NAME: JANKIBA K. RANAPAPER NO: 12POSTCOLONIAL LITERATURE M.A. SEM – III ROLL NO: 09YEAR 2014-2015SUBMITTED TO:DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISHBHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY

Topic:

Introduction David Nunan is an Australian linguist who has focused on the teaching of English.

He has began his career in Teaching English as a Second Language in Sydney.

Before referring to SLA let’s see what is first language and second language.

First Language (L1):

One’s native language, the language learned by children and passed from one generation to the next mother tongue, natural language.

Second language:

Second language acquisition:

Refers to the processes through which someone acquires one or more second or foreign languages.

There are two types of contrastive analysis hypothesis

A) Negative Transfer B) Positive Transfer

A) Negative Transfer :L1 rule the L2

B) Positive Transfer: Rules are similar for L1 and L2.

TWO RESEARCHES

Product - Oriented Research: During the early 1970s a series of empirical

investigations into learner language were carried out which became known as the

‘MORIPHEME ORDER ‘Studies.

Their principal aim was to determine whether there is a natural sequence in the order in which L2 learners acquire the grammar of the target language.(Dualy and Bart)

Different L1 learners make same morpheme.

Morpheme: minimum meaningful language unit.

TWO RESEARCHES

Dulay and Bart (1974)Rejected the Hypothesis proposing instead a

hypothesis entitled L2 acquisition equals L1 acquisition.

Briefly the CA: states that;

while the child is learning an L2, he/she will tend to use his native language structures in his L2 speech and where structures in his L1 and his L2 differ he will goof.

Eg: Spanish children learning English should tend to say Wants Miss Jones for He wants miss Jones.

Description of Krashen’s Theory of Second Language Acquisition consist of five main hypotheses:

1. The acquisition – Learning Hypothesis;2. The monitor hypothesis;3. The natural order hypothesis;4. The input hypothesis;5. The affective filter hypothesis

Process – Oriented Research

Above research focused on the product or outcomes of acquisition. A growing body research considers learning processes exploring the kinds of classroom task that appear to facilitate SLA.

1st series of investigations into learner- learner interaction.

Long (1981) found that two-way tasks stimulated significantly more modified interaction than one way tasks.

Stephen Krashen

In the 1980 Stephen Krashen the best known figure in the SLA field.

He formulated a controversial hypothesis to explain the disparity between the order in which grammatical items were taught and the order in which they were acquired, arguing that there are two mental processes operating

SLA:Conscious learning and subconscious acquisition.

Conscious learning focus on:

Subconscious acquisition is a very different process, facilitating the acquisition of rules at subconscious level.

Identify Instances Of

Rules Violation

Grammatical Rules

Enabling to memories rules

Current and future trends and directions:

Current SLA research orientations can be captured by single word: complexity. Researchers have begun to realise that there are social and interpersonal as well as psychological dimensions to acquisition, that input and output are both important, that form and meaning are ultimately inseparable, and that acquisition is an organic rather than liner process.In a recent study, Martyn(1996) investigated the influence of certain task characteristics on the negotiation of meaning in small group work, looking at the following variables:

• Interaction relationship: whether one person holds all of the information required to complete the task, whether each participant holds a portion of the information, or whether the information is shared;

• Interaction requirement: whether or not the information must be shared;

• Goal orientation: whether the task goal is convergent or divergent;

• Outcome options: whether there is only a single correct outcome, or whether more than one outcome is possible.

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