Pampinea and Abrotonia.pdf

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Pampinea and Abrotonia.

Author(s): Ernest H. WilkinsSource: Modern Language Notes, Vol. 23, No. 4 (Apr., 1908), pp. 111-116Published by: The Johns Hopkins University PressStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2916940 .

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April,1908.] MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES. 111Fra Lippo Lippi, AndreadelSarto,Mr.Sludge,much ramaticividnesss Browning ives t nand someothers f his poems. In such poemsBrowning, lhilenot distractingttentionromthecentral haracter,ringshe monologndra-matic ffectear o thedialog, Furthermore,emadethe monolog nd the soliloquy he maininstruments,r instrument,or his searchinganalysis f ccharacter,ituation,nd moralprob-lems. The geniuswhich e thusdisplayed, hileit did not ffecthemiracle f absolutenvention,none helessgiveshiman unquestionablelacein that ong ine of innovatorso wvhom e owethedevelopmientfourvarious iteraryorms.

ROBERT HUNTINGTON FLETCHER.IowaCollege.

THE EARLY ECLOGUES OF BOCCACCIOAND THEIR RELATION TO THOSEOF PETRARCH.Boccaccio's ccount fthehistoryf pastoralpoetry' implies, t wouldseem, that his own

ecloguesfollowed hose of his reveredmasterPetrarcb. Theocritus,e observes, ho" hidnomeaning nder hebark" of his pastoral amesand scenes, nd Virgil,who ometimesutmean-ing under hebark,were ucceeded ya lineofignobites.After hem amePetrarch, housedpastoralallegory ystematically. inally, Boc-caccio peaksofhis own eclogues,tatinghatnthem e adopts hepartiallyllegoricalmethodfVirgil. As heputshimselfast n the eries, newouldnot suspect hathe had led the wayforPetrarch-yetuch, am convinced,s thecase.I willnotdiscuss hematter ere n detail, utonebit of evidenceeems f sufficientnterestojustifyhepresent ote.In Eclogue , a love-lornhepherds given hefamiliarlyastoralnameof Damon. Boccaccio,pondering suitable itlefor second hepherd,to whomthe first ntrusts is flocks,ecalls,twouldseem, he story f Damonand Pythias,

I In his ettero FraMartino aSigna; seeCorazzini'seditionf heLettere,p. 267ff.

whichhe had read inValeriusMaXimus.2 Thislatterfact we learn fromhis comment n hiseightheclogue,wvhenhe two characters gainappear and are called duoamicissimiomines,titlifuerunt,e quibusValeriusubi supra. NowBoccaccionames, is secondshepherd n bothinstances hytias,which,ike our Pythias, s anincorrectorm or hintias 45tvy7as). Editors fValeriusMaximusbeforeHalm have Phtntias,thoughhebestMSS.give inthias. As MSS. fthefourteenthndfifteenthenturiesave, mongvarious rrors,hitias and phytias, occaccio sprobably ot guilty f an innovation. t is sig-nificanthat he amenamewith he amemistakeappearsn thesecond clogue fPetrarch. Pe-trarchmploystwith o specialmeaning,ustasthoughtwere traditionalastoralname; butithad never ppeared eforen thehistoryf thepastoral. We see the reason why Boccaccioadoptedt; we infer hatPetrarch ook t fromhim. It is, of course,possiblethat Petrarchadopted hename ndependentlyornoparticularreasonind thatBoccaccio ollowed im. Butthisis the essprobable upposition.Fuirthernvesti-gationmayfind orroborativevidence to showthatBoccacciodid not in his ecloguesblindlyfollowPetrarch's ead, but that the relationbetweenhemwas one offriendlynterchangendmutualnspiration. E. K. RAND.Harvard Unibersity.

PAMPINEA AND ABROTONIA.The purposesfthis tudyre the xhibitionftheevidence oncerninghoseove affairsfBoc-cacciowhich receded is oveforMaria,andtheestablishmentf the mportancen the xperienceof Boccaccio fthe atest fthoseoveaffairs.Itis generallyecognizedhat oveaffairsarlierthan thatwithMaria,appear n iterary isguiseinthe story f Idalagos in thefifthook of the2 V, 7,Ext. 1.3See,for nstance, r. E. H. Wilkins's rticlenthepresent umberfAIodernanguageotes, , 115,n.35.

