Paper Entrepreneur - Qualitative

8/2/2019 Paper Entrepreneur - Qualitative

1/15

Understanding Motivations of Female Students to Become Entrepreneurs:

A Qualitative Approach

Sabrina O. Sihombing

[email protected]

Universitas Pelitas Harapan

Abstract

Becoming an entrepreneur is one aim of many students after completing the

study. This is because entrepreneurships offer many benefits such as

owning business and a possibility of having significant financial rewardsthan working for others. Students can also be considered as the primary

resource of future entrepreneurs. Several studies have examined students

motivation to become an entrepreneur. However, little research has

conducted to examine female students motivation to become entrepreneur.It is important to understand female students motivation to become

entrepreneur. This is because gender inequality still exists especially indeveloping countries. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to enhance

the understanding motivations of female students to become entrepreneurs.

In depth interviews with five female students were conducted to exploretheir motivations to become an entrepreneur. The result shows that financial

independence (pull motivation) is main motivation for female students to

become entrepreneur. However, another important motivation is flexibility

(push motivation). This results shows entrepreneur motivations areintertwined. Limitations as well as future research are discussed.

Key words: entrepreneur, students, qualitative approach

If I give a man a fish, then I feed for him a day.If I teach a man to fish, then I feed him for life.

If I teach a man to fish responsibly, then not only

do I feed him, but the rest of his village as well,

for generations to come.

(Kao, 1993)

Background to research problem

Becoming an entrepreneur is one aim of many students after completing the study. This is

because entrepreneurships offer many benefits such as owning business and a possibility ofhaving significant financial rewards than working for others. Students can also be

considered as the primary resource of future entrepreneurs.

International Seminar & Conference

Fakultas Ekonomi UNJ 9 & 10 November 2010
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]


2/15

Several studies have examined students motivation to become an entrepreneur (for

examples: Segal et al., 2005; Linan and Chen, 2006; Engle et al., 2008; Izquierdo and

Buelens, 2008; Shook and Bratianu, 2008; Van Gelderen et al., 2008; El Harbi et al., 2009).However, little research has conducted to examine female students motivation to become

entrepreneur. It is important to understand female students motivation to become

entrepreneur. This is because gender inequality still exists especially in developingcountries. Therefore, the objective of this research is to understand motivations of female

students to become entrepreneurs. Thus, the main research question for this research is

what motivates female students to become entrepreneurs? In order to back-up theresearch question, there be six more detailed questions were applied as follows:

1. What motivates female students to become entrepreneurs?

2. How interested are you in becoming an entrepreneur?3. What type of support do female students receive from their family to become

entrepreneurs?

4. How much have female students already prepared to become entrepreneurs?5. Are there any gender differences toward being an entrepreneur?6. How soon are you going to become an entrepreneur?

This paper is organized as follows. First, justifications of the research are presented.Then, the literature review on about entrepreneur and entrepreneur motivations and

intentions are provided. The next section is research method followed by results of this

research. Finally, this paper provides conclusions of this research.

Justifications to the research

This research can be justified on these two grounds as follows: (1) the need of research on

intention of female students to become entrepreneurs and (2) potential contributions of theresearch for theory and practice.

The need of research on intention of female students to become entrepreneurs. Many

researches have been conducted to understand entrepreneurs. For example, some researchshows the characteristics of entrepreneurs (Nair and Pandey. 2006) and motivation to

become an entrepreneur (Manolova et al., 2008; Buang and Yusof, 2006; Segal et al.,

2005). According to Baron (1999, cited by Cohoon et al., 2010), entrepreneurs have astereotypically masculine image. However, there is significant increasing of women

entrepreneurs nowadays. Therefore, examining the gender differences toward being

entrepreneur is important because a comment which stated An entrepreneur is an

entrepreneur is entrepreneur should been revised (Dunn and Liang, 2006). This is becausestudies have shown that there are gender differences in many aspects in understanding

entrepreneurship (for example: Walker and Webster, 2006; Manolova et al., 2008;

Kirkwood, 2009). There were several research focused in women entrepreneur (forexample: Lee, 1997; Orhan and Scott, 2001; Lim et al., 2003; Sarri and Trihopoulou, 2004;

Dunn and Liang, 2006; Erogul and McCohan, 2008; Raman et al., 2008). Furthermore,

there were also research focused in student perception and intention to be entrepreneurs(for examples: Segal et al., 2005; Linan and Chen, 2006; Engle et al., 2008; Izquierdo and




3/15

Buelens, 2008; Shook and Bratianu, 2008; Van Gelderen et al., 2008; El Harbi et al., 2009).

