quigley.book Page 939 Friday, October 12, 2007 1:01...

939

Index

SYMBOLS→ (infix operator), 86, 404! (not operator), 150" (double quotes), 73–74"*" variable, 344# sign, 35$#arrayname variable, 81$AUTOLOAD function, 462–464$ (dollar sign), 47$p reference, 350$& scalar variable, 215$_scalar variable, 80, 203$_special scalar variable, 184$! variable, 286$$ variable, 727$= variable, 771$@ variable, 757$x scalar, 403%ENV hash, 129–130%INC hash, 131% (modulus operator), 153%SIG hash, 130–131& (ampersand), 326' ' (single quotes), 47, 74( ) (parentheses), 263* (asterisk), 251, 402** (exponentiation operator), 153* (multiplication operator), 153+ (addition operator), 153

- (subtraction operator), 153.. (range operator), 82, 161. (dot metacharacter), 235, 238/ (division operator), 153:: syntax, 449–451:standard functions, 561; (semicolon), 414, 866< (less than operator), 144<= (less than or equal to operator), 144= (assignment operator), 71, 141–143= (equal sign), 474= operator, 877> (greater than operator), 144>= (greater than or equal to operator), 144> operator, 879?!pattern, 273?<!pattern, 273?<=pattern, 273? placeholder, 659? (question mark), 256@_array, 330, 415@EXPORT array, 380, 388@INC array, 371–374@ISA array, 388

methods, calling, 460–462@ sign, 47, 70@* variable, 778[] (square brackets), 240

anonymous arrays, 406

quigley.book Page 939 Friday, October 12, 2007 1:01 PM

940 Index

\ (backslash), 47, 235, 348hard references, 403–404system call issues, 687

\n (newline) character, 239^ (caret), 235{} (curly braces), 78–79

anonymous hashes, 407|| (or operator), 150| (pipe symbol), 303, 307~&& (and operator), 149~ (tilde), 779

Aabs function, 815abs2rel function, 688accept function, 798, 815accessing. See also opening

DBM files, 506–508directories, 698–701elements, 82–84, 89files, modifying, 709–710log files, 517–519symbol tables, 365system files, 291

access methods, 431ACTION attribute, 552ActivePerl, 11, 391ActiveState

mod_perl, installing, 929system calls, 686

addingcolumns, 637entries, 666–667extensions, 395multiple classes, 471primary keys, 638tables, 626–627whitespace, 216

addition operator (+), 153addresses

bless function, 429–431hard references, 401. See also hard

referencesnetworking, 787–794sockets, 796

URLs, 519–521$x scalar, 403

-A $file, 320AF_INET family, 795–796AF_UNIX family, 795–796aggregate functions, 902. See also SQL

functionsalarm function, 762–763, 815aliases, 401, 898–899

creating, 344private, 345–347references, passing, 345selective aliasing, 348–349

ALTER command, 899altering. See also modifying

metacharacters, 263tables, 899–900

alternative characters, 237alternative quotes, 17, 75–77ALTER TABLE command, 637American National Standards Institute

(ANSI), 610ampersand (&), 326anchors, metacharacters, 236, 258–261and operator (&&), 149AND operator (SQL), 880–881anonymous arrays, 406–407, 408anonymous hashes, 92, 407, 410, 428anonymous subroutines,

414–415, 453–455anonymous variables, 428

references, 406–407ANSI (American National Standards

Institute), 610AnyDBM_FILE, 505Apache. See also servers

access logs, 518client/server databases, 604mod_perl

installing, 928–938overview of, 925–926

appending files, opening for, 293–294Applications folder (MySQL), 615architecture, client/server databases, 604ARCHIVE attribute, 690


Index 941

argumentscommand-line, passing at, 27named, 564passing, 310–319pointers as, 352–353positional, 565subroutines, 330–344

ARGV array, 310–311arithmetic functions, 164–168arithmetic operators, 153–154arrays, 15