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112 MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES. [Vol. xxiii, No. 4.Filocoto1and n thestory f Caleone n the toryofFiammettantheAmeto.'Idalagosstates hathe retiredntoa wood norder o engage n solitarytudy,hathe foundthewoodfrequentedy ladies, nd that he ob-servedthem withpleasure,houghfearingndavoidinghedarts fCupid. He then ontinues:

"disposto fuggir uelli [dardi], prima llacetera 'Orfeo, poi ad essere rcierenii diedi:e primacolla paura del inio arco,del numerodellebelledonne,e quali gia per lungausanzatutteconoscea, na bianca colomba evai,e poifra'giovani rbuscellia segul' con le miesaettepifitempo, tgo delle sue piume. N6 pernonpoterla verepunse perb inai di malilnconialcuore, hepiudel suo valore ched'altrosi dilet-tava,8 allo studiodi costei eguire. Dal luogomedesimoevatamitolseulianeramerla,a qualemovendool becco ossomodi iacevoli i cantare,oltremodoesiderarmi si fece,nonpero in mevoltandola e mie saette, piiuvoltefu ch'iocredettiuella ricogliere egliapparecchiatieni.E di questo ntendiinentonpappagallomitolse,dalle mani uscitoad uniadonnadella piacevoleschiera. A seguitarostui i disposelquanto iu1'animoh'alcunodeglialtriuccelli, l qualean-dando e sue verdi iumeventilandora e frondidel suo coloreagli occhi mi si tolse,n6 vidicome. 4

He then tates hathe next started pheasantwhich urnedntoa womanwith whomhe felthimselfn love. It is generallyecognizedhatthispheasantndwoman epresentaria. Idal-agosthen ontinues:"Sentendo il cuoregia tuttodegli amorosiveleni lungamente uggiticontaminato,lloraconoscendomi reso in quel laccio dal qualemolto on discrezione 'eraguardato. ."

1G. Boccaccio,ilocolo,vol. I (= Boccaccio, pereol-gari, ol.viii), Firenze,829, p.238-250. ThestoryfIdalagoswaswrittenfter he nfidelityfMaria,wllicloccurredbout 338.2 Boccaccio,'Ametoin Opereolgari,ol.xv),Firenze,1834,pp.148-155; Opere minori,ilano, 879, p.225-228. I quote romhe atter dition.The storyfFiam-mettawas writtenfter he returino Florence, hichoccurredbout1340, nd before occaccio eard f thedeath fKingRobert, hich ccurredanuary9,1343.8Ratlier: ". . . si dilettava.Dallo studiodi costeiseguire,al uogomedesimoevata,mi olse ..4Ed. cit.,pp.246-247.5Ibidt., p. 247.

Caleone states that, s his ourney o Napleswas nearing ompletion,ehad a vision nwhichthere ppearedto hiim very beautiful oungwoman, nd thatthevisionwas dispelled ytheturningf his horse. He then ontinues:" mi vidi alla entrata e' luoghi ercati, ve oentrai, 1'eti pubeseenteinluovo, aniza iducerela vedutadonna,ne' micipensieri, i trassi. Ecome lialtri iovanie chiare ellezze elledonnedi questa terra ndavalioriguardando,d io, trale quali una giovaneNinifa,hiamata ampinea,6fattomi el suo ainoredegno,n quellomi tennenonpocodi temipo;na a questa a vistad'un'al-tra,chiamataAbrotonia,7 itolse, femmiuo;ella certo avauzava di bellezza Pampinea e dinobilta, con atli piacevolimni ava d'amarlacagione. Ma poifattomie' suoi abbracciamenticontento,uellimi concesse onlungastagione;perocchUononso da che spiritomossa, erso ime tur'bats, el tuttoa me negandosi,mi eramateria i pessima ita. Io ricercaimolte oltela grazia perduta, i quella mai poteiriavere;per a qual cosa un di da grevedoglia sospinto,ardito ivenni ltrel dovere,d in parte, ve eisola trovai, osi e dissi: Nobilegiovane, 'egli6possibile,he mail tuoamoremi si renda, ra,inolti rieghi agunatin uno, l dimando; a cuiellarispose Giovane,a tua bellezzadi quello ifecedegno; ma a tuainiquith i quello ha in-degno enduto; per6 anza speranza i riaverlogiammai iviomaicome i piace; e questo etto,come edimedubitassei parti rettolosa."He then tates hathisgriefwas great eyondparallel ndbeyond xpression;thathe went ohis room nd there hought verhiswoe; thathis sleep that night was troubledby terribledreams nd bya vision n whichPampinea ndAbrotoniappeared ohim, nsultingnd mocking6Thename ampineasapparentlyonstructedromheLatin adjective ampifleuts.t maypossibly ave been

