Microprocessor Interfacing Project

Hardwired FIR Filter Implementation using

Parallel Port

Nart Shawash

Introduction: The most common I/O transfer technique used in the Intel microprocessor-based systems is Isolated I/O. The term isolated describes how the I/O locations are isolated from the memory system in a separate I/O address space. The addresses for isolated I/O devices, called ports, are separate from the memory. In the personal computer, isolated I/O ports are used for controlling peripheral devices. IN instruction, is used to input data from port addressed by ‘DX’ into ‘AL’. ex: MOV DX,0378H IN AL,DX The contents of the port with address 0378H are moved to ‘AL’. OUT instruction is used to output data resident in ‘AL’ to a port addressed by ‘DX’. ex: MOV DX,0378H OUT DX,AL Contents of ‘AL’ are moved to port with address of 0378H. PC Parallel Port: Parallel Printer Port (shown below) comprises 4-control lines (bi-directional), 5-status lines (receptive), & 8-data lines. It is found commonly on the back of PC’s as a D-type 25-pin female connector.

In PC’s utilizing 80486 Intel microprocessor –such as currently being used in Microprocessor Laboratory-, Data Port (D0-D7, pins 2-9) could be used as an output-port, that is to send a character to printer, for instance. While 4 lines of the Control Port (C0-C3, pins 1,14,16,17) as IN/OUT. Status Port (bits S3-S7, pins 15,13,12,10,11) as an input only. In such a state, the port is said to be functioning in Standard Mode. Note once again that the Standard Mode Operation does not support input to D0-D7 function, i.e. it is not allowed. In Pentium based PC’s, the Printer Parallel Port lines D0-D7 can function as both IN & OUT ports. In this mode, Parallel Port is refereed to as Extended Capabilities Port (ECP).

Pin assignments are shown in the figure below.

A simple test could be conducted using available ‘debug’ facility in ‘DOS’. That is while in C:\> or D:\>, simple type ‘debug’, then press ENTER.

- ←this dash prompt appears in the extreme left of the last line as long as you are operating in the debug of DOS. To demonstrate how read D0-D7 operation is done, type: o 37a,20 , followed by ENTER strike. (this causes Data Port to be set into Input Mode). Then type (on the next line) i 378 , followed by ENTER strike. If nothing is connected to pins 2-9 (D0-D7) of Data Port, then the values D0-D7 will be interpreted as 1’s, i.e. logic high. That is due to default design settings, custom in all commercial TTL systems, which will always be high logic when ever trying to read any floating terminals. To read values other than FFH (floating input D0-D7), ground those pins (2-9) which are desired to be read as logic zero, through 120Ω resistance & repeat –i 378, with previously –o 37a,20 executed. Grounding is done by connecting the corresponding pin to one of the pins 18-25 on the parallel port through 120Ω resistor. Never try to ground any pin by short-circuiting it to pins 18-25. It should be mentioned that pins 18-25 on the parallel port (corresponding to ground) are internally short circuited. You can do a continuity test even when PC’s power is off. To do the write (output to data port, D0-D7, pins 2-9) operation in debug. First send 00H to port 37aH, to issue the PC that the Data Port is to be set into Output Mode. Then send any word (8 bits) in hexadecimal to Data Port address 378. -o 37a,00

-o 378,CC After this, you can check the logic values on pins 2-9 corresponding to data port lines D0-D7 using voltmeter or logic prob. Remember that the measurement must be with respect to ground, i.e. pins 18-25. In the same fashion, one can send/receive data to/from Control Port (address 37a). But unlike the Data Port, some of Control Port lines are active low, add to that the fact that only bits C0 (pin 1) Strobe (active low) C1 (pin14) Autofeed (active low) C2 (pin16) INIT (active high) C3 (pin17) SelectIN (active low) are physically addressable. The following example will demystify the matters: -o 37a,FF will result in the following: Control Port Bit

#

Pin #

Name

Logic State

Why?