@_, 415@EXPORT, 388@INC, 371–374@ISA, 388, 460–462anonymous, 406–407, 408ARGV, 310–311@_array, 330assignment, 80–82associative, 87, 493–494context and subroutines, 342elements, accessing, 82–84functions, 100–117. See also hash

functionschomp, 100chop, 100delete, 101exists, 101grep, 102join, 102–103map, 103–105pack, 105–107pop, 107push, 108reverse, 116–117shift, 108–109sort, 114–116splice, 109–110split, 110–114unpack, 105–107unshift, 117

hashes, 410–412input, assigning to, 98–99multidimensional, 86–87, 408–410slices, 84–86

tying, 497–500variables, 80–87, 92–93wantarray function, 343–344

ascending order, 121assertions, 258–261

look around, 273–276assignment

arrays, 80–82, 98–99hash variables, 88–89input to scalar variables, 94scalar variables, 77–78

assignment operator (=), 71, 141–143assignment statements, 71–72associating files, 32associative arrays, 87

functions, 116. See also hash functionstie function, 493–494

associativity operators, 139–168asterisk (*), 251, 402atan2 function, 815attributes, 423, 434

ACTION, 552files, 689–692PrintError, 655RaiseError, 655

autodecrement operators, 154–155autoincrement operators, 154–155AUTOLOAD function, 354–356, 460AUTOLOAD subroutine, 462–464$AUTOLOAD variable, 354automating

error handling, 655installation of Perl modules, 391

awk programming language, 383

Bbackquotes, 748–749backslash (\), 47, 235, 348

hard references, 403–404system call issues, 687

“Bare word” error, 45base classes, 465base modules, tying scalars, 495bases (DNA), 916BEGIN subroutines, 357


942 Index

behaviorof objects, 429of variables, defining, 494

BETWEEN statement, 883-B $file, 320-b $file, 320BIGINT data type, 624binary files (Win32), 292–293bind function, 797, 816binding. See also tying

columns, 657–659dynamic, 445–451parameters, 662–664

bind_param() method, 662–664binmode function, 292, 816bioinformatics, 915bioperl, 919–923bitwise logical operators, 156–159black box, 325bless function, 429–431, 816BLOB data type, 624blocks, 171–177

continue, 194–196labeled without loops, 189–191local function, 332–334

Boolean data types, 143bracketed character class, 246BREAK key, 760browsers, 513, 522. See also interfaces

Query Browser (MySQL), 616–617, 865bsd-db (Berkeley DB) implementation, 505bug reports, mod_perl, 927–928built-in functions, 36, 325. See also functionsBunce, T., 505buttons, radio, 537–541bytes, returning current positions, 299

Ccaches, queries, 664–665call-by-reference, 330–332, 344–358

typeglobs, 344–349call-by-value, 332–338caller function, 816calling

methods, 460–462processes, 721

subroutines, 326–330, 338system calls. See system callsunnamed methods, 355

can() method, 462canonpath function, 688capturing metacharacters, 266–273caret (^), 235carpout function, 593–594Carp.pm module, 755case sensitivity, 45

databases, 612i modifiers, 215, 222SQL, 867–868

case_tolerant function, 688catching

errors, 758–759signals, 760–761

catdir function, 688categories, Perl, 10catfile function, 688catpath function, 688c (complement) option, 279–280-C $file, 320-c $file, 320CGI (Common Gateway Interface), 599–601

