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Dikran J. Martin Introduction to Psychology

Name: ________________________________ Date: _________________________

Lecture Series: Chapter 12 Personality and Its Assessment Pages: 22

TEXT: Lefton, Lester A. and Brannon, Linda (2003). PSYCHOLOGY. (Eighth Edition.) Needham Heights, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

Principal Features [Page]

What Is Personality?

Complete the following: "Personality is a pattern of relatively permanent … (404) Question: What causes people to have certain personality dimensions?

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Psychodynamic Theories [Page]

"Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was an Austrian physician whose influence on psychology was so great that some of his concepts are now taken for granted." [Illustrations] Freudian concepts. (405) "Psychoanalytic theory rests on several key assumptions:" [Illustrations] Freudian assumptions. (405-406)

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■ LEVELS OF MENTAL LIFE. [Page]

"Freud assumed that mental life can take place on three levels:" [Illustrations] Levels of mental life. (406) ■ THE STRUCTURE OF THE MIND. "According to Freud's theory, the primary structural elements of the mind and personality are three mental forces … " [Illustrations] Structure of the mind. (406-407)

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■ DEVELOPMENT OF PERSONALITY. [Page]

"Freud strongly believed that if people looked at their past, they could gain insight into their current behavior. this belief led him to create an elaborate psychosexual stage theory of personality development." [Illustrations] Development of personality. (407-410)

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■ SEX AND AGGRESSION: THE TWO GREAT DRIVES. [Page]

"Freud also theorized that people are energized to act the way they do because of two basic instinctual drives: … " [Illustrations] Sex and aggression. (410) ■ DEFENSE MECHANISMS. "To defend itself against the anxiety brought about by the sexual and aggressive drives, the ego adopts one or more defense mechanisms." [Illustration] Assumptions about defense mechanisms and repression. (410-411)

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■ DEFENSE MECHANISMS. (Continued) [Page]

"In addition to repression, Freud identified several other defense mechanisms." [Illustrations] Defense mechanisms. (411-412)

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■ FREUD TODAY. [Page]

Question: What is the status of Freud's psychosexual theory (412) of development? Adler and Individual Psychology " … Alfred Adler was one of the original members of Freud's Vienna Psychoanalytic Society … " ■ STRIVING FOR SUPERIORITY. Question: What was Alfred Adler's concept of striving for superiority or (412-413) success? ■ UNITY OF PERSONALITY. Question: What's the meaning of the following statement? "Adler believed in the essential unity of (413-414) personality."

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■ SOCIAL INTEREST. [Page]

Question: What's the meaning of the following statement? "The pinnacle of Adlerian theory is the notion (414) of social interest … " ■ CREATIVE POWER. Question: What was Alfred Adler's concept of creative power? ■ FAMILY CONSTELLATIONS. Question: What's the meaning of the following statement? "Adler believed that psychologists can learn (414-415) about people's personality from an understanding of their family constellation."

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■ EARY RECOLLECTIONS [Page]

Question: What's the meaning of the following statement?

"Adlerian therapists … use early recollections … " (415) [Illustration] Early recollections. Jung and Analytic Psychology "Jung … emphasized the search for meaning in life and focused on religiosity."

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Jung and Analytic Psychology (Continued) [Page]

[Illustrations] Analytic psychology. (416-417)

Skinner and Behavioral Analysis

The Power of Learning " … for behaviorists, personality is the sum of a person's learned tendencies." [Illustrations] B. F. Skinner's concept of operant conditioning.

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Acquiring a Personality [Page]

Question: What's the meaning of the following statement? " … personality is acquired through natural (418-419) selection and cultural evolution." Trait and Type Theories: Stable Behavioral Dispositions

Question: What is the difference between traits and types in personality (420) theory? Allport's Personal Disposition Theory "The distinguished psychologist Gordon Allport suggested that each individual has a unique set of personality traits, which he called personal dispositions." [Illustrations] Gordon Allport's trait theory.

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Cattell's Trait Theory [Page]

" … Raymond B. Cattell used the technique of factor analysis—a statistical procedure in which psychologists analyze groups of variables (factors) to detect which are related—to show that groups of traits tend to cluster together." [Illustrations] Cattell's trait theory. (421) Eysenck's Factor Theory " … Han's Eysenck focused on higher levels of trait organization, or what he called types." [Illustrations] Eysenck's factor theory.

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The Five Factor Model [Page]

" … many theorists agree that there are five broad trait categories." [Illustrations] The five factor model. (422)

Humanistic Approaches: The Search for Psychological Health

"In general, humanistic theories assume that people are motivated by internal forces to achieve personal goals." "Humanistic theories usually take a phenomenological approach because they focus on the individual's unique experiences with the ways of interpreting the things and people in the world (phenomena)." Maslow and Self-Actualization "No single individual is more closely associated with humanistic psychology than Abraham Maslow."

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Maslow and Self-Actualization (Continued) [Page]

[Illustrations] Self-actualization. (424) Rogers and Self theory "Rogers believed that personal experiences provide an individual with a unique and subjective internal frame of reference and worldview." Question: What's the meaning of the following statement?

"(Rogers ) believed that fulfillment (is) an inborn (425) tendency … "

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■ THE SELF-CONCEPT AND THE IDEAL SELF. [Page]

"Rogers's theory of personality is structured around the concept of the self … " [Illustrations] The self-concept and the ideal self. (425) ■ PSYCHOLOGICAL STAGNATION. [Illustrations] Psychological stagnation.

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■ THE FULLY FUNCTIONING PERSON. [Page]

[Illustrations] The fully functioning person. (425-426) Positive Psychology Question: What is the positive psychology movement? (426) [Illustrations] The positive psychology movement. (426-427)

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Cognitive Approaches to Personality [Page]

"Recently, cognitive approaches to personality theory have gained acceptance among many psychologists." Complete the following: "Cognitive theories emphasize the interaction of … (427) Key Cognitive Concepts "According to cognitive theory, whether a person exhibits learned behavior depends on the situation and personal needs at a particular time." [Illustrations] Key cognitive concepts. (427-428

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Julian Rotter and Locus of Control [Page]

"One widely studied cognitive-behavioral concept that therapists often make use of is locus of control … " [Illustrations] Locus of control. (428-429) Bandura and Self-Efficacy "(Albert Bandura's) conception of personality began with observational learning theory and the idea that human beings observe, think about, and imitate behavior, which accounts for learning both acceptable and unacceptable behaviors." [Illustrations] Self-efficacy. (429-431)

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■ GENDER AND SELF-EFFICACY. [Page]

"In Bandura's view, gender has a major impact on personality … " [Illustrations] Gender and self-efficacy. (431) Mischel's Cognitive-Affective Personality System " … (Walter) Mischel is an interactionist—he focused on the interaction between people's stable personality traits and the situation ." [Illustrations] Mischel's cognitive-affective personality system. (431-432)

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Personality in Cultural Context [Page]

"Like other behaviors, personality must be viewed in cultural context." [Illustrations] Personality in cultural context. (433-434)

Personality Assessment

Question: What is personality assessment? (434)

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Projective Tests [Page]

Question: What is the fundamental idea underlying the use of projective (434) assessment techniques? [Illustrations] Projective tests. (435)

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Personality Inventories [Page]

"The aims of personality inventories vary, but the major approaches to personality have generated assessments, each tied to its theoretical basis." [Illustrations] Personality Inventories. (435-436) END