PARENT STOCK MANAGEMENT GUIDE - · PDF fileVaccination ... assure that LOHMANN Brown parents...

LOHMANN BROWN

P A R E N T S T O C K

M A N A G E M E N T G U I D E

C O N T E N T S

Introduction..................................................................................................... 3

Top Performance by Systematic Selection ....................................................... 4

Performance Data............................................................................................ 5

Breeding Scheme..............................................................................................6

Body Weights................................................................................................... 7

Body Weight, Feed and Water Consumption ................................................... 8

Nutrition................................................................................................... 9 - 13

General Management.................................................................................... 14

Housing Chicks.............................................................................................. 15

Floor Management ........................................................................................ 16

Equipment ..................................................................................................... 17

Environment ...................................................................................................18

Lighting .................................................................................................. 19 - 22

Hygiene ......................................................................................................... 23

Performance Goals per Hen Housed ....................................................... 24- 25

Performance Goals per Hen Day ............................................................ 26 - 27

Vaccination ............................................................................................ 28 - 29

Hatching Egg Care ........................................................................................ 30

Notes............................................................................................................. 31

2

I N T R O D U C T I O N

3

Lohmann Brown parents have along history of systematic selectionfor a combination of efficient chick production and profitable produc-tion of quality brown eggs.The source lines are carefully selected for combining ability. Thecross of male line males with fe-male line females is color-sexable,i.e. male and female chicks can be seperated quickly and accurately

without the stress of vent-sexing.

Each parent flock is a significantinvestment. To maximise return oninvestment, good managementpractices are required. This guidecontains management recommen-dations based on comprehensive international experience. Localconditions may require specific adaptations of management practices to achieve optimal results.

Genetic selection within the purelines is a continueing process toassure that LOHMANN Brown parents and commercial layersmeet market requirements andproduce more profit than otherstrains.Depending on management andage at depletion, LohmannBrown parents may averagemore than 100 pullets per dameand 1.000 pullets per sire, eachlaying about 300 eggs per year.

Egg quality at the parent and commercial level depends on acombination of genetic potentialand non-genetic factors (health, nutrition, light, temperature, airquality, technical environment). It pays to control the non-geneticvariables in order to help the birdsexpress their genetic potential.

We trust that our management re-commendations in this guide forLOHMANN Brown parent stock willhelp to improve your technical results from flock to flock. Keepaccurate records and contact yourarea representative of LOHMANNTIERZUCHT for more detailed information.

TOP PERFORMANCE BY SYSTEMATIC SELECTION

4

LOHMANN TIERZUCHT had a good start in 1959when modern egg-type breeding began in Cuxhaven /Germany: pure lines with a history of excellent combi-ning ability were obtained with a licence agreementfrom Heisdorf & Nelson Farms, at that time one of the leading poultry breeding companies in the USA. A method called �reciprocal recurrent selection� was applied to these lines gradually improving all economicallyrelevant traits:

r livability and desease resistancer hen housed number of saleable eggsr efficiency of feed conversionr external and internal egg qualityr egg income over feed cost

The success of this breeding program is documentedwith Random Sample Test results and field perfor-mance from around the world.

With the help of powerful electronic data processing systems it has become possible to use virtually millionsof individual observations from several generations tocalculate �breeding values� for all individuals availablefor selection. Individual and family records are collectedon pure line hens in single or group cages on LOHMANN TIERZUCHT`s own pedigree farms,where a high bio-security standard is maintained.Cross-line hens are tested in different farms on severalcontinents, to ensure that family selection is basedon management conditions, feed quality and healthstatus of average egg producing farms.

LOHMANN TIERZUCHT experts in genetics, nutrition,poultry health and general management are alwaysin close contact with collegues at the scientific andapplied level to ensure that advice given to costumersreflects the latest information available.

P E R F O R M A N C E D A T A

5

B 449

Egg Production Age at 50 % Production 21 - 22 weeksPeak Production at 26 - 30 weeksEggs per Hen Housedto 68 weeks of age 250 - 260to 72 weeks of age 266 - 276No. Settable Eggs per Hen Housedto 68 weeks of age 225 - 236to 72 weeks of age 238 - 250No. Saleable Chicks per Hen Housedto 68 weeks of age 85 - 95to 72 weeks of age 90 - 100

Hatchability Average 78 - 82 %

Body Weight Female at 20 weeks 1.5 - 1.7 kg (3.3 - 3.7 Lbs)at 68 weeks 2.0 - 2.2 kg (4.4 - 4.8 Lbs)

Male at 20 weeks 2.0 - 2.2 kg (4.4 - 4.8 Lbs)at 68 weeks 3.0 - 3.3 kg (6.6 - 7.3 Lbs)

Feed Consumption 1 week to 20 weeks 8.0 kg (17.6 Lbs)(Male and Female) 21 weeks to 68 weeks 40.0 kg (88.3 Lbs)

Liveability Rearing 96 - 98 %Laying Period 90 - 96 %

Pure Lines

Grandparents

Parents

AB CD

Commercials

ABCD ABCD ABCD

B R E E D I N G S C H E M E

6

AX

AX BC CX DC

AC BX BC CX CC DX DC

B O D Y W E I G H T S

7

LOHMANN BROWN Parent Stock

Week

lower limit average upper limit average

Females Males

Flock Average Weight at End of Week (in Grams)

* depends upon sexual maturity:100-200 g higher for hens in production

Variation is possible due to differences in feed composition and environment.

