Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 –...

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Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture, Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy Pages 60– 65 Great Architecture of the World Photo: Alexander Aptekar © 2009 ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY Readings

Transcript of Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 –...

Page 1: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture,

Fazio, Michael, Moffet & Wodehousecopoy

Pages 60– 65Great Architecture of the World

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ARCH 1121 HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURAL TECHNOLOGY

Readings

Page 2: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence
Page 3: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence
Page 4: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

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Page 5: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE:

Known as the Classical Period in Greek HistoryAssertion that human intelligence puts man above the rest of nature

Architecture began in the service of religion7th century BCE – 1st efforts to create proper shapes and designBeauty = GodsSecret of beauty lay in ratios and proportionsInvented democracy and philosophyCreated works of art in drama, sculpture and architecture

Page 6: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCETemples first built with wood, then stone w/ terra cotta tilesPurely formal objectsGreeks pursued the beauty through architecture and materialsThe home of the GodsBecame the principal ornaments in the cities, generally on hillsor other prominent locations

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Athenian Treasury

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Page 7: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Classical Orders

In classical Greek architecture, beauty lay in systems of the ratios and proportions. A system or order defined the ideal proportions for all the components of the temples according to mathematical ratios – based on the diameter of the columns.

Page 8: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

An order includes the total assemblage of parts consisting of the column and its appropriate entablature which is based on the diameter of the column.

What is an order?

Temple of Hera II (Poseidon) 450 BCE

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The column is vertical and supports the structure. Its diameter sets the proportion of the other parts.

The entablature is horizontal and consists of many elements.

Temple of Hera II Paestum Italy

Page 10: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

The entablature is divided into three parts • cornice (any molded projection which crowns or finishes

the part to which it is attached)

• frieze (a decorative band)

• architrave (ornamental moldings)

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Page 12: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

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The two classical Greek orders

Doric• Late 7th Century BCE• Heaviest and most massive of the orders• Column height is 4-6 x its diameter• No base• Fluted column (20 flutes)

Ionic• Suitable for smaller temples - delicate• Columns are 8-9x high as the diameter• Base• Fluted shaft (24 flutes)• More elaborate capital with volute

(a spiral curve; a curved top; like rolled ends of a scroll)

Page 13: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence
Page 14: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Gardner - Art Through the Ages

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EntasisDone to visually correct how vertical elements seem to narrow as they rise

Done to covey straight lines and counteract the optical illusion that the middle appears thinner.

Swelling half way up columns

Less than 1” in a 31’ high column

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Page 16: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Doric Order in temples:Typical temples had 6 columns along the front and rear and 13 columns at the side. (2 x front +1)

Construction was call petrified carpentry – based on wood construction.

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Temple of Zeus at Olympia 479-470 BCE

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Janson - History of Art

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCESloping site inspired split level designBuilt at the AcropolisNo continuous colonnade – 4 separate porticosAccommodates diverse hallowed areasDeparts from traditional symmetryContinuous frieze running above architraveAbundance of sculpted ornament

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

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Ballista " Temple_of_Apollo_(2c)" Image from "Paestum" 2006/18/05http://commons.wikimedia.org/ (2/10/2010)

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Mark – Architectural Technology

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Greece: 480 - 431BCE

480 BCE Persians destroyed many of the buildings

479 BCE ends the Persian invasion of Greece

450 BCE Pericles allocates defensive funds for rebuilding

Begins rebuilding the Acropolis

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Acropolis (High Point in the City)

Complex SiteCommanding shapeHighly defensible – surrounded by sheer cliffs except the westReligious and Cultural CenterBuilt of marble - allowed fine detail (previously mainly limestone)

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Acropolis (High Point in the City)

Page 33: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Site Planning:Each Building was sited and designed with others in mind

The observer went up a zigzag ramp – many glimpses

Avoid strictly frontal views of monuments (Unwritten Rule)

