Paisaje Sonoro - Itziar Aspuru [es]

SOUNDSCAPES

Mainstreets:

hightraffic

Tram

Streetswithless

traffic

Fountain

Sport facilitie

s

Soundmark: bells

from “La Miserico

rdia” Parking street

Mejora y recuperación de la calidad sonora.

Planes de acción

Itziar Aspuru 21/IX/2011

Introducción

Qué es el paisaje sonoro?

Por qué nos interesa?

Ideas básicas

Dos investigaciones de Tecnalia


Qué es el Paisaje SonoroPaisaje Sonoro –Soundscape-: forma en que los sonidos (denominados en su conjunto ambiente sonoro) de un determinado lugar (contexto) son percibidos y valorados por las personas, los grupos o la sociedad.

Primeros estudios sobre Paisaje Sonoro los realizaron Murray Schafer (1977, 1978) y Barry Truax (1984) en Canadá:

Dentro de los objetivos que marca la legislación actual en materia de ruido ambiental se destacan dos líneas de trabajo, una de las cuales es:

– Preservar las zonas tranquilas para mejorar la calidad de vida de la ciudadanía: cuya herramienta de trabajo la constituye el análisis del ambiente sonoro.

LEY 37/2007 y RD 1367/32007: •Zona tranquila como la zona con 5 dBA menos de nivel sonoro (generado por los focos de ruido ambiental) que debe ser preservada.•Reserva de sonido de origen natural (cat G).


Soundscapeconcepts

City Noise Action Plans

Environmental Noise Directive

Strategic Noise Maps

Urban Quiet Areas Concept

Urban Design

Soundscapeconcepts

Urban Planners


Qué es el Paisaje Sonoro•El sonido, “como cualquier otro elemento del mundo, no tiene una existencia objetiva o verdadera, sino que existe únicamente en el mundo en que es percibido” (Guyot, 1996)

•Un sonido o ambiente sonoro no puede ser medido y calificado únicamente a partir de sus rasgos físicos, de la misma forma que no puede ser considerado separadamente de la personas que lo perciben, ni del lugar dónde es escuchado (Guillén, 2007).

Contaminación acústica Paisaje sonoro

Ruido Sonido

Molestia Confort

Nivel y Frecuencia

Eventos – Captación de la atención

Congruencia con el contexto

Información (significado)

Identidad (memoria)

Poner en valor el sonidoTemperatura Sabor

Porque es una variable que participa en la consideración de la calidad de vida en el diseño de nuestros entornos. Sostenibilidad integral.

Existen motivos argumentados para la defensa de determinados paisajes sonoros. Los motivos más destacables son:

• la influencia en la restauración del estrés día a día (mejora a la salud),

• el interés de la preservación cultural (argumento de la ecologías acústica y motivo por el cual existen “librerías” de sonidos) y

• para proteger la vida salvaje (cuya “supervivencia” depende de que sus ambientes sonoros no estén afectados por el hombre y puedan “comunicarse” e identificar predadores).

¿Por qué son interesantes?


Percepción

Variables que influyen en SSC:– Personas: Estilos de vida, Experiencia, coping, grupos vulnerables– Actividades, pensamientos, sentimientos.

Variables moduladoras (dosis/respuesta)– Contexto: Lugar de residencia, contaminación del aire, satisfacción residencial.

Soundscape “acts of meaning”: Significado, Expectativa, Congruencia

Sound: one of the essential ways for us to perceive and communicate with the world

– Parte de la estética sensorial: preferencias, discriminación, valor emoción y afecto

Ideas básicas de paisaje sonoro


Parámetros físicos para su evaluación:

• No es suficiente el nivel LAeq medio nivel, tiempo, frecuencia.

– Identificación de eventos su congruencia y significado. – Detección de fuentes de ruido.

• Parámetros como loudness, roughness, y sharpness no aportan excesivamente porque no varían suficientemente en entornos abiertos, excepto cuando hay focos dominantes.



Diseño y GestiónAlgunas afirmaciones interesantes:

Se requiere reducir el nivel de LAeq por debajo de 65 dBA para empezar a diseñar soundscape.

La naturaleza aporta experiencias de restauración que afectan directamente al bienestar psicológico y a la salud de la población.

Se identifica una relación de dependencia directa entre la percepción visual y sonora. En ambos casos la presencia de lo natural, el “agua” y la identificación de “señas de identidad cultural” implican una mejor percepción del otro sentido.