suggestedy hefamilyame ellaVigna. A.Albertazzi(Parvenzee sembianze, ologna, 1892, p. 163, n.) inter-prets hename as meani g " la Xrigogliosa."7ThenameAbrotonias perhaps onstructedrom hename of the shrub southernwoodArtemnisiabrotanum),in Latiii abrotanum,brotonum,n Italian abrotane,bro-tano, brotino,bruotina,bruotino.The shrub s native nsouthernurope,nd is cultivated or he weet dor fitsfoliage. Thenamemayhavebeen esignedsa com-panion name to Pamnpinea.E. Rossi (Datla mente datcuore i Gioranni occaccio,Bologna, 1900, p. 150) thinksthename onstructedromheGreekwords fp6s, soft,'andr6'os,tone.'8Ed. cit.,pp. 225-226.



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April,1908.] MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES. 113him; thathe said to tllem, 0 giovanuiiclherni-trici e' dannidati,e di cli con ommotudio eraddietro ' ha onorate,evaatevii qui,questanojanon i conviene me perpremio e' cantati ersiin vostra aude e delle avutefatiche ; ' thatAbrotoniiaeplied, Brievetifia a nostranoja,e tosto i fiapalesepercuipifi ltamente aniteraichepernoi, che qui venute eino porti ilenzio,se piidne volessi cantare ; ' that he replied," cessino li ddii chequesto ia, che io maipiu(se della signoria sco di voi, come io disio)diventid'alcuna,o che piil perme Calliopediaforma nuoviVersi; 9 that hey hen tated hatanother ady was to rule himmore yrannouslythan hey addone,promisedoshowher o him,and thendeparted,heirdeparturenterruptingthevision that fter n interval fwakefulnesshe fell asleep; that Pampinen ud Abrotoniareappeared o him,bringing iththema verybeautiful oungwomanwhlom e recogniizedstheladyof the first ision,whichhad occurredsixyears arlier; andthat he oyand wonder ftherecognitionispelled he vision nd his leep.HIestates urtherhat ixteeni onthsaterhe sawFiammettandrecognized er as the ady of thevisions. He thenlontinues:-

"alle vostrebellezze l cuore, l quale aveapropostoi sempreenereerrato,persi." 0It is inherentlyrobable hattwo of the threeloveaffairsndicated n the story f Idalagosbythepursuits f thedove, heblackbird nd theparrot, oincidewiththe two affairseflectednthe tory f Caleone y the ffairs ith ainpineaandAbrotonia.V. Crescini,1 Rossi 2 and A. Della Torre"1maintainhatthe pursuit f the doverepresentsthe ffairwith heoriginal fPampiilea nd thepursuitf theblackbird he affairwith he ori-ginal of Abrotonia. Crescini uggests hat the.pursuit f the parrot,nstead frepresentingnactual ove affair, aycorrespondo theseconldprophetic isionof Caleone. Rossi thinks hat9Ibid., p. 226. 10Ibid., p. 228.11Contributogli studs mulBoccaccio,Torino, 887, p.56-57.12Op. cit., pp. 148-153.isLa giovinezza i Giovanni occaccio, itta di Castello,1905,pp. 137-138.

