Palestinian Leadership and the Collapse of the Oslo Peace Process

8/3/2019 Palestinian Leadership and the Collapse of the Oslo Peace Process

1/27

=50(,==50?,5

6=50(,==50?,5*2,44*?

+,4035,54,*420>,5*34=,>04=;340=+4,(4+2=(400

-4>346'42 34=2*354004*3403=2(6=645306'=534

45*=;=5403,4=;34+,4035,502,4(=5;(3-6302,4+26450342

3, %,'5 ,5* 34 +,4035,5 '42,3=5 2,5,3=5 + ,26,5 ,0042

2,;,3 0== ,5* 3 +240*453 53=5 ,0 =5==42 ,3 3434=?04 2=53

,5 ,;342 34 =;;(, 055 =; 34 4(,2,3=5 =; +25(>40 .4 *4(,2,3=5,0

53,34* 5 0= =2, 4,242 5 ??03 3=?3 34 )- 51=146453 ,5* ,0

>2=*?(4*5*4>45*453=;34,*2*3,03,342'4(,645=5,0340=((=2*0

,5*0>,24*,5=3422=?5*=;=>4,6=534646'420=;3453425,3=5,(=66?53

;=2>4,(4534**4,03=4142*?43=1,03*;;42453>=03=50'=30*403==

*?25 34 54=3,3=5 6,5 =; 34 6>=23,53 ,0>4(30 3,3 0=?* '4 *0(?004* 424

>=03>=54* ,6=534642434 00?40=;42?0,46+,4035,5 24;?4400433464530

,5*'=2*4200?40-445542453;,0=;34,24464536,5>24*(34*3,3340=

,0 3= '4 *==64* ;2=6 34 '4555 5*44* 3 ;,4* 5=3 =5 '4(,?04 3 ,0

542453 ;,0 '?3 ,0= *?4 3= 606,5,46453 .= 4>,5 34 (,?04 =; 34 ,3342

24,0=530>,>4251403,34034+,4035,54,*420>,0346,5;,(3=2(=532'?353=

34 ;,?24 =; 0= >4,(4 >2=(400 ,5* 0?4030 3,3 34 +,4035,5 4,*420> ,0

5(=6>43453=53=3=6,524,0=50203+,40354,(4*,?5;4*4,*420>3,3

=?* ,00?24 , =5,035 >4,(4 ,2446453 3 02,4 .4 ;,(3 3,3 3= *;;42453

2=?>0(=532=34,,-32>,5*34403,524;4(303400?4=;*0?53,6=534


2/27

+,4035,50**3=5,30*44>2==34*5,3?24=; ;,(3=5,063534+,4035,5

>=3(0 ?5*426540 34 4;;4(3145400 =; 34 =14255 ,?3=23 ,5* +,403540

54=3,35>=42,6,00,54,6>4=;=54;,(3=53,30=?*,14'445?5*4234

+,4035,5 ?3=23 5034,* =; (,455 34 436,( =; 30 54 403,'04*

'=* 30 51=146453 5 3422=203 ,(30 24,3 ?5*426540 34 436,( =; 34

+,4035,5 ?3=23 ,5* 6>4*40 34 *414=>6453 =; +,4035,5 5033?3=50 (1

0=(43 ,5*>4,(43 02,4-4(=5*+,40354,024>2404534*' , 4,*42=,0

5(,>,'4 =;?5;5 34 +,4035,50 ,5**4,5 4;;4(3143 02,4 *?25>4,(4

54=3,3=50,02 2,;,3,0 346,5 >420=5 240>=50'4 ;=2 34 ;,?24=;34>4,(4

>2=(40003,(3(00=?3=;3=?(24,3=50>334=(,+,4035,50534403

,5 ,5* ,, ,5* ,44* (=22?>3=5 (,240 ,24 0=64 =; 34 24,0=50 6,5

+,4035,50245(24,0504>3(,=;2,;,34,0',64,50,24,3;244*=6

;3420,4,*42=41424,054>32,;,3=;3456,*4',**4(0=503,3=?*

41453?, 4,* 3= 0 *4604 ,5*>?0 +,4035,50 3= ,5 41456=24 *0,*1,53,4=?0

>=03=5

.%-%.

.= 3=04 = ,24 ;,6,2 3 34 (=6>43 =; 34 2,'02,4 (=5;(3

5=35 0 6=24 ,244,'4 3,5 34 ;,(3 3,3 04(?23 >4,(4 ,5* >2=0>423 ,24 34

41453?,=,0;=2'=302,40,5*+,4035,50=202,403404=,004464,0423=

,33,5,0364>,0040,5*34234223=24>,5*032=?34'?*5=;6=240433464530

.402,400?((400=414232,50,34053=,6,=232,4*;=234+,4035,50.42

03?,3=5 04460 =>4400 342 =, =; 04;*434265,3=5 ( 6,5 +,4035,50

'4414=?*4,*3=>4,(404(?23,5*>2=0>42300359?403=5,5*,0'445


3/27

05(4 34 403,'06453 =; 34 03,34 =; 02,4 5 02,40 >2=0>423 49?,340 3=

+,4035,50(,3,032=>4

.4(=5;(3'4344502,4,5*+,40354=1423434223=240403=;34=2*,5

%142,14'233==54=;34=2*0=54032?555(=5;(30342,'02,4(=5;(3

0345,640?403034(=5;(3'4344502,4,5*+,40354*=405=3633=34403

,5,,,5*42?0,46'?3,0=0>0=1423=51=143454'=25(=?532400?(

,0 -2,4',5=5 =2*,5 ,5*>3,5,20 ,14 '445 ;=?3,5 140 ,14

'445 =03 43 >4,(4 04460 4142 6=24 *03,53 +4,(4 54=3,3=50 (=535?, 4*

54;;4(314?50?03,5,'4240?30,5*,14*4032=4*,6=034142=>4;=2>4,(4304;

%4,2*400=;34*665>=00'3 3404,2( ;=2>4,(4 534**4,03>420030

*?43=34'44;3,30=?3=50,241,'44145;=2346=03(=6>(,34*(=5;(3=5,3,5

?33,'0,*3,334=2*,034,50423=34(=5;(3'43445342,'0,5*02,40

35=03,334'403,3=240=14342,'02,4(=5;(303=(24,34,04>,2,3403,34

=;+,403543,3=?*14>4,(4;?,=50*4304054'=2.4>2='4603,3

5==54,045=?0324533=>?030>,532=?,5,14324*,5*;,4*.4

,>'4344534+,4035,50*46,5*0,5*3402,4059?2400,2,5*=54=,*5

5 3,3 ,> 0 , (=6>(,34* 4' =; (453?2=5 ,56=03 24=?0 (=5;(30 ,5*

>=3(,032?404,150=3342==6;=2(=6>2=604

41423440034 53425,3=5,(=66?53 ,06,*4244534004;;=23 3=45*30

(=5;(3=2,34,0303=>3;2=6=20455.4)>,233=5>,55,034;203

=5,3,5?33,',14344(3?24=5+,4035,5(=5;(3,32,4)514203540

=540=,=5(3='425344(3?2440,*3,3343=03,340=?3=56,5==542'4,>=00'3*?43=34(=535?=?0'?*5=;0433464530*4;,(3=,>,234*

04>,2,3502,40;2=6+,4035,50,5*34,(=;)-0?>>=23=534+,4035,50*44,0=,**4*3,3343==3420=?3=5034,55,3=5=;=540*4,5*34=5403,34

