Paper on Sustainable Architecture of Kangra District
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Transcript of Paper on Sustainable Architecture of Kangra District
Sust
KanadmWeswhicdistrranguse pPirPdistrDhaHolisamtempShivColo
Masperio
Ene
Fromimag
Ka
tainable Arch
ngra(Figureministrative stern Himalach constituterict was 151ges from 427patterns and
Panjal, Dhaulrict, and contaramshala, thiness the Dae name, andple, Chamunva temple in ony in Bir. H
sroor Templeod.
ergy Efficien
m the ancienge.Use of en
India
ngra
hitecture: Ka
e.1) is apopheadquarters
ayas betweenes 10.31% of0075(Figure
7 to 6401m abcropping sy
ladhar, Kangtributes to th
he district heaalai Lama. Jwd features hnda Devi te
Baijnath. THistorical vill
e is the only
nt Materials
nt times Himanergy efficien
Himachal Pr
angra
Sus
pular district s of the d
n 31°2 to 32°f the geogrape.2), which ibove mean s
ystems. On thgra Shiwalikhe fertility of adquarters, iwalamukhi, aholy flames tmple, Chintp
There are alslages of Prag
y rock-cut te
and Sustain
achal Pradesnt materials a
radesh
stainaH
of the Indistrict. Th°5 N and 75phical area ois the highesea level. The
he basis of thk, Kangra Vaf the land hers also the healso known athat run onpurni templeso important gpur and Gar
emple in nor
nable Const
h is known sand sustainab
FigSourc
able AHimach
Sh
ndian state he Kangra 5° to 77°45 of the State. At in the statee district has hese, the distalley and Beare. eadquarters oas Jwalaji, isnatural gas.e, BhagsunagBuddhist te
rli are also lo
rth India, be
truction in H
spiritual and ble construct
gure 1: Locatioe: http://cdn1.h
rchitehal Prad
hashi Kant S
of HimachDistrict ofE. The distrAccording toe (22% of thconsiderabl
trict has furthas Basin.The
of the Tibetans famous for Other impog Temple inemples in Dhocated here.
lieved to be
Himachal Pr
cultural valution techniqu
on Map hillpost.in
cture desh,Ind
Singh
hal Pradeshf Himachal rict has a geoo 2011 censu
he populatione diversity inher been divie Beas is one
n governmenr its ancient ortant templn McLeodGharamshala,
e built by the
radesh
ues. Which aues are integr
of Kandia
h, India. DhaPradesh is ographical aus, the total pn). The altitun its soils, phided into five of the maj
nt-in-exile, htemple of th
les include Banj, MahakaSidhbari and
e Pandavas d
also can be serated part of
1 | P a
ngra
aramshala is situated in
area of 5,739population o
ude of the dihysiography,e sub-regionjor rivers of
headed by thehe goddess oBrajeshwari al and Baijnd the Bir Tib
during their
een in its mothe culture o
a g e
the the
9 km. of the strict land
ns i.e. f this
e His of the Devi
nath's betan
exile
odern of
Sust
Tot
To
Mo
tainable Arch
0
tal Households
Grass/…
Plastic/…
Hand made…
Machine…
Burnt Brick
Stone/Slate
G.I./Metal/…
Concrete
Any other…
Total Househol
ds
GThBamWoud
Urban 19988 2
Rural 316419 3
Total 336407 3
Tab
0
otal Households
Mud
Wood/Bamboo
Burnt Brick
Stone
Cement
osaic/Floor Tiles
Any othermaterial
Total Households
Urban 19988
Rural 316419
Total 336407
Tab
hitecture: Ka
50000 10000
rass/hatch/mboo/ood/Md etc.
Plastic/Polythene
HmT
215 228
3444 668 5
3695 896 6
ble 1: HOUSEHOLD
50000 10000
Mud Wood/Baoo
2341 21
128644 1436
130985 1457
ble 2: HOUSEHOLD
Sou
S
angra
0 150000 2000
Hand madeTiles
Machinemade Tiles
BuB
76 41
597 699 1
673 740 1
DS BY PREDOMINA
00 150000 2000
amb Burnt Brick S
48
1974 1
2022 1
S BY PREDOMINAN
urce: Census of
Source: Census
000 250000 300
urnt Brick
Stone/Slate
G.I./
Asbsh
55 3392 30
361 159278 74
416 162670 10
ANT MATERIAL OF R
000 250000 300
Stone Cement
688 13492
10227 148454
10915 161946
NT MATERIAL OF F
f India 2011
s of India 2011
Figure 2: PSourc
0000 350000 4
/Metal/
bestoseets
Concrete Any mat
039 12933
456 142768 1
0495 155701 1
ROOF
0000 350000 4
Mosaic/Floor Tiles
Any omate
3264 13
24548 113
27812 127
FLOOR
Population in Kce: Census of In
00000
otherterial
9
148
157
00000
othererial
4
36
70
Himachtotal construwood avernacuAccord94.29%316419rural pthem a
Mater
Roof iHalf ofthe bamsuppormateriaextremhas abistone p
Floorconcretlayer ofinish floors floors floors. over ba
Kangra Districndia 2011
Figure 3: RurSou
hal Pradesh households
uction materare the majoular buildinding to (Fig% of rural 9 householpopulation ofare built with
ial usage
is generally f household mboo planksrt of the rooal for roofing
me weather coility of beingproperty.
