Parasitic Diseases Human Pathogenic Protozoans. “First Animal” Amoebas Move by pseudopods Cyst ...
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Transcript of Parasitic Diseases Human Pathogenic Protozoans. “First Animal” Amoebas Move by pseudopods Cyst ...
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Parasitic Diseases
Human Pathogenic Protozoans
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“First Animal”Amoebas
Move by pseudopodsCyst trophozoite
FlagellatesMove by flagellaCyst trophozoite
CiliatesMove by cilia
SporozoansDo not have motility structures
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Generalized Protozoa Life Cycle
CystProtective form of the organismPassed into the environment
ReproductionAsexually = binary fission; schizogenySexually = gametes
TrophozoiteMotilereplicate
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Kingdom ProtistaPhylum : Protozoa
FlagellatesTrichomonasGiardiaTrypanosomaLeishmania
AmoebaeEntamoebaNaegleriaAcanthoamoeba
Phylum Apicomplexa
CoccidiaEimera, IsosporaToxoplasmaCryptosporidiumPlasmodium
PiroplasmasinaBabesia
Phylum CiliophoraBalantidium
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New TaxonomyAlveolatesAmoebaeEuglenozoaArchaezoa
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AlvelolatesCiliates
2 nuclei
ApicomplexansPathogenicIntracellular organelles as apical complex
DinoflagellatesPlanktonSome produce neurotoxins
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ArchaezoaLack several organelles
MitochondriaGolgi apparatusperoxisomes
ExamplesDiplomonadida
GiardiaMicrosporidia
Parabasala
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EuglenozoaEuglenoids
Characteristics of plants and animalsPhototrophicChloroplastsFlagella + cytoplasm for movementLack cell walls
KinetoplastidsMitochondrial DNA is kinetoplast
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AmoebaeLack mitochondriaPseudopodsBinary fission
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AMOEBAEntamoeba histolyticaAcanthoamoeba castillanii
Free living, opportunisticCorneal ulceration
Naegleria fowleriFree living, opportunisticCNS fatal meningitis
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Entamoeba histolyticaAmoebic dysenteryHumans are DHContaminated waterCystsTrophozoites in lining of SI, colonClinical syndrome
Mucosal necrosisLiver abscesses
DX: Id cystsTX: Metronidizole
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Entamoeba histolytica
cyst
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CiliatesBalantidium coli
Zoonotic (pigs_Similar to E. histolyticaTrophozoites
Invade intestinal mucosaSevere diarrhea
DX: Id organismTX: TetracyclinePrevention: Hygiene
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Balantidium coli
trophozoiteTrophozoites in intestinal lining
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FLAGELLATESGiardiaTrichomonasTrypanosoma species
AfricanAmerican
Leishmania speciesCutaneousVisceral
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Giardia lamblia5 flagella for motilityCyst ingestionTrophozoite excyst
Motile due to acidAttach to mucosaAbsorbs nutrients
Clinical SignsDiarrhea, NauseaMalabsorption
DX: Id organismTX: MetronidizolePrevention: Sanitation
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Giardia
trophozoite
cyst
Trophozoite in GI
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Trichomonas vaginalisSTDFemale
Vaginitis: discharge
MaleUrethritis: burning
Trophozoite onlyDX: Id organismTX: MetronidizolePrevention: Safe sex
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Trichomonas
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Trypanosoma bruceiAfrican Sleeping SicknessArthropod vector (Tsetse fly)Animal reservoir = ZoonoticTrypanosomes
Picked up in bloodDevelopment in fly
GutSalivary gland
Chancre at site of bite
Clinical SignsFever, malaiseCNS coma
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Trypanosoma trophozoites
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Trypanosoma cruziChagas DiseaseAnimal reservoir = ZoonoticVector = Triatomid bugTrypansome
Multiply in bug gutMetacyclic form in fecesOrgansim circulates in bloodAmastigotes in new cellsTrypomastigotes in blood
Clinical CourseNervous: Megaesophagus, mega colonCardiac: arrythmia, dilationGI: pseudocyst in lining
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T. cruzi
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Chagas Disease
T. cruzi in heart muscle
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Leishmania speciesCutaneous
Localized open soreCan spread locally
VisceralSystemicMacrophage location
Animal reservoir = ZoonoticVector: Sand fliesPromastigotes inoculated
Ingested by macrophagesMultiply
AmastigotesReleased and redigestedPicked up by flyMultiply in gut
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Leishmania
Amastigotes infectingmacrophages
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Leishmaniasis
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APICLOMPLEXACryptosporidiumPlasmodiumToxoplasmaCoccidiaBabesia
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Cryptosporidium parvumAnimal reservoir = zoonoticFecal contaminated waterOocysts ingestedSporozoites
Invade intestinal cellsAsexual reproduction
Gametes (oocyst)Oocysts in feces
Clinical SyndromeDiarrhea
Self limiting in childrenSevere if immunocompromised
Dx: OocystsTX: Antiprotozoal
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Oocysts
Intestinal infections
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Plasmodium speciesMalariaVector: Anopheline Mosquitoes
Gametocytes zygoteOocyst in gutSporozoites in salivary glands
Humans = DHSporozoites in liverSchizonts developMerozoites in RBC gametocytes
Clinical CourseInvasion, Rupture, ReinvasionFever, ChillsAnemiaFree Hgb Renal Failure, death
DX: Symptoms, Id bloodTX: antimalarial drugs
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Toxoplasma gondiiToxoplasmosisZoonoticFeline = DH; intestinal phaseOocysts
FecesRelease sporozoites replicateTachyzoites form
Encyst in brain, muscleDevelop bradyzoites
Clinical CourseAsymptomaticFetus: miscarriage, handicapAIDS: brain cysts, inflammation
Dx: Ab titer, biopsyTX: TMPS
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Toxoplasmosis
oocyst
tachyzoite
Bradyzoite cyst in brain
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Don’t look at me…
I’m parasite free!
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CoccidiosisNumber of speciesOocysts
IngestedSporozoites
LiberatedAsexual reproduction
Merozoites-> reinfectGametocytes produced
Gametes zygoteoocyst
Clinical DiseaseGI mucosal damageDiarrhea
DX: Oocysts in fecesTX: TMPS
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Coccidia
Eimeria in tissue
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Babesia bigeminaPiroplasm organismVector: hard TickHost: Mammal RBCsSplenectimized humansClinical Syndrome
Anemia due to destructionFever, achesJaundiceKidney Failure
DX: Id organism in RBCTX: Ab
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Pneumocystis jiroveciFormally P. cariniiProtozoan vs FungalSource: Human RespiratoryTransmission @ early ageClinical Course
Cysts in alveolar wallRuptures bodies releasedTrophozoites develop
Sexual repro = cystsAsexual repro = fission
Pneumonia
DX: Id cystsTX: TMPS
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PCP
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Protozoal Drug TreatmentsMetronidizole
Nicks in DNA
AntimalarialsChloroquine, Amodiaquine, Mefloquine
Eradicate erythrocytic asexual stages
PrimaquineEradicates exoerythrocytic stages
TMPSInhibits metabolites related to Folic acid synthesis
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Parasite Prevention Summary
Wash handsDrink clean waterCook meat and fishWash vegetables & fruitWear shoesControl VectorsPrevention firstDX before TXFollow up / change TX
And don’t let the
Bed bugs bite!
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Questions?