0=?3=5,245=335342,54=;>=00'3


4/27

,3346>33=,(414343=03,340=?3=530=2534)-+0+,5=;+,233=53

(=5=6( )5=5 24(=54* 34 =,35 '43445 34 40 ,5* 34 2,'0 15 5

6,5*,34+,4035445(4 324(=6645*4* 3,3346,5*,34+,40354'40>3 53= 3=

03,340,55*4>45*4532,'-3,34,5*,55*4>45*45340-3,345,**3=542?0,46

=?* '4 ?5*42 53425,3=5, 32?03440> (5=4*5 2,'0 2404536453 =142 34

>,5 34)-+ 0324004* =5 '64,50 =;>,233=5(,5 3404 (=5;(35 5,3=5,

,0>2,3=50 ;5* 0?'03,53,4>2400=5 ,5* 9?,; '=3 >4=>40 3= 3,4 342 >,(40 ,0

5*4>45*4535,3=5053453425,3=5,(=66?53)-+

4,234)>,233=5>,5**5=324032,534,324*'43445343=2=?>0

,0305,4*34'4555=;342,'02,4(=5;(3.440,05=3(=534533

34,6=?53=;,5*34 24(414*?5*4234>,233=54 342,'0 3=?334 40

4242,534*,*0>2=>=23=5,34,6=?53=;,5*?250?'049?4534,20,20'2=4=?3

53424=503,235,;34234*4(,2,3=5=;02,405*4>45*45(4;==4*'04240=;

54=3,3=50(4,04;24324,340,5*>4,(4,24464530.46=03>2=60553004240

0340=((=2*054=3,34*5'34502,4+264503423,%?'5,5*

34+,26,5,00422,;,3

0= *343=;=>4 56,5+,4035,50 3,3 34=?*41453?,,14

342=5=14255'=*(,0*4464*,33,3364'6,5=2*4,*420,034

;203034>3=,=5,035>4,(443453404(=5*53;,*,'2=4=?35,;342

3424-,2=5003,4*1033=34.46>4=?53,2,6,-,2;3,0(4,23,334

0= >4,(4>2=(400 ,* (=,>04*((=2*5 3=%=5 +?5*, 24(3=24542, =; 34

+424045342;=2+4,(45.4113424,05;,(3,5=>>=23?53;=2>4,(4'?33

)-+)-+0+,5=;+,233=53(=5=6()5=55+,40354,5*34

2,'02,4=5;(3=03=5,00,(?043304*;=2*-3,2350


5/27

,0 09?,5*424* 32=? 60(,(?,3=50 ,5* 606,5,46453 =; 34 45324 >2=(400

+?5*,;(=?20434,((=2*034604140424'?3=5,5664504;,?3',04

=;344(,2,3=5=;+25(>40 ;'=30*40(,224*=?3 34>2=(400032,3;=2,2*

5=54344003(=?*,14>2=*?(4*,'43342=?3(=64,653402,4=14256453;=2

3253=*4,34>2=(400,5*5=3,(355,((=2*,5(4334?*4540043;=235

34 ,2446453 =?* '4 3== 06>4 '4(,?04 34 ;,?24 =; 0= 24;4(34* , 6=24

(=51=?34* (=24 34 54>3 +,4035,5 4,*420> .4 5,3?24 =; ;2,6453,3=5 5

+,4035,5 0=(43 32,50;420 3= 34 *0?53 5 34 3=> =14255 '=* 4 34

4,*420> =; ,0042 2,;,3 0,33424* 4142 (,5(4 3= ;=24 32?03 '43445 02,4 ,5*

+,403543=?332?033402,40(=?*5=3*4>45*4*=534+,4035,503=>,'34

2?40.424;=24300,;43=0,3,334+,4035,54,*420>304;32,04*34(,5(4

;=2+,4035,504;*434265,3=5

.--

.4 0= >4,(4 >2=(400 03,234* 3 34 0= ((=2*0 =2 34 02,4

+,4035,5((=2*(=5033?34*=;3=>,230344(,2,3=5=;+25(>40+,5*34

433420=;6?3?,24(=53=53=?34264*6?3?,3443342,05=349?,-63

5=2*42;=234+3='424(=54*'3402,4=142564533,*3=,((4>3

34)%40=?3=50,5* 24(=543423=; 34-3,34=;02,4 3=4035

>4,(4,5*04(?23 245=?5(43422=206,5**=,,334(,?04 5 34+

,23423,3(,4*;=2,*4032?(3=5=;34-3,34=;02,4

2,;,30 ,((4>3,5(4 =; 34 34260 =?32,4* 6,5 +,4035,50 0=64 =; =6

144* 0 ,3346>3 ,0 , 324,3 3= 34 +,4035,50 =, =; 04;*434265,3=5 2,;,3

24(=54*02,4040345(43=?324(415340,643>4=;24(=53=5(=5(4255


6/27

34-3,34=;+,403543=?34*4(,2,3=55345*4*3=(24,34,+,4035,553426

-4;=14255?3=2334;?3?24+,4035,5?3=233(,55=3'4;=264*?5400

34534262446453,0;5,4*.453426>42=*=?*,035==5423,5;14

4,20 *,35;2=634 403,'06453=; 30(=?5((,0 4510=54* 3==((?2 5

?;==4*'34>426,545303,3?054=3,3=503,30=?*5=33==>,(4,342

3,5 ?.4 +426,5453 -3,3?0 2446453 '43445 02,4 ,5* 34 +,0 ,

(2?(,>,233= 34 0?((400=;340=>4,(4>2=(400,0 3,0 0?>>=04*3=240=1434

=?303,5*500?40=?354*5340=((=2*0,5*4244(?*4*;2=634 ?20*(3=5

=;34+,4035,5=?5(.40400?405(?*442?0,4624;?44043346453004(?23

,22,5464530 '=2*420 ,5* 24,3=503 54'=25 03,340 .4 *4,*540 =4142

424541424>3.453426244645353,>,554*3=(=5(?*45?,0

;5,4*5;==4*'34;20344(3=5=;34+,4035,5?3=2350

;=2 34 >426,5453 03,3?0 3,0 0(4*?4* ;=2 34 *4,*54 >,004* 3=?3 34

54=3,3=50,1503,234*

.40=45*4*,;342 34 ;,?24 =; ,6>,1*3,5 '43445 02,40

+26450342?*,2,,00422,;,3,5*+240*45353=5)5434

,6> ,1* 3, '43445 >3,5 +240*453 -,*,3 ,5* 02,4 +264 50342

45,(46 45 30 3, ,0 5=3 0?((400;? 3 ** 5=3 45* 3 ,5 (=5(2434

,2446453040>4(,=54024,2*534=?303,5*500?402,;,3,4*,,;2=6

3454=3,3=5,3 34 ,0365?34?5,'4 3=*4(*4=53454,2*4, =;;42 ;2=6 02,4

-6,23=+240*45353=50>?'(',64=52,;,3;=234;,?24=;343,30>,>42

0?4030 3,3 34 ;, =; 34 ,6> ,1* -?663 240?34* 6,5 ;2=6 34

5(=6>4345(;2=634+,4035,50*4


7/27

5=2*423=?032,34345(=4245(4=;34+,4035,5 4,*420>3,3 4*3=34

;,?24=;340=>4,(4>2=(400340?'049?453>,2,2,>051403,340>4(;(,34

3=,0>4(30=;34+,4035,54,*420>34+,4035,50;,(3=5,>=3(0,5*34+

,26,5,00422,;,3'4;=24,5**?254,(54=3,3=5

.+%.-

.4 +,4035,5 4,*420> 0=4* , 05 =; *0?53 4145 '4;=24 34

403,'06453=;34-3,34=;02,4.42==3=;+,4035,5 ;,(3=5,06(,5 '432,(4*

',( 3= 34 55434453 (453?2 45 6=03 2?2, +,4035,50 14* ,((=2*5 3= (,5

,5645303,3(?3,(2=003424=5(,00 ,5*24=5 ;=2 04(?23 0=(,240=?2(40

,5*24>240453,3=5+5,,342534,343(453?2,5*344,23(453?2

*?25 342306,5*,34 34045=3,'40=3 51=14* 5>=3(0 ,5* 342 5;?45(40

452,4* ,5* >2=1=4* 34 ;445 =; 504(?23 =; 32,*3=5, 5=3,'40 5 34 1,40

,00,00,5 .424;=24 +,4035,5 ;,(3=5,06,0 , ',334 '43445 34 2?2,

,5*=55,5*?2',55=3,'40=142240=?2(40

2,'4,*420>5+,40354'4;=24

3=?+,40354?534*?5*42,054230,*65032,3=5,33445*=;