Se remarca, en muchas ocasiones, la influencia local o regional en la forma de percibir el ambiente sonoro.



TECNALIA y Paisaje SonoroVoluntad de vincularlo al Plan de Acción de Bilbao

Resultados de dos investigaciones que nos muestran:– Pautas a considerar en los Planes de Acción:

• Las expectativas de la población.• La importancia de los soundmarks en la percepción

- Los espacios urbanos pueden jugar un papel restaurador para los ciudadanos que los visiten, de tal forma que contribuyan a la restauración frente al estrés diario

• Existen evidencias biológicamente relevantes que ponen de manifiesto que, disponer de un paisaje sonoro agradable en zonas urbanas de esparcimiento contribuye a una restauración frente al estrés diario más intensa y rápida que en zonas más contaminadas acústicamente

• Estar en ambientes sonoros valorados como “positivos” o “tranquilos” conlleva beneficios en la salud percibida (psicosocial) no solo reduciendo el estrés sino también aumentando el bienestar positivo (emociones)

COST ACTION 22 miembros en el Mangement Comitee.


BILBAO municipality is answering to the Directive:

Strategic Noise Map already made, and Noise Action Plan under development:

General ideas of the Sound Environmental Plan 2013:

– Linked to the global strategy about the desired model of the city and to other plans and urban changes overseen.

– Worked in a multidisciplinary Commission with Urban Planners and Public Works Department involved.

Strategic objective in the Plan: create and preserve quiet areas in each of the districts of the city to restore the stress of the citizen and improve life quality.

At least 8 quiet areas should be identified and their acoustical quality assessed.

First criteria for their identification is based ‐ on their use, ‐ on the possibility of preserving them, and ‐ on the noise levels obtained on Strategic Noise Map (Ld and Le below 60 dBA).

A procedure to assess the acoustical quality of an open space is needed.

Collaboration of Labein and G. Collaboration of Labein and G. MemoliMemoli to check the to check the suitability and accuracy of Slope indicatorsuitability and accuracy of Slope indicator

1. Presentation of the study

(2009)

Bilbao Sound Environmental Plan

Create and preserve quiet areas

Procedure to assess the acoustical quality

of an open space

The challenge of finding a set of indicators that could help

on predicting soundscapeperception

The quest for quantifiable The quest for quantifiable

indicatorsindicators

POLICY MAKERS RESEARCHERS

Presentado en Euronoise, Edimburgo 2009

Main streets: high traffic

Tram

Streetswith less

traffic

Fountain

Sport facilities

Soundmark: bells from “La Misericordia”

Parking street

2. Location

2. La Fuente: Area close to a fountain at the center of the park.

Two subareas1. La placita: Small square in the limit of the park.

It represents urban recreational areas.

Quiet locations Greater than ‐1

Music Close to ‐1

White noise and MLS Close to ‐2

Disturbed locations Lower than ‐2

-2.10

Licitra & Memoli (2005), Licitra, Memoli, Botteldooren, De Coensel (2005)The “Slope” indicator

It measures how often events appear and how they emerge from background noise.

It is calculated by analyzing LAeq (15 min, fast, 1/3 octaves), L% and Lmax data.

The indicator has been correlated to people’s perception using a survey in urban sites near Pisa (IT)

A “scale of quietness” has been constructed

Slope = -1 (music/like structure)

2. Measured Parameters

2. Measured ParametersA questionnaire survey were conducted among users of the park.

Interviewees were asked to indicate – their preferred areas, – how often they go to the park, – what they most like and dislike about it (open questions). – soundscape perception:

• annoyance (5‐levels) and• an analysis of semantic differences to identify key adjectives

Behavioural observations were noted as part of the study

Limited number of responses the number of questionnaires is not enough for statistical analysis.