is generallte (Table2).of floor madof flooring have generto avoid chFirst floor l
amboo plank
t
ral and Urban Aurce: Census of
. Still mores use lrials. Mud, Sor constructiongs of Higure.3) Kanarea .As pds accommf Kangra Di
h sustainable
made of Chave slate ro
s and purlinsof. Slate is hg as it is highonditions. Ag cut in sma
ly made of After compde of Soil is given to
rally cow duhipping off evel is also b
ks and strips.2 | P a
Area in Kangraf India 2011
e than 50% local vernStone ,bamboon materials imachal Prngra districtper Table.1modates comistrict and mmaterials.
Concrete or Soofs (Table.1s for the struhighly sustahly efficient
Also the slatealler sections
Mud or Cpacting the and Rubble,
o the floors.ung finish tof mud frobeen made in
a g e
a District
of the nacular oo and in the
radesh. t have
Total mplete
most of
Slates. 1)over uctural ainable for all
e stone s as its
Cement rough
, final . Mud to the m the n mud
Sust
Total
U
Urba
Rura
Tota
tainable Arch
0
l Households
Grass/Thatch/…
Plastic/Polythene
Mud/Unburnt brick
Wood
Stone notpacked with…
Stonepacked with…
G.I./Metal/Asbestos…
Burnt Brick
Concrete
Any othermaterial
Total Househo
lds
Grass/Thatch/Bamboo etc.
an 19988 70
al 316419 783
l 336407 853
Table 3
Figure 4: CompSourc
hitecture: Ka
50000 100000
Plastic/Polythen
e
Mud/Unburnt brick
195 2472
556 132657
751 135129
3: HOUSEHOLDS BY
Sour
parison of Interce: UN Human S
angra
150000 200000
Wood
Stone not
packed with
Mortar
Stpaw
Mo
110 427 10
629 4763 12
739 5190 13
Y PREDOMINANT M
rce: Census of I
rlocking BlocksSettlements Pro
250000 300000
onecked withortar
G.I./Metal/
Asbestossheets
BurnBric
086 79 1539
2409 235 1632
3495 314 1786
MATERIAL OF WAL
India 2011
s to its Alternatogramme
350000 400000
nt ck Concrete
Any other
materia
95 147 7
54 995 138
49 1142 145
LL
tives
l
Wall is gwith conperformanbeing foabandon using it falso a lomortar mtotal wall Table.3 nhave beenwalled hreductionas a strucno. of houAt few plbeen usedhighly suyears. Buwalling mhave beenhas been Years but50 yearsworkmanwalls alwin moderconstructitime and day sustaenough toassemblyassembly for the sam
FigureSourc
generally mancrete. As pnce of the
ound excellein the Kangfrom ancienower embod
material whicassembly hi
no. of househn found in m
households wn in people’s ctural and wauseholds in laces stone wd as a walli
ustainable anut if we are tmaterial its dn questioned
said that Mt the stone as. Due to
nship, the coways seems torn times whion material money of peinable matero be the bes. So extensis needed t
me.
e 5: Sun dried e: Photograph f
ade of Mud per Figure.Sun dried
ent. Also igra District
nt times. Sundied energy ch is also mighly sustainholds using bmore numbewhich is thchoice and
alling materimud is in a walls with wing materials
nd durable antalking aboudurability and several timMud houses and concrete
need of ost of constro be an expehen people n
which lastseople. If Murial then it hast choice to ive researchto be done a
Mud Brick Wafrom site visit o
3 | P a
or Burnt Br.4 the thermmud blocks
it is found and people
n dried Mudmaterial. T
mud makes nable. As per burnt clay brir than the M
he indicator believe in m
ial. But still decent amou
wood have as which is and last for lout the Mud and sustainabi
mes. Generalllast for 15lasts for abhighly skil
ruction of stensive event.need a duras long and sd is the modas to be duramake the w
h on mud wand is going
all after 15 yearof NITH studen
a g e
rick mal s is
in are
d is The the the
icks Mud
of mud
the unt. also also ong as a ility ly it 5-20 ove lled tone . So able save dern able wall wall g on
rs ts
Sustainable Architecture: Kangra
4 | P a g e
0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 140000 160000
Grass/Thatch/…
Plastic/Polythene
Mud/Unburnt brick
Wood
Stone notpacked with…
Stonepacked with…
G.I./Metal/Asbestos…
Burnt Brick
Concrete
Any othermaterial
No. of Households
Grass/Thatch/Bamboo etc.