3,02**45353425,21,240'43445*;;42453;,640,5*2=?>0 -3,235534

034,'3=;34?2',55=3,'403=*(3,3434>=3(0=;'=3342?2,,5*?2',5

>=>?,3=50 24 4,*5 34 ?2',5 4340 3= '4(=64 34 4,*42 =; 2,' +,40354

,00,00,5 414234400 5(24,05 >=42 (,64 3 5(24,05 (=6>433=5

.4 =5=14255 ,?0,5 ;,6 ,0 (,454* ' 30 5?6'42 =54 21,

,00,0' .4 ;35'43445 3=6,5 ;,6404,454* 34 03,'3 ,5* 34


8/27

32?03=235400=;+,4035404,*42453423024>,(4*?0,,6,?0,5

3%,' ,,00,0' ,0 ,6,=2 =; 42?0,46 3 45(=?2,4* , 2=50>3

35 +,4035,5 2,' 2,50 3,3 *=65,34* ,5* ;2,64534* 5,3=5,03 ,(313

32=?=?3 34 6,5*,34 -63 4 ,,00,0'0 6=14* ;=2 6=24

(==>42,3=53 34 230 ,?0,50 *03,5(4* 34604140 ;2=6 34 230 2?42

3404 ;,640 6,5>?,34* , 34 340 =; 5 (,00 ,5* >,32=5,4 3= 5 =142 54

0?>>=23420 ,00,00,5 .4 53425, 0>3 ,0 4,(3,3 34 230,534*

,>>45 5 +,40354 .4 21,240 '43445 34 ?00450 ,?00,50 ,5* 34

,00'0,,00,0'0246,54*34230'403=>4;=2,4,,5*54;;4(314

5,3=5,6=146453 ,00,00,5 4,*5 3= 34 0?((400=; 34 230 >=(=;

*1*4,5*2?4

2=63445*=;3=340342,'>=>?,3=556,5*,34+,403540,

342 4(=5=6( (=5*3=5 =20454* *?4 3= *4'42,34 ,22,5464530 (,224* =?3 ' 34

=5036=146453,5*342300?>>=23;=2346=146453 ,52,'0424;=2(4*3=

04>=23=50=;342,5*0(424'=?3'3454(=6540>=>?,3=53=

0?2114 ; 34 4,2 0 424 , 364 =; 32?6> ;=2 34 =5030 34 6,24* ,

(=535?,3=5 =; *10145400 ,5* 4(=5=6( *0,22, ;=2 34 +,4035,5 2,'0 -63

.0(=5*3=5(=?*>,23,4>,534=?3'24,=;342,'%41=35

.42,'4(?314,;34234*4,*=;6?;3,6,?0,5,04,*4*',

(,5**,34',(4*'34,,00,0'0.4,?0,5',(4*(,5**,34,65

,?0,5,342'4(,64,4,*42=;34+,4035,52,'6=14645334-?>2464?06

=?5(-;3404=2,5,3=504243='4,>,23=;34405,3=5,6=146453


9/27

3=?* ,14=24* 3=4342 ,5* 5=24 34 *4(,*40=5 ;,6 (=5;(304330

,053 34 (,04 5 +,40354 5 40045(4 3,36=146453 ,0 54142 ?534* =2 032=5

45=?3=(=5;2=5330230,5*=503,*1420,240,00,00,5

,342546424*34039,+,233,3,54**40>24,*0?>>=2340>4(,

5 5=23425 +,40354 24;4(35 ,*1=(,( ;=2 >,52,'06 4,54 34 3450=5

'43445 34 ,?0,50 ,5* 34 ,,00,0'0 *44>454* 3= 34 >=53 3,3 34 ,

,00,0'0 (24,34* ,,3=5,4;4504+,23 3= 24>240453 0 =>>=03=5 3= 34 ,

?0,5 '=( ( 5 3?25 (24,34* 34 +,4035,52,'+,23 -63 .4

=(, 21,240 ** 5=3 45* 424 =4142 .4 ,,00,0'0 ;,(4* ,5=342

(=6>433=2,646'42 =; ,5=342>2=65453 42?0,46 ;,6= ,3=? 0,24*

34 0,64 =>>=03=5 3= 34 ,?0,5 ;,6 *4;4,34* %,' ,,00,0' 5 34

42?0,466,=2,44(3=5

5 (=532,03 3= +,4035,5 4,*420> 34 40 4,*420> 0 >2=;(453 4

;?5*4*,5*(=42453.42>2=2,600?(,03440,3=5,?5*,1434=503

,6,66=3;5,5(,>2144=14234+,4035,505=2*423=4;;4(314;=2'4,230

032=5 ;=2(4 34 +,4035,50 544*4* , (,>,'4 =2,5,3=5, 032?(3?24 3= =2 5

,((=2*,5(4 3 34 +,4035,5 =, 5034,* 1,2=?0 =2,5,3=50 043 ?> 3= 4>

,6,,6,34;,(3=505+,40354**5=3=23=4342

)5;=23?5,34 34 +,4035,5 2,'0 (=?* 5=3 40(,>4 342 32,*3=5,21,240 .4 +,4035,5 5,3=5, 6=146453 ;4 1(36 3= 53425,

*10=50,5*>=3(,;2,6453,3=5 336402,'0;=?32,'04342 =503 4546 (=5;2=534* 346 3 ?5?0?, 03?''=255400 ,5*

*434265,3=53=0?((44*5342?36,34=,=;(24,35,4003,345

+,40354,00,00,5


10/27

;3424,1=''5'34=5036=14645334)>,004*%40=?3=5

*1*5 34 34223=2 =; +,40354 53= , 40 03,34 (=1425 =; 6,5*,34

+,40354,5* ,52,'03,34 (=1425 =;6,5*,34 +,40354 .4 ;?0(,4,2

42?>34* 5 ,;342 02,4 *4(,24* 30 5*4>45*45(43 3,3 >=53 02,4 ,* 6=24

32==>0,5*'4334249?>64533,3,2,'03,340(=6'54*

.423=;+

;342342603(4,2446453054*'4344502,4,5*342,'03,34045*5

34,234,,-32>,5*34403,54240>353=3=*;;4245334223=240

34;=2642,0?5*42>3,5(=532=434,3342,0?5*42=2*,5,52?402,40

5*4>45*45(4 >2=14* 3= '4 , *0,0342 ;=2 34 +,4035,5 >=>?,3=5 15 35 34

'=2*420=;34-3,34=;02,405(43454'=2503,34;=(?04*=5346>46453,3=5=;

?*,,3=5>=(403=(24,34,*035(340*453302,40,6=;4003,34,0

24453400>?20?4* ,0 24;4(34* 5 34 6>46453,3=5=; 34 '045344+2=>423,

3,3,=4*3402,4=142564533=*4(,24,5,5*,'04534441454534

,5*=54264244;3;=22=(420=>>5.4>?2>=04=;30,,03=,(9?2454

,5*0 ;=2 40 54(=6420 4,54 34 , 4,(42',34* 34 +,40354 24;?44

>2='46 6=24 3,5,; ,6=5+,4035,524;?440 14* 5 =2*,5,'=?3

(2,664* 53= 34,,-32>,5*,5=342 14* 5 24;?44 (,6>0 5

4',5=5=2*,5,034=52,'03,343=2,53+,4035,524;?440(3450>

,54 04464* >=00'4 5 45 ,6, '* ,,0042 '4(,64 >30

+240*453 +42,>0 =54 =; >30 24,3403 4,*420 ,0042 46',24* =5 >2=240014

>=(403=4>,5*346,243,5*6=*4254>304(=5=64,0=,*34,6'3=5

=;,?534*2,'=2*?5*42>30(=532=0,240?32,'5,3=5,065034,*=;


