PAPER I Animal Diversity I 2 Hrs -...

GFGC K R NAGAR, ZOOLOGY SYLLABUS 2012-13

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PAPER I

Animal Diversity – I

1. Introduction :

Biology and Biodiversity : Biodiversity and its importance. Principles of animal

classification.

Binomial nomenclature. Definition of species. – 2 Hrs

2. Protista – Protozoa :

General characters and classification upto classes with examples.

Locomotion (types – amoeboid, flagellar and ciliary – excluding theories) and

reproduction (fission & conjugation) in protozoa.

Outline of the life cycle, pathogenecity and preventive measures of Plasmodium

vivax. – 7 Hrs

3. Porifera :

General characters and classification upto classes with examples.

Spicules, canal systems and larvae. – 7 Hrs

4. Cnidaria :

General characters and classification up to classes with examples.

Polymorphism in Cnidaria – types of polypoid and medusoid zooids, polymorphism

in Halistemma (excluding theories).

Structure of a corallite, coral reefs (excluding theories) and importance of corals. –

7 Hrs 5. Acnidaria :

Salient features and systematic position of Ctenophora. – 2 Hrs

6. Platyhelminthes :

General characters and classification up to classes with examples,

Parasitic adaptations, pathogenecity and preventive measures of Taenia solium. – 3

Hrs 7. Aschelminthes :

General characters with examples.

Morphology, transmission, pathogenecity and preventive measures of Ascaris,

Ancyclostoma and Wucheraria. – 5 Hrs

8. Annelida :

General characters and classification up to classes with examples.

Pheretima : Types study – externals, setae, digestive system, circulatory system,

nervous system, nephridia and reproductive system.

Trochophore larva and its significance.

Leech – parasitic adaptations. – 9 Hrs


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III SEMESTER

PAPER III

ANIMAL DIVERSITY III

Unit I 1. Pisces. - 5 Hrs

General characters of Pisces.

Differences between Chondrichthyes and Osteichthyes with examples.

Externals and lateral line sense organs in Scoliodon, Scales in fishes.

Salient features and discontinuous distribution of Dipnoi.

Unit II 2. Amphibia. - 5 Hrs

General characters and classification upto orders with distinctive features of living

amphibian and examples.

Type study – Frog: Externals, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system and

urinogenital system.

3. Reptilia : - 5 Hrs

General characters and classificationupto orders with distinctive features of living Reptilia

and examples.

Arcades and Fossae – its significance.

Poisonous and Non-poisonous snakes of India, key for identification of poisonous snakes,

poison apparatus, types and importance of snake venom.

Unit III 4. Aves : - 6 Hrs

General characters and classification up to sub-classes with examples.

Morphological, anatomical and physiological flight adaptation in birds.

Distinctive features of Archeornithes and Neornithes (Paleognathae, Impennae and

Neornithes).

Bird migration – Methods of studying bird migration, advantages, causes, patterns,

mechanics and preparation of bird migration. Orientation and navigation.

Unit IV 5. Mammalia : - 6 Hrs

General characters of Mammalia.

Distinctive features and distribution of Prototheria and Metatheria.

Distinctive features of Cetacea, Chiroptera, Primates, Proboscidia, Perissodactyla,

Artiodactyla, Carnivora and Rodentia.

Unit V Type study – Rabbit : - 6 Hrs

Externals, digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system, urinogenital system.

Dentition in Mammals : Structure of tooth, different types of teeth and specialization,

Dental formulae of Horse, Cow, Elephant, Cat, Dog, Rabbit, Monkey, and Man.

Unit VI Comparative Anatomy : - 9 Hrs

Circulatory System : Comparative account of heart : Fish (Shark and Dipnoi

), Amphibia (Frog), Reptilia (lizard), Aves (Pigeon) and Mammalaia (Man).

Evolutionary account of aortic arches (general plan): Fish, Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves and

Mammalia.

Urinogenital system : Evolution of kidneys in vertebrates : Pronephros, mesonephros, and

metanephros.


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SEMESTER V - PAPER V

CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

1. The Cell :

ultrastructure of an animal cell. – 1 Hr

2. Membrane system:

a. Ultrastructure fluid mosaic model, experimental evidences, role of lipid molecules.

