]

Balantidium coli Balantadiasis Cyst INGESTION

Metronidazole

Chilomastix mesnili Non pathogenic Cyst -

Entamoeba coli Non pathogenic Mature cyst -

Entamoeba histolytica Amoebiasis Cyst

Endolimax nana Non pathogenic Cyst -

Giardia lamblia Giardiasis Cyst Metronidazole

Iodamoeba butschlii Non pathogenic Cyst -

Leishmania donovani Visceral Leshmaniasis Promastigote Stibogluconate Na

ATRIAL FLAGELLATES

- Lower forms of parasite - Completely unicellular - Asexual reproduction – Binary fission - Non pathogenic

o Chilomastix mesnili - Pathogenic

o Giardia lamblia

@

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]

PARASITE: Balantidium coli, trophozoite

Only member of the ciliate group that is pathogenic to humans Considered as the largest protozoan ORGAN OF LOCOMOTION: CILIA DEFINING CHARACTERISTIC is NUCLEAR DIMORPHISM

o Micronucleus o Macronucleus

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITE

DISEASE: Balantidiasis MOT: INGESTION HABITAT: COLON

LABORATORY: microscopic examination of stool and tissue sample POPULATION AFFECTED: TREATMENT: METRONIDAZOLE

]

PARASITE: Leishmania donovani Kala-Azar Dum dum fever Old world leishmaniasis AMASTIGOTE infective to the vector PROMASTIGOTE infective to humans

INFECTIVE STAGE: PROMASTIGOTE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: AMASTIGOTE

DISEASE: VISCERAL LESHMANIASIS VECTOR: Phlebotomous sandfly DEFINITIVE HOST: Man and Mammals RESERVOIR: DOG EPIDEMIOLOGY:

Common in Africa, India and Asia (Particularly in the middle east)

LABORATORY:

Cultivated in NNN or liquid cultures as promastigote of splenic and hepatic material

Blood smear or culture Sternal, splenic, hepatic, or LN puncture

TREATMENT: Stibogluconate sodium

]

PARASITE: Chilomastix mesnili TROPHOZITE

Asymmetrically pear With constricted middle part Granular cytoplasm With food vacuoles

CYST

Pear or lemon shaped With knob like protuberance

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITE LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION MOVEMENT:CORK SCREW LIKE MOVEMENT NO TREATMENT REQUIRED.

]

PARASITE: Giardia lamblia DISEASE: GIARDIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: TROPHOZOITES MOT: INGESTION

DIAGNOSIS: DIRECT FECAL SMEAR – identifying ova/adult STOOL EXAM – complete examination of stool

DRUG OF CHOICE: METRONIDAZOLE

TROPHOZOITE - DIAGNOSTIC STAGE - Seen in WATERY STOOL - Has 8 FLAGELLA - With a pair of nuclei - FALLING LEAF OTILITY - PEAR SHAPED - BINARY FISSION

CYST - INFECTIVE STAGE - With CONDENSED FLAGELLA

(cannot be seen, folded, thick, exhibit no movement at all)

- OVOID in shape - Young: 2 nuclei - Mature: 4 nuclei

]

PARASITE: Endolimax nana NON-PATHOGENIC Flagellate CYST

o 7-10µm o Spherical, ovoid or ellipsoid o Mature cyst – 4 nuclei o Large blotlike karyosome and presence of peripheral

chromatic (similar with trophozoite) o No chromatoid bar o GROUND GLASS APPEARANCE

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITE IN THE STOOL LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION NO TREATMENT REQUIRED.