11/27

0,6,5*34+,4035,5(,?04'4(,64,2,>=53;=2,2,'03,3403=?534.4

?6,3=5=; 34(=59?403=;+,40354 ' 34 40,00,24*', 342,'03,340

,5*34>=345(=;3,3(=66=546=3=5,0,3,0042=>4*3=*2,53=0,5*0

'(24,35,24>240453,314+,4035,5=2,5,3=54(42

.?0?5*42,00420,?0>(4034+,0(24,34*5'342,'4,?4

3=4*24,3403436,(=4142,00420=,3=?3434+,05*424*'

34 -2,5 4,*420>34 ,303 %411, +,233,3 ,0= 0=?3 , ?534* 2,'

5,3=5'?3?5*4230=5446=5=5049?45334-2,5003,234*'?*5?>,21,

+,4035,5=2,5,3=53,3=?*=430=,33=-2,.4-2,504533=24;?44

(,6>054',5=53=24(2?3+,4035,50,5*32,5346,0;4*,445=2;244*=6;3420

4142**34-2,5,45304>4(33='4,>>2=,(4*',6,55,64*,00422,;,3,5*

04145=342646'420=;34=146453;=234'42,3=5=;+,40354(,;3420=64

032?40'4(,643445=5,,3,2,;,302=?>,0,55 5=3=243;=230

,33,(0 =5 02,4 ,5* 3 ,0 0 ,0>2,3=5 3= (24,34 , 45?54 5*4>45*453'=* 3=

24>240453 34+,4035,50 5*44*34=2,5,3=5(,64* 3,3 3=?* 5=3,3

,5>,23(?,203,345=6,3342,333==

2,6453,3=5=;34+

2,;,3,5*0,3,=2,5,3=5 ,342*=65,34*34+5,;3422,;,3

3== =142 34 4,*420> 414234400 34 03=2 =; ;,(3=5,06 ** 5=3 4,14 34

+,4035,50.4=,=;34+,0>,233='4(=64,5,3=5,=2,5,3=53,3;30

;=2 +,4035,5 230 3= 04;*434265,3=5 ,5* >,23 , 3== ;=2 ,0042 3= (=532= 34

,53(>,34*?534*2,'03,34)532,;,33==34>=03=5=;34(,26,50>343=

=2,5,3=5054142=24*3=4342,0,?5;4*'=**?43=34(=5;(3=;>25(>40


12/27

.4 + =5 3,4* ,5*** 5=35 4(42 4 34;4*,445 5(?*5

,3,(=?* ,342'4(=64 34 ,2403;4*,445 2=?> >24;4224*,264*032?4

3,3 4(34* >?'( =>5=5 4(42 .4 53425, 032?4 35 34 +

3450=50'434451,2=?0;,(3=50,0*4==(,,04,03,(3(,

?(=;+>=3(0(,5'44>,54*534260=;343450=5'4344534 *=6,3( ,5* 34 >2,6,3( ,>>2=,(40 3= 34 0=?3=5 =; 34

+,4035,5 >2='46 , 3450=5 '43445 3=04 = ,14 0445 ,264*24003,5(4,0 340=4 436,34,5* 4;;4(314, 3= '42,34+,40354

,5*3=04=,1424,4*3,334364,0(=64;=2>=3(,53,31405,**3=53=,2600,

+,40354304; 0*1*4*53=32446,5;,(3=50345,3=5,030340,6030

,5*34(453203.4+6,5,332,(303=04,*1=(,35345,3=5,03=,00?(,0

,3,,5* 34+00453, 34+,(30,0 ,5?6'24,=2,5,3=5=;1,2=?0

+,4035,5 2=?>0 ,5* 0 34 6=03 436,34 24>240453,314 =; +,4035,50 +5,

50>3434;,(33,3,3,,034,2403;,(3=5=;34+3,*334(=532=

=142344532424003,5(46=146453,3,05?642(,>2446545(404*=645,'4*3

3=(=532=34+,4035,524003,5(4,0346=146453'4(,645(24,05;2,64534*

-63

2,;,30 ,3, ,=5 3 =2(4 .,56 ,5* ,90, ,2320 2,*40

,>>4,3=345,3=5,032=?>3534+,4035,50=(4345555,3,0

6,=221,46424*334403,'06453=;24=24,',00+=>?,22=53;=234

'42,3=5=; +,40354++(=?*,342 0>3 53= 324404>,2,346=1464530

3446=(2,3(2=53;=234'42,3=5=;+,40354++34+=>?,22=53;=234

'42,3=5 =; +,403544542, =66,5* ++ ,5* 34+=>?,2%41=?3=5,2

2=53;=234'42,3=5=;+,40354+%+14535340,645,3=5,032=?>

34 *= 5=3,244=5 00?40 24,2*5+,40354.4 2,*(, ;,(3=5 4 34++


13/27

,530 3= ;=(?0 400=5 >=3(0 ,5* 6=24 =5 ;35 .42 (=6>435 *4==40 ,5*

,>>2=,(,;;4(34*34>4,(4>2=(40024,3,00=642=?>00?(,034++34

+,5*3490,=>>=04*340=,2446453,5*4245=3403,533=24=5;=2(43=

,(414342=,0

.4 203 53;,*, ,14 '23 3= 34 0,6( %4003,5(4=146453 =2 ,6,0

(0,5=;;0==3=;34?062=342==*-=(435+,40354,6,0'4=503=

34 0,6030 2=?> ,=5 3 34 +,4035,5 0,6( ,* 3,3 ,*1=(,340 ,264*

032?4 ,,503 02,430 =,0(4,2 34*4032?(3=5=;02,4.4=2,5,3=5,0=

244(3034436,(=;34+,5*245=?5(40340=+4,(4((=2*0,6,006,5

=>42,3=50 534,,-32>,5* 302=3*?4>,23 3= 53, 02,400?>>=235,

=>4 3,3 ,6,0 =?* ',,5(4 34 2=5 >=42 =; , 04(?,2 + 43 ,6,0

>=>?,23 ,0=0=,24**?4 3= 304=2,54*0=(, 0421(4 543=2 ;=2+,4035,50

,5*'4(,?04,6,0=;;424*,(=6>2445014*4==5(3404(?,2,3,54142

,* 442 .0 >=>?,23 324,3450 ,3, ,5* 240?30 5 ;42(4 (=6>433=5

'43445343=2=?>03=,5=,3;2=634+,4035,5>4=>4

5,34 (453203?',*,2,=234,3=5,53,314 4,*4* ', ;=2642+

(,5**,342?03,;,,2=?3=>>=0401=45(4,5**=405=36,53,5,563,0

+,5*340=+4,(4+2=(400

-6>0,53,334=5(4>2=6050=>4,(4>2=(4000*4,*=53=,324*

'43445 02,40 ,5* +,4035,5034 ?5;4,0'3 =; 34 (=5;(30 32?4 ,50420

422=54=?05;,(334;,?24=;0=,0,(=5049?453=;6=24664*,34>2='46034

+,4035,54,*420>0606,5,46453=;34(=5;(3;342055344(,2,3=5=;