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10111213141516171819203040506070

75125175240310395480570655745830915995

107011501225130013901475154018001900195020002000

80130180250320410500590680770860950

10301110119012701350144015301600*19002000205021002100

85135185260330425520610705795890985

1065115012301315140014901585166020002100215022002200

80

300

730

1200

1700

2200

3000

B 449

8

LOHMANN BROWN Parent Stock Females*

Age inBody Weight

kcal/Feed Water

Weeksg

bird/dayConsumption Consumption

average minimum maximum g/bird/ cumulative ml/bird cumulativeday g day ml

1 80 75 85 34 12 84 21 1472 130 125 135 53 19 217 33 3783 180 175 185 70 25 392 44 6864 250 240 260 84 30 602 53 10575 320 310 330 98 35 847 61 14846 410 395 425 112 40 1127 70 19747 500 480 520 126 45 1442 79 25278 590 570 610 140 50 1792 88 31439 680 655 705 146 54 2170 95 3808

10 770 745 795 154 57 2569 100 450811 860 830 890 162 60 2989 105 524312 950 915 985 170 63 3430 110 601313 1030 995 1065 178 66 3892 116 682514 1110 1070 1150 186 69 4375 121 767215 1190 1150 1230 194 72 4879 126 855416 1270 1225 1315 203 75 5404 131 947117 1350 1300 1400 215 78 5950 137 1043018 1440 1390 1490 223 81 6517 142 1142419 1530 1475 1585 231 84 7105 147 1245320 1600** 1540 1660 239 87 7714 152 13517

B 449

Variation is possible due to differences in feed composition and environment.

* Males and females have approx. the same feed consumption.** Depends upon sexual maturity: 100 - 200 g higher for hens in production.

B O D Y W E I G H T, F E E D A N DW A T E R C O N S U M P T I O N

9

N U T R I T I O N

Principles

Correct nutrition is a prerequisite to uti-lize the high genetic performance po-tential of LOHMANN BROWN ParentStock. Best control on nutrition is achie-ved by feeding a ready mixed com-pound feed. The recommended fee-ding programs concentrate on the es-sential nutrients and are designed to

cover the requirements for top perfor-mance in rearing and production.The base for correct nutrition is correctfeedstuff evaluation. The followingtable is giving information on the sour-ces used for the recommendations inthis program and on analyticalmethods for the determination of spe-cific nutrients.

Nutrient

Energy

Crude Protein

Amino Acids

DigestibleAmino Acids

CalciumSodium

TotalPhosphorus

AvailablePhosphorus

Chloride

Linoleic Acid

Source of Information

Results of EuropeanResearch Institutes

Results of EuropeanResearch Institutes

Results of LOHMANNTIERZUCHT and Amino AcidProducers

Digestion Coefficientsbased on Dutch trials

Results ofLOHMANN TIERZUCHT


Results of FrenchAvailability Studies



Analytical Method

N-correctedMetabolizable Energy

Method according toKjeldahl

Amino Acid Analyser

Flame - Photometry

Ultraviolet-Spectroscopy

Titration Method acc.to Mohr

Gas-ChromatographyAnlaysis

Recommendation for nutrient levels (Growing Period)

10

N U T R I T I O N

Rearing and Growing Period

The recommended feeding program for therearing and growing period - from day 1 to5 % production - consists of a Starter/Gro-wer-, a Developer and a Pre-Layer-Feed.The use of a Pre-Layer-Feed for LOHMANNBROWN Parent Stock has several advanta-ges.

� The Pre-Layer-Feed gives a better unifor-mity due to the higher protein and aminoacid content in the critical period of sex-ual maturation. Individual males and fe-males with weight below standard aregiven the chance to compensate.

� The Pre-Layer-Feed has a higher Calciumcontent than the Developer and improvesthe shell quality of early maturing hensalso at a later age.

� The Pre-Layer-Feed supplies additionalavailable Phosphorus in the critical periodof hormonal changes.

� The Pre-Layer-Feed prevents from exces-sive high initial egg weight due to its lowLinoleic Acid content.

LOHMANN BROWN Parent Stock should be fed ad libitum during the growing period. Feeddensity and quality as described before will cover the body weight and consumption targetsaccording to the table on page 8.

Recommendedlevel of

Metabolizable Energymin.ProteinMethionineMethionine + CystineDigest. M. + C.LysineDigest. LysineTryptophanThreonineCalciumTotal PhosphorusAvail. PhosphorusSodium (Na)Chloride (Cl)Linoleic Acid

Starter/GrowerWeek 1 - 8

2750 - 2800 kcal11.4 MJ18.5 %

0.38 %0.67 %0.55 %1.00 %0.82 % 0.21 %0.70 %1.00 %0.70 %0.45 %0.16 %0.16 %1.40 %

DeveloperWeek 9 - 16

2700 - 2750 kcal11.2 MJ15.0 %

0.32 %0.57 %0.46 %0.67 %0.55 % 0.16 %0.52 %0.90 %0.58 %0.37 %0.16 %0.16 %1.00 %

Pre-LayWeek 17 - 5 % Prod.

2700 - 2750 kcal11.2 MJ17.5 %

0.36 %0.68 %0.56 %0.85 %0.70 % 0.20 %0.60 %2.00 %0.65 %0.45 %0.16 %0.16 %1.00 %

B 449

11

Laying Period

For maximum hatching egg production andoptimum hatchability a phase feeding pro-gram is recommended. Since the require-ments for specific nutrients like essentialamino acids, calcium, available phosphorusand linoleic acid are changing with age, aprogram with at least 2 phases is recom-mended.

Feed Consumption

The level of feed intake in the productionperiod is mainly affected by

� Inhouse temperatureLow temperature increases the mainten-ance requirement for energy

� Condition of featheringA bad condition due to managementmistakes or malnutrition increases themaintenance requirement for energy

� Feed textureCoarse texture increases, fine texturedecreases feed intake

� Energy levelThe higher the energy level, the lower thefeed intake and vice versa

Recommended Macro-Nutrient Specification per kg of Feed for LOHMANN BROWN

Parent Stock at different daily Feed Consumption

Phase 1 (20 - ~ 50 weeks of age)

Daily Feed Consumption*Nutrient Requirement

g/hen/day 105 g 110 g 115 g 120 g

Crude Protein 19.20 18.30% 17.50% 16.70% 16.00%Methionine 0.40 0.38% 0.36% 0.35% 0.33%