]

PARASITE: Entamoeba histolytica

DISEASE: AMEOBIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: 4 NUCLEI CYSTS OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM MOT: INGESTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS: STOOL EXAMINATION

CYST - INFECTIVE STAGE

- In FORMED STOOL

- 4 nuclei (quadrinucleated cyst)

-  Resistant to gastric secretion

- Cigar-shaped chromatoidal body

- With glycogen mass

TROPHOZOITE - INVASIVE FORM (PATHOGENIC STAGE) - In LIQUID STOOL - 1 NUCLEUS - Pseudopod:active. progressive and directional movement - Centrally located karyosome: “Bulls-eye appearance” - With ingested RBC - With Charcot-Leyden crystals

]

PARASITE: Entamoeba coli DISEASE: NON PATHOGENIC INFECTIVE STAGE: MATURE CYST

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM MOT: INGESTION LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:

TRADITIONAL WET PREPARATION ANTIGEN TEST

TROPHOZOITE - Motility: Sluggish, nonprogressive

through blunt pseudopod - Single nucleus with large irregularly

shaped karyosome that is ECCENTRICALLY LOCATED

- Vacuoles often contain bacteria - In contrast to E. histolytica, RED

BLOOD CELL INCLUSIONS ARE NOT PRESENT IN THE TROPHOZOITES OF E. COLI.

CYST - Spherical with thick cell wall - 1-8 NUCLEUS (E.histolytica – 1 to 4

nuclei only) - Cytoplasm contains glycogen mass - Thin chromatoid bars, often with

pointed to splintered ends

]

PARASITE: Iodamoeba buetschlii Sluggishly and progressive Pseudopodia blunt and hyaline Inclusions: Bacteria but NO RBC 1 large nucleus WITH GLYCOGEN MASS Thick membrane

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYST

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: CYST OR TROPHOZOITES ON OVA AND PARASITE EXAM

]

]

PARASITE Necator americanus

MORPHOLOGY: LARVA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS IN FECES RHABDITIFORM

- Feeding Larva (L1) - Molting 2x (L2)

FILARIFORM

Infective stage (L3)

Adult form of Larva Requires the pulmonary circulation to survive Stays in the alveolar capillaries SMALL INTESTINE

o maturation, differentiation and reproduction PATHOLOGY:

Skin penetration

Vascular/lymphatic penetration

Pulmonary circulation (alveolar capillaries and rupture)

GIT then eggs in stool DIAGNOSTIC TEST: SUCKING BLOOD:

Necator (0.15 to 0.25 ml/day/parasite)

Duodenale (0.30 - 0.50 ml/day/parasite) TREATMENT: Mebendazole and Pyrantel Palmoate

]

PARASITE

Ancylostoma braziliense o CAT HOOKWORM o Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) o ”Creeping eruption” o Never leave the skin

BUCCAL CAVITY – 2 UNEVEN PAIRS of teeth DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FILARIFORM INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3) DISEASE : Cutaneous Larva Migrans

Erythematous and Itchy Pinpoint lesion Map-like lesion

LIFE CYCLE: Filariform Larva Only DEFINITIVE HOST: CAT DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Skin Biopsy TREATMENT:

Mebendazole

]

PARASITE Ancylostoma caninum

o DOG HOOKWORM o Creeping eruption o Never leave the skin

BUCCAL CAVITY – 3 PAIRS of teeth DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FILARIFORM INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3) DEFINITIVE HOST: DOG PATHOLOGY: Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)

Erythematous and Itchy Pinpoint lesion Map-like lesion

INFECTIVE STAGE: Filariform Larva (L3) LIFE CYCLE: Filariform Larva Only DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Skin biopsy TREATMENT: Thiabendazole

]

]

PARASITE Trichuris trichiura (Egg) Whipwhorm Barrel/Lemon/Football-shape With bacillary band

INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: FERTILIZED EGG DISEASE: Intestinal obstruction / Allergy DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Direct fecal smear TREATMENT: Mebendazole

]

PARASITE

Trichinella spiralis(Encysted larva) o Hook worm o In the muscle o Encyst or developed only in Striated muscle o No egg stage o Trichina worm - Dead end alley infection

(Cannot be transmitted from human to human) –

ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMAN HABITAT: Striated muscles (Skeletal muscles) ENCYSTATION: Upper Small Intestine REPRODUCTION: after mating, males die afterwards and females dies after passing the larva INFECTIVE STAGE: ENCYSTED LARVA DIAGNOSTIC: Muscle biopsy MOT: Ingestion of infected muscle with encysted larva TREATMENT:

Mebendazole: Kills the larva Thiabendazole: Expels the adult worm

]

PARASITE

Trichinella spiralis(Adult female) Trichina worm No egg “dead-end alley” infection Male (mates once, dies); female(pass larva, dies)

PERMANENT HABITAT: Skeletal muscle (Striated muscle) DISEASE: Trichiniasis INFECTIVE STAGE: ENCYSTED LARVA DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Muscle biopsy MOT: Ingestion of infected muscle with encysted larva DEFINITIVE HOSTS: Carnivorous or Omnivorous animals (Cats, Dogs, Hogs, Rats, etc.) ACCIDENTAL HOST: Humans (cannot be transmitted from human to human) PATHOGNOMONIC: With STICHOSOME (Stichocytes – nerve cells)

TREATMENT: Thiabendazole - Expels the adult worm

]

PARASITE Capillaria philippinensis (Pudoc worm) EGGS: - Typical - yellow, moderately thick shell with

striations, with flattened bipolar plug, peanut shaped - Atypical – thin shelled, without bipolar plugs, with segmentation, embryonated

INTERMEDIATE HOST: Freshwater fish INFECTIVE STAGE: Larva MOT: eating of infected fish with larva stage HABITAT: Jejunum DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: typical and atypical eggs in the feces DIAGNOSTIC TEST: DIRECT FECAL SMEAR SYMPTOMS:

• Intestinal malabsorption (outstanding sign), worst symptom among aphasmids

• Fat malabsorption • Fluid and electrolyte losses • Free passage of plasma protein • Abdominal pain and distention • Cachexia and emancipation

TREATMENT: Mebendazole

]

PARASITE

Strongyloides stercoralis(Filariform larva) o THREADWORM o POINTED o BUCCAL CAVITY: No teeth nor plates o DOESN’T REQUIRED HUMID SOIL

INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM (L3) – Molts 4 times

DISEASE: Conchin china diarrhea LIFE CYCLE:

4x molting Pulmonary circulation Auto reinfection Manifest HYPERINFECTION

MOT: Skin Penetration HABITAT: Small intestine, invade the mucosa up to muscularis layer but not the serosal layer

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS + RHABDITIFORM LABORATORY: Stool exam, Duodenal & Sputum examination POPULATION AFFECTED: Adults Institutionalized people TREATMENT: Thiabendazole

]

PARASITE

Strongyloides stercoralis (Rhabditiform larva) o THREADWORM o STOUTER o BUCCAL CAVITY: No teeth nor plates o DOESN’T REQUIRED HUMID SOIL

INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM LARVA (L3) DISEASE: Conchin china diarrhea LIFE CYCLE:

4x molting Pulmonary circulation Auto reinfection Manifest HYPERINFECTION

MOT: Skin Penetration HABITAT: Small intestine, invade the mucosa up to muscularis layer but not the serosal layer DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS + RHABDITIFORM LABORATORY: Stool exam, Duodenal & Sputum examination POPULATION: Adult, institutionalized patient TREATMENT: Thiabendazole

]

PARASITE Enterobius vermicularis (Adult female) PINWORM & SEAT WORM Presence of with CEPHALIC ALAE & ESOPHAGEAL BULB Gravid female worms migrate down the intestinal tract and exist

through the anus to deposit eggs on the perianal skin After deposition, FEMALE DIES

DISEASE: Oxyuriasis/Enterobiasis COMPLICATION:

Appendicitis Vaginitis Endometritis Salpingitis Peritonitis

INFECTIVE STAGE: EMBRYONATED EGGS DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: ADULT WORM OR EGG PATHOLOGIC STAGE: ADULT PATHOLOGY: Bleeding diarrhea and prolapsed rectum DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Scotch adhesive tape swab – demonstrate embyonated ova MOT: Self-infection, Person to person, Airborne TREATMENT: Pyrantel Pamoate and Mebendazole (alternative)

]

PARASITE

Enterobius vermicularis (Eggs) Most common helminthic infection One side flattened, other is convex Oxyuris Vermiculris, Pinworm, Seatworm

INFECTIVE STAGE: EMBRYONATED EGGS DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: ADULT WORM OR EGG

One side flattened and the other side convex (D-shaped) Shell has 2 layers Shape is planoconvex Contains embryo

RHABDITIFORM LARVA : 140-150 µm by 10 µm

Esophageal bulb but has no cuticular expansion on the anterior end.

