INTRODUCTION

Language is a communication tool in a society. It can be used as identify

something and to create an information to the other human. Human’s language is

used much more than for such motives. Unlike animal’s language can sound so

simple as well as so complex. People as human society will always interact each other

in their daily activities. To communicate their need and their thought either individual

or communities always use a means of communication called language. Language is

both an individual possession and a social possession. According to Finnocciaro in

Siddiqui (2004: 133), language is a systematical means of communicating ideas or

feeling by the use of conventionalized signs, sounds, gestures, or marks having

understood meaning. Hornby (1995:1128) states that society is a system in which

people live together in organized communities, or a community of people that are

living in a particular country or region and having shared customs, laws,

organizations, etc.

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics that takes language as an object of

study, in a way that is usually distinguished from how syntax, semantics,

morphology, and phonology handle it. It is a field that analyzes language as part

social property. According to Chaer and Agustina (1995:3), sociolinguistics is a study

of language in their relationship with language itself in society. Furthermore,

Kridalaksana in Chaer and Agustina states that sociolinguistics is a study of language

variations and the relationship among speakers with functions of language variations

in a language community. Sociolinguistics is the study of language as part of culture

and society (Pride and Holmes 1997). Here, there is an emphasis that language is part

of culture therefore its existence could not stand alone because exactly language can

still alive and develop in the social life, even if sometimes people are rare to realize it.

In this paper, the writer is interested to analyze further about one of important

parts of sociolinguistics which concerns to explain deeply about code-choosing

(SPEAKING) in Wild Hogs movie script at scene 1. In a communication of society’s

multilingual communities, the speaker is being demanded to talk properly particularly

in choosing language’s code. Usually, the choosing is not random but it is considered

by the various factors, such as social, culture and situation. The writer will take some

examples happened in an utterance. Then, it will be analyzed as well as give the

important highlight on how those utterances have correlation with the social factors.

The summary of Wild Hogs movie is as follow.

In Cincinnati, the dentist Doug Madsen is in crisis, bored with his middle-

class life and missing his reckless youth when he was known as the Golden Biker.

The aspirant writer Bobby Davis feels pressed by his wife and hates his job. The shy

geek computer analyst Dudley Frank is unsuccessful with women. The wealthy

Woody Stevens is married with a top-model. Together, the four middle-aged friends

in their motorcycles self-call the "Wild Hogs". When Woody loses his wife and is

completely broken, he invites his friends to take a road trip to the Pacific, in a quest

for freedom. After many incidents, they stop for a beer in a bar owned by the

dangerous biker gang "Del Fuegos". Their tough leader Jack steals Dudley's

motorcycle, and Woody decides to recover the bike back. Woody cuts the fuel pipes

of the bikes and provokes an accident, exploding their bar, but he does not tell the

truth to his friends. When they stop in the small town of Madrid without gas, Dudley

falls in love for the waitress and owner of the local bar Maggie. However, the "Del

Fuegos" traps them in the town and the "Wild Hogs" have to take an attitude.

RESEARCH QUESTION

The writer formulates the problems in the following procedures:

1. What are the factors influences in using a particular language in Wild Hogs movie

script at scene 1?

DISCUSSION

Language always has various variations and it will always be developed as

well as the users of language still maintain its existence strongly. In this assignment,

as the writer has formulated the research questions above, this chapter will explain

further about the language varieties within multilingual society. The writer knows

that the difference in using the language for particular talk event. For example when a

native person of this village talks to another whom originally comes from this village

too; they will probably use Javanese as well as the others. Here, it means that people

in the society suppose to use the most acceptable language to talk with the other

communities.

There are some major causes as reasons of people using a particular language;

these include social aspects within this society. As problems appear, it can show that

in Wild Hogs movie script at scene 1. Hymes (1974) in Wardaugh (1986: 245-249) has

proposed an ethnographic framework which takes into account the various factors that are

involved in speaking. Ethnography of a communicative event is a description of all the

factors that are relevant in understanding how that particular communicative event achieves

its objectives. There are eight factors influences in using a particular language in Wild

Hogs movie script at scene 1. The factors are formulated into an acronym, namely

SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence,

Key, Instrumentalities, Norm of interaction, and Genre. The writer would like to

concern those points in the following explanations.

1. Setting and Scene

The setting and scene (S) of speech are important. Setting refers to the

time and place, i.e. the concrete physical circumstances in which speech

takes place. Scene refers to the abstract psychological setting, or the

cultural definition of the occasion. People may consider choosing a more

formal variety of a language when talking in an office than when talking

in a picnic place. A more moderate attitude in speaking is also found in a

ritual or ceremonial occasion than in a street or supermarket. Within a

particular setting, of course, participants are free to change scenes, as

they change the level of formality (e.g. go from serious to joyful) or as

they change the kind of activity in which they are involved (e.g. begin to

drink or to recite poetry).