Methionine + Cystine 0.75 0.71% 0.68% 0.66% 0.63% Digest. M. + C. 0.62 0.59% 0.56% 0.54% 0.52% Lysine 0.87 0.83% 0.79% 0.76% 0.73% Digest. Lysine 0.71 0.68% 0.65% 0.62% 0.59% Tryptophan 0.21 0.20% 0.19% 0.18% 0.17% Threonine 0.62 0.59% 0.56% 0.54% 0.52% Calcium 4.20 4.00% 3,80% 3.65% 3.50% Total Phosphorus 0.64 0.61% 0.58% 0.56% 0.53% Avail. Phosphorus 0.44 0.42% 0.40% 0.38% 0.37% Sodium (Na) 0.17 0.16% 0.15% 0.15% 0.14% Chloride (Cl) 0.17 0.16% 0.15% 0.15% 0.14% Linoleic Acid 2.00 1.90% 1.80% 1.75% 1.70%

*includes the quantity for males B 449

N U T R I T I O N

12

N U T R I T I O N

Phase 2 (after ~ 50 weeks of age)

Daily Feed Consumption*Nutrient Requirement

g/hen/day 105 g 110 g 115 g 120 g

Crude Protein 18.00 17.10% 16.40% 15.70% 15.00%Methionine 0.38 0.36% 0.35% 0.33% 0.32%

Methionine + Cystine 0.71 0.68% 0.65% 0.62% 0.59% Digest. M. + C. 0.59 0.56% 0.54% 0.51% 0.49% Lysine 0.83 0.79% 0.79% 0.72% 0.69% Digest. Lysine 0.68 0.65% 0.62% 0.59% 0.57% Tryptophan 0.20 0.19% 0.18% 0.17% 0.17% Threonine 0.58 0.55% 0.53% 0.50% 0.48% Calcium 4.40 4.20% 4.00% 3.80% 3.70% Total Phosphorus 0.54 0.51% 0.49% 0.47% 0.45% Avail. Phosphorus 0.37 0.35% 0.34% 0.32% 0.31% Sodium (Na) 0.17 0.16% 0.15% 0.15% 0.14% Chloride (Cl) 0.17 0.16% 0.15% 0.15% 0.14% Linoleic Acid 1.50 1.40% 1.35% 1.30% 1.25%

*includes the quantity for males B 449

In the tables with recommended nutrient levels per kg of LOHMANN BROWN Parent Stockfeed different daily feed consumption is taken into consideration.An average daily feed consumption of 115 g can be expected with a feed containing 11.4MJ = 2720 kcal metabolizable energy per kg at an inhouse temperature of 22° C and goodfeather quality.

13

Recommended Micro-Nutrient Specification for LOHMANN BROWN Parent Stock

Supplements Starter/ Developer Pre-Lay Layerper kg feed Grower 1 + 2

Vitamin A I.U. 12000 12000 15000 15000Vitamin D3 I.U. 2500 2500 3000 3000Vitamin E mg 10 � 30 ** 10 � 30 ** 30 � 50 ** 30 � 50 **Vitamin K3 mg 3 3 3 3Vitamin B1 mg 1 1 2 2(Thiamin)Vitamin B2 mg 4 4 8 8(Riboflavin)Vitamin B6 mg 3 3 4 4(Pyridoxin)Vitamin B12 mcg 15 15 20 20Pantothenic Acid mg 8 8 18 18Nicotinic Acid mg 30 30 40 40Folic Acid mg 1 1 1 1Biotin mcg 50 50 100 100Cholinchloride mg 200 200 400 400Antioxidant mg 100 � 150 * 100 � 150 * 100 � 150 * 100 � 150 *Coccidiostat as required as required � � Organic Acids as required** as required** as required** as required**Manganese mg 100Zinc mg 60Iron mg 25Copper mg 5Cobalt mg 0.1 Iodine mg 0.5Selenium mg 0.2

* Depending on fat content in the diet and storage conditions

** Contact Lohmann Tierzucht feed formulation service

N U T R I T I O N

Micro-NutrientsThe supplementation of parent stock feedwith micro-nutrients like essential vitamins,trace elements and substances like antioxi-dants, coccidiostats and organic acids areessential for maximum hatching egg production and hatchability.By adding these micro-nutrients in suitablequantities, varying contents in the raw mate-rials are compensated and the correct supplyto the parent stock is safeguarded.

Heat TreatmentAs a preventive measure against salmonellaand other bacteria/viruses a heat treatmentof the feed is sometimes applied. Depending upon the treatment techniquethe efficiency of specific micro-nutrients canbe damaged. These micro-nutrients musttherefore be added in higher quantities. According to our experience mainly VitaminA an K3 are affected. For further detailscontact LOHMANN TIERZUCHT feed formulation service.

G E N E R A L M A N A G E M E N T

14

Daily Control

Check at least once a day:● health status● temperature● ventilation● feed and water supply● lighting● mortality

When assessing the state of health, donot just go by the general impressionand mortality rate, but also take noteof feed and water consumption andthe condition of droppings.

Water SupplyClean water is just as important asgood feed for top performance. If youare using your own water supply, letthe quality regularly check. Too highsalt levels in drinking-water can causepersistent damage to shell quality.

Rearing of MalesMales may be reared together with thefemales from day one, but see alsonext page.

Mating RatioDepending on environmental conditions,the mating ratio ranges between 8 and10 males per 100 females.In controlled environment, usually 8 - 9males per 100 females are sufficient.In open houses with slatted floors andhot climate 9 - 10 males per 100 females are recommended.More males than needed cause distur-bance in the flock, resulting in reducedfertility.

Beak Trimming

Normally beak trimming is not necessary.But beak trimming can be recommendedto prevent cannibalism or feather-picking. Such behaviour sometimes occurs under certain environmentalconditions such as, for example, openhouses with very bright light.In practice the following recommenda-tions and precautions have proved advisable:� trim only healthy, unstressed birds,� trim at the age of 5 - 6 weeks,� allow only experienced personnel to

do the work,� work slowly and carefully,� use only equipment and blades in

perfect working order; adjust the blade temperature so that cauterisation is guaranteed and the beak is not damaged,

� do not feed for 12 hours before trimming,

� offer free feeding immediately after trimming,

� increase the level of feed in the troughs,

� increase the temperature in the house for a few days after trimming,

� for 3 - 5 days after beak trimming provide an extra hour of light and supply feed in the late evening or atnight,

� giving vitamins via the drinking-watercan also help to alleviate stress,

� males are generally not beak trimmed.