An understanding on students perception or intention to be entrepreneurs is crucial. This is

because students are future entrepreneurs. However, as far as researcher understanding,there is no or limited research to understand motivation of female students to become

entrepreneurs.

Potential contributions for theory and practice. From a theoretical point of view, the

results of this study give contributions to the understanding of female students intention to

become entrepreneurs. Since not many studies on female students and entrepeneurship, it ishoped that the result of this research give contribution to understanding about women

entrepreneurship. From a practical point of view, this research gives insight to university

about female students intention to become entrepreneurs.

Literature review

Entrepreneur definitions

Entrepreneur has its origin in the French word entreprende which means to undertake(Kao et al., 2002). In their book on entrepreneurism, Kao et al. (2002, p.32) also provides

several key definitions of entrepreneur such as a self self-employed person with uncertainreturn (Cantillon, 1730), as a person in need of high achievement and autonomy

(McClelland, 1961), as a person who is able to identify opportunities and develop small

enterprises (Penrose, 1959), and as a creative innovator (Schumpeter, 1910). Kao et al.(2002, p.42) also provide their definition of entrepreneur as a person who undertakes a

wealth-creating and value-adding process, through developing ideas, assembling resources

and making things happen.

Entrepreneurial motivation

The success of entrepreneurs is dependent on personal motivation (Urban et al., 2008;

Shane et al. 2003). There are several theories that can explain entrepreneurial motivation,for instance: push and pull theories. The push theory explains that individuals are becoming

entrepreneurs because of negative external factors such as difficulty finding jobs, job

dissatisfaction, inflexible work hour, and insufficient salary. Push factors often havenegative connotation (Kirkwoord, 2009). On the other hand, the pull theory states that

individuals are becoming entrepreneurs because of several attractiveness such as having

greater financial rewards, self-fulfillment, independent, and other desirable outcomes

(Gilad and Levine, 1983 cited by Segal et al., 2005).Several researches show motivation differences between men and women. For instance,

Walker and Webster (2006) showed that there were significant differences between man

and women motivations to run their business. Flexible hours, wanting to work from homeand the need to balance work and family are main motivation for women entrepreneurs.

The result of that study indicated that women still doing the double shift of having to cope

with family and work (Walker and Webster, 2006, p. 128). Another research conducted astudy conducted Manolova et al. (2008) pointed out that men are motivated by self-

realization, financial success, and autonomy. On the other hand, women are motivated by

all of out desired outcomes (self-realization, status, financial success, and autonomy).




4/15

Studies on motivation of woman entrepreneurs show a mix results as follows. Lee

(1997) pointed out that women entrepreneurs have a higher need for achievement and

dominance than women employees. A study conducted by Lim et al. (2003) shows severalmotivations of becoming entrepreneur such as to achieve full potential, to have autonomy

and flexibility, economy reasons, and to become successful person. Another research

conducted by Dunn and Liang (2006) shows that making money is the most importantreason to be entrepreneur. In a similar vein with Dunn and Liang, a research conducted by

Cohoon et al. (2010) also shows that the primary motivation of women entrepreneur is

desire to build wealth. Other motivations are the wish to capitalize on business ideas, theappeal of startup culture, a desire to won company, and not working for someone else. On

the other hand, a research conducted by Raman et al. (2008) pointed out that work core is

the most important motivational factor in women deciding to be entrepreneurs. A study

conducted by Orhan and Scott (2001) shows several categories of woman motivations tobecome entrepreneur: (1) dynastic compliance, (2) no other choice, (3) entrepreneurship by

chance, (4) natural succession, (5) forced entrepreneurship, (6) informed entrepreneur, and

(7) pure entrepreneur. Another study conducted by Das (2000, cited by Tambunan, 2009)

provided women motivations to become entrepreneurs in Asian countries as shown inTable 1 below.