2. Participants

The participants (P) are the people involved in the communication found

in the setting. It includes various combination of speaker-listener,

addressor-addressee, or sender-receiver. They generally fill certain

socially specified roles. A two-person conversation involves a speaker

and hearer with no roles change; a political speech involves an addressor

and addressees (the audience); and a telephone message involves a sender

and a receiver. For example is a good public speaker, wants to know

about her audience (the participants) before performing a speech.

Another example, two girls chatting in a library and looking a boy then

they want to change their ways of speaking (intonation, pitch, etch) as

well as their body language after a boy is passing them.

3. Ends

Ends (E) refers to the conventionally recognized and expected outcomes

of an exchange as well as to the personal goals that participants seek to

accomplish on particular occasions. A trial in a courtroom has a

recognizable social end in view, but the various participants, i.e. the

judge, jury, prosecution, defense, accused, and witnesses, have different

personal goals. For example, a political party delivers a speech in a

campaign; he wishes to persuade the crowd before him in order to receive

support for the election. Another example, a mother speaks to her son

before he leaves for school, she might want her son to behave himself in

the school. Thus, for different ends, speakers of a language often choose

different code.

4. Act Sequence

Act Sequence (A) refers to the actual form and content of what is said: the

precise words used, how they are used, and the relationship of what is

said to the actual topic at hand. Public lecturers, casual conversations,

and cocktail party chatterer are all different forms of speaking; with each

go to different kind of language and things talked about. For example, a

formal speech is set carefully with an opening expression, followed with

an introduction, a story, before entering the main topic. The sequence in

speaking is then considered to be also an important factor to consider.

5. Key

Key (K) refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a particular message

is conveyed: light-hearted, serious, precise, pedantic, mocking, sarcastic,

pompous, and so on. The key may also be marked nonverbally by certain

kinds of behavior, gesture, posture, or even deportment. When there is a

lack of fit between what a person is actually saying and the key that the

person is using, listeners are likely to pay more attention to the key than

to the actual content, e.g. to the burlesque of a ritual rather than to the

ritual itself.

6. Instrumentalities

Instrumentalities (I) refers to the choice of channel, e.g. oral, written, or

telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed, such as the

language, dialect, code, or register that is chosen.

7. Norms of interaction

Norms of interaction (N) refers to the specific behaviors and properties

that attach to speaking and also how these may be viewed by someone

who does not share them, e.g. loudness, silence, gaze return, and so on.

For example, there are certain norms of interaction with regard to church

services and conversing with strangers. However, these norms vary

between social groups, so the kind of behavior expected in congregations

that practice ‘talking in tongues’ or the group encouragement of a

preacher in others would be deemed abnormal and unacceptable in a

‘high’ Anglican setting.

8. Genre

Genre (G) refers to clearly demarcated types of utterance; such things as

poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lecturers, and editorials.

These are all ‘marked’ in specific ways in contrast to casual speech.

a. The movie script of Wild Hogs at scene 1

FADE IN:

INT. KITCHEN - MORNING

ANGLE ON: BILLY MATTHEWS, 8, ravenously eating a plate of hashbrowns, runny fried eggs and syrupy waffles.

WOMAN'S VOICE (O.C.) Doug?... We see DOUG MATTHEWS, 40's, sitting across the table, staring at his son, Billy. Doug is handsome in that honest, sincere way. A guy you would call to help you move a couch. He watches Billy scoop up his hashbrowns with a frosted pop-tart. Billy catches his Dad's look and grins with his mouth full. Doug smiles back, then looks down at his own plate. He has scrambled egg whites and sliced tomatoes. His smile fades away.

WOMAN'S VOICE (O.C.) (CONT'D) Doug? Doug snaps out of it and looks up at his wife, KELLY MATTHEWS. She's attractive, with a patient smile.

KELLY I've got some stuff to do for the party tomorrow. Can you take Billy to school?

DOUG What "stuff"? This party isn't going to be fancy, is it? Just some friends and a wing platter from Costco?

KELLY It's a our 10th anniversary, Doug. Its

going to be a nice party with nice food and nice music. And wings have carbs, so you can't eat them anyway.

BILLY

(MOUTH FULL) I'll eat 'em. Doug gives Billy a look.

DOUG No you won't. Because I'm going to scrape the batter off.