15

H O U S I N G C H I C K S

Before the Arrival of Chicks1. Before bringing in the chicks, check

that everything is in good workingorder.

2. Warm up the house in good time.In summer start heating at least 24hours and in winter at least 48hours before the chicks arrive.

3. Distribute feed and water. Thewater should have room tempera-ture by the time the chicks arrive.

4. In the case of cage rearing adjustthe cage floors and feeding gridsaccording to the manufacturer`s in-structions.

On the Arrival of Chicks1. Unload all chick boxes and distribute

them in the house. Remove lids andput them loosely on top of theboxes.

2. Quickly place the chicks near feedersand drinkers. For cage raring distribute the chicks evenly amongthe cages starting at the far end ofthe house.

3. After placing the chicks, againcheck the working order of equip-ment and the temperature.

4. Place males under separate brooders (at least 2 brooders), orinto a warmer pen if warm roombrooding is used. A comfortabletemperature for the first 2 to 3 daysfor males is 1�3° C (2�5° F) warmerthan that required for the femaleline. Observe the birds and makesure they are comfortable. At the

end of 2 weeks, the males shouldbe mixed with the females to reducethe social adjustments which oftencause excessive stress when malesare introduced into the female flockat a later age.

5. To reduce pasting, a top dressingof cracked corn (maize or barley)may be fed for the first 2 days,spread over the starter feed. Appro-ximately 7 kg (15 lbs.) will be required for each 1.000 chicks.

6. One water jug per each 100 chicksshould be provided in addition toautomatic water fountains. Thesewater jugs should be used for theinitial 10 to 14 days, and will beuseful in administering the firstwater vaccination. Clean and refillchick founts daily.

7. After a few hours, check whetherthe chicks have settled down well.The chicks behaviour is the best indicator of their well-being:● The chicks are evenly spread out

and moving freely = temperatureand ventilation are all right.

● The chicks are crowding togetheror avoiding certain areas withinthe house = temperature is toolow or there is a draught.

● The chicks are lying about on thefloor with outspread wings, gasping for air = temperature istoo high.

At first signs that the chicks are not feeling well, fix the reason andcheck more frequently.

Take precautions against coccidiosisoutbreaks during production byarranging the conditions for rearing insuch a way that immunisation againstcoccidia results during this period.

Stocking Density

The optimal bird density/m2 dependson management conditions and towhich extent climate can be controlled.7 - 8 birds/m2 can be taken as ageneral guide for rearing. In the layingperiod 6 - 7 birds/m2 should not be ex-ceeded.

Grit

Feeding grit is not absolutely neces-sary, but can be recommended whenthe rations are supplemented by grain.

Litter

Softwood shavings or straw make suit-able litter. Use shavings from untreatedwood only in order to avoid poisoningsand other negative effects. Provide suf-ficient ventilation to ensure loose litterand remove wet litter.

Nests and Egg Collecting

Quality of nests is also a factor whichaffects hatching egg quality. Renewregularly the litter in litter-type nestsand keep them clean. Provide individu-al nests at a rate of one nest for 4hens. Collect floor eggs frequently tokeep their rate as low as possible. Aswell as enough nests or sufficientnesting area in family type nests, thefollowing factors are important for alow rate of floor eggs:

● frequent collection of floor eggs● clean, dry litter or soft nest lining● easy access● even distribution of the nests within

the house● only one type of nest in the house● no draught in the nest area.

With regard to hatching egg quality,rollaway nests in combination with slatscan be rated better than litter-typenests or family type nests.

F L O O R M A N A G E M E N T

Guide

Week 1 - 2once a week 1 g/bird (size 1 - 2 mm)

Week 3 - 8once a week 2 g/bird (size 3 - 4 mm)

from Week 9once a month 3 g/bird (size 4 - 6 mm)

16

17

E Q U I P M E N T

Equipment for Rearing

Age in Weeks

Chick Founts 1 1 Fount (4 - 5 l) for 100 ChicksRound Drinkers to 20 1 Drinker (Ø 46 cm) for 125 BirdsLinear Drinkers to 20 1 running m for 100 BirdsNipple Drinkers to 20 6 - 8 Birds per NippleChick Feeding Trays 1 - 2 1 Tray for 60 ChicksCut off Chick Cartons 1 - 2 1 Carton for 100 ChicksRound Feeders 3 - 10 2 Feeders (Ø 40 cm) for 100 Birds

11 - 20 3 Feeders (Ø 40 cm) for 100 BirdsTrough Chain 3 - 10 2,5 - 3,5 lin. m for 100 Birds

11 - 20 4,5 lin. m for 100 Birds

Equipment for Production

Round Drinkers 1 Drinker (Ø 46 cm) for 125 BirdsLinear Drinkers 1 running m for 80 - 100 BirdsNipple Drinkers 4 - 6 Birds per NippleRound Feeders 4 Feeders (Ø 40 cm) for 100 BirdsSingle Nests 1 Nest (26 x 30 cm) for 4 Birds Family Type Nests* 1 sqm for 120 - 130 females

* Follow the Instructions of Manufacturer!

Environmental conditions affect thewell-being and performance of thebirds. Important environmental factorsare temperature, humidity and level oftoxic gases in the air. The optimal temperature depends on the age of thebirds. The following table is a guide tothe correct temperature at bird level.The birds´ behaviour is the best indicatorfor correct temperature!

Reduce temperature always gradually,and avoid sudden changes.

If the ventilation system is used to regulate temperature, take care thatthe necessary fresh air is supplied. Theair quality should meet the followingminimum requirements.

The relative humidity inside the houseshould be 60 - 70 %.