MOT: Self infection, Person to person, Airborne DIAGNOSTIC TEST: Scotch adhesive tape swab – demonstrate embyonated ova TREATMENT: Mebendazole and Pyrantel pamoat

]

PARASITE

Toxocara canis Toxocara canis cervical alae is longer than broader compared to

Toxocara cati Subglobose, moderately thick, coarsely pitted eggshell

DEFINITIVE HOST: DOG INFECTIVE STAGE: EGG PATHOLOGIC STAGE: LARVA

ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMANS TWO MAIN CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS:

Visceral larva migrans – common in Preschool children Ocular larva migrans

DIAGNOSIS: TISSUE BIOPSY /ELISA MOT:

By ingesting infective stage eggs from soil By ingesting larvae in tissues of paratenic hosts that were

infected from soil or by cannibalism or predation TREATMENT: Albendazole and Mebendazole

]

PARASITE Ascaris lumbricoides (Fertilized egg)

Giant Intestinal Roundworm parasitizing human Golden brown in color Brodly ovoid with thick and transparent shell WITH VITELLINE LAYER (Innermost layer) AND

MAMMILATIONS

DISEASE: ASCARIASIS, LOEFFLER SYNDROME DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG PATHOGENIC STAGE: Adult, Larva ADULTS: 3 prominent lips , Each with dentigenous ridge and no interlabia or alae DIAGNOSTIC EXAMS:

Direct fecal smear Demonstration of eggs in feces

TREATMENT: Mebendazole – Drug of choice

]

PARASITE Ascaris lumbricoides (UNFertilized egg) Most common human helminthic infection

MORPHOLOGY: Egg-thick shelled

CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:

ADULT WORMS usually causes NO SYMPTOMS Loeffler’s syndrome (Cough, dyspnea, hemoptysis and

eosinophilic pneumonitis) DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN INFECTIVE STAGE: FULLY EMBRYONATED EGG DIAGNOSIS:

Direct Fecal Smear Demonstration of eggs in feces

TREATMENT: Mebendazole/Albendazole

]

PARASITE: Brugia malayi NOTE: two terminal nuclei (posterior end diagnostic)

PERIODICITY: Nocturnal (10pm-2am) DISEASE: Lymphatic filariasis INTERMEDIATE HOST: Mansonia DIAGNOSIS:

Giemsa stained thick blood film (must be drawn at Night, 10 pm – 2am)

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Microfilaria INFECTIVE STAGE: FILARIFORM LARVA (L3)

LIFE CYCLE: Circulate from 10pm - 2am (nocturnal), mosquito ingest the microfilaria (3rd stage juvenile larva), larva then matures to adult in the lymphatics TREATMENT: Diethylcarbamazine, Albendazole and Ivermectin (alternative)

]

]

PARASITE: Wuchercheria bancrofti DISEASE: Lymphatic filariasis DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: MICROFILARIA INFECTIVE STAGE: L3 LARVA VECTOR: Anopheles, Culex, Aedes DIAGNOSIS:

Giemsa stained thick blood film (must be drawn at Night, 10 pm – 2am)

TREATMENT: Diethylcarbamazine

]

DISEASE Lymphatic Filariasis Lymphatic Filariasis INTERMEDIATE HOST Anopheles, Culex, Aedes Mansonia

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE Microfilariae Microfilariae INFECTIVE STAGE L3 L3

PERIODICITY Nocturnal Nocturnal BODY CURVES Graceful curves, bluntly rounded

anterior and pointed posterior Stiff, kinky body

PRESENCE/ABSENCE OF TRANSPARENT SHEATH

(+) (+)