CGI.pm module, 559–598clients and servers, 516–521e-mail, 555–559encoded query strings, 544–548environment variables, 531–535forms, 535–559, 548–551GET method, 541–544HTML, overview of, 526–531MySQL entries, 672–677POST method, 551–555scripts, 527–530

communication, 531–535here documents, 63–66

static and dynamic Web pages, 513–515Web pages, creating with HTML,

522–526CGI.pm module, 559–598

advantages of, 560error handling, 593–596forms, 572–577

elements, 577–579


Index 943

generating input fields, 579–593HTML form methods, 564–571HTTP header methods, 596–598overview of, 559–560print function, 562–564programming styles, 560–562

charactersasterisk (*), 402c (complement) option, 279–280classes, 240–245

bracketed, 246POSIX, 245–247

d (delete) option, 278–279funny, 70, 131, 134–136hex-encoded, 546–547metacharacters. See metacharactersnewline (\n), 239s (squeeze) option, 276, 280storage, viewing, 297tr function, 276–280Unicode, 281–282

CHAR(x) data type, 624chdir function, 697check boxes, 537–541checkbox() method, 583CHECKBOX type, 536Checking.pm module, 683child processes, 721Chinese, 281chmod function, 702–704, 816chomp function, 95–96, 100, 816chop function, 95–96, 100, 817chown function, 704, 817chr function, 817Christianson, Tom, 424, 453chroot function, 817C language, adding extensions, 395classes, 423, 425

characters, 240–245bracketed, 246POSIX, 245–247Unicode, 281

creating, 28derived, 465–471Exporter.pm module, 380–381hierarchies of, 460

House, 428–429instantiating, 28methods, 431–433, 436–438

DBI, 645–647overview of, 425–427UNIVERSAL, 460variables, tying to, 493–504

clausesFROM, 629GROUP BY, 903JOIN, 634ORDER BY, 884WHERE, 630–633WHERE, 876

clearing fields, 593CLEAR method, 500clients, 516–521, 785

databases, 604–610MySQL, 615programs, 800–806requests, waiting for, 798

closedir function, 699, 817close function, 817closing

databases, 506filehandles, 286pipes, 286

closuresand objects, 455–459overview, 453–455

clustering metacharacters, 263–266columns

adding, 637binding, 657–659databases, 608–609dropping, 637selecting, 629–630, 872–873

command-linearguments, passing, 27, 310–319forms, testing, 576–577man pages, 10–11MySQL, 614switches, 2, 39–43, 856–857

-c, 42–43-e, 40-n, 40–42


944 Index

commandsALTER TABLE, 637CREATE DATABASE, 622–623debugger, 860–861find, 692“GRANT”, 619MySQL, 611, 621–638od, 297peridoc, 10, 382pod, 476–477SELECT, 629SQL, 680–681, 865–868

ALTER, 899DESCRIBE, 870–871EXTRACT, 909INSERT, 885–886LIMIT, 874–875SELECT, 871–885SHOW, 870–871show databases, 868–869UPDATE, 886–887USE, 869

start, 744–745substitutions, 748–749

comments, 14, 35regular expressions, 216

commit() method, 671–672common gateway interface. See CGIcommunication between CGI scripts and

servers, 531–535comparing operands, 143–145compiling use function, 378–379complex data structures, 91–93components of relational databases, 605–610composite character classes, 282compound statements, 171–177Comprehensive Perl Archive Network.

See CPANCOMPRESSED attribute, 690conditional constructs, 172–177conditional modifiers, if, 204–205conditional operators, 19, 20, 159–161conditions, 201

LIKE, 881NOT LIKE, 881

connect function, 798–799, 817connecting

databases, 648–649MySQL, 614–616sockets, 798–799TCP/IP, 516

connection-oriented socketson remote machines, 806–808on same machines, 800–806

connect() method, 648consoles, mysql, 864constants, 16

print function, 49–55constructors, 425, 434–436

parameters, passing, 438–440constructs, 14–25

conditional, 172–177if, 172–173if/else, 173–174if/elseif/else, 174–175quotes, 75–77unless, 175–177

CONTENT_LENGTH environment variable, 552

contexthashes, 131–132subroutines, 342–344

continue blocks, 194–196control

loops, 188–196structures, 171–177

conventions, namingSQL, 867variables, 70–71

converting strings to numbers, 138cookies, headers, 529copying values, 332–338Copy.pm module, 686cos function, 817CPAN, 5