E N V I R O N M E N T

18

Age Temperature°C

day 1 - 2 33 - 32day 3 - 4 31day 5 - 7 30week 2 29 - 28week 3 27 - 26week 4 24 - 22week 5 20 - 18week 6 18 - 20

O2 over 16 %CO2 under 0,3 %

CO under 40 ppm

NH3 under 20 ppmH2S under 5 ppm

The lighting programme controls onsetof lay and affects the performance dur-ing the production period. So, withincertain limits, performance can beadapted to farm specific requirementsby adjusting the lighting scheme.

It is easiest to follow the lighting pro-gramme in closed houses. In this casethe hours of light and light intensity canbe adjusted to changing needs.

Lighting Programsfor Closed Houses

In closed houses the basic principles oflighting programmes for layers are:� never increase hours of light during

the growing period� never decrease hours of light during

the production period

To what degree lighting hours are re-duced during the growing period, andthe time when stimulation is started byincreasing the lighting hours, aremeans by which performance can beadapted to farm specific requirements.

L I G H T I N G

19

Age inWeeks

Lightin hours

Light IntensityW/m2 Lux

day 1/2 24.0 3-4 20 - 401 20.0 3 20 - 302 16.0 2 10 - 203 12.0 1 5 - 104 9.0 1 5 - 105 9.0 1 5 - 106 9.0 1 5 - 107 9.0 1 5 - 108 9.0 1 5 - 109 9.0 1 5 - 1010 9.0 1 5 - 1011 9.0 1 5 - 1012 9.0 1 5 - 1013 9.0 1 5 - 1014 9.0 1 5 - 1015 9.0 1 5 - 1016 9.0 1 5 - 1017 9.0 1 5 - 1018 10.0 3 20 - 3019 13.0 3 20 - 3020 13.5 3 20 - 3021 14.0 3 20 - 3022 14.5 3 20 - 3023 15.0* 3 20 - 3024 15.5* 3 20 - 3025 16.0* 3 20 - 3026 16.0* 3 20 - 3027 16.0* 3 20 - 3028 16.0* 3 20 - 3029 16.0* 3 20 - 30

30 to end 16.0* 3 20 - 30of prod.

B 449* According to recent research results, 14hours of light are sufficient during productionprovided the house is light tight.

Lighting Program forwindowless houses

20

L I G H T I N G

Lighting Programsfor Open Houses

In open houses, too, you should stickto the basic rules as far as possible =do not increase the hours of light du-ring the growing period and do notde- crease the hours of light during theproduction period.

This principle cannot always be strictlyfollowed in open houses. Therefore,the onset of lay is sometimes earlier orlater than planned. One critical factoris the length of natural daylight be-tween the 8th and 17th week of life.Basically there are three different situa-tions:

1. Nearly constant hours of naturaldaylight throughout the whole year.After gradually reducing the hoursof light as in the programme forwindowless houses, no furtherlighting programme is needed dur-ing the critical period (8th - 17thweek). Stimulation occurs at the de-sired time by increasing the hoursof light by 30 minutes weekly untilthe maximum lighting time hasbeen reached.

2. Decreasing hours of natural day-light during the critical period (8th -17th week). No lighting program isnecessary during the critical period.To avoid delays in the onset of lay,

stimulation can be started oneweek earlier.

3. Increasing hours of natural daylightduring the critical period (8th -17th week). To avoid prematureonset of lay the increasing day-length has to be disguised. Thelighting time is gradually reducedto the length of natural daylight atthe start of the 17th week of lifeand then kept constant throughoutthe growing period. At the start ofthe 17th week of life lighting time isincreased for stimulation.

Light Intensity

As a general rule, in open houses theintensity of artificial lighting must becomparable to bright daylight. So, thelight intensity of artificial lightingshould be about 6 W/m2 or 50 - 60lux.

B 449

21

L I G H T I N G

Approximate Duration of Natural Daylight in hours

Latitude °

Weekof Year

Hemisphere

Natural Daylight at different Latitudes

North South 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65

8.308.408.509.109.30

10.0010.2010.4011.0011.3011.5012.1012.4013.0013.2013.4014.0014.3014.5015.1015.3015.3015.4015.4015.5016.0015.5015.5015.3015.2014.5014.3014.1013.50

8.008.108.208.409.009.30

10.0010.2010.5011.2011.5012.2012.4013.1013.4014.2014.3015.0015.2015.5016.1016.2016.3016.4016.4016.4016.3016.2016.1015.5015.3015.0014.3014.00

6.406.507.207.508.209.009.209.50

10.4011.2012.0012.2013.0013.3014.1014.5015.1015.4016.2016.5017.2017.4018.0018.1018.1018.1018.0017.4017.2016.5016.2015.5015.1014.50

5.005.406.006.407.208.109.009.30

10.1011.0011.4012.2013.0013.5014.4015.2016.0016.5017.3018.1018.5019.2019.5020.1020.2020.1019.5019.2018.4018.1017.3016.5016.0015.20

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272829303132333435363738394041424344454647484950515212345678

10.3010.3010.4010.4010.5011.0011.1011.2011.3011.4011.5012.1012.2012.3012.4012.5013.0013.1013.2013.3013.4013.4013.5013.5013.5013.5013.5013.5013.4013.3013.3013.2013.1013.00

10.1010.1010.2010.3010.4010.5011.0011.1011.3011.4011.5012.1012.2012.4013.0013.1013.2013.3013.4013.5014.0014.1014.1014.2014.2014.2014.2014.2014.2014.0013.5013.3013.2013.10

9.409.40

10.0010.1010.2010.3010.4011.0011.2011.4012.0012.1012.3012.5013.0013.2013.3013.5014.0014.2014.3014.4014.4014.4014.4014.4014.4014.4014.3014.2014.1013.5013.4013.20

9.109.209.309.40

10.0010.1010.3010.5011.1011.3011.5012.1012.3012.5013.2013.3013.5014.0014.2014.4015.0015.1015.1015.2015.2015.2015.1015.1015.1014.4014.3014.1013.5013.30

B 449

22

L I G H T I N G

Approximate Duration of Natural Daylight in hours

Latitude °

Weekof Year

Hemisphere

North South 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40 40 - 45 45 - 50 50 - 55 55 - 60 60 - 65