ARRANGEMENT OF BODY NUCLEI

Central column are more or less equidistant with each other

Devoid terminal nuclei

Large with irregular distribution appear clumped

Long cephalic space Devoid of nuclei

DIAGNOSTIC EXAM Giemsa stained thick blood smear Giemsa stained thick blood smear DRUG OF CHOICE Diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine

]

]

PARASITE: Echinococcus granulosus

SMALLEST TAPEWORM of medical importance

SCOLEX with prominent rostellum

DOUBLE CROWN of hooks

NO adult form in humans

Short with 3 proglottids with o 1 IMMATURE o 1 MATURE o 1 GRAVID

INFECTIVE STAGE: HYDATID CYST HABITAT: Small intestine of dogs and wolves DEFINITIVE HOST: Dogs and Wolves INTERMEDIATE HOST: Sheep and Cattle DISEASE: HYDATID DISEASE

MOT: INGESTION MOST COMMON ORGAN AFFECTED: LIVER

TREATMENT: Surgery Epinephrine and Anti histamine

LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS:

Finding proctoscolices, brood capsules or daughter cyst

ELISA

]

PARASITE: Hymenolepsis nana

DWARF TAPEWORM

SCOLEX: SHORT retractile rostellum with SINGLE ring of small hook

MATURE PROGLOTTID: Single genital pore on LEFT SIDE

EGG: Oval encloses HEXACANTH embryo, inner membrane has 2 POLAR THICKENINGS

NO INTERMEDIATE HOST!! INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCOCYTIS DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS WITH 6 HOOKLETS IN THE FECES HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: HUMAN, MICE AND RATS

MOT: INGESTION TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTE

]

PARASITE: Hymenolepsis diminuta

SCOLEX: UNARMED ROSTELLUM

GRAVID PROGLOTTID: Contains SACCULAR UTERUS with EGG MASSES

EGG: NO POLAR FILAMENTS OR THICKENINGS

INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCOCYSTIS DIGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG DISEASE: HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: RATS AND MICE INTERMEDIATE HOST: Larval Fleas and Adult beetles ACCIDENTAL HOST: Human

MOT: Ingestion TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL

]

PARASITE: Diphyllobothrium caninum

DOG TAPEWORM

AKA DOUBLE-PORED TAPEWORM

GRAVID PROGLOTTID: Packed with MEMBRANOUS EGG CAPSULES containing 15-25 eggs

EGGS: Oncosphere with 6 hooklets

GENITAL PORE located BILATERALLY

Proglottid is watermelon shape

DISEASE: DIPYLIDIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCOID LARVA DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS IN MOTHER POCKETS HABITAT: SMALL INTESTINE DEFINITIVE HOST: DOGS INTERMEDIATE HOST: LARVAL FLEAS of dogs ands cats

MOT: Ingestion TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL

]

PARASITE: Diphyllobothrium latum

FISH TAPEWORM

JEWISH HOUSEWIVES DISEASE

SCOLEX: 2 BOTHRIUM OR SUCKING ORGAN

MALE ORGAN: DORSAL PART OF PROGLOTTID

FEMALE ORGAN: VENTRAL PART

ASSOCIATED WITH PERNICIOUS ANEMIA

DISEASE: DIPHYLLOBOTRIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: PLEROCERCOID LARVAE (SPARGANUM) DIGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG NOURISHMENT:DIFFUSION from undigested food of the host HABITAT: ILEUM DEFINITIVE HOST: INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: COPEPODS 2ND: FISH ACCIDENTAL HOST: HUMAN

MOT: INGESTION TREATMENT: NICLOSAMIDE

]

PARASITE: Taenia solium

PORK TAPEWORM

DISEASE: CYSTERCOSIS INFECTIVE STAGE: ADULT WORM DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS OR PROGLOTTIDS IN FECES HABITAT: UPPER PART OF JEJUNUM DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN LIFE SPAN: 25 YEARS INTERMEDIATE HOST: HOGS AND WILD BOARS 1ST: COPEPODS 2ND: FISH