Symmetry in Buildings, not in Site Planning

Wanted observer to view buildings in 3-D not flat elevations

Page 34: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Parthenon: 447-438 BCE Thought to be the worlds most perfect buildingDoric Temple dedicated to Athena – Patron Goddess of AthensHighest Point of the Acropolis20,000 Tons of MarbleDesigned by Iktinus & KalikratesSymbol of Architecture Refinement

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Janson - History of Art

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Page 37: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Parthenon: 447-438 BCE 8 x 17 Doric columns6 Columns at front and rear entrances

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Page 38: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Parthenon: 447-438 BCE 8 x 17 Doric columns6 Columns at front and rear entrances

www. Odesseyadventures.com

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Page 39: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Parthenon: 447-438 BCE 101’ x 228’8 x 17 Doric columnsColumns: 6’2” wide and 34’3” tallRatio: 1 : 5-1/2 Three step around the TempleStatue of Athena – Fully ArmedMarble transported 16k from the Pentelicus MountainRemained intact until 1687 when a Venetian shell exploded destroying interior and roofMany sculptures Terracotta tiled roof

www. mlahanas-de

Page 40: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Wikimedia Commons @ http://commons.wikimedia.orgPhotographer: Marie-Lan Nguyen 2007

Wikimedia Commons @ http://commons.wikimedia.org

Page 41: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Wikimedia Commons @ http://commons.wikimedia.org

Painted by Gottfried Semper 1836

Page 42: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Parthenon: 447-438 BCE

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Propylaia: 437- 432 BCE Gateway to the Acropolis

Designed by Mnesikles

2 levels due to uneven ground

Gateway from Land of Humans to The Land of Gods

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Page 44: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Reconstruction Model of The Acropolis, Athens

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www.flickr.com/photos/denovich/Creative Commons license

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Page 48: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Temple of Nike: 427- 410 BCE Goddess of Victory

Earliest Ionic Building at the Acropolis

Columns: 11’ high Ratio: 1:7

Frieze: battle scenes depicting Greeks versus Persians

Set on 4 steps

Pediment decorated with winged victories or Nike(s) created by Callimachus

Wikimedia Commons @ http://commons.wikimedia.org

Page 49: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Temple of Nike: 427- 410 BCE 4 Column projecting Porches

www. Perseus.tufts.edu

ARTstor Collection - University of California, San Diego "Temple of Athena Nike: reconstruction: raking view with parapet"

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Temple of Athena Nike

Wikimedia Commons @ http://commons.wikimedia.org

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Temple of Nike: 427- 410 BCE

ARTstor Collection - University of California, San Diego " Athens: Acropolis: Temple of Athena Nike: Ext.: W side"

Page 52: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

The Erechtheion 421-405 BCESloping site inspired split level designBuilt at the AcropolisNo continuous colonnade – 4 separate porticosAccommodates diverse hallowed areasDeparts from traditional symmetryContinuous frieze running above architraveAbundance of sculpted ornament

Page 53: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Wikimedia Commons @ http://commons.wikimedia.org

Page 54: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Key

1 Parthenon2 Old Temple of Athena3 Erechtheum4 Statue of Athena Promachus5 Propylaea

6 Temple of Athena Nike7 Eleusinion8 Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia9 Chalkotheke.10 Pandroseion11 Arrephorion

12 Altar of Athena13 Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus14 Sanctuary of Pandion15 Odeon of Herodes Atticus16 Stoa of Eumenes17 Sanctuary of Asclepius

18 Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus19 Odeum of Pericles20 Temenos of Dionysus Eleuthereus21 Aglaureion

Wikimedia Commons @ http://commons.wikimedia.org

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

ARTstor - Bryn Mawr College

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

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The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

Page 59: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

The Erechtheion 421-405 BCE

ARTstor - Bryn Mawr College

ARTstor - Image © Bryn Mawr College

Page 60: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

431 BCE: Peloponnesian War: Greece loses to Sparta democracy remains

336 BCE: Alexander the Great conquers Greece: democracy survives, but its vitality was gone

Hellenism began after the death of Alexander the Great

Change in the Greek citizen: specialized – not involved in all aspects of public life (politically, military and economically)

Change in Architecture: greater freedom, shift in Architectural style, introduction of the Corinthian Column

Page 61: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Corinthian:Late 2nd Century BCE

Thin and decorative

Columns were 10 times taller than the diameter

Designed by Callimachus combining a goblet and scrollsand acanthus leaves

There were 24 flutes/w

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Corinthian:

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Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens.