3. ResultsArea 1: la Area 1: la ““placitaplacita”” (1/3)(1/3)

C1

C2

C3

S1S2

S3

S4

S5

S6

S7

S8 S9

S10

Measurement points:C at 4 m height, at least 45 min with 1s spacing

S at 1.5 m height, at least 15 min with 1s spacing

Main Street and Bus Stop

Secondary street andAccess to the park

3. Results

Slope

According to Slope, the people looking for “quietness” should prefer the right side of the square

LAeq

60-65 dB

65-70 dB

Agreement with noise mapMain Street and Bus Stop

Secondary street and Access to the park

Area 1: la Area 1: la ““placitaplacita”” (2/3)(2/3) Quantitative Analysis

Most of the users of the square are related to the bus stop nearby

Their preferences are conditioned by the fact that they need to stay close to the bus stop

More data are needed both in terms of measurements and questionnaires

The visitors looking for relax, during the measurement period, used only the benches in the right side of the square

3. Results

Area 1: la Area 1: la ““placitaplacita”” (3/3)(3/3)

Qualitative Analysis


Measurements of 45’Measurements of 15’

C417

S717S817

C619

S119

C618

C518

S118

S218/S318S418

Measurement points:C at 4 m height, at least 45 min with 1s spacingS at 1.5 m height, at least 15 min with 1s spacing

3. Results

Area 2: la Area 2: la ““fuentefuente”” (1/3)(1/3)

AverageSlope

LAeq Lmax

C518 ‐1.94 68.7 69.5C417 ‐1.89 62.9 69.3S717 ‐1.17 62.9 64.7S817 ‐1.06 60.9 67.3C719 ‐1.77 63.1 68.6S118 ‐0.93 60.1 62.7S218 S318

‐0.73

61.0 67.9S418 ‐‐‐ 60.3 66.9C618 ‐1.80 63.1 76.9S119 ‐2.05 61.6 73.6

Agreement was found with noise mapping, once the fountain was excluded

3. Results

Area 2: la Area 2: la ““fuentefuente”” (2/3)(2/3)Quantitative Analysis

Most common activities in this area are related to relaxing.

All interviewees preferred stay closer to the fountain but not too much.

3. Results

Area 2: la Area 2: la ““fuentefuente”” (3/3)(3/3) Qualitative AnalysisSport facilities

for older people

Slope could not describe the effect of a soundmark

An age distinction arises in perception:There are sport facilities for older people in the proximity. A wheel working causes a squealing noise. It is well accepted by older people, meanwhile young people considered it as very annoying.

- Younger people preferred other areas of the square.

- Older people preferred the higher part of the square, closer to the sport facilities.

Different concepts of tranquillity

3. ResultsAnalysis of Semantic differentialAnalysis of Semantic differential

Soundscape matches expectations1.Garden; 2. TranquilityLast: SecurityRelated to cultural heritage and identity of Bilbao

Attribute

Significant differences were only found in two pairs of attributes: pleasant <-> unpleasant and relaxing <-> stressing.

Use like a Bus Stop

Perceived sounds are expected but not desirable

1. Overall; 2. Tranquility

Last: Traffic

Positive Sounds

Playing children, birds, bells, squealing wheel, fountain (noisy).

None

La Fuente La Placita

Noise Sources

Natural Sounds City/Civilization. Traffic.

(Limited results) It was clear how relevant is the expectation in sound perception. The

two different concepts of tranquillity showed it. Expectations should be taken into account when designing action plans.

The importance of soundmarks in perception makes them interesting for city planning.

Can we artificially insert new ones?

Positive Sounds Soundmarks

Both qualitative and quantitative approaches should be wisely combined.

3. Conclusions


24

OBJECTIVES

Acousticapproach

Psychosocial approach

Integral Health approach

CROSS VALIDATION

• Definition of a methodology to assess soundscapes, combining acoustics analysis and questionnaires regarding perception, emotion and health.

• Contribute to emphasize the positive effect of soundscape on human health, demonstrating its ability to increase the effect of restoration linked to staying in urban areas

Background level and Events Soundscape

assessment; emotions and stress scales

Health and Lifestyle questionnaire

Monitoring heart rate

Experiment in La Alhondiga, a new urban square (Bilbao)

Presentado en ICBEN, Londres 2011

Group of 10 person from Tecnalia

Two situations, distinguished only by its acoustic quality:• The first one is a natural situation in the square;• In the second one, we introduce an artificial audio, recorded previously in the same place,

but ensuring the presence of some more events and a slightly higher noise level (only 2 dB).

The group split in two to evaluate both situations (the order was changed each time).

In addition to acoustic and psycho‐social assessment, the experiment included the performance of some cognitive tests to create stress in the individuals to be able to evaluate their recovery.

