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E N D O F E M P I R E S - R I S E O F N A T I O N S

Paris 1919

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Versailles Palace

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Versailles Gardens

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a o rrors

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The Big Four

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President Woodrow Wilson

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David Lloyd George-GB

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Georges Clemenceau-France

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Vittorio Orlando-Italy

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Treaty of Versailles

Territorial The following land was taken away from Germany : Alsace-Lorraine (given to France) Eupen and Malmedy (given to Belgium) Northern Schleswig (given to Denmark) Hultschin (given to Czechoslovakia)

West Prussia, Posen and Upper Silesia (given to Poland) The Saar, Danzig and Memel were put under the control of

the League of Nations and the people of these regionswould be allowed to vote to stay in Germany or not in afuture referendum.

The League of Nations also took control of Germany's

overseas colonies. Germany had to return to Russia land taken in the Treaty

of Brest-Litovsk. Some of this land was made into newstates : Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. An enlarged Polandalso received some of this land

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Treaty of Versailles

Military

Germanys army was reduced to 100,000 men; thearmy was not allowed tanks

Germany was not allowed an airforce

Germany was allowed only 6 capital naval shipsand no submarines

The west of the Rhineland and 50 kms east of theRiver Rhine was made into a demilitarised zone(DMZ). No German soldier or weapon was allowedinto this zone. The Allies were to keep an army ofoccupation on the west bank of the Rhine for 15years.

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Treaty of Versailles

Financial The loss of vital industrial territory would

be a severe blow to Germanys economy.Coal from the Saar and Upper Silesia in

particular was a vital economic loss. Combined with the financial penalties

linked to reparations($33 billion), itseemed clear to Germany that the Allies

wanted nothing else but to bankrupt them. Germany was also forbidden to unite with

Austria to form one superstate.

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Treaty of Versailles

General 1. Germany had to admit full responsibility for starting the

war. This was Clause 231 - the infamous "War Guilt Clause".

2. Germany, as it was responsible for starting the war asstated in clause 231, was therefore responsible for all the wardamage caused by the First World War. Therefore, they hadto pay reparations, the bulk of which would go to France andBelgium to pay for the damage done to both countries by thewar. The figure was eventually put at $33 billion .

3. A League of Nations was set up to keep world peace.

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-Five permanent members -G.B., France, Italy, U.S., Japan -Four non-permanent members that

rotated -all members must submit disputes for

investigation, arbitration and settlement -if member nation ignored, League could

take action What type of action?

Economic sanctions

-France wanted an international army butUS and GB did not

-Germany and the Soviet Union were notallowed to join right away

-U.S. never joined

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Austria-Hungary no longer existed Austria

wanted to be part of Germany

Hungary Czechoslovakia

lots of Germans in the Sudetenland area

Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes) formed from Serbia, Montenegro and part of A-H

All these countries were small and weak and could easily betaken over.

Germany had to give land back to Russia from Brest-Litovsk Treaty due to Civil War, Bolsheviks could not deal with this at the time

so Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Ukraine became independent

Turkey lost all its Middle Eastern colonies Syria and Jordan went to France Palestine, Transjordan and Iraq went to GB Saudi Arabia became independent

Turkey did become a republic(democracy) after WW I

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The Consequences of Versailles

the Treaty seemed to satisfy the "Big Three" as in their eyes itwas a just peace as it kept Germany weak yet strong enoughto stop the spread of communism; kept the French borderwith Germany safe from another German attack and createdthe League of Nations that would end warfare throughout theworld.

left a mood of anger throughout Germany as it was felt that asa nation Germany had been unfairly treated.

Above all else, Germany hated the clause blaming them forthe cause of the war and the war reparations the treaty forcedon them. Those who signed it became known as the"November Criminals".

Many German citizens felt that they were being punished forthe mistakes of the German government in August 1914 as itwas the government that had declared war not the people.

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Reaction to the WWI Treaties

United States -thought they were pulled in by France and Great

Britain -thought it became a war of spoils -wanted to go back to isolationism- A return to

normalcy Great Britain -treaties were too harsh -had less guaranteed Allies -wanted to forgive and forget with Germany-

start trading -gave greater independence to colonies

throughout world -Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South

Africa, India

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France -very unhappy-physically destroyed, high

casualties -treaties were way too easy -upset that the US and GB pulled out of the

Guarantee Treaty -made defensive alliances with Belgium, Poland

and Czechoslovakia Italy -mad at the Allies for not giving them more land

Russia -mad that they lost land and were not invited to

the treaty process -distrusted Western Powers -not invited to be in League of Nations

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Japan -very pleased with WW I results -gained important territories on Chinas coast and

German Islands in the Pacific the major power in Asia after WW I

Germany -very upset with treaty-way too harsh and unfair -believed treaty was a dictat or dictated peace -thought Allies were hypocritical(self-determination?) -outraged by the War Guilt Clause

-started Dolschtoss Theory(Stab in the back) says that the Weimer Republic had stabbed the

German people in the back by accepting the Versaillesterms

Germany had never been invaded or conquered -War reparations were way too high-caused a depression

-caused some people to want revenge!

h f h f ill

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Were the terms of the Treaty of Versaillesactually carried out ?

The League of Nationswas to be created. This did happen even ifGermany was initially excluded from it.

Land had to be handed over the Poland, France, Belgium and Denmark.This did happen - all the land Germany was required to hand over, washanded over. Territory put under League of Nations control was handedover to the League.

All overseas colonies were to be handed over to the League. This didhappen.

All land taken from Russia had to be handed back to Russia. This didhappen though land in the western area became Latvia, Lithuania andEstonia in keeping with the belief in national self-determination.

Germanys army had to be reduced to 100,000 men. On paper this

happened. The fact that Germany side-stepped the rule did not meanthat they broke it. German soldiers in the 1920s were signed on for ashort contract of service and then put in the reserves once their timehad finished. Therefore, Germany never had more than 100,000soldiers serving at any one time though it certainly had substantialreserve soldiers which boosted Hitler when he renounced the clauses ofVersailles.

h f h f ill

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htmhttp://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/leagueofnations.htm

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Were the terms of the Treaty of Versaillesactually carried out ?

Germanys navy was reduced to 6 battleships with no submarines. Thishappened. Germany could not afford battleships in the aftermath of thewar and most navies were now moving to smaller, faster ships thatcould also carry weapons that carried a punch - such as cruisers.Aircraft carriers were also being developed with greater commitment.

No air force was allowed. This happened but potential pilots weretrained abroad or used gliders in Germany to educate them in the theoryof flying. This did not break Versailles.

Western Germany was to be demilitarized. This happened.

Germany was forbidden to unite with Austria. This happened.

Germany had to accept the "War Guilt Clause" and pay reparations. Theformer happened because Germany signed the Treaty which meant thatit accepted this term on paper. Germany did try and pay reparations

when it could do so. Germany simply could not produce enough to keepup. In the 1920s it was the Allies who took the decision to reducereparations and eased Germanys struggle in so doing. The first instanceof refusal to pay reparations came in 1933 when Hitler announced thatGermany would not pay - and the Allies did nothing.

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Treaty of Versailles Questions

The Germans had hoped to be consulted on the terms ofVersailles. This did not happen. Is this why the Germanswere so angry about the Treaty of Versailles?

Article 231 is referred to as the "War Guilt Clause". Why werethe Germans particularly angered by this Article?

There were 5 peace settlements in 1919. Why was Versaillesmore important than others?

Why was there so much opposition in Germany to the Treatyof Versailles?

The Treaty of Versailles led to WWII. Do you agree ordisagree with this statement.