DBI, 644–645modules from, 390–397MySQL, 678overview of, 9

Cpan.pm module, 391–393


Index 945

CREATE DATABASE command, 622–623CREATE TABLE statement, 623croak function, 386cross joins, 896crypt function, 817-c switch, 42–43, 530curdir function, 688curly braces ({}), 78–79

anonymous hashes, 407current byte positions, returning, 299

Ddatabase driver module (DBD), 639databases

case sensitivity, 612closing, 506columns, 608–609connecting, 648–649creating, 620–621, 622–623, 888–889DBM. See DBMdisconnecting, 648–649dropping, 620–621, 638, 901fields, 607–608indexes, 609keywords, 611MySQL, 603. See also MySQLnaming conventions, 611northwind, 680opening, 506primary keys, 609records, 607–608reserved words, 611–612result-sets, 612–613rows, 608, 609schemas, 609searching, 619–621selecting, 623servers, 606SQL. See SQLtables, 607tie function, 494–494

Data Definition Language. See DDLdata encapsulation, 425, 428DATA filehandles, 205–208datagram sockets, 795

Data Manipulation Language. See DMLdata types, 14

Boolean, 143mixing, 138–139MySQL, 623–626SQL, 889–890

DATE: YYYY-MM-DD data type, 624Date and Time functions, 906–910dates, formatting, 907DATETIME data type, 624DBD (database driver module), 639DBI (Database Independent Interface), 638–648

MySQL entries, 672–677dbmclose function, 506, 818DBM (Database Management)

files, 505–512accessing, 506–508deleting entries from, 510–512retrieving data from, 508–510

modules, 493dbmopen function, 506, 818d (delete) option, 278–279DDL (Data Definition Language), 888–901

databases, creating, 888–889keys, creating, 893–895relations, 896–899tables

altering, 899–900dropping, 901

tables, creating, 891–893debuggers, 858–862debugging, 38–39DECIMAL data type, 624declarations, 326

prototypes, 338decoding query strings, 545default messages, modifying, 594–596defaults() method, 593defined function, 79, 818defining

methods, 431predefined methods, 494report templates, 767–770subroutines, 326–330

delete function, 101, 126–127, 510, 818


946 Index

DELETE key, 760DELETE method, 500DELETE statement, 887–888deleting

directories, 696entries, 667–668entries from DBM files, 510–512rows, 635–636

delimiters, modifying substitutions, 219de-referencing. See also references

pointers, 350–352, 404–406derived classes, 465–471Descartes, A., 505descendants, 721DESCRIBE command, 870–871DESTROY method, 451, 494destructors, 425, 451–452devnull function, 688-d $file, 319diagnostics, 29

MySQL errors, 656–657diagnostics pragma, 57–58die function, 287–288, 755–757, 818digits, metacharacters, 236directories

accessing, 698–701creating, 695–696deleting, 696files. See fileshtdocs, 537h2xs tool, 395–397@INC array, 371modifying, 697Perl, 6searching, 692–695system calls and files, 687–689systems and file attributes, 689–692UNIX, 698

DIRECTORY attribute, 690disconnecting databases, 648–649disconnect() method, 650distribution, CPAN, 5division operator (/), 153DML (Data Manipulation Language), 871–888

SELECT command, 871–885DNA, overview of, 915–917

documentationAnyDBM_FILE, 505HTML, 11man pages, 10–11mod_perl, 927–928MySQL, 614, 681–682peridoc command, 10, 382public user interfaces, 474–479scalars, tying, 495Win32::GetLastError, 756

documentshere documents, 63–66, 563, 752–753,

759–760HTML. See HTML; Web pages

do function, 818do keyword, 326dollar sign ($), 47domains

Internet, 795sockets, 795–796UNIX, 795

dot metacharacter (.), 235, 238DOUBLE data type, 624double quotes ("), 73–74do/until loops, 181do/while loops, 181downloading mod_perl, 927–928drop-down menus, 591dropping

columns, 637databases, 620–621, 638tables, 638, 901

dump function, 819dynamic binding, 445–451dynamic report writing, 781–783dynamic Web pages, 513–515