THE EXPERIMENT

RecoveryStress test

QuestionnaireRestingRecoveryStress test

Questionnaire

Resting

PhasesPhases

Experimental Condition: NoiselessExperimental Condition: NoisyGroup 2(29/11/201

0)

RecoveryStress test

QuestionnaireRestingRecoveryStress test

Questionnaire

Resting

PhasesPhases

Experimental Condition: NoisyExperimental Condition: NoiselessGroup 1(24/11/201

0)


We created two situations with different values for the Sound Atmosphere Indicator

Natural SSC+, and SSC with extra - sound.

Comparing the assessment made in the two situations.The PLACE, when Natural SSC, is perceived asmore pleasant (agradable), quiet (tranquilo) and common (común).

Staying in urban recreation areas • Plays a perceived Restorative Effect compared to stress at

work. • It Generates Positive emotional feelings: Calm.• It Reduces Negative emotions: Anger (Enojo).

In the Natural SSC, those effects are higher.

The monitored health indicator shows that in Natural SSCrestoration to induced stress is more intense and faster.

CONCLUSIONS


PSICOSOCIAL APPROACH

Personal DataPersonal Data

Selection Based on our experience•Sociodemographic data•Satisfaction in different areas of life•Noisiness and annoyance of noise sources in different common environments •Relaxation: activities and places

Health and Life StylesHealth and Life Styles• Sources: Health and lifestyles Surveys

• Ministry of Health• Regional Government

• Most relevant items were selected to identify possible contaminant factors

SOUNDSCAPESSOUNDSCAPES• Revision 2009

+ COST + Internoise 2010…• Semantic Differential Scale

EmotionsEmotionsContribution from UPV-EHU, Social

Psychology and Methodology of Behavioural Science Dep.

• Fredickson ( Emotion Scale 2009)EVA (Visual Analog Scale) with 4 emotions

StressStressContribution from DeustoSalud

• Stress Perception Scale EVA of Stress

HE

AL

TH

PERCEPTION INDICATORS



Natural SSC+ Natural SSC+ (without extra sound)• The PLACE: is perceived asmore pleasant (agradableagradable), quiet (tranquilotranquilo)) and common (comcomúúnn))

• Some less complex (complejo), stressful (estresante), rough (áspero) and uncomfortable (incómodo).

• It difficulties little less conversation

RESULTS ABOUT SOUNDSCAPE PERCEPTION


Percepción ambiente sonoro

1

2

3

4

5

agrad

abletra

nquil

ofue

rtefam

iliar

cerca

noco

munco

ol -fr

esco

cons

isten

tear

mónico

muy ac

tivad

orinc

ómod

oar

tificia

lás

pero

No infor

mativo

comple

jo

dificu

lta co

nversa

ción

inseg

uro

aburr

idoco

nfuso

monóton

oDisc

ontinuo

incon

grue

ntees

tresa

nte

SSC+ Alhóndiga SSC+ calles

SSC- Alhóndiga SSC- calles

,

RESULTS EmotionsEmotions It Generates Positive emotional feelings: Generates Positive emotional feelings: CalmCalm

It Reduces Negative emotions: AngerAnger (EnojoEnojo))StressStress (Base Line: high levels linked to work)

In addition to recovering from stress, it improves the BasIn addition to recovering from stress, it improves the Base Linee Line

SELECTED INDICATORS TO ASSESS Restorative Effect Restorative Effect (Emotions and Stress)

Joy, Calm, Anger, Sadness


Ambientes sonoros (SSC+/SSC-)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Alegría Calma Stress Enojo Tristeza

Línea Base (T6)

SSC+ pre

SSC + post

SSC- pre

SSC- post

EVA(Visual Analog Scale)

HEALTH APPROACHSELECTED INDICATORS (collaboration with DEUSTOSALUD)

Heart Rate Variability.Respiratory rate and EMG responses.SCL (Skin conductance level).Cortisol levels in saliva.

5 equipment


RESULTS

(collaboration with DEUSTOSALUD)

HEALTH APPROACH


RESULTS (collaboration with DEUSTOSALUD)

PAISAJE SONORO 2010: HEALTH APPROACH

CONCLUSIONS“We have found biologically relevant evidences that show that having a nice soundscape in urban recreation areas contributes to have a restoration to daily stress more intense and faster than in more acoustically polluted

areas ”

“We can emphasize that being in acoustic environments rated as "positive " or "calm" has benefits in perceived health (psychosocial). It not only reduces stress but also increases the positive well-being (emotions)”

TECNALIA provides a methodology for the evaluation of soundscapes that, combining acoustic analysis and

psychosocial surveys, facilitates the identification of urban quiet areas to be preserved


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