13.3013.1012.4012.1011.5011.3011.0010.4010.2010.009.409.209.008.408.308.208.208.20

13.4013.2012.5012.2012.0011.2010.5010.3010.009.409.108.508.308.108.007.507.407.50

14.1013.4013.0013.2011.5011.1010.4010.109.309.008.207.507.307.006.506.306.306.30

14.5014.0013.1012.2011.5011.0010.209.509.008.107.306.506.105.405.104.504.404.40

B 449

353637383940414243444546474849505152

91011121314151617181920212223242526

12.5012.4012.3012.3012.1011.5011.4011.3011.2011.1011.0010.5010.4010.3010.2010.2010.2010.20

13.0012.4012.3012.1012.0011.5011.3011.2011.1011.0010.4010.3010.2010.1010.1010.0010.0010.00

13.1012.5012.3012.1012.0011.4011.2011.1011.0010.4010.2010.1010.009.509.409.409.409.40

13.2013.0012.4012.1011.5011.3011.2011.0010.4010.2010.009.409.309.209.109.009.009.00

Natural Daylight at different Latitudes

H Y G I E N E

23

General Recommendations

1. Set up the farm as far as possiblefrom other poultry houses andfence in.

2. Keep birds of only one age groupon the farm.

3. Keep no other poultry on the farm.4. Allow no visitors to enter the farm.5. Wear only the farm�s own protec-

tive clothing within the farm area.6. Provide the farm�s own protective

clothing for veterinarians, serviceand maintenance workers, andconsultants.

7. Disinfect boots before entering thehouses.

8. Use bulk feed if possible. Do notallow the truck driver to enter thehouses.

9. Safeguard the houses against wildbirds and vermin. Keep rats andmice under constant control.

10. Dispose of dead birds hygienically.Follow local laws and regulations.

Insect and Parasite Control

If necessary, use a suitable insecticideimmediately after the birds have beenremoved in order to kill the insects be-fore they are hiding in walls and partsof the equipment.Use a contact insecticide before warm-ing up the house to control remaininginsects. Make sure that the applicationis safe for the chicks!

Cleaning and Disinfection

1. Disinfection is only effective aftercleaning thoroughly.

2. Remove litter first and wash floor,walls and all equipment with plentyof water.

3. Remove all feed from silos andwash silos. Clean feeding anddrinker systems.

4. Disinfect walls and floor first timeby spraying an effective disinfect-ant.

5. Disinfect smaller parts of theequipment by dipping into a disin-fecting solution.

6. Disinfect feeders and drinkers byspraying or rinsing with a disinfect-ant.

7. Disinfect the silos by spraying adisinfectant.

8. Clean and disinfect streets on thefarm area.

9. Leave the house for a rest periodof 1 - 2 weeks.

10. Disinfect house and equipment fora second time by fumigating orfogging a disinfectant.

11. Rinse drinker lines with plenty ofwater before placing chicks.


P E R F O R M A N C E G O A L SP E R H E N H O U S E D

24

B 449

Age

in

Weeks

Rate

of

Lay %

Egg No.

per

Weekaccumu-

lated %

perWeek

accumu-

lated

total

Chicks

Saleable

Chicks

perWeek

accumu-

lated

Hatching Eggs Hatch % No. Saleable Chicks

21 20 1.4 1.4 � � � � � � �22 40 2.8 4.2 50 1.4 1.4 75 30 0.4 0.423 60 4.2 8.4 60 2.5 3.9 77 33 0.8 1.324 80 5.6 14.0 70 3.9 7.8 78 35 1.4 2.625 86 6.0 20.0 80 4.8 12.7 79 36 1.7 4.426 88 6.2 26.2 85 5.2 17.9 80 37 1.9 6.327 89 6.2 32.4 90 5.6 23.5 81 39 2.2 8.528 90 6.3 38.7 93 5.9 29.4 82 40 2.3 10.829 90 6.3 45.0 94 5.9 35.3 83 41 2.4 13.230 89 6.2 51.2 94 5.9 41.1 84 41 2.4 15.631 88 6.1 57.4 94 5.8 46.9 85 42 2.4 18.032 88 6.1 63.5 94 5.8 52.7 86 42 2.4 20.433 88 6.1 69.7 94 5.8 58.4 86 42 2.4 22.934 87 6.1 75.8 94 5.7 64.2 86 42 2.4 25.335 87 6.1 81.9 94 5.7 69.9 86 42 2.4 27.736 87 6.1 87.9 94 5.7 75.6 86 42 2.4 30.137 86 6.0 93.9 94 5.7 81.3 86 42 2.4 32.538 86 6.0 99.9 94 5.6 86.9 86 42 2.4 34.839 85 5.9 105.9 94 5.6 92.5 86 42 2.3 37.240 84 5.9 111.7 94 5.5 98.0 86 42 2.3 39.541 83 5.8 117.6 94 5.5 103.5 86 42 2.3 41.842 82 5.8 123.3 94 5.4 108.9 85 42 2.2 44.043 81 5.7 129.0 94 5.3 114.2 85 42 2.2 46.244 80 5.6 134.6 94 5.3 119.5 85 42 2.2 48.445 80 5.6 140.2 94 5.2 124.8 85 42 2.2 50.646 79 5.5 145.7 94 5.2 129.9 84 41 2.1 52.747 78 5.4 151.1 94 5.1 135.0 84 41 2.1 54.848 77 5.4 156.5 94 5.1 140.1 83 41 2.0 56.949 76 5.3 161.8 94 5.0 145.1 83 41 2.0 58.950 75 5.3 167.1 94 4.9 150.0 82 40 2.0 60.9