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Temple of Zeus Olympius, Athens: 170 BCE

Started in the 6th Century BCE with Ionic Columns, but abandoned

Construction began again in the 2nd Century BCE, but changed Order to Corinthian by Roman Architect, Cossutius

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Temple of Zeus Olympius, Athens: 170 BCE

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Temple of Zeus Olympius, Athens: 170 BCE

Located east of the Acropolis

Over 100 Columns, double rows of 20 (N&S) and triple rows of 8 (E&W)

Columns: 56’ high 5’6 wide

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Civic Architecture - Agora:Place of public assembly in a Greek city; the focus of political, commercial, administrative and social activity, the religious and cultural center, and the seat of justice

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Civic Architecture - Agora:

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Civic Architecture - Agora:

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Civic Architecture - Agora:

www.dartmouth.edu

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Page 72: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Metroon 2nd Century BCEThe building has an Ionic propylon It accommodated both the sanctuary of the Mother of the Gods and the state archives, including the proceedings of the meetings of the Council of 500 and various official documents, protected by the goddess.

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Page 73: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Tholos 460 BCECircular building

The chairmen (prytaneis) of the Council of 500 (Boule) dined and spent the night in the Tholos so as to be available if necessary.

A set of standard weights and measures was also kept in the building.

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Temple of Hephaistos 449 BCEDoric temple

It is sited on the hill.

It is the most prominent and better preserved monument of the Agora.

The temple was dedicated to two gods, Hephaistos and Athena, whose bronze cult statues stood in the interior.

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Page 76: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Temple of Hephaistos 449 BCE

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Page 77: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Stoa of Zeus Eleutherios 5th Century BCEThe stoa was erected in honor of those who fought for the freedom and security of the city.

Socrates is said to have met his friends in this stoa.

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Page 78: Pages 54-60, A World History of Architecture Fazio ... · Classical Greek Architecture 480 – 431BCE: Known as the Classical Period in Greek History Assertion that human intelligence

Theater of Epidaurus 350 BCESemicircular outdoor theater

Consists of 55 tiers of steeply banked stone seats

Used for: Political assemblies, religious festivals and plays

Perfect acoustics

Seating extends more than half way around the orchestra

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Theater of Epidaurus 350 BCE

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Wikimedia Commons @ http://commons.wikimedia.org

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The classical Greek orders

Janson - History of Art

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The classical Greek orders

ARTstor - Queens College Teaching Collection

ARTstor - Art Images for College Teaching

ARTstor - Photographer: Silberberg-Pierce

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Swayne, Steve "The Parthenon Athens" Image from "Category:Parthenon" 2003/06/03http://commons.wikimedia.org/ (2/16/2010)


Classical Greek Tragedy

Classical Greek Tragedy

Classical Greek A rt and Architecture

Classical Greek A rt and Architecture

GCE Classics: Classical Greek - beta.ocr.org.uk · Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations GCE Classics: Classical Greek Unit F373: Classical Greek Verse Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for

GCE Classics: Classical Greek - beta.ocr.org.uk · Oxford Cambridge and RSA Examinations GCE Classics: Classical Greek Unit F373: Classical Greek Verse Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for

1 Classical Greek Civilization The Hellenic Age. 2 Classical Greek Civilization.

1 Classical Greek Civilization The Hellenic Age. 2 Classical Greek Civilization.

Classical Greek Drama

Classical Greek Drama

The Classical World- Greece ARTintervention.roodie.co.za/.../files/Gr10VATerm2C5ClassicalWorldGree… · THE CLASSICAL WORLD Greece Architecture . Architecture. Greek Orders • Refer

The Classical World- Greece ARTintervention.roodie.co.za/.../files/Gr10VATerm2C5ClassicalWorldGree… · THE CLASSICAL WORLD Greece Architecture . Architecture. Greek Orders • Refer

Student Worksheets Grade 6-8 Art through Time - Tudor …€¦ · elements of Greek and Roman art and architecture. Ancient Greek and Roman art and architecture are described as classical.