+25(>40 534+(=66334*,3 4,03 3456,=21=,3=50=; 34,((=2*0 ,0


14/27

(,64*'3402,4=14256453.4041=,3=50?5*42654*02,432?034,*53=

,*2,5=?3>2=(4003,341453?,*4(24,04*34414=;32?03=5'=30*40((=2*5

3= 34 02,4 =142564530 *=(?6453 34 1=,3=50 5(?*4* '?3 5=3 634* 3= 34

;,?24=;34+3=,645*34(,?040534+,4035,5,3=5,=145,533,3(,4*

;=2 34 *4032?(3=5 =; 02,4 ?23426=24 34 + ,0 , 4,*42 =; 34 +,4035,5

?3=23+;,4*3=(4,045(3464533=1=45(4'3403,342?564*,,5*4145'

2,;,3604;

06453=54*=2,5,3=50 3,3 ,24, >,23=; 34+*=5=30,24340,64

*4,24,2*5=3=,(414>4,(4,5*+,4035,504;*434265,3=5.2=?=?334

(=?204=;34>4,(4>2=(400;,(3=503,3,*1=(,34*,264*032?4,5*=>>=04*340=

((=2*0(=535?4*342503,3=5=;1=45(4.4+(=?*5=3',224*3404;,(3=50

;2=6(=66335,(30=;1=45(432=?3445;=2(46453=;+2?4005(434+

,05=(4532,44(?31464(,5063=*24(3(=532=30;,(3=5045(4,34;,(3=50

>4*4* 3= ;== 34 + (,2342 ,5* 4(?314 =663344 *4(0=50 24(414 6=24

44,3=442(04,334*446,>>2=>2,344145;364,50503,351=45(4.4

+;2,64534*032?(3?24*4(24,04*3424,'3=;34+,0,=14255,?3=235

34 44 =; 02,4=14256453,5* 34 53425,3=5, (=66?53=24,6>4 5

,6,053,34*;=?26,=20?(*4'=6'5,33,(0,0243,,3=53=02,40*4(0=53=

,00,005,34,,,03455442+26450342-6=5+42403456>=04*,

3=3,(=0?24=;,3=5051,40534403,56>4*534>4,(4>2=(400+4240

=?*0==5'4=?3=;=;;(44,15340=>4,(4>2=(400534,5*=;342410=503

43,5,?=1=4*3=;?;30=',3=50=54534+,4035,50,*;?;4*

=14256453+2400;;(4,=2+"=,3=50=;340=((=2*00(3='42

33>6;,=,((4004*=146'42


15/27

3420,0?*4*'3443,5,?=14256453-63.00=03,334;,?24

=;34+,4035,54,*420>3=(=532=53425,;,(3=5035+,40354>?04*34>4,(4

>2=(400=53=342=532,(

=24=14234 ;,?24 =; 34 + 3=644334 34260 =; 34 0=((=2*0 ,0 ,

*24(3240?3=;30;2,64534*0=(432033;,4*3=,645*34+,4035,5,3=5,

=145,53 3,3 (,4* ;=2 34 *4032?(3=5 =; 02,4 3=? 34 +,4035,5 ,3=5,

=145,53 +**(=514543= ,>>2=14 34246=1,=;340>4(;((,?040>423,55

34 *4032?(3=5 =; 02,4 34 02,4 =14256453 03 *=?'34*4342 34 ,645*6453

,(3?, ,* ,5 4;;4(3 =5049?453 34 02,4 =14256453 '4414* 34 + ,0

045*5,(4,26400,43,33,05=3245=?5(4*1=45(45=2,((4>34*02,40233=

403=14256453+2400;;(4

.432?30=4142246=153404 0>4(;((,?040(=6>434;2=6'=334

>,>42 ,5* 34 >2,(3(4 =; + 0 ,6=03 ?5,33,5,'4 5 0 '== 4 1503=54

==4*,32,;,30=;;(,1033=+,205,0,54,6>4?25341032,;,3

0,*0?((,?0404245?,5*1=*=2,>04*,5*3(,?33=>+=;;(,0,5*

6,5='0421420'0?2>204**3=5,2,;,30246,2,2,1,34*54,314240>=5040

;2=64=24,',034;=?5*42=;++=0,*3,3;2,;,3'4414*34(=145,53

,0 ='0=434 4 0=?* 2405 ;2=6+0 4,*420> >=03 .4 (=5;?0=5 =142 34

(=145,5305*(,314=;34(=532,*(3=50,5*5(=500345(403,34033534+

.4 9?403=5 0= 24, 0>4,0 ;=2 34 +,5* (,5 4 '4 32?034* 1503=54

+=145,5323(40,5*


16/27

=3 =5 ** 34 + 50?;;(453 >2=14* 3= 34 02,4 =14256453 30

(=66364533=>4,(4,5*30,((4>3,5(4=;02,4040345(4'?334,3,(=532=4*+

,0=**5=30=30=>>=03=53=3422=206.402,4=14256453,((?04*34+=;

5=3 03=>>5 5(3464530 3=1=45(4,5*6,(=?0>2=>,,5*,,,503 02,4 '2,*=

>25364*,34410=5,5*0(=='==0.4+430(==0'244*,324*,,50302,4

5 34 54 +,4035,5 4542,3=5 ' 34,(5 346 ,'=?3 02,40 (2?43 5 , ',04*

6,5542,024;4(34*534*=(?6453,2.4+2=604=24=14234+;40=23=;