25

B 449

51 74 5.2 172.3 94 4.9 154.9 82 40 2.0 62.852 73 5.1 177.4 94 4.8 159.7 81 40 1.9 64.753 72 5.1 182.5 93 4.7 164.4 81 40 1.9 66.654 72 5.0 187.5 93 4.7 169.1 80 39 1.8 68.455 71 4.9 192.4 93 4.6 173.7 80 39 1.8 70.256 70 4.9 197.3 93 4.5 178.2 79 39 1.7 71.957 69 4.8 202.1 93 4.5 182.7 79 39 1.7 73.758 68 4.8 206.9 93 4.4 187.1 78 38 1.7 75.359 67 4.7 211.5 92 4.3 191.4 77 38 1.6 77.060 66 4.6 216.2 92 4.3 195.7 76 37 1.6 78.561 65 4.6 220.7 92 4.2 199.9 76 37 1.5 80.162 64 4.5 225.2 91 4.1 203.9 75 37 1.5 81.663 63 4.4 229.6 91 4.0 208.0 75 37 1.5 83.064 62 4.3 233.9 90 3.9 211.9 74 36 1.4 84.465 61 4.3 238.2 90 3.8 215.7 74 36 1.4 85.866 60 4.2 242.4 88 3.7 219.4 73 36 1.3 87.167 59 4.1 246.5 87 3.6 222.9 73 36 1.3 88.468 58 4.0 250.5 87 3.5 226.4 72 35 1.2 89.6


Age

in

Weeks

Rate

of

Lay %

Egg No.

per

Weekaccumu-

lated %

perWeek

accumu-

lated

total

Chicks

Saleable

Chicks

perWeek

accumu-

lated


Performance figures listed above were compiled from actual field performancedata. The figures are in no way a guarantee for performance. Performance of anyparent flock will vary according to management and disease conditions.

P E R F O R M A N C E G O A L SP E R H E N H O U S E D

21 20 1.4 1.4 � � � � � � �22 40 2.8 4.2 50 1.4 1.4 75 30 0.4 0.423 60 4.2 8.4 60 2.5 3.9 77 33 0.8 1.324 80 5.6 14.0 70 3.9 7.9 78 35 1.4 2.625 87 6.1 20.1 80 4.8 12.7 79 36 1.7 4.426 89 6.2 26.3 85 5.3 18.0 80 37 2.0 6.327 90 6.3 32.6 90 5.7 23.6 81 39 2.2 8.528 91 6.4 38.9 93 5.9 29.5 82 40 2.4 10.929 91 6.4 45.3 94 6.0 35.5 83 41 2.4 13.330 90 6.3 51.6 94 5.9 41.5 84 41 2.4 15.831 90 6.3 57.9 94 5.9 47.4 85 42 2.4 18.232 89 6.2 64.1 94 5.9 53.2 86 42 2.5 20.733 89 6.2 70.3 94 5.8 59.1 86 42 2.5 23.134 89 6.2 76.5 94 5.8 64.9 86 42 2.5 25.635 89 6.2 82.7 94 5.8 70.7 86 42 2.4 28.036 88 6.2 88.9 94 5.8 76.5 86 42 2.4 30.537 88 6.2 95.1 94 5.8 82.3 86 42 2.4 32.938 87 6.1 101.2 94 5.7 88.1 86 42 2.4 35.339 87 6.1 107.3 94 5.7 93.8 86 42 2.4 37.740 86 6.0 113.3 94 5.7 99.4 86 42 2.4 40.141 85 6.0 119.3 94 5.6 105.0 86 42 2.4 42.442 84 5.9 125.2 94 5.6 110.6 85 42 2.3 44.743 84 5.9 131.0 94 5.5 116.1 85 42 2.3 47.044 83 5.8 136.8 94 5.4 121.5 85 42 2.3 49.345 82 5.7 142.5 94 5.4 126.9 85 42 2.2 51.546 81 5.7 148.2 94 5.3 132.3 84 41 2.2 53.747 80 5.6 153.8 94 5.3 137.6 84 41 2.2 55.948 79 5.6 159.4 94 5.2 142.8 83 41 2.1 58.049 79 5.5 164.9 94 5.2 148.0 83 41 2.1 60.150 78 5.4 170.3 94 5.1 153.1 82 40 2.0 62.1


P E R F O R M A N C E G O A L SP E R H E N D A Y

26

B 449

Age

in

Weeks

Rate

of

Lay %

Egg No.

per

Weekaccumu-

lated %

perWeek

accumu-

lated

total

Chicks

Saleable

Chicks

perWeek

accumu-

lated


27

B 449

51 77 5.4 175.7 94 5.1 158.1 82 40 2.0 64.152 76 5.3 181.1 94 5.0 163.1 81 40 2.0 66.153 75 5.3 186.3 93 4.9 168.0 81 40 1.9 68.154 75 5.2 191.5 93 4.9 172.9 80 39 1.9 70.055 74 5.2 196.7 93 4.8 177.7 80 39 1.9 71.856 73 5.1 201.8 93 4.7 182.4 79 39 1.8 73.657 72 5.0 206.8 93 4.7 187.1 79 39 1.8 75.558 71 5.0 211.8 93 4.6 191.7 78 38 1.8 77.259 70 4.9 216.7 92 4.5 196.3 77 38 1.7 78.960 69 4.8 221.6 92 4.5 200.7 76 37 1.6 80.661 68 4.8 226.3 92 4.4 205.1 76 37 1.6 82.262 67 4.7 231.1 91 4.3 209.4 75 37 1.6 83.763 66 4.6 235.7 91 4.2 213.6 75 37 1.5 85.364 65 4.6 240.3 90 4.1 217.7 74 36 1.5 86.865 64 4.5 244.8 90 4.0 221.8 74 36 1.5 88.266 63 4.4 249.2 88 3.9 225.7 73 36 1.4 89.667 62 4.3 253.5 87 3.8 229.4 73 36 1.3 90.968 61 4.3 257.8 87 3.7 233.2 72 35 1.3 92.2


Age

in

Weeks

Rate

of

Lay %

Egg No.

per

Weekaccumu-

lated %

perWeek

accumu-

lated

total

Chicks

Saleable

Chicks

perWeek

accumu-

lated


Performance figures listed above were compiled from actual field performancedata. The figures are in no way a guarantee for performance. Performance of anyparent flock will vary according to management and disease conditions.

