Pancreas

المطيري فهد مشاري

Anatomical structure of the pancreas

• The pancreas is a member of an extended there after the first part of the small intestine, and is composed of lobes of soft texture.

• Consists of the exocrine glands and internal secretion glands, or the so-called islands of Langerhans

Location

• The pancreas is a gland located deep in the abdomen between the stomach and the spine (backbone). The liver, intestine, and other organs surround the pancreas.

The islands of Langer Hans

• A clusters of adjacent cells are distributed randomly and lying between the cells of internal secretion of the pancreas, and the number of islands nearly a million in humans. 

• All the islands of Langer Hans consists of a cluster of polygonal cells in small groups around the capillaries which are a dense network surrounding each island.

• In addition, the related ends of nerve fibers and Asambthawayp Albarracmbthawayp.

Islands of Langerhans• There are three types of cells

 1-cell-loving base and are called beta cells Beta Cells   Produce the hormone insulin, which are the bulk of the islets of Langer Hans about 60%

2-Cells love to dye and acid called Alpha Cells    Secrete the hormone glucagon, represent about 25% of the islets of Langer Hans.

3-Delta cells     Produce the hormone somatostatin, which represents about 10% of the islets of Langer Hans.

Hormone insulin

• Secreted when increasing the level of blood sugar (Hyper glycemia(

• Facilitate the absorption of the cells to glucose

• Hormone builders

)fats, proteins, nucleic acids(

Synthesis of the hormone insulin

DNA

RNA

mRNA

Preprohormone

Prohormone

Insulin

Increase the secretion of insulinDisease heap of sugar

Lack of insulin secretionDiabetes

Imbalance resulting from the secretion of insulin

Insulin-dependentDiabetes early

Non-insulin dependentDiabetes late

Reduced amount of insulin as a result of the crash of beta cells to either viral infection or otherwise

Shortage in the number of insulin receptors in target cells

Occurs in childrenOccurs with age

Insulin injections / snacking at intervals

Not eating sugars / snacking

Secondary typefirst type

Hormone glucagon

• Secreted when the level of lack of blood sugar (Hypo glycemia(

• Runs counter to the hormone insulin (Antagonism(

• Hormone HDMI - Analysis of glycogen Glycogenolysis

- Composition of glucose from sources other than carbohydrate Gluconeogesis - Increase the formation of urea - Inhibition of fatty acid

Molecular structure of the hormone glucagon

- Consists of 29 amino acid.

- The molecular weight of 3450.

- Spiral shape.

Balance blood sugar

•Hyper glycemia •Hypo glycemia

Hormones affect glucose levels

• Hormones Insulin• Hormones Glucagon• Hormones Epinepherine • Hormones Cortisol

• Growth hormone

• Thyroid hormone

Third: The hormone adrenaline - Creates in the adrenal gland,

spinal cord - Secreted when the pressure and Sports

- Works on the composition of glucose from sources other than carbohydrate - Reduces the secretion of insulin / glucagon secretion increases

- Increases lipolysis

IV: cortisol• Secreted by the adrenal

cortexIncreases the proportion of blood glucose by: - Composition of glucose from sources other than carbohydrate. - Analysis of glycogen and fat and protein. - Absorption of glucose in the tissues except the brain.

V : Growth Hormone

• Secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.

• Its functions:1-Secretion of IGF2- Building protein3- Lipolysis in adipose tissue4-Absorption of glucose in the muscles

The organization of the secretion of growth hormone

a hormone secreted from GHRH .

Hypothalamus Increasing the amino acids. Lack of fatty acids. lack of blood sugar. hormone somatostatin.

VI: thyroid hormones• Secrete thyroid

hormones T3 / T4 by the hormone TSH

• Increase the secretion of growth hormone

• As well as glucagon is excreted by the hormone TRH