0 1 Strobe 0 It’s active low, i.e. inverted 1 14 Autofeed 0 It’s active low, i.e. inverted 2 16 INIT 1 It’s active high, i.e. not inverted 3 17 SelectIn 0 It’s active low, i.e. inverted 4 Doesn’t have

corresponding pin

IRQ Enable 1 It’s active high, i.e. not inverted

Setting it high, enable IRQ on Status Port & vice versa

5 Doesn’t have corresponding pin

Direction (of data flow on data port)

1 It’s active high, i.e. not inverted Setting it high makes pins data 2-9

receptive to data & vice versa 6 & 7 Doesn’t have

corresponding pin Reserved Don’t

care What ever

Control bits 6 & 7 are reserved, (what ever that might mean). We as an end users should care less about them. As a result we are able to read 4 on the lower 4 bits (physically available to us) of the control port whenever FFH is outputted to the control port (address 37aH). To do the read operation (IN) from the control port, execute: -i 37a Note once again that the control bits 0,1,3 –corresponding to pins 1,14,17-will be read inverted, because they are active low. Control bit 2 –pin 16 on parallel port- will be read as it is –since it is active high-. Status Port –address 379H- can do the Input –to µp- only. How ever it should be noted that while running debug demo, the bit activity is as follows:

Status bit # Pin # Name Logic Activity 7 11 Busy Active high, i.e. not

inverted 6 10 ACK Active high, i.e. not

inverted 5 12 PE Active high, i.e. not

inverted 4 13 Select Active low, i.e. inverted 3 15 Error Active low, i.e. inverted 2 Has no corresponding pin IRQ Active high, i.e. not

inverted 1 & 0 Has no corresponding pin Reserved What ever

While running a MASM program, we’ll set the parallel (Data) port to Bi-directional-Bit mode (to be explained in what follows), the thing that will cause in different bit activity than that specified above. New bit activity is listed below:

Status bit # Pin # Name Logic Activity 7 11 Busy Active low, i.e. inverted 6 10 ACK Active high, i.e. not

inverted 5 12 PE Active high, i.e. not

inverted 4 13 Select Active high, i.e. not

inverted 3 15 Error Active high, i.e. not

inverted 2 Has no corresponding pin IRQ Active high, i.e. not

inverted 1 & 0 Has no corresponding pin Reserved What ever

Bi-directional-Bit Mode: Without getting into too much detail, Bi-directional Bit Mode is available on ECP, & enables Data Port lines –pins 2-9, D0-D7- to function as an input and/or output lines. Forcing Parallel Port into Bi-directional mode is achieved as follows: Register called Extended Control Register -which has an address = Base+402H=378H+402H=077AH- is loaded values of 0,0,1 in it’s bits 7,6,5 respectively. The other bits are treated as don’t care, –let’s agree upon setting them to zero-, so that 001xxxxx is 00100000Bin, that corresponds to 020H. So, setting the Data Port in Bi-directional Bit mode is simply done as follows: MOV DX,077AH MOV AL,020H OUT DX,AL After the execution of those three lines, microprocessor allows the Data Port (bit’s D0-D7, pins 2-9) to work either as an input or an output. The question now is, How to specify the direction of data flow, IN or OUT the data port. As you might have noticed before, that is done by sending 020H to Control port –address 37a-, so that the data port is receptive (INPUT), or by sending 00H to the Control port, so that the Data port functions as an OUTPUT port. 020H is expanded in binary to 0010 0000. Note that it is the 5th bit (1 or 0) of the Control port (not available physically) that is dictating Data port to work in (INPUT or OUTPUT) mode respectively. Testing DAC0800: Assemble the circuit shown in the figure below.