3?255=1423422=20?0>4(30(502,4044064,5334+,=4*3422=20303=

=?5>?504*

3340,6436402,4**5=3(=4(3344,;24,260*0,26,5**0',5*

63,0(,0=;34+0=',3=50 ?5*42340= ,2446453 3 ,0=;,4*3=

24,( ,5,2446453302,4 =534 2=3=; 34+>=(4 ;=2(4,((=2*5 3= 34

534262446453345?6'42=;34+,4035,5+=(40=?*5=34(44*>=(4

=;;(4205>2,(3(4=4142 345?6'42 24,(4* >=(4=;;(420.404>=(4

;=2(4424,0= 51=14* 534 ,33,(=502,4 0=*420( 3402,4=14256453

,'44*,0346=03241=?01=,3=5=;340=((=2*0=14256453+2400;;(4

.4+,44*3==5=,(3=503=03=>34,33,(0

,(5 042=?0 1=,3=50 =; 340= ((=2*0 ' 34 + ,5* 34 + 02,4

?5*=?'34*=0332?03534+,4035,5=14255,'3,034+,*5=30=534

554003=(=403>4,(4;?302,4=5049?4533024,0=5,'43=(=5(?*4

3,334+2?54*34(,5(43=>2=(,6+,403545*4>45*45(4*?43= 30;,(3=5,

>=3(0

532,+,40354=5;(3


17/27

.=6,4 346,3342=204 34 53425,(=5;(3'43445,3,,5*,6,00=5

34 1424=; 0>335 +,40354 53= 3=04>,2,34 (=?53240 ,, ,5* 34403 ,5

,6,0=>>=040,3,,5*34+0(=22?>35400306=242,*(,3,5,3,5,04504

3,33*=405=324(=5434041423=;30(,63=465,3402,4;2=634=2*34

334>=00'33,334=403,34=;02,4=?*'4*4032=4*4,3,0?>>=04*

;,1=20343=03,340=?3=5414234400,6,02=043=>2=6545(4=53=34;,(3

3,334(=5*3=5534,,032>0,20*?43= 34>=>?,3=5*4503=;34,24,,5*

3405;(,5(4=;0,63=34>4=>4?23426=24,6,024>2404534*,5,3425,3143=

34+>=3(,?*4540-630=>4=;,*>=6,3(0433464533?254*3=

*40>,2 5 34+ 40>4(,,3,03,234* =05 30 5;?45(4 5 3434223=2

>,15,,;=2,6,03=204,03454=>4;=2,,50

03450'34=,=;,6,0,5*,3,04464*3='4340,643=45*;,(3=5,

;35,5*044,?534*+,4035,524>240453,3=5)5;=23?5,34*?43=34=>>=05

140 '=3 0*40 =*24,2*534;,3=; 02,4,5* 34+,4035,503,3434240 5=

, 34 3= (=51424 =3 ,6,0 ,5* ,3, >2=6=34 +,4035,5 ?53 ,5*

>?'(1=3=45*;,(3=5,;35434,((,60303432?46,5;403,3=5=;34

+,4035,5 >4=>4 -= ;,2 ,3346>30 ,3 24(=5(,3=5 ,14 ;,4* 5 0>34 =; >3,5

-,?* ,5* 4645 64*,3=5 -,25=;; 5034,* =; (==>42,35 3= 24,( 34

?36,34 =, =; +,4035,5 0=142453 34 ;3 4,( =342 3= '4 34 0=4

24>240453,314=;+,403543='4,3343=>=;34+,4035,5446=53,0'4(=64

,553425,>=42032?46=243,5,543425,;3;=2;244*=6=24,6>45

, 1=453 (,0 '43445 ,6,0 ,5* 34 >2=,3,40 (,5 5 ,, 240?34* 5

*4,30,5*6=243,55?240.41=45(4'43445,6,0,5*,3,04460,05=3


18/27

,',34*,((=2*53=(,4-,25=;;,2404,2(,00=(,34,33440+=(45342

,(0*4(=535?403=,((?0434=342=;3253=,00,005,34304,*420.4>=00'3

=;(==>42,3=5'43445343=;,(3=500*6

=5049?453 ,0 6?( ,0 02,4 ,534* 3= 54=3,34 3 34 +,4035,5

24>240453,314 3 ,0 403,53 = (,5 02,4 '4 4>4(34* 3= 54=3,34 3 34

+,4035,5045 +,40354 0 5=36=5=3( ,5* 3424 0 , *4 ;,(3=,6,03,5 5 34

,, -32> ,5* , *4 ;,(3=,3,,5* 5 34403,5 -,25=;; ; (=?204

02,4(=?*=554=3,34334,3,;,(3=5

50=2334+304;,034(=6>(,3=53=34>4,(4>2=(400304,5400

40 5 34 ;,(3 3,3 3 0 (=6>=04* =; 3== 6,5 ;,(3=50 3,3 *;;42 5 *4==40 ,5*

3,(3(0342?5,,5034,(=3425034,*=;(==>42,35;(=?20434+24046'40

3402,4>,2,6453,2524,2*03=30;,(3=5,5,3?24.4*;;4245(4=4142034

;,(33,3>,2340353402,4>,2,6453,*4243=34>,2,6453,22?40.4*=

5=3=>42,34342=563,05=2*=3424=5;=2450?>>=230+,4035,5*0,22,

,;;4(30,>,234051=14*534(=5;(3,0>4,(46,506>=00'43=?3,032=5

5342,34*+,4035,54,*420>

0=;235=344,540035+,4035464,503,302,4,0,5,*1,53,4

=142 ,5 54=3,3=50 '4(,?04 3 0 24>2404535 , ?5;4* (=?532 3 , 054

=14256453.064,503,3+,40354=?*,55=35;2=63454=3,3=5'40*40

6=24604240=234+,4035,5034+,54*5=34223=2,5*5=03,34==*=2

**3*4032=02,45034,*30>=(40,5*643=*0032453454*304546404(42

-,25=;;0?40303,334+,4035,50'4?534*?5*42=54;,=54=14256453

=54,26,5*=54,**24003=,(41434=,=;>4,(4,((=2*302,44,0=(34*


19/27

34(,04=;02,4>3,5*=2*,50,53,3>4,(4,0>=00'4'4(,?04>3,5*

=2*,5 ,14, 054?5;4*=14256453.424;=2402,4 0 ,'43=450?24,?5;=26

1=(4;2=6>3,5*=2*,5(=5;2653424,45*3=3403,34=;,2302,4

.+%%-+

2,;,3'4;=240=

.4 *4,3 =;,00422,;,3 5 05,4*,6,=2 0;3 5 +>=(40;

(=?2043424,05=*=?'33,32,;,3,0,24,3241=?3=5,2'4;=244'4(,643==

51=14* 5 >=3(0 5 ( (,04 4 ,0 5=3 , 142 4;;4(3?, >=3(, 4,*42 0

*>=6,3( 00 424 9?403=5,'4 0 6=3140 4 (=532=5 34 + 424 ,0=

,>>244501404,255 ;=2(=532==142+,40354 4*3=6,5 242433,'4*4(0=50

0?( ,0 0?>>=235 -,**,6 ?0045 *?25 34 ?; ,2 0 , *24(3 240?3 =; 30

*4(0=5 34+0?;;424*6,=2 24145?4=00,0+,4035,50=25 5?,3=

4>4* ;?5*5 34 + 32=? 24633,5(40 424 4>44* ;2=6 34 (=?532 34

0?6642=;,3,2=?5*343644504(24354=3,3=5,0?5*42,50=34

+,>>4,24*=5341424=;>=3(,,5*;5,5(,',52?>3(-63

.4 ?; ,2 5 ;,(3 ,* , >2=;=?5* 4;;4(3 =5 34+ 4,*5 ?> 3=34

,*2*=5;4245(4 34 + ;=?5* 300=?2(40 =; ;?5*0*24*?>,0 34?; 03,340

40>4(, ?,3 ,5* -,?* 2,',(,5(44* 342 (=532'?3=50 3= 34 +,4035,5

6=146453 3 ,0 , >?506453 ;=2 2,;,30 *4(0=5 3= 0?>>=23 -,**,6 ?0045

)36,3434+=?*,143=(=0430=;;(45.?50,0,240?3=;2,;,30422=2

+2=23=3453;,*,34+,0,24,*>42(414* ' =(,+,4035,50,0,5

54>3=2,5,3=53,3**5=353=0=1434>2='46=;+,4035,503,345=26>2=14

34 *06, (=5*3=50 =; +,4035,5 (=66?5340 24 -,2=50 2=5 ;03 >=(


20/27

64,50 =; (2?05 +,4035,5 2,' 24003,5(443454* ,324* =5 '=3 34

+,4035,50,5*02,404,5434544542,3=5=;2,'0=541420,,;244

+,4035,5 03,34 ,0 9?403=55 34 =*42 4542,3=50 0?'600=5 3= 34 02,40

>4204(?3=5042434>,2453003>,(4*342=>40534+4,*420>34=?3

0,3,3=>4;,*4334*4(54=;34+5346*0-635,

34 0= 4(=5=6( 2=3=20454* (=5*3=50 =; 34 ,24,* 02,424,53 ,,

3404;,(3=204*3=3442?>3=5=;3420353;,*,

.424;=24 ,;34234603,4 4 6,*4*?25 34?; ,22,;,30 >=>?,23

*2,6,3(,*4(54*,(4*3*4(545;?5*0,5*>=>?,232,;,3,0,,264*'

