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ISSN 1661-5468

1

University of Athens, Dept. of Geology and Paleontology, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece. E-mail : ntsapar@geol.uoa.gr2 University of Athens, Dept. of Geology and Paleontology, Panepistimioupolis, Zografou, 15784 Athens, Greece. E-

mail : amarkop@ geol.uoa.gr

Revue de Palobiologie, Genve (dcembre 2005) 24 (2) : 629-637

Tortonian Scleractinian Corals from the island of Gavdos (South Greece)

Nikolaos TSAPARAS 1& Anastasia MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI2

Abstract

This paper studies scleractinians collected from the localities Panagia, Korfe, Karave, Aghios Ioannis, Bo and Bardaris on the island

Gavdos within Tortonian sediments. Eleven scleractinians species were determined.

The examined scleractinians species belong to shallow water corals and provide specific information on the ecological conditions such

as the depth, the temperature, the salinity, the climate, etc.

Key words :

Tortonian reef - forming Scleractinian corals, Paleoenvironment, Gavdos island (South Greece, SW part of the island Crete).

I. INTRODUCTION

The studied localities within the Tortonian sediments on

the Gavdos island that embed fossil scleractinians are the

following : Bo, Aghios Ioannis, Bardaris, Panagia, Korfe

and Karave.

Several researchers were concerned with the islands

geology like KOPP (1977), VICENTE (1970), SEIDEL &OKRUSCH (1978), BONNEAU (1984), ANASTASAKIS (1987)etc. Several researchers have also engaged in the

paleontology and stratigraphy of neogene formations.

We indicatively refer to the most recent papers like :ANAPLIOTIS (1967), FREUDENTHAL (1969), MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI (1970), SISSINGH (1972), ZACHARIASSE (1975),ANAPLIOTIS & SYMEONIDIS (1979), TRIANTAPHYLLOUet al.(1999), TRIANTAPHYLLOU (2000), ANTONARAKOU (2001),DRINIAet al. (2003), ANTONARAKOU& DRINIA (2003).

II. GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL

ELEMENTS

The Gavdos island is situated approximately within

20 miles south of the Chora Sfakion on island Crete

and in the southern extend of the island arc of the South

Aegean. It covers length of 10 km, maximum width of

5,5 km and extension of 33 square kms.

In all Gavdos extension we observe normal faults with

directions NW-SE and NNE-SSW (VICENTE, 1970 ;VIDAKIS, 1988).Alpine and postalpine formations appear on island

Gavdos (VIDAKIS, 1988) (Fig. 1).

III. LOCATIONS OF SAMPLING (Tabl. I)

Eleven species of scleractinians were identified coming

from the following locations :

1. Panagia. This area is located in the central part of

the island, towards Kastri, and in the area where

the church of Panagia is situated. The species that

were found within marly limestone in thickness of

appearance 3-3,5 m are : Heliastraea oligophylla,

Heliastraea sp., Porites sp., Solenastraea tizerouti-

nensis, Tarbellastraea reussiana, Thegioastraea roa-

sendai.2. Korfe. This region is located in the south-eastern

part of the island, on the Korfe bay and towards the

side where the church of Aghios Georgios is situated.

The species that were identified within marly lime-

stones in thickness of 10-15 m and in height of 30-

40 m from the seas surface are : Favites neugeboreni,

Heliastraea oligophylla, Heliastraea sp., Porites col-

legniana, Porites maigensis, Tarbellastraea eggen-

burgensis, Tarbellastraea reussiana, Thegioastraea

roasendai. The marly limestones settle on flysch and

are over 100 meters in total extent.

3. Karave. This locality is found in the south-eastern

part of the island, on the Korfe bay and towards the

side where the church of Ag. Pateres is located. It

concerns the same sediments, as in position Korfe,

where these species were traced : Heliastraea oli-

gophylla, Heliastraea sp., Tarbellastraea eggenbur-

gensis, Tarbellastraea reussiana, Favites neugebore-

ni, Porites collegniana and Porites maigensis.

4. Ag. Ioannis. This locality is located in the northern

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Fig. 1 : Geological map of the studied area with reef-forming Corals (VIDAKIS, M., sheet Gavdos 1 :50.000, IGME, 1988, simplified).