Table 1. Motivations of women entrepreneurs in Asian countries

Category Motivations

Chance entrepreneurs

Forced entrepreneurs

Created or pulled entrepreneurs

to keep busy

hobby / special interestfamily/spouse had business

financial/needed the money

control over time/flexibilitychallenge, try something on ones own

show others I could do it.

to be independent

self satisfaction

example to childrenemployment to others/ do something worthwhile

Source: Das (2000, cited by Tambunan, 2009).

Entrepreneurial intention

Entrepreneurial intention is considered as the first step in becoming as entrepreneur (Lee

and Wong, cited by Linan and Chen, 2006). Intention is defined as instructions people

give to themselves to behave in certain ways (Triandis, 1983 cited by Bagozzi and Yi,1989). Therefore, it can be stated that intentions represent people plans to perform their

behavior. Intention is also as the immediate determinant of behavior (Bagozzi and Yi,

1988).Intention can be explained by using the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1988).

According to the theory that individuals action is influenced by behavioral intention.




5/15

Behavioral intention, in return, is a function of three factors: attitude toward the behavior,

subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control (Figure 1). Attitude is defined as

peoples overall definition of their performing behavior. Subjective norms refer to peoples perception of social pressure to perform the behavior. Perceived behavioral control

measures how well a person can execute the behavior (Ajzen, 1991).

Figure 1. Theory of planned behavior

Source: Ajzen (1988,p.133)

Research method

Qualitative approach. Qualitative approach was applied in this research. This is because

qualitative studies are tools used in understanding and describing the world of humanexperience (Myers, 2000). Qualitative research aimed at finding out what things exist

[rather] than determine[ing] how many such things there are (Walker, 1983, cited by

McKenzie and Crouch, 2006, p.487). Interviewing is one of the most frequently applied in

qualitative approach (McKenzie and Crouch, 2006).

Case study. Case study was chosen as a qualitative research method in this research. Case

is a term that refers to an event, an individual or even a unit of analysis. Furthermore, it isan empirical inquiry that investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real life

context using multiple sources of evidence (Yin, 1989, cited by Noor, 2008). In-depthinterviews were applied in this research. Interviews were carried out on five participants.The purpose of the interview is to obtain the participants opinions regarding the intention

to become entrepreneurs. This research applied the semi-structured interviews. This is

because the semi-structured interview offers sufficient flexibility to approach differentparticipants differently while still covering the same areas of data collection (Noor, 2008).

The questions were prepared in advanced based on the theme being investigated, that is,

intention to become entrepreneur.



Attitudes toward

performing the

behavior

Subjective norms

Perceived

behavioral control

Behavioral

IntentionBehavior


6/15

This research applied six questions to understand female students motivation to become

entrepreneurs. Three questions were developed by Chen et al. (1998). Those questions are:

(1) how interested are you in becoming an entrepreneur, (2) how much have you already prepared to become an entrepreneur, and (3) how soon are you going to become an

entrepreneur. Other questions were developed by the researcher (Table 2).

Table 2. Research questions

Research questions Source Research focus

1. What motivates female

students to becomeentrepreneurs?

2. How interested are you in

becoming anentrepreneur?

3. What type of support do

female students receivefrom their family to

become entrepreneurs?

4. How much have femalestudents already prepared

to become entrepreneurs?

4.1. Are there any barriers

that you will have when becoming an

entrepreneur?

5. Are there any gender

differences toward beingan entrepreneur?

5.1. Do you perceive being a woman is

advantageous?

6. How soon are yougoing to become an

entrepreneur?

Researcher

Chen et al. (1988)

Researcher

Chen et al. (1988)

Researcher

Researcher

Researcher

Chen et al. (1988)

Motivation

Attitude

Subjective norm

Perceived behavioral control

Perceived behavioral control

Intention

All interviews were conducted in Bahasa Indonesia as the national language. Each

respondent also was given a questionnaire which contains similar questions wheninterviewed. The main reason is to provide more media that can be used by participants to

express their opinions. Each interview was then audio-taped and transcribed by the

interviewer as soon as possible as suggested by Osborne and Freyberg (1985, cited byTalib et al. 2009). Furthermore, as suggested by Talib et al. (2009), immediate transcription

can improve the technique of asking questions for the next interview.




