Palermo June 14, 2010University of Palermo

Head of the Department ofHead of the Department ofHydraulic Engineering and Environmental ApplicationsHydraulic Engineering and Environmental Applications

University of Palermo -University of Palermo - glal@idra.unipa.it

MEDILAB - Remote sensing and Geographical Information System LabMEDILAB - Remote sensing and Geographical Information System Lab

"MEDITERRANEAN MARITIME POLLUTION: THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING TO MONITOR AND

MITIGATE"

Prof. Goffredo La LoggiaProf. Goffredo La Loggia

Authors: Goffredo La Loggia, Fulvio Capodici, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Antonino Maltese

Human activities contaminate both coastal zone and open sea:- pollutants; - ecosystems;- recovery time.

Pollution monitoring and mitigation by integrating: - remote sensing,- hydrodynamic;- bio-optical modelling.

Coastal water pollution is strictly related to land activities:-≈ 60% of world’s population lives within 60 km from the coastline impacting water quality. - Pesticides and fertilizers over-application:

- coastal zone algae growth;- natural food chain alteration; -coastal waters oxygen deprivation.

Offshore pollution is related to maritime oil transport:- a quarter of the global maritime traffic; - causing ≈7% of the world oil accidents during the last 25 years;- biological impacts firstly on open sea than on coastal zone habitats.

The need of monitoring and mitigate maritime pollution

Water Bodies pollution monitoring and Water Bodies pollution monitoring and mitigationmitigation

OffshoreCoast, lagoon and lakes

The Planktothrix rubescens bloom (Oscillatoria rubescens) in some Sicilian lakes.

• Water quality• Oil spill

- The contamination of reservoirs used for civil and agricultural supply highlights human healthy risks- Spectral reflectance R() [-] of a typical Sicilian lake water (dashed line) and that of a water characterized by a Planktothrix rubescens algal bloom (continuous line).

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

350 450 550 650 750 850 950 [nm]

R [

-]

Lake Trinità

Lake Prizzi

• Water quality• Toxic blooms• Submerged vegetation distribution and dynamic• Hydrodynamic and solute transport models

Water Bodies pollution monitoring and Water Bodies pollution monitoring and mitigationmitigation

OffshoreCoast, lagoon and lakes• Water quality

• Toxic blooms• Submerged vegetation distribution and dynamic• Hydrodynamic and solute transport models

CALIBRATION SITE, CALIBRATION PARAMETERS AND NTU (WATER TURBIDITY) MAP

• Water quality• Surface Clorophyll (Chl-a);• Total Sunspended Sediments

(TSS)• Water Nephelometric

Turbidity (NTU)• Oil spill

2D model (finite

difference)

The Castellammare gulf

The Augusta

gulf

The Gela gulf

brsRaNT )645(

Calibration coefficients July August September Literature a 1203.9 1203.9 1203.9 1203.9 b 1.112 1.399 1.290 1.087

NTU July 20080 NTU

10 NTU

Recent accidents in the Recent accidents in the Mediterranean seaMediterranean sea

Recent accidents in the Recent accidents in the Mediterranean seaMediterranean sea

Water Bodies pollution monitoring and Water Bodies pollution monitoring and mitigationmitigation

OffshoreCoast, lagoon and lakes• Water quality

• Toxic blooms• Submerged vegetation distribution and

dynamic• Hydrodynamic and solute transport models

• Water quality• Oil spill

The note deepens on the Oil spill issue reporting the MAPRES research

project

Marine pollution monitoring and detection by aerial surveillance and satellite

images

Effects of large spills\

• Vegetation

• Animals

• Economic activities

Oil spill pollutionOil spill pollutionOil spill pollutionOil spill pollution

Oil Spill eventsOil Spill eventsOil Spill eventsOil Spill events

Principal oil spill events in Europe

1.Atlantic Empress1.Atlantic Empress

2.ABT Summer2.ABT Summer

3.Castillo de Bellver3.Castillo de Bellver

4.Amoco Cadiz4.Amoco Cadiz

5.Haven5.Haven

6.Odyssey6.Odyssey

7.Torrey Canyon7.Torrey Canyon

8.Urquiola8.Urquiola

9.Hawaiian Patriot9.Hawaiian Patriot

10.Independenta10.Independenta

11.Jakob Maersk11.Jakob Maersk

12.Braer12.Braer

13.Khark 513.Khark 5

14.Aegean Sea14.Aegean Sea

15.Sea Empress15.Sea Empress

16.Katina P.16.Katina P.