Functions- passive, active transport, differntiation of cell surface.

b. Endoplasmic Reticulum: Ultrastructure, types,enzymes of ER, origin and functions.

c. Golgi complex: Occurence distribution, morphology, origin and functions.

d. Lysosome:Occurence, structure, enzymes, polymorphism, functions. – 6 Hrs

3. Mitochondria:

a. Morphology, distribution, types, ultrastructure, and functions, mitochondria as

semi-autonomous organelle.

b. Ribosomes: Occurrence and distribution, types, ultrastructure, three dimension

model, chemical composition, dissociation and reconstitution.

c. Biogenesis of ribosomes. – 7 Hrs

4. Nucleus :

a. Ultrastructure of nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, chromatin fibres.

b. Ultrastructure and function of nucleolus.

5. Chromosomes :

a. Chromosome number, size, genome, morphology, karyotype and idiogram,

heterochromatin and euchromatin.

b. Chemistry of chromosome – fine structure of chromosomes. Chemical composition.

Ultrastructure – single stranded and multi-stranded hypothesis, folded-fibre model

and nucleosome.

c. Giant chromosomes – Polytene and lampbrush chromosomes.

d. Chromosomal aberrations – deletions, duplication, inversion and translocation. – 7

Hrs 6. Cell division :

a. Mitosis : Cell cycle, ultrastructure of centrioles, mitotic stages, mitotic apparatus

and its role in chromosome movements.

b. Significance of mitosis, mitotic inhibitors.

c. Meiosis : stages of meiosis. Synaptonemal complex, crossing over and chiasma

formation, mechanism of crossing over (Holliday’s model). Significance of meiosis.

7. Cancer Biology :

a. Types of cancer, characteristics of cancer cell,

b. Concept of cancer – oncogenes – immune system and cancer – tumour,

immunotherapy –

c. Carcinogenic agents (physical, chemical and biological ) –

d. Causes of human cancer, metastasis. – 7 Hrs

8. Immunology :

a. Humoral and cell mediated immunity,

b. Structure of immunoglobulins or antibodies, antibody diversity;

c. B-lymphocytes and the immune response – precipitation of soluble antigens,

agglutination, complement fixation, clonal selection theory, allelic exclusion,

d. Immunological memory, auto-immune disease;

e. Major-histo-compatibility (MHC) complexes – MHC antigen, T-lymphocytes and

the immune response.

f. AIDS – cause, consequences detection and preventive measures. – 7 Hrs


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9. Gene and Protein synthesis :

a. Gene concept: test for allelism: bar locus in Drosophila, cistron, recon and muton,

complex gene loci.

b. Jumping genes or transposable genes – Barbara McClintock’s work on maize,

characteristics of jumping genes, types, simple,complex transposons, examples,

split genes,

c. Control of gene expression- Lac operon. Gentic code: basis of cryptoanalysis,

deciphering the code, properties of genetic code,

d. Transcription in prokaryotes – RNA polymerase,binding, initiation,elongation,and

termination, post-transcriptional modification of mRNA – addition of cap, tail and

RNA splicing.

e. Translation – aminoacylation of tRNA, elongation, termination. Role of antibiotics

in protein synthesis. – 7 Hrs

SEMESTER V - PAPER VI

DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY AND ENDOCRINOLOGY

1. Gametogenesis :

Spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis.

Oogenesis, structure of egg. Types of eggs – based on quantity and distribution of

yolk with examples.

Egg membranes.

2. Fertilization :

Details of the process with reference to Sea urchin – approach of gametes,

fertilizing and antifertilizin, gamones and its role, activation penetration, reaction of

the egg and amphimixis.

Monospermy and polyspermy (physiological and pathological), significance. – 7

Hrs 3. Parthenogenesis :

a. Cytology of natural parthenogenesis – arrhenotoky, thelytoky (amictic and

apomictic) and cyclical parthenogenesis with examples.

b. Artificial parthenogenesis – Loeb’s and Batailon’s experiments with principles of

activation and regulation.

c. Significance of parthenogenesis. – 7 Hrs.