7/15

Sample selection. The selection of participants was done through a purposive sampling.

There are several criteria: (1) female students, (2) active students in their last semester, and

(3) not yet have working experience whether they have business or work with others. Therewere five female students as participants in this research as samples sizes depend on the

resources and time available (Mack et al., 2005).

Analysis data for case study. All data were analyzed through several stages. First, making a

code of the data. Then, explorations of data within each code. The next step was

summarizing data. Finally, a reflection on data within each category.

Findings

Motivation to become entrepreneurs. All female students in this research have samemain motivation in becoming as entrepreneurs. All participants pointed out that financial

independence as their main motivation as stated by one female (named Jenny here to

protect her identity):

My main motivation to become an entrepreneur is to be financial independencewithout depending with other people. Furthermore, I dont like to be tied-up with

company policy. I want to be free with my own policy.

Another female student (named Audrey here to protect her identity) also stated:

I want to become an entrepreneur because I want to be financial independence. Idont like working with others. I want to produce money while still sleeping like

my father.

Table 3 below shows other motivations to become entrepreneur. Flexibility is the

second main motivation for almost participants. Flexibility means that they do notwant to work in daily routine hours, they do not want to be tied-up with company

policy, and they do not want to have superiors (bosses). Other motivations are: self-

development and self-achievement.

Table 3. Participants motivations to become entrepreneurs

Motivations n = 5 %

Financial

independenceFlexibility

AchievementSelf-development

5 100%

4 80%

2 40%2 40%

Attitude toward becoming entrepreneurs. Almost all participants stated that to be an

entrepreneur is very interested. Table 4 below shows participants interest toward specific




8/15

area that they will involved when they become entrepreneurs. Jenny stated that to be an

entrepreneur is very interested as she shares her opinion:

To be an entrepreneur is very interesting because I can develop myself and gain

more experience, independent, higher financial reward higher. If I work with other

people, I have to obey the company policy and limited career development. Ibelieve that to become an entrepreneur will take high risks, but I believe it will

worth with something I will get in return.

However, only one participant stated that she is just interested to become an

entrepreneur as one female (named Ellen here to protect her identity) stated:

I do interest to become an entrepreneur. But I do also think about how to make it cometrue of my dream. I do not know whether it is difficult or easy to develop my business.

Table 4. Business interestParticipants Business interest

JennyMaia

Audrey

Nancy

Ellen

Boutique (fashion)Product packaging

Plastics

Swim wear store

Bar Restaurant

Subjective norms (supports from family) to become entrepreneurs. All participantsstated that their family (that is, mother and father) support them to become entrepreneurs.

Interestingly, all supports from their mother and father are mix as shown in Table 5 below.Table 5 shows that three out of five participants fathers do not give full support to themto become entrepreneur. Jenny and Audrey have similar answer for that fact as Jenny

shared the following:

My mother supports me to become an entrepreneur. However, my father wants me towork with other before becoming an entrepreneur in order to understand how

organization system is work, to become more discipline, and to develop my character.

Table 5. Supports from family




9/15

Jenny

F M

Maia

F M

Audrey

F M

Nancy

F M

Ellen

F M

SW FS FS na SW FS SW FS FS SW

Legend:

F : father

M : mother

na : not available (her mother was passed away)

SW : should work with other people before becoming an entrepreneur

FS : full support

Perceived behavioral control to become entrepreneurs. There were two questions

regarding how well participants can become entrepreneurs: (1) how much have female

students already prepared to become entrepreneurs? and (2) are there any genderdifferences toward being an entrepreneur?.

All participants stated that they have prepared several things to become entrepreneurs.For example, Maia stated that she has prepared the business location. Furthermore, she has

also prepared several machines for her business. Not only that, she is now trying to findpotential customers for her business in packaging. Another respondent (named Nancy

here to protect her identity) also has developed a product sample for her business. She has

looking product materials and potential employees for the business. Not only that, shementioned that she has been looking for store location. Three other participants stated that

they are preparing themselves by finding information regarding their future business.