17.Assmi17.Assmi

18.Metula18.Metula

19.Wafra19.Wafra

20.Exxon Valdez20.Exxon Valdez

DATADATA LOCALITA'LOCALITA' NAVENAVE SVERSAMENTI SVERSAMENTI (t)(t)

Marzo 1967Marzo 1967 Gran Bretagna Gran Bretagna  Torrey Torrey CanionCanion 121.000121.000

Gennaio Gennaio 19751975 PortogalloPortogallo Jacob Jacob

MaerskMaersk 84.00084.000

Maggio 1976Maggio 1976 SpagnaSpagna UrquiolaUrquiola 101.000101.000

Marzo 1978Marzo 1978 FranciaFrancia Amoco CadizAmoco Cadiz 228.000228.000

Dicembre Dicembre 19781978 SpagnaSpagna Andros Andros

PatriaPatria 47.00047.000

Aprile 1979Aprile 1979 FranciaFrancia GinoGino 42.00042.000

Novembre19Novembre197979 BosforoBosforo IndependentIndependent

aa95.00095.000

Febbraio Febbraio 19801980 GreciaGrecia IrenesIrenes 102.000102.000

Aprile 1991Aprile 1991 ItaliaItalia HavenHaven 144.000144.000

Dicembre Dicembre 19921992 SpagnaSpagna Aegeum SeaAegeum Sea 80.00080.000

Gennaio Gennaio 19931993 Gran BretagnaGran Bretagna BraerBraer 85.00085.000

Febbraio Febbraio 19961996 Gran BretagnaGran Bretagna Sea EmpressSea Empress 60.00060.000

Dicembre Dicembre 19991999 FranciaFrancia ErikaErika 31.00031.000

Dicembre Dicembre 20022002 SpagnaSpagna PrestigePrestige 77.00077.000

Oil pollutions types Oil pollutions types Oil pollutions types Oil pollutions types

SYSTEMATIC OPERATIVE ACCIDENTAL Industrial

discharges Tank washing

Bilge waters discharges

Ballast water discharges

Oil tanker accident

Pipeline break

Oil platform accident

Oil terminal accident

Prestigie

Oil transportationOil transportationOil transportationOil transportation

Spain 13Spain 13thth July 2007 July 2007Spain 13Spain 13thth July 2007 July 2007Ship “Don Pedro” had been sailing from Ibiza to

the eastern port city of Valencia when it hit rocks

and sank Wednesday with 150 tons of fuel oil and

50 tons of gasoline on board

Spain 13Spain 13thth July 2007 July 2007Spain 13Spain 13thth July 2007 July 2007

Three Ibiza beaches: Talamanca, Ses Figueretes and Platja de

Bossa were closed while crews cleaned up the spill

Il caso della “Prestige” (Novembre 2002)

Immagine ASAR (radar ad apertura sintetica) ENVISAT dell’ESA

Direzione del vento

Oil slicks individuate tramite SARScarichi illeciti:: numero di spills individuati nel 1999: 1638 per un

totale di 13500 tn

UNA APPLICAZIONE NEL CANALE DI SICILIA E’ STATA REALIZZATA NELL’AMBITO DEL PROGETTO MAPRES

MAPRES MAPRES rationale and general descriptionrationale and general description

MAPRES MAPRES rationale and general descriptionrationale and general description

MAPRES MAPRES rationale and general descriptionrationale and general description

MAPRES MAPRES rationale and general descriptionrationale and general description

•The project has been implemented in the following Countries:

Italy, Republic of Malta, United Kingdom

•The starting date was: January 2007

•The ending date was: December 2007

• Duration: 12 months

MAPRES MAPRES rationale and general descriptionrationale and general description

MAPRES MAPRES rationale and general descriptionrationale and general description

OIL SPILL DETECTION

OIL SPILL propagation forecasting

OIL SPILL mitigations procedures

MAPRES exercise

Remotely sensed data from:

ActiveActive and PassivePassive sensors

Hydrodynamic Numerical Simulations

Impact on coastal environment and best practices for mitigation and damage recovery

Using guidelines coming from preceding tasks

Expected result: Operating Manual

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING CONISMA L.R.U. 1

“Dipartimento di Ingegneria Idraulica ed Applicazioni Ambientali (D.I.I.A.A.)” - University of Palermo (ITA)

Scientific Coordinator: Prof. Enrico Napoli

University of Malta (UOM) - International Ocean Institute –Malta Operational Centre (MT)

Scientific Coordinator: Dr. Aldo Drago

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING THE NEED► Use an operational system for predicting the fate and Use an operational system for predicting the fate and

transportation of an oil spill in the Malta Channel transportation of an oil spill in the Malta Channel

► Develop coastal models to detail the areas around the Develop coastal models to detail the areas around the Maltese Islands and PozzalloMaltese Islands and Pozzallo