4. Cleavage :

a. Laws of cleavage, types of cleavage-holoblastic, meroblastic, radial, spiral and

superficial types with examples,

b. Planes of cleavage-meridional,vertical,equatorial and latitudinal.

5. Development of Frog:

a. cleavage, blastula, gastrulation, neurulation, fatemaps in blastula.

b. Organizer phenomenon- Definition, potencies of the dorsal lip of the blastopore of

amphibian gastrula,

c. Brachet's experiment. Experiment of Spemann and Mangold.

d. Induction-chemical nature of organizer - parts of organizer-

e. Theories of organizer phenomenon.

f. Competence, determination and differentiation. – 7 Hrs

6. Development of chick:

a. Structure of Hen's egg, cleavage, blastula, gastrulation,


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b. origin and development of primitive streak,

c. outlines of developmental events in 24, 36, & 48 hour chick embryo.

d. Foetal membranes :development, structure and functions of amnion, chorion, yolk

sac and allantois.

e. Placenta :histological and morphological classification with examples. – 7 Hrs

7. Human development :

a. structure of mature spermatozoan, Graafian follicle,

b. Ovulation, fertilization, morula, blastocyst, implantation, gastrulation,

c. modern trends in reproduction: In-Vitro fertilization, cloning, sperm banks.

8. Endocrine system in Man:

a. gross morphology and actions of hormones of Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid,

adrenals, pancreas and pineal glands.

b. Neurohormones – hypothalamic releasing factors and their actions. – 7 Hrs

9. Hormonal control of reproduction :

a. human menstrual cycle,

b. role of hypothalamic, pituitary, gonadal and placental hormones in reproduction.

10. Family planning :

a. Population explosion – meaning and causes, need for birth control in India,

b. contraceptive devices – rhythm method, pills, diaphragm, IUD, condoms, coitus

interruptus, sterilization. – 7 Hrs

11. Histology of mammalian organs :

a. Tongue, Stomach, Small intestine, Liver, Kidney, Pancreas, Thyroid, Testis, Ovary

and Adrenal gland – 7 Hrs


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II Semester

ANIMAL DIVERSITY II ( 3hrs/wk x 14 = 42 hrs) 1. Onychophora : Salient features of Peripatus and systematic position of Onychophora – 2 hrs

Arthropoda : General characters and classification upto classes with examples. ).

Trophii of insects (Housefly and Honey bee).

Social organization in insects- Termites.

Beneficial and harmful insects – brief general account with examples.

Pest and Vector control ( Types can be mentioned. – 8

hrs

2. Mollusca : General characters and classification upto classes with examples.

Divesrsity of Mollucan shells.

Foot in Mollusca. Respiration in freshwater Mussel. – 8

hrs

3. Echinodermata : General characters and classification upto classes with examples.

Water-Vascular system in Asterias.

Larval forms and Phylogenetic significance. – 4

hrs

4. Comparative study: Regenerative abilities in Invertebrates.

Symmetry and body plans in invertebrates.

Nervous system in invertebrates: Hydra, Liver fluke, Earthworm, Cockroach, Freshwater

mussel and Asterias.

– 9 hrs

5. Hemichrodata:

Balanoglossus: Externals; proboscis complex, tornaria larva. Affinities of hemichordate (with

Annelida, Echinodermata and Chordata)

– 3 hrs

6. Chordata: General characters and classification up to classes with examples.

Protochordata : Ascidia: Externals, larva and metamorphosis.

Amphioxus: Externals, digestive system, feeding mechanism and circulatory system.

Cyclostomata: salient features of Petromyzon, Ammocoetus larva and its significance. – 8

hrs


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IV SEMESTER: BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 1. Carbohydrates : Definition and classification,

biological importance of monosaccharaides (glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose),

disachharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose) and

polysachharides ( - homopolysachharides (starch, glycogen, dextrin) and

heteropolysachharides( heparin, chondratinsulphate, hyaluronic acid, glucoronic acid).

2. Proteins : Elementary classification of amino acids.

Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of protein with haemoglobin as example

(all the four structural orders).