34464245(4=;34540,6032=?>,*24(3=?32=3=;3420353;,*,3,3

24(414*0=6?(0?>>=2340>4(,5,,4240,6>,4*,6=2405;(,532=4

3,5534403,5,6,0>2=1*4*0=64352,;,3,(4*34=(,340

.4 6,5 (,454 3= ,0042 2,;,30 4,*420> >42,>0 , 5 0 *?'=?0

,?3453(3,0, +,4035,50 ;=245,>>4,2,5(4,5*3,3,00422,;,3,0,

2,5*=';?0(,3=24423=?4 4* 3=24(,0(*==* 15534

*3=;42?0,4646,524?>5>3,0,(*=;,3434642(,53;2=6

,,4;=244'4(,64,(,2=;34+,4035,5?3=234,*0>4536=03=;0

364=25,334+4,*9?,23420,'2=,*00453,2,;,3,04,;?24=534

(=5.4=2*5,2+,4035,5>4=>45444034*'?334541426436=2=33=

5=6>420=5,

=2=2*5,2+,4035,50155,,,5*34403,53,0?56,5,'4

3,3344,*420>=2342,5,5*;4=;34+=?*04*30241=?3=5,2(,2,(342

,5*04334*=5534403,5=2,,03,343=2,04;,640,;34234?36,34=,


21/27

,0'445,(414*5*44*6,5534+,4035,5(=66?53*=?'33,32,;,3=?*

'45(54*3=0>45*03643,5(,24=;0?(350,0,2',4(=4(3=5=534403

,51503=5453024,2*=(,4,*420=5434(=5*3=503534

34223=240 4 34',( =2342,5*04246=24>24;42,'4 3,5, 5,3=5,4,*42=

246,54**03,53;2=634>4=>4)50?2>20534204=;,6,0,0*?4>,233=30

032=5 340 3= 34 =(, +,4035,50 .?0 3 ,0 6=24 ,>>4,5 3= 34 >4=>4 5 34

34223=24040>4(,,,3,52,;,3,0

=33=6453=534;,(33,32,;,3,*0=50=334(,>,(3;=26,5,46453

(=2406=03=;345*44,353463==3420>24;4225 5034,*342=4=;0>=406,5

2=15 ,6',00,*=2 ,5* (4; 454242 =; 34 +,4035,5 6=146453 1503=54

( 6,*4 6 ,>>4,2 4145 6=24 ?5;3 ;=2 34 4,*420> >=03=5 =; 34

+,4035,503,34

2,;,3,5*0=+4,(4+2=(400

145 34 ;,(3=5, 5,3?24 ,6=5 34 +,4035,50 ,5*35 34 + 3 ,*

,,0'4452,;,30 *434265,3=53=6,53,5 ?53 3,56,5 20*4(0=503,3

(=?*0,3342+,40354 53=>4(405*1*?,(,501,40,5*24=50.4 03=2=;

+,40354,*0=53,3 ;2,6453534 >4=>4 (=?* ,26 346=146453 ,04,0

6.?02,;,3;436=24(=6;=23,'4442(050>=423=34656?6434534

0=?3 ,6=03 , >42(453 (=50450?0 3= >2404214 ?5,563 4 4 604; ;43

?5,'4 3= ?04 0 ?*6453 5 6,5 *4;5314*4(0=50 &?,5*3 .4 +

0, 5= >2='46 544(35 *>=6,3( 0?((400 5 =2*42 3= ?,2* 30 53425, 03,'3

(,5;=234*4032?(3=5=;02,4,5*3422=203,33,(0,,50334(=?5324240=64=;

344,6>40.4+(=?*5=3,502,4=2)-(=5(400=50,0=5,03(=535?4*


22/27

3422=206,5*2,*(,06433(=?*5=3465,343404;4,3?2403=?3'45,'43=

0=0?>>=23420 0=64,506,*4'6=*42,3=5 &?,5*32,;,3,0 03?( 5

'434450*>=6,3((=50(=?0,5*04,255;=2+?53

=5434400 5 2,;,3 *4(*4* 3= (,54 0 ,>>2=,( 3= (=5;(3

6,5,464534,((4>34* 340=((=2*0(64,534,* 3=24(=5402,40

>4,(4;?,5*04(?2440345(4,=53%40=?3=5,5*4,*3=245=?5(4*

3422=206.4=524(=53=534+,4035,5024(414*;=26,530(=6>2=6040

3424(=53=5=;34+,034436,3424>240453,314=;34+,4035,50'02,4

=142564535=3+,4035,5233=04;*434265,3=55>,>42304464*3,32,;,3

;5,,14?>0*=6,306,5*6,*4,24,(=5(400=53=,(414>4,(45>2,(3(4

2,;,3?03(?3=>45343,>43,3,*4*,+,4035,5;,(3=503=4342,5*?54,04*

,04240=;1=45(43,3=?*45?;3424=5',(53=,03,34=;5(400,531=45(4

4(=?*,14>24>,24*0>4=>4;=234544*3=(=6>2=604'?3024?(3,5(43=;,(4

3432?33,34=?*,143=04334;=24005=324(=14234=4+,40354*4,4*

6;2=6,2550>4=>4&?,5*3=5049?4530*1420=5;2=634?0?,

(=50450?0>24;4224*>=(>2=14*3='4,*0,03423=634+,5*0,3,;,(3=5

.4+,4035,50424452,4*34=03;,356

.4+,40354'42,3=52,5,3=5 0, >42>456=146453 3,003?6'4*;2=6=54,>>,2453043',(3=,5=342302>45';,(3=5,06

3 ,0 324* 3= >?20?4 241=?3=5 ,5* *>=6,( ,0 ; 3424 424 5=(=532,*(3=5,5*345,3346=6453=;55524(=53=5;2=602,4

3 04460 >=04* 3= =04 30 6=03 >24(=?0 ,0043 34 0?>>=23 =; 34+,4035,5>4=>4&?,5*3

.424,0,>2=0>4(3;=22,;,33=24,5,6'?04*24>?3,3=5434 ;,4*3=

?34 3,3 =>>=23?530+=2,5,3=5 ,* ;,4* 3= (=515(4?*,2, 3,3

02,4 ,* , 32?4 >,23542 ;=2>4,(4 5 34 2,;,3 4,*420> +?5*, 05(4 3


23/27

;,4*3=03=>341=45(4,,50302,40(=66334*'+;,(3=500?(,034++

,5*3490,,32402,*4002,4334,(=;(=5;*45(4534+**5=3

>?353=,(3=53432*24*4>=6453=;403,534223=23=+(=532=?44*3

344>,50=5=;04334645306,5+,4035,50=03;,35340=>4,(4>2=(400,5*

,04*=?3=53=3424546403402,4053450;5341=45(453424=54145

6=243'4(,64,1(=?0((43,3433='4240=14*

2,;,30*4(0=53=,((4>3346?3?,24(=53=55344(,2,3=5=;+25(>4

,* , >2=;=?5* 4;;4(3 =5 +,4035,5 >=3(0 .4 6=03 ',3,53 =>>=03=5 3= >4,(4

>2=(400,0,6,0(,*'445,34256=240?>>=2305(43420353;,*,.4

2=3=;,6,0'?3 ?>1=45(4,0 3 *446034*4032?(3=5=;02,4 ,0, 034>>5

03=54 3= 24,5 03=2( +,4035,5 03,34 1453?, 34 ,3, 6=14645334

(=254203=54=;34 +,4035,5 0?>>=23 ;=2 >4,(4=?* '424>,(4* ',6,0,0 34

*=65,35>=>?,26=146453+?5*,034>=42=;2,;,3*4(54*,5*34

0?>>=23;=2,6,05(24,04*3'4(,646=24*;;(?33=(=53,51=45(453424=5

5,**3=52,;,3,*6?3>4*3404=;+>=(4'?35=33=(2,(*=5=5

,6,034, 34)-,5*02,4 ,*249?4034*5034,*2,;,303(4* ',(3= 34

(=50450?0',04* >=(,>>2=15 34 >25(>4 =; ,*3,3 4* 6 3= 24(2?3

3422=2030 ,3, 646'420 ;2=6 =?30*4 34 34223=240 ,5* 2,;,3 =,030 53= 34

04(?23;=2(40=(,+,4035,50=?*044.?50,50=23=04=,*(=043403=

2,;,332=?=2536534=>42,3=50,'2=,*534?5;=26.40404(?23

;=2(40424 3== 4(03,3(3 342 54,(9?24*>=42 ,5* ?04* 3 ,,503 3=04 34

424 0?>>=04* 3= >2=34(334 +,4035,50 5=342 24,0=5 34 '4,350 =;