D/A Test Program objective is to insure that: 1. D/A works fine 2. Obtain correct shape of D/A output waveform, that is by adjusting V+

& V- power supplies until the correct (symmetric shape) output waveform is observed on oscilloscope. The test signal would be the periodic ramp (saw-tooth) waveform, obtained by continuously incrementing the output 8-bit (binary) value feed to D/A. Program goes as follows: MOV DX,077AH ; set bi-directional mode, not that necessary MOV AL,020H OUT DX,AL MOV DX,37A ; data port is an output port MOV AL,00H OUT DX,AL MOV AL,00H MOV DX,0378H HERE: OUT DX,AL INC AL JMP HERE If the output waveform is not exactly saw-tooth, i.e. some saturation occurs at the peaks, then adjust V+ & V- slightly until symmetric, with sharp triangular corners saw-tooth waveform is obtained. If staircase-like (piece-wise continuos) ramp is obtained, then you’ll have to replace D/A & see the result. These steps are done priory to wiring the Differential Amplifier, i.e. till now the output was taken single ended, that is between either pin 4 of D/A & common ground, or pin 2 of D/A & ground. Pins 2 & 4 of D/A are now connected to differential amplifier. Though not much of a gain is required, but the essence of it’s presence is to null any dc offsets present in the signal & exploit the whole dynamic range (swing) of D/A output. DC nulling could be better achieved through adding resistance supplied by +ve voltage at one end & at the other connected to –ve (summing) terminal of the op-amp. That was the test connection. In actual or final assembled circuit, D/A should be disconnected from the data port whenever A/D is passing data to D0-D7 (pins 2-9). That is done by latching D0-D7 outputs on the so-called SN54LS373 octal D-type transparent latch witch contain edge triggered flip-flops. As it is clear from the figure below, that it’s possible to ground pin1 (OC) of 373 permanently, & provide pin11 (C) of 373 with positive going transients generated on pin 17 of the parallel port (bit 3 of Control port (Select)) –chosen arbitrary-. Since as far as 373 is considered, when the positive transition occurs –at pin11 (C) of 373-, the Q-outputs will be set to the logic states that are setup at the D-inputs.

Following program does the task explained in the previous paragraph, assuming :1. Bi-directional mode, that is 020H at address 077AH. Though not that necessary. 2. Desired value to be passed to D/A is currently in memory location named VAL. MOV DX,037AH MOV AL,04H OUT DX,AL ;that is disable RD & WR of A/D, -more on them ;later-, so that A/D outputs are in high ;impedance state, & at the same time insure that ;373’s pin 11 (C) is high. MOV DX,0378H ;the desired data (VAL) is at the MOV AL,VAL ;373 D’s input, but not passed yet to D/A. The OUT DX,AL ;passing requires positive going at pin 11(C) of ;373. MOV DX,037AH ; MOV AL,0CH ;pin 11 (C) of 373 goes low, but VAL is not OUT DX,AL ;passed yet to the outputs of 373 i.e. input of ;D/A. MOV AL,O4H ;positive going triggers D’s to appear at Q’s OUT DX,AL ;i.e. VAL is passed to D/A

C7

C6

C5

C4

C3 SelectIN pin17

Inverted connected to 373’s pin11

C2 INIT pin16

Not inverted Connected to (WR) of A/D

C1 Autofeed pin14

inverted Not connected

C0 Strobe, Pin1

Inverted Connected to

RD of A/D

↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ 0

0

0

0

0

1

0

0

04 @ Control

port

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

0

0C @ Control

port ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓

C7

C6

C5

C4

C3 This bit is used to

generate +ve

C2 INIT pin16

Not inverted Connected to

C1 Autofeed pin14

inverted Not connected

C0 Strobe, Pin1

Inverted Connected to

going for 373’s pin11

(WR) of A/D WR→disabled

RD of A/D RD→disabled

Note: Maximum event occurrence speed at the parallel port output is 2µsec, i.e. 500kHz = 0.5MHz, which is way below 373’s (50MHz) speed, & 20 times slower than 0.1µsec conversion time of DAC08. Add to that, the fact that overall process speed will be dictated by even slower ADC0804 conversion time –taken by successive approximation-. Connecting ADC0804: Figure below shows the pinout of the ADC0804. As you might have already guessed, pins 11-18 of ADC0804 are connected to pins 9-2 of Data port on Parallel port respectively. Pins RD (2ADC0804) & WR (3ADC0804), are connected to Control port pins 1 & 16. Pin INTR (5ADC0804) is connected to Status port pin (15), to signal the indication of the end of conversion.