Student Worksheets Grade 6-8 Art through Time - Tudor …€¦ · elements of Greek and Roman art and architecture. Ancient Greek and Roman art and architecture are described as classical.

Classical Greek Trade

Classical Greek Trade

Love of Classical Antiquity. Individualism....Classical (ancient Greek and Roman) literature, law, philosophy, politics, sculpture, architecture, and mythology, are important sources

Love of Classical Antiquity. Individualism....Classical (ancient Greek and Roman) literature, law, philosophy, politics, sculpture, architecture, and mythology, are important sources

Greek Architecture - blogs · Greek Architecture The Parthenon The Parthenon Today . Classical Greek Art Order Proportion Balance ... His theory was not accepted. Eratosthenes (Er-uh-tahs-thuh-neez)

Greek Architecture - blogs · Greek Architecture The Parthenon The Parthenon Today . Classical Greek Art Order Proportion Balance ... His theory was not accepted. Eratosthenes (Er-uh-tahs-thuh-neez)

Classical Greek Humanism

Classical Greek Humanism

Pre-Classical Greek Art

Pre-Classical Greek Art

GREEK ARCHITECTURE - Bright Ideas Pressbrightideaspress.com/.../Greek-Architecture-MHV1.pdf · GREEK ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW Greek architecture took form along the Aegean Sea when the

GREEK ARCHITECTURE - Bright Ideas Pressbrightideaspress.com/.../Greek-Architecture-MHV1.pdf · GREEK ARCHITECTURE OVERVIEW Greek architecture took form along the Aegean Sea when the

Classical Greek Continuers - ARC · The Classical Greek Continuers Level syllabus is designed for students who, typically, will have studied Classical Greek for 400–500 hours at

Classical Greek Continuers - ARC · The Classical Greek Continuers Level syllabus is designed for students who, typically, will have studied Classical Greek for 400–500 hours at

Classical Greek philosophers

Classical Greek philosophers

Classical Greek Higher level and standard level · Classical Greek standard level paper 2 specimen paper Classical Greek standard level paper 2 specimen markscheme NOTE: The paper

Classical Greek Higher level and standard level · Classical Greek standard level paper 2 specimen paper Classical Greek standard level paper 2 specimen markscheme NOTE: The paper

Classical Greek and Roman Architecture: Mathematical ...Classical Greek and Roman Architecture: Mathematical Theories and Concepts 3 the architect-engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Classical Greek and Roman Architecture: Mathematical ...Classical Greek and Roman Architecture: Mathematical Theories and Concepts 3 the architect-engineer Marcus Vitruvius Pollio

Classical Greek - Textbook Reviews - OCRocr.org.uk/Images/...for-the-teaching-of-classical-greek-handbook.pdf · Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek. James Morwood’s Oxford Grammar

Classical Greek - Textbook Reviews - OCRocr.org.uk/Images/...for-the-teaching-of-classical-greek-handbook.pdf · Oxford Grammar of Classical Greek. James Morwood’s Oxford Grammar

Greek Architecture & Italian architecture

Greek Architecture & Italian architecture

Vocabulary List - pdf.ocr.org.uk€¦ · Vocabulary List GCSE Classical Greek OCR GCSE in Classical Greek: J291 Unit B402 Classical Greek Language 2 (History) This Vocabulary List

Vocabulary List - pdf.ocr.org.uk€¦ · Vocabulary List GCSE Classical Greek OCR GCSE in Classical Greek: J291 Unit B402 Classical Greek Language 2 (History) This Vocabulary List