Table. I : The scleractinians from the tortonian sediments of the island Gavdos.

SCLERACTINIANS SPECIES Bo Bardaris Aghios

Ioannis

Panagia Korfe Karave

1. Favites neugeboreni (REUSS) + +

2.Heliastraea oligophyllaREUSS + + + + + +

3.Heliastraea sp. + + + + + +

4. Porites collegniana (MICHELOTTI) + + + +

5. Porites maicientensisCHEVALIER + + +

6. Porites maigensis (KHN) + +

7. Porites sp. +

8. Solenastraea tizeroutinensisCHEVALIER +

9. Tarbellastraea eggenburgensis (KHN) + +10. Tarbellastraea reussiana (M. EDW. & J. HAIM.) + + +

11. Thegioastraea roasendaiMICHELOTTI + + +

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part of the island, right above the beach of Aghios

Ioannis. Inside marly limestone and compact marls

in thickness of occurrence of 2-2,5 m the identified

species are the following : Heliastraea oligophylla,

Heliastraea sp. Porites collegniana, Poritesmaicientensis, Tarbellastraea reussiana.

5. Bo. This locality is traced in the north-western part of

the island, on the Bo bay. The species identified within

interchanges of marly limestone and compact marls

in thickness of 12 m are the following : Heliastraea

oligophylla, Heliastraea sp., Porites collegniana,

Porites maicientensis, Thegioastraea roasendai.

6. Bardaris. This locality is situated in the central part

of the island, where the stream of Bardaris begins. In

thickness of 6 m marly limestone and compact marls

were identified the species :Heliastraea oligophylla,

Heliastraea sp., Porites maicientensis.

IV. PALEONTOLOGICAL PART

A. Systematic Classification

The systematic classification of the studied scleractinians

is grounded on the papers of ALLOITEAU (1952, 1957),WELLS (1956), CHEVALIER (1961).

Class : Anthozoa EHRENBERG, 1834Subclass : Zoantharia DE BLAINVILLE, 1830

Order : Scleractinia BOURNE, 1900Suborder : Fungiida DUNCAN, 1884

Superfamily : Poritioidae ALLOITEAU, 1952Family : Poritidae GRAY, 1842

Genus :PoritesLINK, 1807

Porites sp.

Genus Porites is a fossil of all the warm seas of our

planet from Eocene. Nowdays, it is one of the largest

coral structures (CHEVALLIER, 1961, p. 447). Porites sp.was identified in the Tortonian of the locality of Panagia

on the Gavdos island.

Porites collegniana (MICHELOTTI, 1847)Pl. II, fig. 5, 6

A species quite spread out in the Mediterranean Basin. It

ismentioned by Aquitanian and Burdigalian of Aquitany

and Portugal(?), by Burdigalian of Majorca and Algeria,

by M. Miocene of Torino, (Italy) and by the Tortonian

in Crete and the meso-hellenic furrow (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI 1979, 1988a, 1989, 1997 ; MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI & MIRKOU, 1989). This species was alsolocated in the Tortonian of the localities Korfe, Karave,

Aghios Ioannis and Bo on the Gavdos island.

Porites maigensis (KHN, 1925)

It is mentioned by Aquitanian and Burdigalian of

Aquitany and generally of France, by Burdigalian of SW

Iran, from the Tortonian of island Crete and the meso-hellenic furrow (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1988a, b,1989, 1997). This species was also traced in the Tortonian

in localities Korfe and Karave on the Gavdos island.

Porites maicientensisCHEVALIER, 1961Pl. II, fig. 1-4

It is mentioned by Helvetian of the SW of France and

Tortonian of the meso-hellenic furrow (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1989). It was also found in the Tortonian inthe localities of Aghios Ioannis, Bo and Bardaris on the

Gavdos island.

Suborder : Astraeoida ALLOITEAU, 1952Superfamily : Astraeoidae ALLOITEAU, 1952

Family : Heliastraeidae ALLOITEAU, 1952Subfamily : Heliastraeinae ALLOITEAU, 1952

Genus :Heliastraea MILNE EDWARDS & J. HAIME,1857

Heliastraea oligophylla REUSS, 1871Pl. I, fig. 3, 4

It is referred by the Early Miocene of Algeria, theVindobonian of France and Spain and the Hungary and

Bosnia basins. It was also identified in the Tortonian of

the localities Panagia, Korfe, Karave, Aghios Ioannis, Bo

and Bardaris on Gavdos island.