MOT: INGESTION OF RAW PORK DIAGNOSTIC TEST:

Stool examination (Identification of ovum ang segments in feces

TREATMENT: NICLOSAMIDE

]

PARASITE: Fasciola hepatica

SHEEP LIVER FLUKE

LARGE LEAF SHAPE

Live as long as 11 years

DISEASE: FASCIOLIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA SEX: MONOECIOUS DIGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG HABITAT: LIVER DEFINITIVE HOST: SHEEP ACCIDENTAL HOST: Human INTERMEDIATE HOST:

1ST – SNAIL 2ND – WATER CHESTNUTS & KANGKONG

MOT: INGESTION

]

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS (CELLULOSAE/BOVIS) DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS

]

PARASITE: Clonorchis sinensis

CHINESE LIVER FLUKE / ORIENTAL LIVER FLUKE

LANCET SHAPE

Excyst in the LIVER

Adult worms can LIVE UP TO 25 YEARS

With TWO LARGE AND DEEPLY LOBED TESTES situated one behind the other.

DISEASE: CHLONORCHIASIS

INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: Unembryonated egg

SEX: MONOECIOUS HABITAT: LIVER DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: OPERCULATED SNAIL 2ND: FRESHWATER FISH

]

PARASITE: Paragonimus westermani

ORIENTAL LUNG FLUKE

EGG: Flat operculum, thickening at base – chocolate or color brown in color

TESTES – DEEPLY LOBED SIDE BY SIDE

DISEASE: PARAGONIMIASIS CLINICAL MANIFESTATION:

PLEURITIC PAIN INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG SEX: MONOECIOUS HABITAT: LUNG DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: SNAIL 2ND: CRAB/CRAYFISH

DIAGNOSTIC EXAM:

Chest xray

Identification of egg: STOOL AND SPUTUM EXAM TREATMENT: PRAZIQUANTEL

]

PARASITE: Echinostoma ilocanum

GARRISON’S FLUKE

TESTES: Deeply lobed, in tandem

“GERM YOLK” big mass of yolk Small and slightly triangular operculum One end is

ovoid, attenuated and the other is more rounded and straw-colored

DISEASE: ECHINOSTOMIASIS INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: LARGE OPERCULATED EGG HABITAT: INTESTINE INTERMEDIATE HOST: 1ST: SNAIL 2ND: FRESHWATER MOLLUSC

]

PARASITE: FORK TAILED CERCARIA

DIOCEIOUS

NO REDIA STAGE

EGGS: MATURE, NON OPERCULATED

Final free-swimming larval stage of a TREMATODE/FLUKE

Consisting of a body and tail

Infective stage of BLOOD FLUKES/Schistosomes

]

PARASITE: Schistosoma mansoni -EGG DISEASE: SCHISTOSOMIASIS DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG SEX: DIOECIOUS 1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST: SNAIL 2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST: NONE

]

PARASITE: Schistosoma japonicum in copula DISEASE: SCHISTOSOMIASIS DEFINITIVE HOST: MAN INFECTIVE STAGE: CERCARIA DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGG SEX: DIOECIOUS 1ST INTERMEDIATE HOST: SNAIL 2ND INTERMEDIATE HOST: NONE

]

PARASITE: Ctenocephalides canis – DOG FLEA DISEASE: IH of MINOR CESTODES:

Dipylidium caninum and Hymenolepis nana

]

PARASITE: Taenia solium STAGE: Cysticercus cellulosae INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS CELLULOSAE DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS

]

INFECTIVE STAGE: METACERCARIAE

DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: UNEMBRYONATED EGG

Moderately fleshy

Relatively flat, leaf-like

Highly dendritic intestinal ceca, vitellaria and testis

ANT. PART: CEPHALIC CONE

POST. PART: BROADLY POINTED

]

INFECTIVE STAGE: CYSTICERCUS (CELLULOSAE/BOVIS) DIAGNOSTIC STAGE: EGGS AND GRAVID PROGLOTTIDS