Simple and conjugated proteins, Fibrous ( keratin) and globular( globulin) proteins,

Biological importance of proteins.

3. Lipids: Classification and biological importance of phospholipids, neutral lipids and glycolipids.

Clinical importance of lipids- lipid profile of blood. - 10

hrs 4. Nucleic Acids: Classification and structure of DNA and RNA.

Watson and Crick model of DNA, cloverleaf model of t-RNA.

5. Enzymes: Classification, properties and biological importance of enzymes,

mechanism of enzyme action, induced fit theory. - 7

hrs 6. Homeostasis:water, glucose and salt balance. Osmoconformers, osmoregulators.

Osmoregulation in shark, marine and freshwater teleosts, terrestrial mammals (Kangaroo rat

and Camel).

7. Thermoregulation: Ectotherms, endotherms, heterotherms,poikilotherms and homeotherms.

Thermogenesis and its regulation. Adaptive changes of animals in cold environments.

A note on aestivation and hibernation. Law of Q10. - 7

hrs 8. Respiration: external and internal respiration.

Respiratory pigments-haemolobin,haemocyanin, haemoerythrin and chlorocruorin.

Physiology of respiration – exchange of gases, transport of carbon dioxide – chloride shift,

respiratory quotient.

Cellular respiration: Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, energy budget.

9. Circulation: Functions and regulation of human heart.

Blood pressure. Composition of human blood- plasma, erythrocytes, leucocytes and blood

platelets

Blood clotting – schematic cascade reaction. - 10

hrs 10. Nitrogen Excretion: Definition of nitrogen excretion, ammonotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism

with examples.

Ornithine cycle. Physiology of urine formation in man, counter current multiplier system.

11. Muscle contraction: principal types of muscles, ultrastructure of striated muscles, contractile and

regulatory proteins.

12. Mechanism of muscle contraction, neuro-muscular junction and relaxation – the sliding filament

theory.

13. Nervous Co-ordination: ultrastructure of a multiple neuron.

Morphological types of neuro-synapse. Axonic and synaptic transmission of nerve impulses.- 8

hrs


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VI SEMESTER PAPER VII

GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 1. Nature and nurture: Definition. Experiments on Potentilagrandulosa, Himalayan albino rabbit

and human twins. Definition of norm of reaction, genetic homeostasis, phenocopy, penetrance and

expressivity with examples- Huntington’s chorea, PTC.

Mendel’s laws, mono and dihybridcrosses. Incomplete dominance- flower color inheritance in

Mirabilis jalapa. Cytoplasmic(maternal) inheritance – shell coiling in Limnaea. - 7

hrs

2. Interaction of genes: Supplementary factors-9:3:3:1 – comb pattern in fowls.

Dominant epistasis – 13:3 – plumage color in Leghorn and Wyandotte.

Complementary factors – 9:7 – flower color in sweet peas.

Multiple factors / polygenic inheritance – skin color in man. Lethal genes – yellow coat color in

mice.

Multiple alleles: ABO blood groups in man. Isoalleles (Lozenze eye in Drosophila),

pseudoalleles (Rh factor) and position effect (sristopedia in Drosophila).

Pleiotropism (Phenylketoneuria in manand vestigial wing in Drosophila). - 7 hrs

3. Linkage: Linkage and crossing over: Complete and incomplete linkage in Drosophila (Grey body

and Vestigial wing). Significance of crossing over.

Genetic maps of chromosomes: construction of chromosome maps, three point test cross in

Drosophila (sceccv).

Sex linked inheritance: sex linked inheritance in Drosophila and man. Haemophilia and color

blindness in man. Sex linkage in poultry. Y-linked genes.

Sex Determination: Chromosome basis of sex determination. Non-disjunction-primary and

secondary. Genic balance theory. Gynandromorphs and intersexes in Drosophila, Klinefelters

and Turner’s sysndromes. Environmental effect (Bonelia) and hormonal effects (Free martin in

cattles) on determination of sex.

- 7 hrs

4. Gene mutation: point mutation – definition with examples of sickle cell anemia.

Types of mutations, direction, magnitude of phenotypic effect. Disorders due to mutant genes

in man: Sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, inborn errors of metabolism: phenylketonuria,

alkaptoneuria, albinism. Mutagens.