P E R F O R M A N C E G O A L SP E R H E N D A Y

V A C C I N A T I O N S

28

Vaccinating is an important way of pre-venting disease. Different regional epi-demic situations require suitably adap-ted vaccination programmes. Please beguided, therefore, by the advice of yourlocal veterinarian and poultry healthservice.

Vaccination Methods

Individual vaccinations - injections,eye-drops - are very effective andgenerally well tolerated but also verylabour intensive.

Drinking water vaccinations are notlabour intensive but must be carriedout with the greatest care to be effec-tive. The water used for preparing thevaccine solution must not contain anydisinfectants. During the growing periodthe birds should be without water for approximately 2 hours prior to vacci-nation. During hot weather reduce thistime accordingly. The amount of vaccinesolution should be calculated to be completely consumed within 2 - 4 hours.When vaccinating with live vaccines, add 2 g of skim milk powder per litre ofwater in order to protect the virus titer.

Spray vaccinations are not labour intensive and are highly effective, butmay occasionally have side effects. Forchicks up to the age of 3 weeks applyonly coarse spray. Use destilled waterfor vaccination.

General Recommendations

Only healthy flocks should be vaccina-ted. Check the expiry date. The vaccinemust not be used after this date. Keeprecords of all vaccinations and vaccineserial numbers.

Special Recommendations

Marek re-vaccinations have provedsuccessful after long transportation andin areas with high infection risk. Con-sult your veterinarian and the Lohmannveterinary laboratory for further infor-mation.

Mycoplasmosis vaccinations are onlyadvisable if the farm cannot be keptfree of mycoplasmosis. Infections withvirulent mycoplasma species during theproduction period lead to performancedepression. The best performance isachieved by flocks which are kept freeof mycoplasmosis and are not vaccina-ted.

Applying vitamins in the first two tothree days after vaccination can help toreduce stress and prevent undesired re-actions. How far this is necessary de-pends on the specific situation on eachfarm.

V A C C I N A T I O N

29

Example of a vaccination time scheduleLOHMANN BROWN Parent Stock

DiseaseAppearance

world-wide

locallyMethods ofapplication

Time ofapplcation

Codes:W = WaterED = Eye Drop

SC = Subcutaneous InjectionND = Nose DropIM = Intramuscular Injection

WW = Wing WebSP = SprayBD = Beak Dipping

SC-IM

W-SP-ED-ND-BD

W

W-BD-SP

W

WW

SC

SC

ED

SC

IM

SC - IM

�

��

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

�

Day 1

As recommendedby the manufacturer

Number of vaccinationsacc. to disease pressure

2 life vaccinationsat day 18 and 25

Number of vaccinationsacc. to disease pressure

1 vaccination betweenweek 13 and 16


2 vaccinations, approx.at week 8 and 14

2 vaccinations, approx.at week 8 and 14





A 699

Marek

Coccidiosis

Newcastle*

Gumboro*

Inf. Bronchitis*

AE

Fowl Pox

Pasteurellosis

Inf. Coryza

ILT

Mycoplasmosis

EDS

E. Coli

The use of inactivated ND/IB/IBD vaccine before onset of lay is recommended.Depending on disease situation revaccination against ND and/or IB with livevaccines during production helps to maintain production and shell quality

*

Handling of Hatching Eggs

1. Collect hatching eggs frequently.

2. Keep floor eggs separate.

3. Do not use floor eggs for incubationor set in separate incubators.

4. Do not deliver heavily soiled eggsto the hatchery.

5. Do not wash hatching eggs.

6. Store hatching eggs according tothe holding time prior to incubation:

1 - 3 days 22° C4 - 7 days 16° Cover 7 days 12° C

16° C is a good compromise in caseonly one storrage room is availablefor all eggs of different age.

7. If eggs have to be kept longer than7 days, hatchability will be betterand more predictable if eggs arekept on turning racks or stored up-side down.

Hatching Egg Disinfection

First disinfection of hatching eggs shouldtake place immediately after collectionby spraying or fumigation.

Spray Disinfection

Suitable Disinfectants for spraying are:- Formalin 2 - 3 %- Hydrogen Peroxide 2 % + 200 ppm Quarternary Ammonium

- Chlorine Dioxide 200 ppm

Test all spray disinfectants before application for possible damage tothe hatchability!

Fumigation

Fumigation with formaldehyde can bedone in 2 ways:

a) Mixing of 21 cm3 of Formalin with17 g of Potassium Permanganateand 21 cm3 of water per m3 air.Caution:Never add Potassium Permanganateto Formalin!

b) Heating of 8 g Paraformaldehydeplus 20 cm3 of water per m3 in anelectrical heater. Follow closely theinstructions of the manufacturer.

Watch legal restrictions withuse of formaldehyde

Disinfection in the Hatchery

Disinfect the hatching eggs a secondtime in the hatchery prior to incubationby spraying, dipping or preferably byfumigation.Never fumigate with Formaldehydewithin the first 96 hours of incubation.Never exceed a fumigation time of 30 minutes.

30

H A T C H I N G E G G C A R E

N O T E S

31

Vaccines, Medicine, Disinfectants,Feed Additives and Premixes from:

LOHMANN ANIMAL HEALTHGMBH & CO. KG

Heinz-Lohmann-Str. 427472 CuxhavenP.O.Box 446, 27454 CuxhavenGermanyPhone 0049 47 21 74 70Fax 0049 4721 74 71 05

Consultation and diagnosticin all questions of poultry health through:

LOHMANN TIERZUCHT GmbHVeterinary Laboratory

Abschnede 6427472 CuxhavenP.O.Box 446, 27454 CuxhavenGermanyPhone 0049 4721 6060Fax 0049 4721 63439

LOHMANN TIERZUCHT GMBHAm Seedeich 9-11 � 27454 Cuxhaven � Germany

Phone 47 21/ 50 50 � Telex 232 234 ltz d � Fax 47 21/ 3 88 52e-mail [email protected] � www.ltz.de

LOHMANNT I E R Z U C H T

B

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