitemuzzle and throat. The average size is 120 lbs., and 38 tall.Males (bucks) have patches of colored fur on their stomachsand their antlers are single beam with multiple tines. Theaverage size is 160 lbs., 40 tall. Both male and female tailsare brown on top, white underneath. Feeding may causedamage to ornamental plants and trees. Tree bark can bedamaged by antlers.

Garlic scent dispensers will repel deer when the pressure islow to moderate. If using repellants, set them out before deerestablish regular feeding habits. Increase the number ofdevices if deer feeding persists. The key is to disrupt their feeding tendencies before they become anestablished habit.

Make pouches of old nylons or cloth and fill with blood meal. If pouches attract coyotes, rats, dogs,cats, discontinue use. Motion light, cans/metal that will make noise, timed sprinklers, and fencesstrung from monofilament are good deterrents. Install deterrent plants: flowering herbs such aslavender, mint, borage, fennel, yarrow and other plants with thorns and spines that discouragefeeding. Heavily scented herbs, including thyme, oregano, and dill may also work. Rotate deterrentsbefore deer get used to them, using combinations to repel them through use of all their senses.Scented soaps hung from tree limbs (make sure to include hot pepper in soap to prevent rodentsfrom chewing bark soaked with soap) may work to prevent feeding on bark.


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For high deer pressure in areas where damage is substantial, install 8 fence with netting. Electricfencing can also be used. Use solid fencing that deer cant see through, otherwise make fence atleast 8 tall [12, 13].

GROUND SQUIRRELSBrown to gray rodent, about 4 to 5 in length, with black stripes onboth sides of its body, gray fur on its underside, and a brown tail.Rarely needs control. Usually found in open areas, but need some coverto survive. Can have extensive burrows with large mounds, especiallyalong roads and ditch banks. May cause structural damage to buildings.Active during the day, hibernate in winter. Ground squirrels areprimarily vegetarians, feeding on grasses, or seeds, grains, and nuts.

Alter the habitat by reducing the areas that provide them with shelter

(brush piles, debris, large rocks, tree stumps, etc.) Monitor these areas for their activity. For livetrapping, use rat traps baited with peanut butter, nuts, oats, barley, or melon rind placed in baitboxes. No permit is required from the Department of Natural Resources (DNR) for trapping.

MUSKRATSMuskrats are small, aquatic rodents that make their homes near lakes, rivers,and streams. The average size is 18 to 24 long, but some have grown upto 30. Muskrats can have up to 6 litters per season, and the length ofgestation is roughly a month. They are mostly vegetarians, but will also feed

on frogs, salamanders, newts, crayfish, mussels and fish. They readily eatany healthy plants such as cattail or horsetail, and their feeding may causedamage to nearby gardens or landscaping plants. As muskrats establishtheir dens near water bodies, their tunneling may contribute to shore erosion.

Control muskrat feeding by spraying plants with garlic or hot pepper oil. Be sure to reapply everytwo weeks, or after a rainstorm. Apply sparingly, as over application will burn the plant. Fill inunoccupied dens to prevent muskrats migrating to the location, and bank erosion. Trap muskratsusing a live trap baited with fresh vegetables, or the vegetation that they feed on. Relocate at least10 miles from trapping location. The Illinois DNR regulates wildlife trapping, and you will need apermit beforehand.


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OPOSSUMWhite to gray, about the size of a cat, with a pointed face withrounded, hairless ears. Approximately 40 long, weighing up to 14lbs. Prefers to live near streams or swamps.

Repair breaks in foundation, screen outside windows that are low tothe ground with hardware cloth. If animal is currently living underbuilding, seal all openings but one and sprinkle tracking powder(flour or talc) at entrance, examine after dark, if tracking powder

reveals that animal has left, seal the opening immediately. Cap chimneys and seal attics. Pay closeattention, particularly in spring/summer when young are present, that animals have left the buildingbefore you seal it up.

Live trapping set multiple traps, set out at night. Best baits: Apple slices, chicken parts/entrails,and fresh fish. The Illinois DNR regulates wildlife trapping, and you will need a permit beforehand.

RACCOONBlack facemask, and black, brown, and white ringed bushy tail. Feet are well adapted to climbing.Commonly found along streams, lakes, and swamps. Denlocated inside hollow trees, logs, rock crevices, desertedbuildings, culverts, storm sewers, chimneys, attics, andcrawlspaces. Most active at night. May knock over garbagecans and tear apart garbage bags in search of food. Ifencountered use extreme caution, as raccoons are carriers ofrabies.