Plastic/Polythen
e
Mud/Unburnt brick
Wood
Stone not
packed with
Mortar
Stonepacked with
Mortar
G.I./Metal/
Asbestossheets
Burnt Brick Concrete
Any other
material
Any othermaterial 0 0 43 1 5 7 0 98 2 1
Concrete 0 0 1680 0 1001 2910 60 149130 821 99
G.I./Metal/Asbestossheets
60 14 1932 428 774 810 164 6241 63 9
Stone/Slate 235 94 128674 178 3141 9599 48 20450 219 32
Burnt Brick 3 1 157 29 54 69 1 1086 15 1
Machinemade Tiles 0 7 111 1 12 21 2 583 3 0
Hand madeTiles 11 5 254 2 9 15 8 365 4 0
Plastic/Polythene 100 619 86 15 6 6 14 50 0 0
Grass/Thatch/Bamboo/
Wood/Mud etc.
444 11 2192 85 188 58 17 646 15 3
Table 4: HOUSEHOLDS BY PREDOMINANT MATERIAL OF ROOF AND WALL
Source: Census of India 2011
Figure 6: Naddi Village NearDharamshala Source: http://himachaltourism.gov.in
Finding overall combination of all structural assemblies to form a Sustainable Household
After analyzing the Census data 2011 for the different types of assemblies (Table .4) it have been found out that major households have been built in combination of
1. wall ofburnt bricks with concrete roof 2. wall of sun dried mud blocks with slate
roof 3. wall of burnt bricks with slate roof
The combination 1 is highly unsustainable for the Kangra region as the Burnt bricks are not the locally available material as well as not the recyclable materials.
The Combination 2 is highly sustainable as the materials used in the assembly are local, recyclable and lower embodied energy materials.
The Combination 3 is unsustainable plus uneconomical. Generally in these types of structures excessive steel have been used in the roof structure and different assemblies and services. Also Highly finished slate tiles are used in roof construction which results in more embodied energy of the total built up.
Figure 7: Sun Dried Mud Bricks with slate roof Source: pictures from site visit to Didi Contractor works
Sust
Six a
Five
Four
Thre
Two
One
Nexcluroo
tainable Arch
0
1
2
3
4
5
6to8
9+
1
nd above 518
room 487
r room 1423
ee room 1942
room 4975
room 6023
Nousiveom.
378
Table 5: HOHOUSES, SIZ
Figure 8:house, bSource: TCertified
hitecture: Ka
5000 10000
2 3
1995 2924
1714 3234
4127 8014
4823 9256
8998 14689
7159 10672
338 422
OUSEHOLDS BY OWZE OF THE HOUSEH
RO
Source: Cens
: Life cycle embby element, perThe Significanced Passive House
Andr
angra
15000 20000
No. of Househo
4 5
5192 4934
5781 5117
15040 12054
17671 13923
27736 21930
19917 13331
693 487
WNERSHIP STATUS HOLD AND NUMBEOOMS
us of India 201
bodied, case stur m² of usable fe of Embodied es by‐Robert H. ré Stephan
25000 3000
olds
6to8 9+
7064 248
5525 124
4 12555 210
3 13580 191
0 20577 190
1 8605 488
388 54
OF THE CENSUS ER OF DWELLING
1
udy passive floor area. Energy in Crawford and
00
1
45
03
7
08
8
4
Living pa
Kangra disresiding inFrequent Observingseismic sestorey houstorey seisthe maximof the houthe sustaiand the fin
Culturally Architectutraditionasustainabl
Environmeand low bsustainabland stone
Financiallythe burnt But the duand the vamud to shlike reinfoplaster.
Figure 9Source: P
attern and h
strict have mn two bedrooFamily Size fg the compacensitivity of tusehold and smically stabmum future gusehold will dnability: socinancial cond
Kangra regioure from the l methods ofle.
entally the cuilding footple materials e architecture
y the Mud cobrick and ceurability of marious combihow the duraorced and sta
9: Traditional MPhotograph fro
ouseholds
major part of om househofound is 4‐8 pct family planhe region twthree –four ble househogeneration. Sdepend threial culture, edition of the
on has got M ancient timef constructio
ompact desiprints with uleads to proe in the Kang
onstruction iement mortamud Is alwaysinations havability of mudabilized mud
Mud House , Kaom site visit of N
5 | P a
population lds (Table.5)person familnning and wo room singroom doubllds needed fSustainabilityee domains onvironment region.