Participants were also asked whether they will face barriers to become entrepreneurs.All participants agreed that experience is their main fear to become entrepreneurs. Two

other participants pointed out that their age can be perceived as a barrier to involve in

entrepreneurship as Maia share her opinion:

I know that I have no experience now to become an entrepreneur. Moreover, my

age that still young that others may underestimate me.

There were mix answers for a question regarding gender differences toward being

entrepreneurs. Three participants stated that there still gender differences to become

entrepreneurs as pointed out by Ellen as she shares her opinion:

In my opinion there are still gender differences to become entrepreneurs.

Sometimes people only see women entrepreneurs with their half-eyes (an

Indonesian idiom means being underestimate).

On the other hand, Audrey stated her opinion as follows:




10/15

I believe there are no gender differences influencing my intention to become

entrepreneur. The most important things to become an entrepreneur are ability

and intention.

Participants were asked whether being women is advantageous for them. All

participants agreed that it is advantageous for them being a woman. However, they havedifferent reasons for that question (Table 6).

Table 6. Advantageous reasons for being a woman

Reasons n = 5 %

Understand the market well

Attractive appeal

DetailEasy to get sympathy

Multi-talented (can do

several things in one time)

2 40%

3 60%

1 20%1 20%

1 20%

Intention to become entrepreneurs. A question about how soon participants will becomeentrepreneur? Three participants stated that will become entrepreneurs as soon as they

graduate from university. Only two other participants stated that though they will need

more time after graduation to become entrepreneurs as stated by Ellen:

I will become an entrepreneur next two years. I have to finish my study now. Even

though I can graduate soon, I still have to prepare many things to achieve my

dream to become an entrepreneur. I have to make sure that my idea to have a barrestaurant is supported with things such as a good concept, location, and capital.

Discussion

This research aims to understand motivations of female students to become entrepreneurs.

This research shows participants as future entrepreneurs have multiple motivation to

become entrepreneur. The findings show that financial independent as the main motivation

for all participants. This kind motivation is classified as pull motivation (Gilad andLevine, 1983 cited by Segal et al., 2005). However, almost all participants also stated that

flexibility as their motivation to become entrepreneurs. According to Kirkwood (2009),

flexibility is classified as push motivation. This result may indicate that participantsaware their next step in life that they will have a family. Consequences as a woman and

have a family are to be multitask person and can balance family life and career. Therefore,

they desire for greater work-life flexibility. In short, findings of this research support previous research that point outs women entrepreneurs motivations appear to be

intertwined (Kirkwood, 2009).

The present paper also shows that almost all participants stated that to be anentrepreneur is very interested. Each had different interest in specific areas they will

involve later. They interest in entrepreneurship are also supported by their families. This

paper also shows that more father than mother encourage their daughter to work with other




11/15

people first before entering entrepreneurship. This result may indicate that experience is

crucial as their father may have experiences in business.

All participants stated that they have prepared several things to achieve their aim tobecome entrepreneurs. They also aware barriers that they will face in the future such as

experience and their young ages. They also stated that it is advantageous for being a

woman as women have more attractiveness appeal than men.

Conclusions

The main finding of this research is that financial independence as the main motivation forfemale students to become entrepreneurs. This type motivation can be classified as pull

motivation. However, the findings also show that most participants pointed out another

main motivation, that is, flexibility. This kind of motivation, on the other hand, is classified

as push motivation which often has negative connotations (Kirkwood, 2009).This research has limitations. First, this research only focused on the motivations of

female student to become entrepreneur. Though understanding gender differences are

important but comparative studies are needed to gain more and holistic understanding on

entrepreneur phenomena. Second, this research applied a qualitative approach inunderstanding the phenomena. A triangulation method with mixed-methods research can

contribute to the rich understanding of entrepreneur as a social phenomenon.

References




12/15

Bagozzi, R.P. and Yi, Y. (1989). The degree of intention formation as a moderator of the

attitude-behavior relationship. Social Psychology Quarterly, 52, 4, 266-279.