Protect gardens through fencing, and keep lids on garbage cans using bungee straps.Prevent cansfrom being knocked over by storing them in a garbage corral. Remove possible den areas: low-hanging bush, dead trees, etc.

Remove outside food, watering dishes, bird feeders, and garbage cans. Cover window wells securely.Use welded wire to prevent access under decks, elevated sheds, concrete slabs and porches. Secureoutside access to crawl spaces. Place lighting in or near den during the day for at least one-week.Place a radio in or near den during the day for one week to disturb them and encourage them tomove on. Place rags soaked in ammonia in den for one-week. Treat lawn for grub control. (Bothskunks and raccoons feed on grubs). The Illinois DNR regulates wildlife trapping, and you will needa permit beforehand. Bestbaits: chicken parts/entrails, corn, fresh fish, or sardines. Once raccoon

is trapped, it must be put down or released within a 100 yds of where it was caught.


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SKUNKSBlack with white stripes or spots, size of an average cat. Active atnight. Will spray with musk if they feel threatened. When naturalselections for food are sparse, will feed on garden crops, garbage, andlawn insects. May transmit rabies.

Protect gardens through fencing, and keep lids on garbage cans usingbungee straps. Prevent cans from being knocked over by storing themin a garbage corral.

Remove outside food and water dishes, bird feeders, and garbage cans.Cover window wells securely. Use welded wire to prevent access under decks, elevated sheds,concrete slabs and porches. Secure outside access to crawl spaces. Place lighting in or near denduring the day. Keep light on for at least one week. If that doesnt work, place a radio in or nearden during the day for one week to disturb them and encourage them to move on. Another optionis to place rags soaked in ammonia in den for one week. Skunks feed on grubs. If turf is being tornup, skunks are likely feeding on grubs and it should be treated. Remove possible den areas: low-

hanging shrubbery etc.

The Illinois DNR regulates wildlife trapping, and you will need a permit beforehand. Once skunk istrapped, it must be put down or released within a 100 yds of where it was caught. To trap, cover allbut entrance of trap with burlap or canvas before placing it (use commercially sold solid-skunktraps). Best baits for live trapping are chicken parts/entrails, fresh fish, cat food, sardines, or eggs. Ifyouve trapped a skunk, approach the trap slowly and transport gently. To release, stand back 20feet and release door using string.

SNAKESMost snakes are non-poisonous, harmless, and beneficial. Their dietincludes insects, rodents, frogs, birds, worms, or toads.

If control is necessary, eliminate snake hiding places such as brushpiles, woodpiles, and rock. Keep shrubbery away from foundations,eliminate rodent problems by reducing food and harborage, andmow grass short to expose their runs. Snakes often enter buildingsthrough broken foundations, cracked mortar, and damaged vents make necessary repairs toprevent their access.


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TREE SQUIRRELSThe average tree squirrel is gray, with a large fluffy tail andpaws typical of the rodent family. It is 15 long and weighsabout 1 lb. Tree squirrels are rarely a problem unless they gainaccess to buildings, where they may den in attics or overhangs.

Identify entry point, seal with heavy gauge hardware clothor sheet metal. To prevent access via utility lines, cut length of2-3 diameter plastic piping lengthwise. Spread the opening,

placing the pipe around the line. Squirrel will fall off piping. Use a rat trap for control. The IllinoisDNR regulates wildlife trapping, and you will need a permit beforehand. Squirrel can be re-releasedafter receiving the landowners permission.


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CHAPTER7INSECTS

EE XX PP LL AA NN AATT II OO NN OO FF TT EE RR MM SS ::

Btk a bacterial species that causes disease and death in caterpillars.Diatomaceous Earth a fine-grained and porous dust composed of the skeletons of diatoms (one-celled marine organisms with skeletons based on silicon) that can be used for controlling many pests. Garlic and Pepper Sprays oil made from steam distillation of crushed garlic bulb or hot peppers.Broad spectrum insecticide that kills both pests and beneficial insects.Horticultural Oils oils made from vegetables, basil, fenugreek, cumin, mint, clove, or eucalyptus.Broad spectrum insecticide that kills both pests and beneficial insects.Insecticidal soaps sodium or potassium salts combined with fish or vegetable oil and formulatedto dehydrate the insect.Nematodes parasitic worms.Nymphs the larval form of

Park District Manual - Pest Control

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