Eeach function, 119–120, 819editing

files, 317–319keys in MySQL, 615

-e $file, 319elements

accessing, 82–84, 89forms, CGI.pm module, 577–579


Index 947

TITLE, 522e-mail, CGI and, 555–559e modifiers, 223encapsulation, 425, 428encoded QUERY_STRING environment

variable, 544–548end-of-file (EOF) marker, 285END subroutines, 357entering the debugger, 859–860entries

adding, 666–667deleting, 667–668MySQL, 672–677system calls. See system callsupdating, 668–670

ENUM data type, 624environments, processes, 723–725environment variables, 373. See also variables

CGI, 531–535CONTENT_LENGTH, 552QUERY_STRING, 544–548

EOF (end-of-file) marker, 285eof function, 315–317, 819equality operators, 146–149equal sign (=), 474errno variable, 685errors. See also debugging

“Bare word”, 45catching, 758–759CGI.pm module, 593–596handling, 755Internal Server Error message, 562logs, 526, 530–531MySQL, 655–665scripts, 38–39standard, HTML, 526subroutines, 326system, 287

escape sequences, 49-e switch, 40Ethernet layer, 786

addresses, 787eval function, 757–760, 819evaluating

expressions, 137, 223, 757–760operators, 18. See also precedence

exec function, 741–742, 819executing

scripts, 36statements

SQL, 864–865subroutines, 327

exercises, SQL, 912–914exists function, 101, 127–128, 819EXISTS method, 500exit function, 743–744, 819exiting the debugger, 859–860exp function, 819exponentiation operator (**), 153Exporter.pm module, 380–381exporting modules, 379–385expressions

evaluating, 137, 223, 757–760regular, 26. See also regular expressions

extensions, creating, 395EXTRACT command, 909

FfatalsToBrowser function, 593–594fcntl function, 820fetching

modules, 391results, 650–654values, 657

FETCH method, 494fetchrow_hashref() method, 653-f $file, 319fields

clearing, 593databases, 607–608input, generating, 579–593reports

filling, 779–781multiline, 778–779

symbolsdesignator, 768display, 768

text, 537–541width of, 60

filehandles, 323–324ARGV, 310closing, 286

quigley.book 47 Friday, October 12, 2007 1:01 PM

948 Index

filehandles (Continued)DATA, 205–208directories, accessing, 698–701naming, 285null, ARGV and, 311–315printing, 45processes, 725–728reading from, 288references, 347–348, 417–418reports, modifying, 770–771select function, 294–295user-defined, 285–309

filename expansion, 753–755file_name_is_absolute function, 688fileno function, 820file protocol, 519, 521files, 24

associating, 32attributes, 689–692DBM, 505–512

accessing, 506–508deleting entries from, 510–512retrieving data from, 508–510

directories, system calls, 687–689editing, 317–319filehandles. See filehandleshashes, loading from, 128–129initialization, setting PERL5LIB variables,

373–374locking, 295–296logs

accessing, 517–519errors, 530–531

low-level I/O, 712–715modifying, 709–710opening, 285

for appending, 293–294for reading, 286–290for writing, 291–292

output of filters, sending to, 306–307.pl, 374–378, 388.pm, 378–379, 384, 426pod, 474–476reading from, 40renaming, 708–709