There is no specific reason for selecting those particular pins on Control & Status ports. It’s just the connection suggested by W.A Steer @ http://.ucl.ac.uk/~ucapwas/lptadc.html, & is shown below.

ADC0804 operation: Figure below illustrates timing diagram that shows the interaction of the control signals. As can be seen, conversion is started with WR pulse, then only after INTR returns to logic zero, pulling RD pin low will transfer the sampled & quantized analog value -into 8 bits-, to the pins (11-18) of ADC0804.

It is important to note, that CS must be active (logic zero) during WR & RD signaling, but CS being low would not be relevant during INTR, for that reason our connection of CS (pin1 of ADC0804) to ground permanently, is justified. One thing left to mention is, that while both RD & WR are disabled (logic high) output pins (11-18) of ADC0804 are at high impedance state, so that the data could safely passed to DAC08 through 373. Once again, the operation sequence of ADC0804 goes as follows:

1. Pull WR (pin3) low, while RD (pin2) is high, than bring WR high again. 2. Wait until INTR (pin5) goes low. 3. Pull RD (pin2) low, while WR (pin3) is high, & read the data at pins

11-18 -of ADC0804-, which are connected to D0-D7 of Data port. 4. Put RD (pin2) high once again, as an indication that we are through

with A/D. • Both RD (pin2) & WR (pin3) must be disabled (logic high) prior to the

beginning of conversion to ensure the correctness of sampling sequence. ADC0804 Program portion: MOV DX,037AH ;so that Data port D0-D7 is receptive to data MOV AL,020H ;from ADC0804 OUT DX,AL ; MOV DX,037AH ;both RD & WR are high (disabled) MOV AL,024H ; OUT DX,AL ;

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

0

024H @ Control

port

Reserved

Reserved

Direction→ D0-D7 are input

port

IRQ

Enable ‘not

used’

SelectIN (pin17), goes to 373’s

pin11 (C) high

INIT pin16 not

inverted, to

disable WR

Autofeed pin14,

inverted. not

connected

Strobe pin1,

inverted = high,

to disable

RD

MOV AL,020H ;zero at WR pin of ADC0804 (activated) OUT DX,AL ;

MOV AL,024H ;bring WR high (disable) again & wait until OUT DX,AL ;conversion is done MOV DX,0379H ;read Status port 0379H, & check out pin15 X: IN AL,DX ;ERROR, which is not inverted, since INTR of TEST AL,08H ;ADC0804 is connected to it. When it’s low, the JNZ X ;conversion is over. The checking is done via ;TESTing with 08H. If the result is not zero ;(yet), then pin15 or INTR of ADC0804 is not ;low yet & we must check it some 2µsec later ;repetitively until it goes low, & that is ;accomplished conditional jump (JNZ). Once ;ERROR is low, proceed. MOV DX,037AH ;to activate RD, pull it low MOV AL,025H ; OUT DX,AL ;

0

0

1

0

0

1

0

1

025H @ Control

port

Reserved

Reserved

Direction→ D0-D7 are input

port

IRQ

Enable ‘not

used’

SelectIN (pin17), goes to 373’s

pin11 (C) high

INIT pin16 not

inverted, to

disable WR

Autofeed pin14,

inverted. not

connected

Strobe pin1,

inverted = low,

to enable

RD

MOV DX,0378H ;read what is on the Data port IN AL,DX ; MOV VAL1,AL ;temporary remove the sampled value from AL to ;memory location VAL1, because we’ll have to ;use AL further MOV DX,037AH ;disable once again both RD & WR (pull them MOV AL,024H ;high) OUT DX,AL ; Recapitulation: On the following page, the program that simply reads ADC0804 & then outputs the value as it is to DAC08 repetitively is shown.