Baron, R.A. (1999). Perceptions of entrepreneurs; evidence for a positive stereotype.

Unpublished manuscript. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

Chen, C.C., Greene, P.G. and Crick, A. (1998). Does entrepreneurial self-efficacy

distinguish entrepreneurs from managers. Journal of Business Venturing, 13, 4, 295-

316.

Cohoon, J.M., Wadha, V. and Mitchell, L. (2010). The anatomy of an entrepreneur: are

successful women entrepreneurs different from men? Missouri: The Ewing Kauffman

Foundation.

Cope, J. (2005). Researching entrepreneurship through phenomenological inquiry:

philosophical and methodological issues. International Small Business Journal, 23, 2,

163-189.

Crang, M. (2002). Qualitative methods: the new orthodoxy? Progress in HumanGeography, 26, 5, 647-655.

Dana, L.P. and Dana, T.E. (2005). Expanding the scope of methodologies used inentrepreneurship research.International Journal Entrepreneurship and Small Business,

2, 1, 79-88.

Das, D.J. (2000). Problems faced by women entrepreneurs. In K. Sasikumar (ed.), Womenentrepreneurships. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House.

Dunn, P. and Liang, C. (2006). Women entrepreneurs of Norteasth Louisiana demographics, challenges, and learning experiences. Available at:

http://www.usasble.org/.../USASI3E2006proceedings-Dunn%20-20M&W.pdf.

Gartner, W.B. and Birley, S. (2002). Introduction to the special issue on qualitative

methods in entrepreneurship research.Journal of Business Venturing, 17, 5, 387-395.

Greene, P., Hart, M.M. Gatewood, E.J., Brush, C.G. and carter, N.M. (2003). Woemnentrepreneur: moving front and center: an overview of research and theory.

http://usasbe.org/knowledge/whitepapers/greene2003.pdf.

Izquierdo, E. and Buelens, M. (2008). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions: the

influence of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and attitudes. Paper presented at

Internationalizing Entrepreneurship Education and Training, Oxford, Ohio, USA.Available at:

http://mba.americaeconomia.com/system/files/cpmpeting_models_of_entrepreneurial_i

ntentions.pdf.


http://www.usasble.org/.../USASI3E2006proceedings-Dunn%20-20M&W.pdfhttp://usasbe.org/knowledge/whitepapers/greene2003.pdfhttp://mba.americaeconomia.com/system/files/cpmpeting_models_of_entrepreneurial_intentions.pdfhttp://mba.americaeconomia.com/system/files/cpmpeting_models_of_entrepreneurial_intentions.pdfhttp://www.usasble.org/.../USASI3E2006proceedings-Dunn%20-20M&W.pdfhttp://usasbe.org/knowledge/whitepapers/greene2003.pdfhttp://mba.americaeconomia.com/system/files/cpmpeting_models_of_entrepreneurial_intentions.pdfhttp://mba.americaeconomia.com/system/files/cpmpeting_models_of_entrepreneurial_intentions.pdf


13/15

Kao, R.W.Y. (1993). Entrepreneurship, a wealth creation and value adding process.

Singapore: Prentice-Hall.

Kao, R.W.Y., Kao, K.R., and Kao, R.R. (2002). Entrepreneurism: a philosophy and a

sensible alternative for the market economy. London: Imperial College Press.

Kephart, P. and Schumacher, L. (2005). Has the glass ceiling cracked? An exploration of

women entrepreneurship.Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 12, 1, 1-15.

Kirkwood, J. (2009). Motivational factors in a push-pull theory of entrepreneurship.

Gender in Management: An International Journal, 24, 5, 346-364.

Lee, J. (1997). The motivation of women entrepreneurs in Singapore. International Journal

of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 3,2, 93-110.

Lim, S.F., Smith, K. and Bottomley, C. (2003). Successful graduate female entrepreneurs

The Scottish experience. Paper presented at 16

th

Annual Conference on SmallEnterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand, 28 Sept 1 Oct, Ballarat,

Australia.

Linan, F. and Chen, Y. (2006). Testing the entrepreneurial intention model on a two-

country sample. Document de Trball num.06/7. Department dEconomia de lEmpresa.Available at:http://selene.uab.es/dep-economi-empresa/.