the pursuit f the parrotrepresentsn actuallove affairetweenheaffairwith heoriginalfAbrotoniaanid that witlhMaria, and that theheroinefthis ffairs theorigi'lal f theNeifileoftheframe-storyf heDecameron.Crescini's rgumentsre as follows. dalagospursues he dove " piii tempo: CaleoneservesPampinea "non pocodi tempo." Idalagossaysof theblackbird, movendoolbeccorossomodipiacevolidi cantare, ltremodo esiderarmi sifece": Caleonesays of Abrotonia, con attipiacevolimi dava d'amarlacagione." Thepar-rot'splumagesgreen green ress s a firequentand favoritettributefMaria. The nexplicabledisappearancef theparrot uggestshevanish-ing of vision. Crescini otes ne considerationunfavorable o his theory: dalagos' pursuit ftheblackbird as unsuccessful,hereas aleone'spursuitfAbrotonia as successful.Rossi's argumentsre as follows. That theoriginalfthedove was virtuouss indicatedythechoice f a white oveas herallegoricalep-resentative,nidby thewords il cuore, he piildelsuovalore hed'altro idilettava: Pampineawas virtuous. Idalagos says of the blackbird:" movendo ol becco rosso modi piacevoli dicantare,oltremodo esiderar mi i fece": thenameAbrotoniandicates xcellencensinging.4Neifiletands n the samerelation o thePam-pinea nd theFilomenaoftheframe-storyftheDecameron s the parrot o the dove and theblackbird,or heorder fqueensliipntheDeca.mero?zrepresentshe orderof Boccaccio's oveaffairs ith he originals f the severalqueens,and the Pampineaand Filomenaof theDeca-meron epresenthe samneriginals s the doveand the blackbird,ortheyrepresenthe sameoriginals s thePampineaandAbrotoniaf theAmeto, horepresenthe same originialss thedove nd theblackbird. The parrotdisappearsinexplicably Rossiclharacterizeseifile s " laevanescente anciullaclhevolentieri'allegra ecanta nella stagionnovella ed ama confondersicon e verdi iante co'fiori."5Della Torre'sargumentsre equivalento thesecond rgumentfCrescinindthe irstfRossi.

14See ote .lS op.cit.; P. 153.



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114 MODERN LANGUAGENOTE&S. [Vol.xxiii,No. 4.The coincidencesf phraseologyhichconsti-tuteCrescini's irst nd second rgumentsresoslightas to be insignificant.t is inherentlyprobable hat thepursuit ftheparrot epresentsan affair s definites thoserepresentedy theother ursuits. Thepropheticisions fCaleone,as Crescini ointsout,16re literary evicesde-signed o establish hemnotiffthepredestinationof Fiammetta o Caleone. The pursuit f theparrot, herefore,ould correspondo the pro-phetic ision fCaleoneonly s beinga literarydevice or oreshadowinghepursuitf thepheas-ant. The fact that the pursuitof the parrotstands n no perceptiblye.culiarelation o thepursuitf the pheasants sufficientroof hat twas not intended s a literary eviceforfore-

shadowinghat pursuit. The greennessf theparrot's lumage oesnot mply hattheoriginalof the parrQtwas Maria. The pheasant, hichdoesrepresent aria, s notgreen."7Greens anatural ttributef the parrot, s whiteof thedove nd black of theblackbird. The mannerfdisappearancef theparrots notpeculiarlyug-gestivef themanner fdisappearancef a vision.The visions f Caleone re dispelled y definitecauses,definitelytated.The secondpremise f Rossi'sfirst rgumenthas no other asis than the fact thatCaleone'spursuit f Pampinea s apparentlynsuccessful.Virtues not so distinctive characteristics toimplyhe identityf twopersons f whom t ispredicated.Rossi' derivationfthenameAbro-tonia s not established. Excellence n singingwas toocommonnthe recentoo mply he deil-tity f twopelsons owhomt s attributed.ThenymphsftheAmeto ndthe adiesof theframe-storyof the Decameronall sing acceptably.Maria's excellencen singings celebratedntheRine.18 The latterpartofthe story fCaleone