Heliastraea sp.

It was located on the Tortonian of localities Panagia,

Korfe, Karave, Aghios Ioannis, Bo and Bardaris on

Gavdos island.

Subgenus : Solenastraea MILNE EDWARDS & J. HAIME,1857

Solenastraea tizeroutinensis CHEVALIER, 1961

It is mentioned by the Morocco Tortonian (CHEVALIER,1961), the Tortonian of Crete (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI(1979, 1988 a, b, 1997). It was also located in the Panagia

Tortonian on Gavdos island.

Genus : ThegioastraeaMICHELOTTI, 1871

Thegioastraea roasendaiMICHELOTTI, 1871Pl. III, Fig. 1-3

Tortonian Scleractinian Corals from the island of Gavdos. (South Greece) 631

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A species well-known by the miocene layers of the

Mediterranean basin (CHEVALIER, 1961, p. 210), by theSE Crete Tortonian (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1979,1986), by the Upper Tortonian of Katharo Lasithi of Crete

(MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI & KNITHAKIS, 1978 ; BEZESet al., 1983). Also, it was identified in the Tortonian of

localities Panagia, Korfe and Bo on Gavdos island.

Family : Faviidae GREGORY, 1900Genus :Favites LINK, 1807

Favites neugeboreniREUSS, 1871Pl. I, fig 1, 2

This species is mentioned by the Aquitanian and

Burdigalian of Aquitany, as well as by the Vindobonian

of Transilvania and Aquitany. The variation Favites

neugeboreni burdigalensis CHEV. was found in theMiocene sediments of the mesohellenic Trench of Greece

(MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1988b). In addition, it waslocated in the Tortonian of the localities Korfe and Karave

on the Gavdos island.

Genus : Tarbellastraea ALLOITEAU, 1952

Tarbellastraea reussiana MILNE EDWARDS & J. HAIME,1950

Pl. I, fig. 5, 6

A species very outspread in the Aquitanian of Aquitany

and Portugal, in the Late Burdigalian of Aquitany and

Helvetian of Pedemonti and Sicely, in the Tortonian of

central Europe, in the Vindobonian of the Mediterranean

basin (CHEVALIER, 1961, p. 206), in the M. and L.Vindobonian of France, Spain, Morocco, Algeria, Malta,

Sicely, Italy, Austria, Hungary, Poland, Bosnia, Romania,

Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Libya and Greece (Pentalofos

and Bogatsiko [BRUNNet al., 1955], in the Crete Tortonian[MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1979, 1997 ; MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONIet al., 1993], and in the L. Tortonian of Crete

[MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI & KNITHAKIS, 1978 ; BEZESet al., 1983]). It was also located in the Tortonian of

localities Panagia, Korfe, Karave and Aghios Ioannis on

Gavdos island.

The variationTarbellastraea reussianaechinulata CHEV.was found in the Miocene sediments of the mesohellenic

Trench of Greece (MARCOPOULOU-DIACANTONI, 1988b).

Tarbellastraea eggenburgensis KHN, 1925

It is mentioned by Burdigalian of Vienna and Aquitany

basin, as well as by Vindobonian of Algeria. It was also

located in the Tortonian of the localities Korfe and Karaveof the Gavdos island.

B. Paleoecological data Observations

The species of the studied corals allow eliciting some

conclusions according to the environmental conditions,

such as the depth, the salinity, the temperature etc.

The defined coral species belong to the reef structures

in tropical seas. They live in small depth, which

depends between 0 to 50 m which adds to their best

development as well as in translucent waters with

average temperature between 22 to 26 C.

As to the salinity and translucence of waters Porites

species endure longer in various salinities and can even

survive on environments with opacity (mudy waters).

The Gavdos island corals present affinities to those of

the Miocene of France, Italy, Morocco, Algeria, Malta,

Sicilian and Crete. They can also be correlated with

similar faunas of the western and eastern Mediterranean.

The shallow water corals disappearance from the

Mediterranean at the end of the Miocene during the

evaporite, outcrops was due to the change of temperature

and the increase of salinity in the marine environment.

