Paper and Paper and ReformattingReformatting

Chapter 2: Chapter 2: ReformattingReformatting

Hopeless Cases and Hopeless Cases and Indentification:Indentification:

To Replace or Reformat. . .

. . . . That is the

010101010101

Hopeless Cases and Hopeless Cases and Indentification:Indentification:

►Books that require an unreasonable Books that require an unreasonable amount of work to repairamount of work to repair

►Knowing you options:Knowing you options: ReplacementReplacement ReformattingReformatting

Replacement:Replacement:

►Activities that result in the receipt of a Activities that result in the receipt of a duplicate of the irreparable volume duplicate of the irreparable volume through routine acquisition and gift through routine acquisition and gift processingprocessing

►This can include in-print vendors, This can include in-print vendors, antiquarian, e-bay, microform publisher antiquarian, e-bay, microform publisher

Reformatting:Reformatting:

►Activities that involve special efforts to Activities that involve special efforts to have the text transferred to another have the text transferred to another medium in order to preserve the textmedium in order to preserve the text

►Transfer to paper, microfilm and digital Transfer to paper, microfilm and digital imagesimages

Brittle Books Programs:Brittle Books Programs:

►Programs are based on a couple of Programs are based on a couple of questions:questions:

Based upon the libraryBased upon the library’’s collecting policy.s collecting policy. Must the book be considered in its original Must the book be considered in its original

format as a rare book or artifact?format as a rare book or artifact?

Research QuestionsResearch Questions

►What treatment decisions should be What treatment decisions should be made?made?

►Who should make the decisions?Who should make the decisions?►Should preservation staff play a role in Should preservation staff play a role in

the decision. the decision. ►All answers dependent upon type of All answers dependent upon type of

organization.organization.►Base our decisions on a Search Results Base our decisions on a Search Results

sheet-Who else has the item? sheet-Who else has the item?

What about Copyright?What about Copyright?► Law allows for preservation of copyrighted Law allows for preservation of copyrighted

works, works, ““solely for the purposed of solely for the purposed of preservation and securitypreservation and security”” Section 108Section 108

► Include a notice or disclaimer indicating Include a notice or disclaimer indicating copycopy

► Reformatting is NOT to be used as Reformatting is NOT to be used as acquisitionacquisition

► Archives – Donor restrictionsArchives – Donor restrictions

Overview of MicrofilmOverview of Microfilm

Why Microfilm?Why Microfilm?► It was used as an It was used as an

important part brittle important part brittle books programsbooks programs

► Predicted long life of up Predicted long life of up to 500 yearsto 500 years

► Huge infrastructure Huge infrastructure developed for the developed for the creation and viewing of creation and viewing of microfilmmicrofilm

► In 1989, Congress In 1989, Congress authorized NEH to authorized NEH to implement a 20 year implement a 20 year initiative to preserve initiative to preserve intellectual content via intellectual content via microfilming. This ended microfilming. This ended in 2009in 2009

Why microfilm? (continued)Why microfilm? (continued)►No matter how you feel about No matter how you feel about

microformats it is important to microformats it is important to understand the procedures and understand the procedures and development of microfilming and development of microfilming and preservation facsimiles:preservation facsimiles:

►Because:Because: As in the case of facsimiles, many patrons As in the case of facsimiles, many patrons

still prefer to have a copy in their handsstill prefer to have a copy in their hands Libraries & archives must deal with Libraries & archives must deal with

microfilm and any continuing projects in microfilm and any continuing projects in their collectiontheir collection

Microfilm:Microfilm:

►Adhere to RLG standardsAdhere to RLG standards

►Creation of three generationsCreation of three generations Preservation copy or archival copyPreservation copy or archival copy Duplicate Duplicate Use or service copyUse or service copy

Microfilm (continued):Microfilm (continued):

►Silver Halide – silver gelatin microfilm Silver Halide – silver gelatin microfilm with a polyester basewith a polyester base Stable metal Stable metal Image on silver film is metallic silverImage on silver film is metallic silver Tested lifespan 500 yearsTested lifespan 500 years Scratches easily Scratches easily Archival copyArchival copy