Mud es and on are highly
igns of housese of highly motion of mgra region.
s cheaper thar constructios questionede been triedd structures blocks and
ngra District NITH students
a g e
). ly.
gle e for y of
y
es
mud
han on. d in
Sustainable Architecture: Kangra
6 | P a g e
Adobe CSEB Fired brick
Hollow concrete blocks (HCB)
Gypsum stabilized earth wall in sections
Gypsum stabilized earth massive blocks
Energy required (MJ/ fu)
36 233 1026 390 191 161
Carbon dioxide emission (Kg/ fu)
0 55 118 98 2 1
Figure 10: Modern Mud Building Interiors Source: from works of Didi Contractors in Kangra District
Energy and Mud
Present day energy scenario of India , states that there is need of energy savings in all the sectors. Construction sector shares substantial part of energy consumption in India. Today Energy efficiency of mud have been proved earlier in various researches. The mud has zero embodied energy but production adds to the embodied energy of adobe blocks. Many researches are going around reducing the production energy of adobe blocks by efficient methods and machinery. Few results have been detailed out in Table 6.The production energy of 1 finished unit of adobe block is 36 MJ Despite of Burnt Brick having 1026 Mj/FU. So according to data available there has been only 3.5% of energy consumption in Adobe manufacturing than the Fired Bricks. This shows the energy efficiency of the material. Although constructing a mud house seems to be more energy efficient but the low durability make it less reliable. In recent time’s mud construction have attention of researchers and many methods and types of mud construction have been evolved. Although adobe brick construction itself can sustain for 15 years, its durability can be increased till 30 year. Besides the primary energy(Figure 8), it have been proved scientifically that mud houses provided energy efficient interiors with less amount of heating/cooling required. This reduces the operational energy of the household and adds to the energy and money savings.
Table 6: Production energy requirement and CO2 emission for various construction materials Source: CONTEMPORARY EARTH CONSTRUCTION IN URBAN HOUSING – STABILISED OR UNSTABILISED? By‐Mohammad Sharif Zami& Dr. Angela Lee
Sustainable Architecture: Kangra
7 | P a g e
Conclusion: Need of Research in the Mud Wall Finishes.
By discussing the vernacular existence of the mud architecture in the Kangra District region and evaluating it with the energy I have found that mud is a valuable material in the field of the sustainable architecture .Some detailed study of mud blocks have been done in past to make it durable .However the finish of the Mud walls have not been given of so much of importance(Figure 5 &12). During my research I have found out mud wall finishes are so much important that it can change the durability of the mud structure drastically. The combination of the cement/lime as the stabilizer and thatch as a reinforcement is yet the only solution found to incorporate in the mud walls to increase their stability. Much more research is needed to be done on mud wall finishes to make it look aesthetically pleasing and long lasting. In present context people are aware that mud houses are good but they never actually enjoy the durability of the mud structure that’s why people use other high energy material for the construction. There is need of research, documentation and training programs for Kangra people to increase their interest towards vernacular architecture of Kangra, Hiamachal Pradesh.Also the loss and lack of traditional knowledge of mud construction needs to be revoked.
Figure 11: Mud House by Didi Contractor Source: Photograph from site visit of NITH students
Figure 12: Start of failure in Mud Wall Finishes Source: Photograph from site visit of NITH students
References:
1. http://cdn1.hillpost.in, Location Maps
2. Census of India 2011,Census data of Himachal Pradesh
3.Case studies and site visits to the work of Didi Contractor
4.http://himachaltourism.gov.in,for Present available image of Kangra District on the H.P. Tourism website
5.UN Human Settlements Programme 6.Traditional and Vernacular buildings are Ecological Sensitive, Climate Responsive Designs- Study of Himachal Pradesh, By. Sandeep Sharma ,Assistant Professor ,NIT Hamirpurand Puneet Sharma , Assistant Professor ,NIT Hamirpur
7.Sustainability;Dharamshala;Local Building Tradition, By AmanjeetKaur,Assistant Professor ,NIT Hamirpurand NeetuKapoor ,Assistant Professor ,NIT Hamirpur
8. The Significance of Embodied Energy in Certified Passive Houses by-Robert H. Crawford and André Stephan 9.Contemporary Earth Construction In Urban Housing – Stabilised Or Unstabilised? By-Mohammad ShariZami& Dr. Angela Lee 10. Photographs of Site visits by Miss NishaKumari, Architect Ajesh Kapoor , Architect Ghanshyam Thakur & Architect Sachin yadav
11.Discussion with professionals and MrsVandana Sharma ,Assistant Professor ,NIT Hamirpur