PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM(PCAP)

PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM(PCAP)

Sources of Air Pollution in Pakistan

Vehicles

Brick Kilns

Natural Dust

Stone Crushers

Industry

TransboundaryPollution

DomesticBurningBio-mass Burning

Garbage Burning

Pakistan’s Energy SuppliesTotal: 40.4 toe/y (825,000 toe/d)

Nuclear

Coal

Indigenous Oil

LPG

Gas

Hydro

Imported Oil

37.3%

0.2%

13.0%

5.1% 37.1%

6.8%0.4%

Fossil Fuels87%

QUALITY OF FUEL OIL

Pakistan Other Countries of Region

• Sulphur in Diesel oil0.5% 0.05-0.5%

• Sulphur in Furnace oil 3% 0.5-1%

million

1980 0.682 1985 1.288 1990 1.9901995 2.876 2000 3.997 2004 4.973

RISE SINCE 1980 > 600 %

PRESENT ANNUAL AVERAGE GROWTH: 12%

Source: Economic Survey of PakistanNational Transport Research Centre

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2004

Growth of Vehicles (Millions)

VEHICLE POPULATION

Growth of Vehicles(1980-2003)

Type of vehicle Nos (000) % increase1980 2003

Motorcycles 287 2401 837 %Motor cars 148 1035 699 %Jeeps 16 41 256 %Rickshaws 32 80 250 %Delivery vans 8 75 938 %Buses 25 98 392 %Trucks 34 138 406 %

Source: Economic Survey of Pakistan 2003-2004

Inefficient B

urning of Fuel

Adding P

articulate

Matters

to Ambien

t Air

Adding P

articulate

Matters

to Ambien

t Air

Pollutio

n Caused

by Steel F

urnaces

Level of Suspended Particulate Matters Major Cities

g/m3 Microgram per Cubic Meter

Multan 1030

Faisalabad 870

Lahore 895

Karachi 230

Rawalpindi 709

Islamabad 520

Peshawar 834 Source: EPD/SUPARCO/NWFP EPA/PAK-EPAStudies carried out in 1993-2003

WHO Guidelines: 120 g/m3

Japanese Standards: 200 g/m3

A Typical PM10 DistributionBaghbanpura, Gujranwala Year 2003

0.36%3.58%

5.30%

8.71%

36.27% 45.78%

Soil Paricles

Small Comb

non-Fe

vehicle

mineral

unknown

AIR EMISSION TRENDSAIR EMISSION TRENDSALL SOURCES

0100200300400500600700800900

000

tonn

es

1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 2003

year

Sulphur DioxideParticulate MatterOxides of Nitrogen

Source:Country Report on Male Declaration 2000

Effects of Air Pollution

• Haze (fades out colors, affecting tourism and public health)

• High suspended particulate matters facilitate formation of fog

• Less Blue Sky Days• Respiratory Diseases (Cough and irritation of throat are very

common)

• Increased deaths due to Heart Attack

• Less agricultural yield

• Suspended particulate matters facilitate spreading of airborne bacteria and viruses

• Deposition of dust on surface

A uniform haze degrades visibility evenly across the horizon and from the ground to a height well above the highest features of the landscape. Uniform haze often travels long distances and covers large geographic areas, in which case it is called a regional haze.

In a layered haze, you can see the top edge of the pollution layer. This is often the case when pollution is trapped near the ground beneath a temperature inversion.

Plume haze result from local sources. Plumes and plume-like layers of elevated pollution take their shape under certain meteorological condition where the air is stable or constrained.

How to Reduce SPM and Haze ?• Five types of fine particles contribute to SPM and

haze formation: Sulphates, Nitrates, Organic Carbon, Elemental Carbon, and Crustal Material (loose dust).