Microfilm (continued)Microfilm (continued)

►Diazo Film:Diazo Film: Intended for service copiesIntended for service copies Polyester basePolyester base Life expectancy of up to 50 years because Life expectancy of up to 50 years because

of possible fadingof possible fading Chemical duplication using AmmoniaChemical duplication using Ammonia Blue Black image is producedBlue Black image is produced

Microfilm (continued)Microfilm (continued)

►Vesicular FilmVesicular Film Also intended for service copiesAlso intended for service copies Polyester base Polyester base Life expectancy 10 – 20 yearsLife expectancy 10 – 20 years Not vulnerable to fungal growthNot vulnerable to fungal growth Duplication by heat and emulsion to Duplication by heat and emulsion to

emulsion contactemulsion contact White image on blue backgroundWhite image on blue background

Microfilming Process:Microfilming Process:

►Decisions:Decisions: Outsourced or in-house?Outsourced or in-house? Contracts and RFPContracts and RFP’’ss

►Vendor Question Examples:Vendor Question Examples: What are the costs?What are the costs? Do you allow for visits to the facility?Do you allow for visits to the facility? Preservation guidelines?Preservation guidelines? Type of film?Type of film?

Preparation of Material for Preparation of Material for Microfilming:Microfilming:

►Bibliographic searchingBibliographic searching►Database searching – Database searching –

record keepingrecord keeping►CollationCollation►Reel programmingReel programming

Source: http://library.furman.edu/specialcollections/borrowing_microfilm.htm

MicrofilmMicrofilm

►Typically get 600 – 900 frames in a Typically get 600 – 900 frames in a reelreel►With books, tend to get 2 pages per With books, tend to get 2 pages per frameframe►With oversized documents, 1 page per With oversized documents, 1 page per frameframe►The number of frames on a reel depends on the The number of frames on a reel depends on the orientation and size of the originals being filmedorientation and size of the originals being filmed

Evaluation and Quality Evaluation and Quality ControlControl

►Methylene blue tests to check amount Methylene blue tests to check amount of residual thiosulfates on filmof residual thiosulfates on film 33rdrd party party

►Technical – cannot allow for scratches Technical – cannot allow for scratches unless it is on leader - 6 splices are unless it is on leader - 6 splices are allowedallowed

►Quality Index- at what level do you see Quality Index- at what level do you see the the ““ee”” and its relation to the linepair and its relation to the linepair

►Bibliographic – Targets are in orderBibliographic – Targets are in order

Filming Process:Filming Process:►Reduction ratio Reduction ratio

desired:desired: Desired is 12:1 or Desired is 12:1 or

14:114:1

►Microfiche – 16 Microfiche – 16 mm, 24:1mm, 24:1

►Density – degree of Density – degree of blacknessblackness

► Image Image presentation:presentation: Cine or comic modeCine or comic mode

Micro-File MRD-2 shoots 35mm and/or 16mm film. Source: http://www.worldmicrographics.com/Planetary_Microfilmers.html

DigitizationDigitization

►The more popular The more popular reformatting choicereformatting choice

►Many projects that Many projects that used to be done on used to be done on microfilm have microfilm have evolved to become evolved to become digitization projectsdigitization projects

►More grants are now More grants are now issued for digital issued for digital projectsprojects

Source: http://www.imagewarescanner.com/index.php?id=164

Reformatting: Reformatting: Digitization vs. MicroformatDigitization vs. Microformat

►Still need to collate the itemsStill need to collate the items►Still need to adhere to current best Still need to adhere to current best

practices and standardspractices and standards►Still need to consider access to the Still need to consider access to the

surrogatesurrogate►Still need bibliographic controlStill need bibliographic control► If the items arenIf the items aren’’t unique, investigate if t unique, investigate if

someone else has already done the work someone else has already done the work

Paper and Paper and ReformattingReformatting

Chapter 2: Chapter 2:

ReformattingReformatting