The dominance of Porites species proves this localincrease of salinity.

Some Porites species are columnar and tuberous and they

dont have distinct calicles, a fact which indicates water

opacity, and therefore the internal part of a reef. There

were also identified reefPorites with distinct calicles and

diaphragms (septa). In this case, we can accept that these

species lived in clear waters and in the external part of

the reef.

The species of Tarbellastraea are disintegrated and

give the impression that there existed a discoidal reef or

that it had the form of a barrier. The individuals of this

species lay on the external part of the reef, fact which is

confirmed by the good development of the calicles andtheir disintegration, due to the intense hydrodynamic

conditions that dominated on the external part of the

reef.

Since the studied scleractinians are not big in thickness

and due to the fact that they have been found in marly

material, some of the things could have occurred :

Plate I

Fig. 1, 2 : Favites neugeboreni (REUSS).Fig. 3, 4 : Heliastraea oligophyllaREUSS.Fig. 5, 6 : Tarbellastraea reussiana (MILNE-EDWARDS & J.HAIME).

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Plate I

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a) there would either be some discoidal or peripheral

reef that was disintegrated, the sea penetrated and as

such there was this turbation,

b) or a constant intense undulation could extract

segments from the external part of the reef and directthem towards the internal part, thus creating opacity

and as a result the decrease of the calicles of some

scleractinians. The disintegration of the reef must

have been continuous during the Middle and Late

Miocene and after that.

In the existence of the reef advocate the following :

i) the presence of organisms that live mainly on the

external part of the reef, such as big bivalves and

gastropods, bryozoans, porifers, echinozoans,

annelides, Actinozoa, Globigerinidae, coating forms

of Rodophyta etc.,

ii) the coexistence of individuals ofPorites genus withwell distinct or not calicles and

iii) the lithological characters of the sediments (detritions

sediments, breccias etc).

V. CONCLUSIONS - DISCUSSION

From the detailed study of the fossil scleractinians of the

Gavdos island (Table I) that derive from the 6 localities

Panagia, Aghios Ioannis, Korfe, Karave, Bo and Bardaris

emerged the following :

Eleven scleractinians species were defined, belonging

to families : Poritidae, Heliastraeidae andFaviidae. From the stratigraphic distributions of anthozo-

ans, we can define the Tortonian age for the sedi-

ments which include them. To this age are in favor

the stratigraphic distributions (BIZON et al., 1972 ;KENNETT & SRINIVASAN, 1975) of the Foraminifers :

Neogloboquatrina acostaensis, Neogloboquatrina

atlantica, Globoquatrina dehiscens, Globoquatrina

altispira, Paragloborotalia siakensis, Spiroplec-

tammina carinata, Globigerinoides conglobatus,

Globigerinoides obliquus, which is Middle to Late

Miocene for the studied localities.

The studied fauna of the scleractinians anthozoansbelongs to these colonial forms (shallow water corals)

which share in the creation of reefs. These forms allow

us to accept that in the studied localities the climate

was tropical-subtropical (average temperature 22-

26 C), depth 0-50 m (shallow waters), totally marine

environment with average salinity 35 .

Observations on the fauna, accompanied on the way

of its conservation, the morphofunctional analysis of

the fossils in combination with the sedimental material

allow us to accept that as for the studied localities,

with the embedded scleractinians fauna that :

- There would be either a discoidal reef or reefcluster (micro-atolls - patch reef) or some bigger

reef in the shape of a barrier. Between the continent

and the reef would be formed lagoons, where

the environment was calm and the prevailing

hydrodynamic conditions were of low energy.

This section was the internal part of the reef

with the proportional fauna and the lithological

characters.

- In front of the reef, towards the large sea (external

part of the reef) the prevailing hydrodynamic

conditions were of high energy proportional fauna

and lithological characters.- During or after Tortonian, the barriers could be

extracted thus had as a result the coexistence of

faunas from the external and internal part of the

reef.

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Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4 : Porites maicientensis CHEVALIER.Fig. 5, 6 : Porites collegniana (MICHELOTTI).

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Plate II

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Accept dcembre 2004

Plate III

Fig. 1, 2, 3 : Thegioastraea roasendai MICHELOTTI.

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Plate III

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3