• We must reduce emissions across broad areas of the country

COSTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE

Cost to Pakistan EconomyIn six Environmental Areas

US $ 1.8 billionAnnual Damage in US$

Municipal Solid & Liquid Waste 883 million

Urban Air Pollution 369 millionSoil in Cropland Degradation 357 million

Rangeland Degradation 125 million

Deforestation 28 million

Destruction of Mangrove Forests 15.7 million

Total 1777.7 million

Source: Dr. Brandon-World Bank 1992-93/Mathew Addison 1997

NEED FOR A NATIONAL PROGRAM

Federal and Provincial Governments have taken a number of steps to control air pollution but given the magnitude of the problem, a systematic and coordinated approach is needed through a national program to improve air quality

PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PROGRAM

PCAP

Pakistan Clean Air Program PCAP

• Phasing out 2-stroke and diesel public service vehicles in urban centers• Establishment of Continuous Air Monitoring stations• Raising Awareness• Fuel Improvement and balanced fuel mix• Vehicle Inspection System• Promotion of CNG and Alternate Fuels Fuel efficiency in road transport and

domestic appliances• Fuel Adulteration Management• Industrial Zoning• Traffic Management• Waste Management• Mass Transit• Adoption of EURO standards at manufacturing stage• Promotion of pollution control technology (including catalytic converters,

exhaust recirculation devices, Particulate Matter arresters )

• Industrial Emission Monitoring• Paving alongside major roads• Plantation to stabilize loose dust

PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………

Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke Rickshaws

By End

Banning 2-Stroke Vans Plying for Fare

By End

Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City

By End

Set of 1st Largest Cities

1. Karachi 9269265 2006 2007 2008

2. Lahore 5143495 2006 2007 2008

3. Faisalabad 2008861 2007 2009 2009

4. Rawalpindi 1409768 2006 2007 2009

5. Multan 1197384 2008 2009 2009

PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………

Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke Rickshaws

By End

Banning 2-Stroke Vans Plying for Fare

By End

Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City

By End

Set of 2nd Largest Cities

6. Hyderabad 1166894 2009 2009 2010

7. Gujranwala 1042509 2008 2009 2010

8. Peshawar 988005 2006 2007 2008

9. Quetta 565137 2006 2007 2008

10. Islamabad 529180 2006 2007 2008

PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………

Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke Rickshaws

By End

Banning 2-Stroke Vans Plying for Fare

By End

Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City

By End

Set of 3rd Largest Cities

11. Sargodha 553604 2008 2009 2010

12. Sialkot 421502 2008 2009 2010

13. Bahawalpur 408395 2008 2009 2010

14. Sukkur 335551 2010 2010 2010

15. Jhang 293366 2010 2010 2010

Sr,No. City Population Banning 2-Stroke Rickshaws

By End

Banning 2-Stroke Vans Plying for Fare

By End

Banning Entry of Public Service Diesel Buses and vans in City

By End

Set of 4th Largest Cities

16. Sheikhupura 280263 2008 2009 2010

17. Larkana 270283 2011 2010 2010

18. Gujrat 251792 2008 2009 2010

19. Mardan 244511 2011 2010 2010

20. Rahim Yar Khan 233537 2011 2011 2010

21. Sahiwal 207388 2011 2010 2010

22 Okara 201815 2011 2010 2011

PLAN FOR PHASING OUT POLLUTING PUBLIC SERVICE VEHICLES Conti…………

Islamabad Rawalpindi to nearby small cities

GujranwalaLahore Sialkok

Sargodha to nearby small citiesSahiwalOkara

Faisalabad Sheikhupura to nearby small cities

Multan Bahawalpur Rahim Yar Khan to nearby small citiesJahang

Karachi Hyderabad Sukhar to nearby small cities

Peshawar Mardan to other small cities

Quetta to nearby small cities

Expected Shifting of 2-stroke, diesel and old vehicles

• Fitness inspection shall be made compulsory for all private vehicles.

• Production of 2-stroke vehicles of any sort shall be banned within

five years.

• To facilitate implementation of PCAP, special incentives including

soft loans and credit line shall be provided

PAKISTAN CLEAN AIR PORGRAMME

Ministry of Environment will coordinate with concerned Federal and Provincial Governments to implement PCAP

Recommendation

• Pakistan Clean Air Program may be approved for implementation