Script File, 14searching, 692–695seek function, 296–299source

creating, 522viewing, 513

statistics, 710–712storage, 297system, 285, 291tell function, 296–299testing, 319–321

eof function, 315–317UNIX, 689–692Win32 binary, 292–293Windows, 689–692

File::Spec module, 687–689FILE type, 536filling

fields, 779–781out forms, 543

filters, 302. See also pipesinput, 307–309output, 303–306

find command, 692Finder (MySQL), 615Find::File module, 692–693find() method, 692FIRSTKEY method, 500flags, modifiers, 60FLOAT data type, 624flock function, 295–296, 820foreach loops, 184–188foreach modifiers, 210foreign keys, creating, 895fork function, 739–741, 820for loops, 182–184format function, 820format keyword, 773format specifiers, 59–60formatting

databases, 888–889date and time, 907keys, 893–895tables, 891–893top-of-the-page, 771–776


Index 949

formline function, 820forms

CGI and, 535–559CGI.pm module, 572–577

elements, 577–579generating input fields, 579–593

command-line, testing, 576–577filling out, 543GET method, 541–544HTML methods, 564–571input, 536–537processing, 548–551viewing, 538

forward reference, 328free form language, 14FROM clause, 629FTP (File Transfer Protocol), 519full joins, 896function-oriented style, CGI scripts, 561–562functions, 23, 325–330, 815–844

abs, 815accept, 798, 815alarm, 762–763, 815arithmetic, 164–168arrays, 100–117

chop, 100delete, 101exists, 101grep, 102join, 102–103map, 103–105pack, 105–107pop, 107push, 108reverse, 116–117shift, 108–109sort, 114–116splice, 109–110split, 110–114unpack, 105–107unshift, 117

atan2, 815AUTOLOAD, 354–356, 460$AUTOLOAD, 462–464bind, 797, 816

binmode, 292, 816bless, 429–431, 816built-in, 36caller, 816carpout, 593–594chdir, 697chmod, 702–704, 816chomp, 95–96, 100, 816chop, 95–96, 100, 817chown, 704, 817chr, 817chroot, 817close, 817closedir, 817connect, 798–799, 817cos, 817croak, 386crypt, 817dbmclose, 506, 818dbmopen, 506, 818defined, 79, 818delete, 510, 818die, 287–288, 755–757, 818do, 818documentation, searching, 11dump, 819each, 819eof, 315–317, 819eval, 757–760, 819exec, 741–742, 819exists, 819exit, 743–744, 819exp, 819fatalsToBrowser, 593–594fcntl, 820fileno, 820File::Spec module, 687–689flock, 295–296, 820fork, 739–741, 820format, 820formline, 820geipwuid, 823getc, 97–98, 820getgrent, 821getgrgid, 821


950 Index

functions (Continued)getgrnam, 821getgrp, 822gethostbyaddr, 793–794, 821gethostbyname, 793–794, 821gethostent, 792–793, 821getlogin, 726, 821getnetbyaddr, 821getnetbyname, 822getnetent, 822getpeername, 822getppid, 727, 822getpriority, 728–729, 822getprotobyname, 789, 822getprotobynumber, 789–790, 823getprotoent, 788–789, 823getpwent, 732–733, 823getpwnam, 733–734, 823getpwuid, 734getservant, 790–791getservbyname, 791, 823getservbyport, 791–792, 824getservent, 824getsockname, 824glob, 754–755, 824gmtime, 735–737, 824goto, 824grep, 825hash, 118–128

delete, 126–127each, 119–120exists, 127–128keys, 118values, 119

hex, 825host information, 792–794import, 825index, 825int, 825ioctl, 825join, 825keys, 825kill, 761–762, 825last, 826lc, 826

lcfirst, 826length, 826link, 706–707, 826listen, 797, 826local, 332–334, 345–347, 826localtime, 36, 737–738, 826lock, 826log, 827lstat, 710–712, 827m, 827map, 827mkdir, 827msgctl, 827msgget, 828msgrev, 828msgsnd, 828my, 828MySQL

strings, 905new, 828next, 828no, 828not, 828oct, 829open, 285, 829opendir, 698, 829ord, 829our, 829pack, 830package, 830perldoc, 686pgrp, 727pipe, 830pop, 830pos, 831print, 36, 46–58, 342, 831