.MODEL SMALL .DATA VAL DB ? VAL1 DB ? .CODE MAIN PROC MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS,AX MOV ES,AX MOV AL 020H MOV DX,077AH OUT DX,AL BEGINNING: CALL READ_A/D ;probably filtering algorithm goes here CALL WRITE_to_D/A JMP BEGINNING MAIN ENDP READ_A/D PROC MOV DX,037AH MOV AL,020H OUT DX,AL MOV DX,037AH MOV AL,024H OUT DX,AL MOV AL,020H OUT DX,AL MOV AL,024H OUT DX,AL MOV DX,0379H X: IN AL,DX TEST AL,08H JNZ X MOV DX,037AH MOV AL,025H OUT DX,AL MOV DX,0378H IN AL,DX MOV VAL1,AL MOV DX,037AH MOV AL,024H OUT DX,AL RET READ_A/D ENDP WRITE_to_D/A PROC MOV DX,037AH MOV AL,04H OUT DX,AL MOV DX,0378H MOV AL,VAL OUT DX,AL MOV DX,037AH MOV AL,0CH OUT DX,AL MOV AL,O4H OUT DX,AL RET WRITE_to_D/A ENDP END MAIN

Final Connection:

more elaborate DAC08 output connection (for other suggestions refer to DAC08 Data Sheet)

parallel connector

(available from شارع وصفي التل @ غزال , about 3.5JD –1998’s price-)

Notes and References: 1. Data sheet of ADC0804 is available from:

http://www.national.com/ds/AD/ADC0801.pdf 2. Data sheet of DAC08 is available from:

http://www.national.com/ds/DA/DAC0800.pdf 3. Paper on the ‘Use of a PC Printer Port for Control and Data Acquisition’ is

available from: http://et.nmsu.edu/~etti/fall96/computer/printer/printer.html 4. Suggested connections for the control & status lines are by W. A. Steer

http://www.ucl.ac.uk/~ucapwas/ppadc.html 5. Paper titled ‘Interfacing to the IBM-PC Parallel Printer Port’ from

http://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~ih/doc/par/ 6. Some really informative material available in both http & .pdf formats about

SPP, EPP & ECP, all under title ‘Interfacing the PC’ are available at http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Bay/8302/ecp.html, & under http://www.senet.com.au/~cpeacock

7. For the data sheet of 373 check out one of the following: http://www.national.com/ds/DM/DM54LS373.pdf or http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/DM/DM74LS373.pdf

8. It’s very possible that you might need either or both 244 octal buffer or/and 245 bi-directional transceiver, their data sheets are available from: http://www.national.com/ds/DM/DM54LS244.pdf http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/DM/DM74LS244.pdf http://www.national.com/ds/DM/DM54LS245.pdf http://www.fairchildsemi.com/ds/DM/DM74LS245.pdf

9. Fortunately there is some أوالد حالل whom have all the data sheets related to microprocessor projects. Their site address is http://www2.lacitec.on.ca/intranet/info1002/COURS/CA1/PIECES.HTM

10. There is a book –down stares- in our library, ‘PC Intern’ , chapter 7 is titled ‘The Parallel Port’.

11. For exhaustive discussion solely restricted to the issue of the Parallel Port, consult Janet Louise Axelson “Parallel Port Complete”, ISBN: 0965081915, (Feb 1997) Lakeview Research publishing.

موجود في المكتبة12. Don’t ever hesitate consulting Dr. Ahmad Hiasat & Eng. عصام قرالة, & don’t

waste your time with the others. 13. For actual I/O signal level conditioning refer to ADC0804/DAC08 data

sheets. 14. If you haven’t understand a thing in this document, then just wire the circuit

entitled (Final Connection) & copy the program that occupies the whole page (the long one). -I think one should concentrate more on writing efficient filter algorithms, i.e. using pointers, efficient memory utilization … etc, instead of wasting time on figuring out which pin is high & which is low-.

15. The author of these notes, have used his best efforts in preparing this notes. These efforts include the development, research, & testing of the diagrams & programs to determine their effectiveness. The author make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to these programs or documentation contained in these notes. The author shall not be liable in any event for

incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing, performance, or use of these programs.