16OP.cit., . 108,n. 1. TwopassageswhichCrescinidoe not cite give additional upport o his theory.Caleone ays,nhis oliloquytthe ime f hisftallingnlovewith iammetta,quiestaquella . . cheperdonnami fu promessa e' sonni" (Ed. cit.,p. 228). Fiam-metta ays,n her finalreplyto Caleone, cost, omene'sonni i fugil detto, ar8 empreua" (ibid., . 229)." Idalagoo peaks f"I a vaghezza ellevarie lumeofthe pheasanted.cit., . 247). The native uropeanpheasants notgreen.18Cf. Boccaccio,Rime (in Opere olgari,ol. xvi),Firenze,1834,sonnets vir, xxii, xU, and LIn.

indicates hat the hostilityo love consequentupon therejectiony theoriginal f Abrotoniaterminatednlywith hebeginningfthecourt-shipofMaria. This indications reenforcedothe pointof conclusivenessyotherpassages nthewritings f Boccaccio whichwill be quotedbelow. It followshat no love affairntervenedbetweenhatwiththe original fAbrotonia ndthat withMaria. It will be shownbelowthatthe order fqtueenshipn theframe-storyftheDecameron oes not reflect chronologicale-quence of love affairs. It will be shown elowthat the Filomenaof theDecamneronoes notrepresenthe same original s theAbrotonia ftheAmeto. Thecharacterizationsvaneecentendamaconfondereiregratuitous.The dentificationf theoriginal ftheblack-bird withthe original f Abrotonia s directlyopposed ytheconsiderationoted yCrescini sunfavorableo his theory,nd bythe consider-ation that Idalagos leaves the pursuitof theblackbirdn orderto undertake hepursuit fthe parrot,whereasAbrotoniawithdrawsherfavor rom aleone.The realcorrespondencef the wo storiess, Ibelieve, s follows: hepursuitf thedoverepre-sents n early latonic affair otrepresentednthe toryfCaleone; thepursuitftheblackbirdrepresentshe affairwiththe original f Pam-pinea; and thepursuit f theparrot epresentsthe ffair ith heoriginalfAbrotonia.Of the dove, Idalagos says, "Ne per nonpoterla verepunseper6 mai di malinconialcuore, hepiiidel suo valoreche d'altro idilet-tava"; of theblackbird, oltremodo esiderarmisifece ; oftheparrot, A seguitarostui idispose lquantopit l'animo h'alcuno eglialtri

uccelli." The affairs ith the originals f theblackbirdnd theparrot re thusdifferentiated,as beingpassionaten character,rom hatwiththeoriginal f the dove. Caleone aysof Pam-pinea,"fattomi el suo amoredegno,n quellomitenne onpoco di tempo,-words at least sapplicable o a passionates to a Platonicaffair.Thepursuitftheblackbirds unsuccessful:hepursuit f Pampinea s apparentlynsuccessful.Idalagos leavesthepursuit f theblackbirdnorder o undertakehe pursuit f the parrot:Caleone desists rom he courtshipf Pampineain order oundertakehecourtshipfAbrotonia.



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Apri4, 908.] MODERN LANGUAGE NOTES. 115The parrotdisappears nexplicably:the inex-plicabilityf the rejection y Abrotonias indi-cated bythe words perocch6o nonso da chespiritomossa, erso i meturbata, el tutto menegandosi,mi era materiadi pessimavita," bythe fruitlessttempts f Caleoneto regainherfavor, nd bythe oracular haracterf herfinalanswer. No pursuitntervenesetweenhepur-suit ftheparrotnd thepursuitf thepheasant:no ove affair ntervenesetweenheaffairwithAbrotoniandthe ffair ith iammetta.The love affairsarlierthanthatwithMariaare reflectedn certainotherpassages n thewritingsf Boccaccio.A series f suchpassages ppears n the firstandsecond arts ftheFilostrato,1'n the ccountofTroilo's allingn lovewithGriseida uringservicenthetemple fPallas and inthe ccountof his immediatelyubsequentxperience. Thefollowingassagesoccur n the accountof theinnamoramento:

I, xx,4. " Or quior quivi i givaponendo,Ed oraquesta dor quiella lodareIncominciava,taliriprendendo,Siccomeuegli cuinonnepiaceaUnapiilch'altra, scioltoigodea.xxi. Anzi alorantal manierandando,Veggendolcun hefiso imiravaAlcuna onna eco ospirando,A'suoi ompagniidendolmostrava,Dicendo: uel dolente adatobandoAlla sua ibertk,tgli gravava,Ed a colei 'ha messa ra emani,Vedete en 'e' suopensieronvani.xxii. Che a porrendonna lcuno more?Che ome l ventoi volgea foglia,Costn undli enmille oltel coreDi lor i volge, tcuran idogliaCheper or enta lcun oro madore,Nbsa alcuna uelch'ella ivoglia.0 felice olui hedel piacereLor non preso, sassenestenereiii. Io provai il per a mia gran olliaQualfose questomaledettouoco.E s' iodicessi he mor ortesiaNonmifacesse,dallegrezzagiuoco

19Boceacaio, il Filostrato= Opera olgari,vol. xIII),Fireuze, 831, TheFilostratoaswritteneforehe uc-cessofthecourtshipfMaria (cf.Crescini,p.cit., p.186-208, and Krit. Jahresberichti. d. Fortschr. . Bon.Phil.,ni (for 891-1894), 84-388).

Nonmidonasse,erto' mentiria,Ma tuttol bene nsiemeccolto, ocoFu o niente,ispetto' martirj,Volendomare,d a' tristiospiri."xxiv, . " E bencMbivedermigiovi ltrui,lo purmiguardo alcorso itroso,

E rido olentieregl' mpacciati,Non o s' iodico manti smemorati";xxv,4. "Troil va oramordendodifetti,E' sollecitimor ell'altre eniti;xxvi,1. "CostadunquendandosiabbandoOr d'uno rd'altro roilo . . ";xxix, 1. " ... colui, ch' era sIsaggioPocodavantinriprendereltrui;

5. "IN rammmentavancora ell'oltraggioDetto avanti e' servi i lui."Thefollowingassages ccur n theaccount fTroilo's xperiencefter he nnamoramento:

1,xxxi,4. "Tenendo ene l suodisionascoso,Per quel chepocoavantiavea parlatoNonfossen uirivoltooltraggiosoParlar 'altrui, eforseonosciutoFosse 'ardor elqualeeracaduto;xii, 5. "Per mo'celar 'amorosaeritaDi queich'amavan ran ezzagabbossi";

xxxv,1. "Immaginando..3 ... cheesser ovessel suodisiroMoltoodato,egiammaiaputoDa alcuno osse, quinci l suomartiroMenbiasimato,ssendoonosciuto;xxxviii, . "E inversomorealfiata iceaConpietosoarlar: ignore,maiL' anima tua hemia sserolea";

1, 3. "Fra s6dicendoTroilo, r e' giunto,Che i olevi egli ltri abbare,Nessun e fumaiquanto uconsuntoPer mal aperti all' amor uardare;Or e' nel accio reso,l qualbiasmaviTantonegli ltri, da tenonguardavi.

li. Che idirk itefra lialtri mantiSe questo uoamor osseaputo?Di tesiga.bberannouttiuanti,Fra ordicendo: recco l provvedutoChl' ' sospir ostrigliamorosiiantiMorderoleva, iaora venutoDove noi iamo;amor esia odato,Ch' a talpartito'lha rarecato;liv,5. "Che se il miomal,del qual nessun 'accortoAncora, e Si scuopre, fiaripiena



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116 MODERN LANGUAGENOTES. [VoLxx2:iii, o. 4.La vitamiadimille ngiuriel giorno,E pitl h'altro arodettomusorno;