Mack, N., Woodsong, C., MacQueen, K.M., Guest, G. and Namey, E. (2005). Qualitative

research methods: a data collectors field guide. USA: Family Health International.

Manolova, T.S., Brush, C.G. and Edelman, L.F. (2008). What do women entrepreneurs

want? Strategic Change, 17, 69-82.

McKenzie, H. and Crouch, M. (2006). The logic of small samples in interview-based

qualitative research. Social Science Information, 45, 4, 483-499.

Myers, M. (2000). Qualitative research and the generalizability question: standing firm

with proteus. The Qualitative Report, 4, 3/4. Available at:

http://www.nova.edu./ssss/QR/QR4-3/myers.html.

Nair, K.R.G. and Pandey, A. (2006). Characteristics of entrepreneurs: on empirical

analysis. The Journal of Entrepreneurships, 15, 1, 47-61.

Noor, K.B.M. (2008). Case study: a strategic research methodology.American Journal of

Applied Sciences, 5, 11, 1602-1604.

Orhan, M. and Scott, D. (2001). Why women enter into entrepreneurship: an explanatory

model. Women in Management Review, 16, 5, 232-243.


http://selene.uab.es/dep-economi-empresa/http://selene.uab.es/dep-economi-empresa/http://www.nova.edu./ssss/QR/QR4-3/myers.htmlhttp://www.nova.edu./ssss/QR/QR4-3/myers.htmlhttp://selene.uab.es/dep-economi-empresa/http://www.nova.edu./ssss/QR/QR4-3/myers.html


14/15

Perks, K., Bouncken, R. and Imcgaroen, A. (). The influence of cultural values on

entrepreneurial intention: a comparison between British and German students.

Available at.

Raman, K., Anantharaman, R.N. and Jayasingam, S. (2008). Motivation factors affecting

entrepreneurial decision: a comparison between Malaysian women entrepreneurs andwomen non entrepreneurs. Communications of the IBIMA, 2, 85-89.

Segal, G., Borgia, D. and Schoenfeld, J. (2005). The motivation to become an entrepreneur.International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 11, 1, 42-57.

Sarri, K. and Trihopoulou, A. (2004). Female entrepreneurs personal characteristics and

motivation: a review of the Greek situation. Women in Management Review, 20, 1, 24-36.

Shane, S., Locke, E.E. and Collins, C.J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human

Resource Management Review, 13, 257-279.

Shook, C.L. and Bratianu, C. (2008). Entrepreneurial intent in a transitional economy: anapplication of the theory of planned behavior to Romanian students. International

Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 6,3, 231-247.

Talib, O., Luan, W.S., Azhar, S.C. and Abdullah, N. (2009). Uncovering Malaysian

students motivation to learning science. European Journal of Social Sciences, 8,2,

266-276.

Tambunan, T. (2009). Women entrepreneurship in Asian developing countries: their

development and main constraints. Journal of Development and Agricultural

Economics, 1, 2, 27-40.

Triandis, H.C. (1980). Values, attitudes, and interpersonal behavior, pp. 195-259 in Beliefs,

attitudes, and values. Nebraska Symposium on Motivation. Edited by H.E.Howe andM.M. Page. Lincoln University of Nebraska Press.

Urban, B., Van Vuuren, J. and Owen, R.H. (2008). Antecedents to entrepreneurial

intentions: testing for measurement invariance for cultural values, attitudes and self-efficacy beliefs across ethnic groups. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 6,

1, 1-9.

Van Gelderen, M., Brand, M. Van Praag, M. Bodewes, W., Poutsma, E. and Van Gils, A.

(2008). Explaining entrepreneurial intentions by means of the theory of planned

behavior. Career Development International, 13, 6, 538-559.

Walker, E.A. and Webster, B.J. (2006). Gender, age, and self-employment: some things

change, some stay the same. Women in Management Review, 22, 2, 122-135.




15/15

Yin, R. (1989). Case study research. California: Sage Publication.



Paper Entrepreneur - Qualitative

Documents

Transcript of Paper Entrepreneur - Qualitative