Pages 94-98 and 100

The fear of strangers that infants commonly display, starting around 8 months. Shows that he/she is cognitively able to

distinguish between faces and attachment to caregivers.ar of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age.

An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by seeking closeness with a caregiver Shown in distress

upon separation

Body Contact Familiarity Responsive Parenting

The process by which certain animals will form an attachment very early in life Critical period? Is there a

window of opportunity to form an attachment?

Konrad Lorenz’s study with newborn geese. process by which certain Lorenz's geese form

Do humans imprint? attachments during a critical period very early in life.

Do human’s imprint?

Discovered that monkeys preferred the soft body contact of a cloth mother, over the nourishment of a hard/wiry mother.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsA5Sec6dAI

Monkeys raised by artificial mothers were terror-stricken when placed in strange situations without their surrogate mothers.

Put infants into a “strange” room with mother, then mother leavesLook for infants response to being left in

strange room with and without at strange person and response to being reunited.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W5IjfcK3a_Y

1. secure (66%) – confidently explore, easily comforted when parent gets back

2. avoidant (21%) – do not go back to parents for comfort

3. anxious/ambivalent (12%) – won’t explore, show extreme stress when parent leaves, resist comfort

1. Baby’s Temperament a factor?Are some babies more anxious by nature?

2. Studies biased – conducted when mothers were primary caregivers

3. Are “wire mothers” to blame for anxious or maladjusted kids?

Pages 103-107

A sense of one’s identity and self worth

Self as individual noticeable when child knows “me” in mirror

Parents rated on warmth, responsiveness to child’s needs, and ability to demand high standards

Correlates with child’s self concept 4 types

Impose rules and expect obedience.

Little warmth •“Why, because I said so!!!!”

Parents submit to their children’s desires, make few demands and use little punishment.

Set high standards and exerts control

Warm and responsive

Praise more than punish

Uninvolved Physically or

mentally unavailable to child

Individualistic vs Collectivist culturesEmphasis on

independence and self esteem vs traditions and respect

Is physical punishment cultural?

What comes to mind when you think “baby girl” or “baby boy?”

What is great about being a girl? About being a boy?

Where does our gender identity come from?

Acquisition of behaviors and characteristics that a culture considers to be gender appropriate

Obvious biological differences Women = larger corpus callosums

Learn how to be “feminine” and “masculine” through observing, imitating, and rewards and punishments

“Boys don’t cry” “Girls act like ladies at the dinner table”

Concept of gender formed over time through experiences

Automatic associations