BILLY That doesn't work.

DOUG I went to medical school. You think I don't know how carbs work?

BILLY Dentists go to medical school? Doug looks a little insulted.

KELLY Doug, can you take Billy or not?

DOUG Yeah, I can take him. There aren't any emergencies at the office this morning.

KELLY You have emergencies?

DOUG

(INDIGNANT) Yes, I have emergencies. That's what my pager is for. one beep from that thing, and bam. I'm off. Like a cheetah. Billy, now pouring lucky charms into a bowl, looks up.

BILLY

(MOUTH FULL) The battery ith gone in that thing. You took them out for the TV clicker. Doug gives Billy a look.

DOUG

I did do that. I forgot about that. I need to get some batteries in there. Because dentists do have emergencies. We are doctors, you know? We take the same oath. The oath of saving lives. Doug goes to take some of Billy's discarded Lucky Charms. Billy swats his hand away.

BILLY

(MOUTH FULL) Uh uh. Carbth. Doug nods, defeated, as Billy hops up and dumps the remaining lucky charms in the trash.

b. Analysis

From the movie script above, the writer will analyze using Dell Hymes’s

theory.

1. Setting and Scene

In this movie, the setting of the place is kitchen and the time is in the

morning when Doug’s family is having breakfast.

2. Participants

The participants in this movie at scene 1 are Doug as a dentist who

can’t connect with his son and he misses his college glory days when

he was called The Golden Knight, Kelly as Doug’s wife, she is

attractive, with a patient smile, and Billy as Doug’s son who has

trouble relating to his father.

3. Ends

The ends of this movie are Kelly wants Doug to take Billy to school;

she hopes Doug can take to school because she has some stuff to do

for the party tomorrow and Doug wants to be closer to his son, Billy.

4. Act Sequence

In this scene, early the act sets when Doug’s family is having breakfast

and Kelly wants Doug to take Billy to school. Then happened the

conversation about Doug’s job. Doug feels working as a dentist same

as a doctor, but Billy still considers its different job. And finally, they

go together after breakfast.

5. Key

In this scene, Billy looks really enjoyed the breakfast so he does not

care for his father’s speech. Actually, Doug wants to be closer to his

son. Doug is doing anything so he gets concern from his son.

6. Instrumentalities

In this scene, it shows that Doug’s family might speak in a casual

register with many dialect features and careful grammatical standard

forms.

7. Norm of Interaction

In this scene, Norm of Interaction is prohibited to talk while eating,

Billy always interrupts from Doug’s questions. So, it looks that this

family looks friendly, but they still respect each other.

8. Genre

The genre of this scene is casual because their conversation is doing

breakfast in the morning so make them relax.

CONCLUSION

The skill of choosing the language is classified as a communicative

competence and it is basically developed by observing factors found in the social

context of language use. The choosing code of certain language in the multicultural

society is an interesting phenomenon to be studied from sociolinguistics’ perspective

because in the writer’s point of view it could be clearly demonstrated that this is not

concerning in only a language term, but also it tends to concern in a social aspect.

From this study, there are some major points about the use of multilingual

languages. There are eight factors influences in using a particular language in Wild

Hogs movie script at scene 1. The factors are formulated into an acronym, namely

SPEAKING, which stands for Setting and Scene, Participants, Ends, Act sequence,

Key, Instrumentalities, Norm of interaction, and Genre. The factors described that

have seen one of the most important foundations in general study of code choices.

They are popularly known as the components of the ethnography of speaking. In a

conversation, we might not find the factors to be activated all together.

REFERENCES

Chaer, Abdul and Agustina, Leonie. 1995. Sosiolinguistik Suatu Pengantar.

Jakarta: Rineka Cipta

Holmes, Janet. 1993. An Introduction to Sociolinguistic. New York: Longman Publishing.

Jendra, Made Iwan Indrawan. 2010. Sociolinguistics: The Study of Societies’s

Languages. Yogyakarta: Graha Ilmu

Pride and Holmes. 1997. Sociolinguistics. Middlesex: Penguin Books

Wardaugh, Ronald. 1986. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. UK: Blackwell

Publishers

www.mymoviescripts.com/?id=Wild+Hogs

www.imdb.com/title/tt0486946/plotsummary

SOCIOLINGUISTICS

An Analysis of Dell Hymes’s Theory (SPEAKING) in Wild Hogs Movie Script at Scene 1

Submitted by:

MARTHIN WAHYUDHIYANTORO

F1F008036

ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF HUMANITIES

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES

JENDERAL SOEDIRMAN UNIVERSITY

PURWOKERTO

2012