The CLB technique for detection of sex-linked mutations. Practical application and

significance.


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5. Human genetics: Eugenics, euthenics, and euphenics. Human genomics- definition and brief

account on its usefulness to mankind.

- 7 hrs

6. Organic evolution and population genetics: concepts of organic evolution: Lamarckism,

Darwinism and modern synthetic theory.

Mendelian population, gene pool and gene frequency, Hardy-Weinberg law- genetic

equilibrium,

Factors influencing allele frequency – natural selection- directional, artificial, mutation, meiotic

drive, migration pressure, random genetic drift, founder principale, bottle neck phenomenon.

Evidences for organic evolution: Indirect evidences from comparative morphology, anatomy,

connecting links (peripatus, Neoceratodus, Archaeopteryx), homology (vertebrate forelimb

skeleton). Analogy (wings of insects and birds), vestigial organs ( human examples, physiology

and biochemistry – enzyme, hormonal, excretory product analysis, and embryology.

Direct evidences from paleontology – nature and types of fossils.

Brief account of Dinosaurs. Geological time scale, mentioning the dominant groups of animals

of each period.

- 8 hrs

7. Speciation : Definition, types- instantaneous- polyploidy, gradual – allopatric and sympatric

speciation. Isolation – types- geographical and reproductive isolation, role of isolating mechanism

in speciation.

8. Adaptations: aquatic adaptations: primary (shark) and secondary (Turtle). Volant adaptations:

Active (Bat) and passive (Draco). Arboreal adaptations- Chaemeleon. Desert adaptations –

Phrynosoma, Camel. Coloration and mimicry.

- 6 hrs

PAPER VIII ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY AND APPLIED ZOOLOGY

ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 1. Introduction: Definitions of ecology- any three types. Sub-divisions of ecology, scope of ecology.

Environment: different types: Atmosphere (air), Hydrosphere (water), Lithosphere (soil)-

definition, composition and strata.

Ecological factors: abiotic and biotic. Abiotic factors – types of abiotic environmental factors

– Light, Temperature – thermal stratification, Topographic – latitudes and altitudes.

Biotic factors: animal relationships – Intraspecific: aggregation, co-action, Competition –

Gause’sprincipale. Inter specific: Positive interaction – mutualism, commensalism, proto co-

operation; Negative inetractions – parasitism, predation, and competition with relevant

examples.

Limiting factors, Liebig – Blackmann’s law of limiting factors; Shelfords’s law of tolerance. –

6 hrs

2. Biogeochemical cycles and food chain: Definition, complete and incomplete cycles,

Nitrogen and phosphorous cycles – food chain: Types of food chains with examples and food

web with examples.

Ecological pyramids (number, biomass, and energy) with examples. Energy – energy flow and

law of thermodynamics.

3. Population and Community Ecology: Population ecology – density – natality and mortality, age

distribution.

Community ecology- types of communities and community structure, bio-indicators of aquatic

ecosystem, ecotone and edge effect. Ecological succession – basic types – primary and


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secondary, climax community.

- 6 hrs

4. Ecosystems : concept, types and structure of ecosystem, natural, human engineered and micro-

ecosystems.

Fresh water ecosystem: physic-chemical nature of fresh water. Lentic and lotic ecosystems with

examples. The tropical pond as an ecosystem – abiotic components, producers, consumers and

decomposer, interaction between components.

Terrestrial ecosystem – physic-chemical nature, soil profile, classification, biomes, forest,

grassland and desert biomes.

Pollution: Definition and types – air, water, soil and sound pollutions. Sources, effects and

control of air pollution.

- 6 hrs

5. Zoogeography: Zoogeographical realms and their characteristic fauna. Detailed account of fauna

of oriental region, a brief account of Wallace’s line.

Distribution of wildlife (fauna) in India: hotspots of India – the Western Ghats, North Eastern

Himalaya region.

Wildlife conservation: Wildlife problems- hunting, over-harvesting. Wildlife conservation:

importance of wildlife, conservation strategies, agencies engaged in wildlife conservation.