U, viii, 3. " . . e pregoti erDio ...5. Ch' altrui unondiscoprialdisio,Chenoiamen otriaeguiressai."In the Proemioof the Filostrato,Boccacciostates hatTroilo n his grief ortheabsence fhis adyand nhis desire o winthat ady repre-sents occaccio imself.'0The nvectivegainstwomenwhich ppears nI, xxii,as an element f themockingfthe ov-ers, s paralleledn therecognizedourcesftheIFilostrato-theomande Troieand theHistoriatroiana-by an invectivensertedn thestoryfTroylus nd Briseidaat the timeof their epa-ration." There is, however, o tangibleverbalparallelism etweenhe invectiventheFilostratoand the nvectivesn the sources. Troilo's tate-ment fexperiencen early oves,his determina-tion not to be taken n the wilesof love, hismocking f lovers,his selfscornon falling nlove with Griseida,nd his fear of retaliatorymockingre notparalleled ntheRoman e Troieor ntheHitoria troiana."Troilo'sbitterxperiencenearly ove, s statedin I, xx'iii, orrespondso Caleone's experience

withAbrotonia;and Troilo'sdeterminationotto be taken nthe wiles f love,which ppears nI, xxiv, xxxviii, and 1, corresponds to thesimilar eterminationsf dalagos nd ofCaleone.Troilo'shabitof mocking overs s mentionedin I, xxi, xxii,xxiv, xxv,xxvi, xxix,1-2, 5-6,xxxi, xxxii, 1, and li, and his fear fretaliatorymockingn I, xxxi, xxxv, li, liv, and II, viii.'I The statement, 'altre cose, heoltre queste vi sonoamsai, iuna, iccome ii dissi, me nonappartiene,e

permevi si pone,ma perchUa storianelnobile nna-morato iovaneo richiede" ed.cit., . 9) applies nlytothenarrationf heperiod fhappinessfTroilo.Thisis made videnty hecontent fthepassage eferredobythephrase siccomegil dissi," and bythatoftheimmediatelyubsequentassage eginningda essepo-treteomprendereuanti qualisiano mieidisii."21A. Joly,Benaoite Sainte-Moret aRoman eTroje,Paris, 870,p. 89 (vv. 13412-13430);GuidodelleCc-lonne.y8toria troiana,trassburg,489, ig. i 2 r.col.2-v. col.1.21 am indebtedor hematerialfthisparagraphoDr. KarlYoung,whohas nvestigatedhe elationsf heFlotrato o heBoman e TroiandtheHitoria roana.

This reiterationndicates hat the idea of suchmocking was deeply mpressedn Boccaccio'smind: suchdepth of impressionndicates hatthe ource f the idea was in Boccaccio's ctualexperience.The expression f the fear of re-taliationn particular earsthe marksof psy-chologicalerisimilitude.ERNEST H. WILKINS.HatvardUnivers4.

THE PRONUNCIATION OF MODERNGERMAN i + r+ DENTAL.Bahlsen The Teaching fModern anguages,Boston, 905,p. 55) speaks f thetooopenpro-nunciationfEnglish-speakingupilswhendeal-ingwith heGerman and u sound ich bindieMutter). VietorKleinePhonetikesDeuteehen,Englischen ndFranzos-Schen,. Ausg., 89 , p.43, ? 73) locates heGerman andXas follows:

(i)

aThe is closed, hat s, thetongues high ndtense; theXis opener,he tongue ess highandless tense, nd drawnback a trifle long thea line.i occurs n open syllableslike Itben,writtenlieben);i occursnsyllableslosedbyani (likemir)i occursnsyllableslosed y n h (like hnen),thehherebeingusually mereortho-graphicymbol, ithout istoricalear-ingonthequestion;

Xoccurs nlyn closed yllablesmit,bin, dt,April).OurEnglish rammarsftheGermananguage,as well smanyworksnphonetics,othEnglishandGerman,tate hatthis ispronouncedikeintheEnglishwordpin,or Germanbin. Jes-persen LehrbuchderPhonetik, 904, p. 142,? 148) saysEnglishX in bit, n,mid, Ah,&c.,is perhaps trifleowered n comparisono theGlerman . Also Hempl (see below), p. 135,

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