► In case of emergency, oil spill models help to determine In case of emergency, oil spill models help to determine ...... where will the oil slick move towhere will the oil slick move to when will it get therewhen will it get there what will be its state when it arriveswhat will be its state when it arrives

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING Ocean satelliteOcean satellite

& in situ & in situ observationsobservations

Regional/shelf/Regional/shelf/ coastal modelscoastal models

OperationaOperational oil spill l oil spill modelmodel

Operational Operational ocean modelocean model

Operational Operational atmospheric atmospheric forecastsforecasts

Data Assimilation

nesting and downscaling

Elaboration

of fields

Oil spill characteristcs and conditions

Response

MEDSLIK model

The models solves the free-surface Reynolds

and continuity equations in 3D

1st level: coarse grid, the Ocean General Circulation Model, operating on the whole Mediterranean Sea (resolution 1/8 degrees)

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING

NESTINGNESTING OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING

NESTINGNESTING

2nd level: the regional scale Circulation Model, operating on the Sicilian channel (resolution 1/32 degrees)

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING

NESTINGNESTING OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING

NESTINGNESTING

3rd level: the Rosario Shelf Model, operating on the Maltese channel (resolution 1/64 degrees)

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING

NESTINGNESTING OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING

NESTINGNESTING

A novel level: the Coastal Model, operating with a 1/512 degrees resolution

Malta Coastal Model

Pozzallo Coastal Model

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING

NESTINGNESTING OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING

NESTINGNESTING

344 cells: E-W direction

280 cells: N-S direction

19 cells: depth

Spatial resolution

1/512° x 1/512°

The total number of cells is 1.926.400

The Malta Coastal ModelThe Malta Coastal ModelThe Malta Coastal ModelThe Malta Coastal Model

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING examples examplesOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING examples examples

61 hr simulation using the Malta Shelf Model

61 hr simulation restarted at 25 hrs using Malta Shelf Model

and the higher resolution Malta Coastal Model

OIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING examples examplesOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTINGOIL SPILL PROPAGATION FORECASTING examples examples

Coastal Oil Distribution No Boom

Coastal Oil Distribution With Boom

THE MAPRES EXERCISETHE MAPRES EXERCISE THE MAPRES EXERCISETHE MAPRES EXERCISE

COMANDO GENERALE DEL CORPO COMANDO GENERALE DEL CORPO DELLE CAPITANERIE DI PORTO DELLE CAPITANERIE DI PORTO

Pozzallo and Catania sectionsPozzallo and Catania sections

THE VEGA 2007 EXERCISEC.V.(CP) Paolo Cafaro e del C.F. (CP) Marco Mancini

THE MAPRES EXERCISETHE MAPRES EXERCISE THE MAPRES EXERCISETHE MAPRES EXERCISE

DATE : 28 E 29 NOVEMER 2007 PLACE: POZZALLO – PIATTAFORMA VEGA; ACTORS: - Coast Guard ships: CP 316 – CP 2113 - Coast Guard airplanes: ATR42 MP- “Manta 10-02”, Piaggio P166dl3-SEM “Orca 8-

01”; Supply vessels: Ecol Roma and Kerob Express.

SIMULATED SPILL: 10 tons od petrol (2 ton of “Rice Hull”)

In Catania Coast Guard aerial base researchers analyzed the hydrodynamic simulation forecast and compared the results vs the acquired data.

The position of the husk rice retrieved by means of remotely sensed data were compared to the simulations of the hydrodynamic forecast model.

ATR42

THE MAPRES EXERCISETHE MAPRES EXERCISE THE MAPRES EXERCISETHE MAPRES EXERCISE

MEDILABMEDILAB Water Activities Water Activities

Pozzallo SIMULATION29th November 2007

THE MAPRES EXERCISETHE MAPRES EXERCISE THE MAPRES EXERCISETHE MAPRES EXERCISE

Palermo June 14, 2010University of Palermo

Head of the Department ofHead of the Department ofHydraulic Engineering and Environmental ApplicationsHydraulic Engineering and Environmental Applications

University of Palermo -University of Palermo - glal@idra.unipa.it

MEDILAB - Remote sensing and Geographical Information System LabMEDILAB - Remote sensing and Geographical Information System Lab

"MEDITERRANEAN MARITIME POLLUTION: THE ROLE OF REMOTE SENSING TO MONITOR AND

MITIGATE"

Prof. Goffredo La LoggiaProf. Goffredo La Loggia

Authors: Goffredo La Loggia, Fulvio Capodici, Giuseppe Ciraolo, Antonino Maltese

Thanks for your

attention

Thanks for your

attention