Government organization and non-government organisations (NGOs). Wildlife (Protection) Act

1972. CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wildlife flora and

fauna). Endangered fauna of India. Red Data Book.

- 6 hrs

6. Applied zoology: Culture of animals for commercial purposes.

Definitions of Vermiculture, apiculture, pearl culture, poultry, diary.]

Sericulture: morphology and life cycle of Bombyxmori. Rearing upto cocoon stage, Non-

mulberry silkworms.

Vermiculture : different species of earthworms used for vermiculture. Composition of

vermicompost and its importance.

- 6 hrs

7. Biostatistics:Introducton – tabulation of data, Bar diagram, Histogram, Frequency distribution –

mean, median, and mode. Standard deviation and Standard error. Chi-square test with problems.

8. Biotechnology: importance, tissue culture, transgenic plant and animal systems with four examples.

Bioinformatics and its utility. - 5

hrs

9. Ethology: animal behavior: Definition of animal behavior with examples Innate behavior – taxes,

reflexes, instincts and motivation. Learned behavior – habituation, imprinting, conditioned reflexes

and insight learning. Brief account of auditory communications in Gryllids, pheromones in insects.

10. Biological clock: Circadian, circannual and circalunar rhythms. Role of pineal and hypothalamus in

rhythms.

- 7

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PRACTICAL VII

1. Genetic problems:

Monohybrid inheritance – 1 plant and 1 animal (Drosophila examples).

Dihybrid inheritance – 1 plant and 1 animal (Drosophila)examples. 2. Complementary genes – Flower color in sweet peas.

Epistatic (inhibitory) genes – plumage color in fowls

Supplementary genes – Plumage color in fowls.

Multiple genes – skin color in man. 3. Multiple alleles – ABO blood group in humans (2 problems).

Sex linked inheritance in Drosophila (2) and humans(2). 4. Chromosomal abnormalities in humans- Turner’s Klinefelter’s and Down’s syndromes(

chromosomal complements and photos. 5. Construction of 3-point test cross linkage map (2 problems). 6. General morphology of Drosophila and mounting of sex comb and wing. 7. Identification of wild (male and female) Drosophila. 8. Identification of different types of drosophila mutants – white eye, bar eye, sepia eye, vestigial

wing and yellow body. 9. Calculation of allele frequency- PTC, tongue rolling, attached ear lobes in human. 10. Calculation of allele frequency – ABO blood group in humans.


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11. Homologous organs – serial homology in crustacean – Appendages of Prawn. 12. Homologous organs – Mouth parts of insects and forelimbs of vertebrates. 13. Study of aquatic adaptations – Shark and turtle.

Study of arboreal adaptations – Chameleon, Loris 14. Study of Volant adaptations – Dragonfly, Pigeon, Bat, Exocoetus and Draco.

PRACTICAL VIII

1. Estimation of Dissolved oxygen in two water samples. 2. Estimation of Dissolved carbondioxide in two water samples. 3. Estimation of chloride content in two water samples.

Estimation of nitrate content in two water samples. 4. Estimation of Phosphate content in two water samples.

Estimation of Hardness of two water samples. 5. Study of pond ecosystem – interaction between the various constituents, planktons, fauna and

flora. 6. Study of garden soil fauna, using Berlesse funnel apparatus. 7. Animal associations: Mutualism – Termite and Trichonympha, Commensalism – Echeneis and

Shark, Proto-Cooperation – Hermit crab and Sea anemone. 8. Animal associations : Parasitism – Head louse, Bed bug, Female mosquito, Ticks and Mites,

Predation – Snake and Frog. 9. Collection of data such as height, weight, blood groups etc. among the students and 10. Calculation – Mean, standard deviation and erors, calculating of Chi-square values. Construction

of graph, histograms and bar diagrams using data obtained. (A minimum of two data for each of statistical calculations)

11. Demonstration of vermiculture in the laboratory or college campus. 12. Morphology and life history of Bombyxmori.Observation of Mulberry and Non mulberry cocoons. 13. Identification and uses of different equipment in silkworm rearing. 14. Identification of different local food fishes (any five).

PAPER I Animal Diversity I 2 Hrs -...

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