+,4035,50'+,4035,50(=535?4*?5*422,;,302?4,005445(43=,2*0


24/27

=5 >4=>4 52,;,3 >426334*34 2=3 ,,503 34 =>455=;,5?5*422=?5*

3?554542?0,460*33=>2==5;=2*,0'4;=24453421454*=230503,5(4

+,4035,504244*(=6>,253=02,4*4,30

0 34 (=5*3=5 =; 34 +,4035,50 =20454* ?5*42 2,;,30 (=532= 6,5

=;;(420 3=> >=3(, 4,*420 3 340 3= 2,;,3 03,234* '?*5 4>45014 6,50=5

2,;,3 *43,(4*604; ;2=60>4=>4 ' 0?22=?5*5604;3>4=>4=,*

=24* 3 6 ,'2=,* ,>>=535 (=04 (=4,?40 3= 6>=23,53 >=030 35 34

=14255'=*.4+,0*0?0352**453(=22?>3=53,341453?,42=*4*

34334,6=?53=;32?0334+,4035,5>4=>4,*4;356,5*0,?3=23

=4142 2,;,3 (=?* 5=3 ,;;=2* 4=>,2*5 0 >=03=5 4145 6=24 ,0 34

>4,(4 >2=(400 ,0 3246'5 ,5* 0 >=>?,23 >?66435 4 324* 3= 045(4

*004535 1=(40 35 +,40354 ,5* 2?4* 34 + ' 34 ='0=434 ,?3=23,2,5

643=*06>=234*;2=6.?50+?5*,.4(=5*3=5=;+,40354?5*422,;,3

,0>42,>0=2043,53,3?5*4202,40,?3=23304;

2,;,3 6>=04* , 2464 3,3 ,0 '?53 '2?3, 54>3 ,5* (=22?>3%4>=23420,5* ?6,5 230=2420 424 ,4* ;=2 (23(5 34 +

?*40 3 5*4>45*453 140 424 0,(4* 4(0=50 =; 34 44(34*+,4035,5=?5(4245=24*,00,224030424(=66=5*?4>2=(400

, ;,53,0 *4,3 ' 3=23?24 ;,2 2=?354 6>2='3 ,0 2,6>,53 ;2=6032443 (=>0 3,5 '2'40 =;; 422,53 *21420 3= 2,;,30 (=0403 (2=540

6=5=>=5,0>4(30=;344(=5=6442

.445*(,64452,;,3>24>,24*,5*5*4(014,4*=?3=;34,6>

,1*2446453546>3,5*4*4(=?*5=3*4(*4=5,5,2446453'4(,?04

4 ,* 5=3 ,* 364 3='?*,+,4035,5(=,3=5 3= 0?>>=23 6 3=?3 0?(,5

53425,(=,3=5 (=6>=04*=;446453035,3,,5* 34+2,;,3(,55=3 05

,535 +?5*, ((=2*5 3= +?5*, 34 +,4035,5 4,*420> ,0 ,0=


25/27

45,55,032?4=142==?*4,*3454=3,3=500,240?3342(=5*?(30

*?253454=3,3=5424,6,34?242=*53432?03;2=63453=5,*65032,3=5

,5*0=4*050=;?5>24>,24*5400

)-

305=3;,2;2=63432?33=(=5(?*43,334;,?24=;340=>4,(4>2=(400

240?34*;2=6345,'3=;34+3=(24,34,?5;4*6=1464533,3=?*,5,5

?>>42,5* 5 34 54=3,3=503 02,4 +,40354 0 , 06, 03,343=?3 , ?5;4*

=14256453 ( ,24,* >?30 3 ,3 , *0,*1,53,4=?0 >=03=5 43 3 0 ;?2342

4,454* ' , 34 ;,(3=50 5 34 (=?532 34 5,3=5,030 34 0,6030 ,5* 34

(453203.404;,(3=50,*1=(,34*;;42453*4==40,5*3,(3(03=,(41434?36,34

=,=;,0=1424503,34=;+,40354.4>2='46,04,(42',34*'344,*42=;34

6=146453,00422,;,3=,(4*0?;;(4534,*420>003=(=6',334>2='460

2,04* ' (,040 '43445 *;;42453 ;,(3=50 5 34403 ,5 ,5*,, 4 ** 5=3

;== 34 ?*454 043 5 34 0= ((=2*0 ,5* ,=4* 1=,3=50 3= ,>>45 0=

;249?453 3,3 3 6>4*4* 34 *414=>6453=; 32?03'43445 34 3=0*40(,0

>,2334>?2>=04=;30>4,(4>2=(40050=2334(=,>04=;340=>4,(4>2=(400

,0,(=5049?45(4=;345,>33?*4=;34+,4035,54,*420>

,-,0?40303,334=5=53?26=,1=4530=*=5534

,,-32>'43445,3,,5*,6,0,0324,3454*3=*4032=34+,5*0,334234

+,4035,5 *24,60 =; , ?5;4* 03,34 ,5* 02,40 >,5 3= *045,4 ?5,342, ;2=6

,,334(?22453+,4035,54,*420>,6=?*'',0,55=?5(53,34=?*

,-,.4?3?24=;+,40354=245;;,20=14(


26/27

5=3(=5340334+44(3=50530(=65,5?,2*?43=02,40(=535?4*4>,50=5

=;043346453033003,430?5(4,2434234>4,(4>2=(400=?*'424114*5

3454,2;?3?24

((400=554,333>34,4(=6,?=>5=54*3=2,343=03,340=?3=5

6?035=3'4,=4*3=;,'936


27/27

i

4(42,5.4+34204,5*;,=;34+,40354'42,3=52,5,3=54=24=2-3,2350+2400

4420,;45%432=0>4(3,00422,;,3=146'42

33>364(=6,((4004*=146'42

=14256453+2400;;(4,=2+"=,3=50=;340=((=2*00(3='42

33>6;,=,((4004*=146'42

,00,00,5,5?4+,40354,(3=5,06534,3=5,=14645303*3=542?0,46+,4035,5(,*46(-=(43;=234-3?*=;53425,3=5,

;;,20

1503=54450*434+(=1423?53004(243;?5*0,5*34,2,,503

02,4,5*34)534*-3,34003*3=54=24=2,6=22=,5*=6>,55(

,=10,1***4,03+4,(4.2=?+,233=5=245;;,20=?5(=;

=245%4,3=505=,2(>2

0,-,?.4+?5*422,;,343445?5,5*142,5(4,145=554(3(?3,4)514203+2400

,3=5,.640*3=2,0.43=03,340=?3=56?035=3'4,=4*3=;,=146'42

33>34,4(=6,?,((4004*=146'42

+5,,2=5+,4035,5,(3=504*42,3=5=;642(,5-(45303?54

33>;,0=2,((4004*=146'42

+?5*,%=52=60=3=.,',,34532=5-?211,.453425,3=5,5033?34;=2-32,34(-3?*405=?3?65

&?,5*3,6%41=?3=5)53"(3=2.4+=3(0,5*03=2=;34+

=245;;,20=?5(=5=245%4,3=505(,?5433>;=245,;;,20(=6,((4004*=146'42

-,25=;;(,4+,4035,50?53,05;;4(3=5+4,(4+2=(400??0333>40>=((45342=2,((4004*=146'42

-,,.4?3?24=;+,40354=245;;,20=14(

-63,240+,40354,5*342,'02,4=5;(3=03=5,00,(?043304*;=2*-3,2350

)-+)-+0+,5=;+,233=53(=5=6()5=55+,40354,5*34

2,'02,4=5;(3',240-63=03=5,00,(?043304*;=2*-3,2350

Palestinian Leadership and the Collapse of the Oslo Peace Process

Documents

Transcript of Palestinian Leadership and the Collapse of the Oslo Peace Process