CGI.pm module, 562–564diagnostics pragma, 57–58literals, 49–55quotes, 47–48strict pragma, 58-w switch, 55–57

print(), 325printf, 59–66, 831

flag modifiers, 60


Index 951

format specifiers, 59–60here documents, 63–66sprintf function, 62

protocols, 788–790prototype, 831push, 831q, 831qq, 831quotemeta, 831qw, 831qx, 831rand, 166, 832rand(), 325read, 96–97, 552, 712–713, 832readdir, 698–699, 832readline, 832readlink, 707–708, 832readpipe, 832recv, 832redo, 832ref, 418–420, 833rename, 708–709, 833require, 374, 833reset, 833return, 326, 340, 833reverse, 833rewinddir, 833rindex, 833rmdir, 696, 833s, 834scalar, 834seek, 296–299, 713–714, 834seekdir, 700–701, 834select, 294–295, 834

report templates, 776–778semctl, 834semget, 834semop, 835send, 835servers, 790–792set_message, 594setpgrp, 835setpriority, 729, 835setsockopt, 835shift, 835

shmctl, 835shmget, 835shmread, 836shmwrite, 836sin, 836sleep, 763, 836socket, 836socketpair, 836sort, 837special string, 162–164splice, 837split, 837sprintf, 837SQL, 901–910

Date and Time, 906–910numeric, 902–904strings, 905

sqrt, 837srand, 166, 837:standard, 561stat, 710–712, 838study, 838sub, 838subs, 358substr, 839symlink, 707–708, 839syscall, 686, 747–748, 839sysopen, 839sysread, 713, 839sysseek, 839system, 750–752, 840syswrite, 713, 840tell, 296–299, 714–715, 840telldir, 700, 840tie, 493–494, 841tied, 841time, 735, 842times, 735, 842tr, 276–280, 842truncate, 842uc, 842ucfirst, 842umask, 842undef, 80, 510, 842unlink, 706–707, 843


952 Index

functions (Continued)unmask, 704–705unpack, 843unshift, 843untie, 506, 843use, 378–379, 843utime, 709–710, 843values, 843vec, 844wait, 742–743, 844waitpid, 742–743, 844wantarray, 343–344, 844warn, 757, 844write, 771, 844y, 276–280

funny characters, 70, 131, 134–136asterisk (*), 402

Ggarbage collection, 451–452gdbm (GNU DBM) implementation, 505geipwuid function, 823generating

input, 579–593random numbers, 165

ge operator, 145GetAttributes() function, 690getc function, 97–98, 820getgrent function, 821getgrgid function, 821getgrnam function, 821getgrp function, 822gethostbyaddr function, 793–794, 821gethostbyname function, 793–794, 821gethostent function, 792–793, 821getlogin function, 726, 821GET method, 541–544getnetbyaddr function, 821getnetbyname function, 822getnetent function, 822getpeername function, 822getppid function, 727, 822getpriority function, 728–729, 822getprotobyname function, 789, 822getprotobynumber function, 789–790, 823

getprotoent function, 788–789, 823getpwent function, 732–733, 823getpwnam function, 733–734, 823getpwuid function, 734getservant function, 790–791getservbyname function, 791, 823getservbyport function, 791–792, 824getservent function, 824getsockname function, 824getters, 425, 433-g $file, 320gid, 723global change, 217global substitutions, 220global variables, preventing use of, 336–338globbing, 753–755glob function, 754–755, 824g modifiers, 214, 220gmtime function, 735–737, 824Goldberg, Ian, 165goto function, 824“GRANT” command, 619graphical user interfaces. See GUIsgreater than operator (>), 144greater than or equal to operator (>=), 144greediness of metacharacters, 250–258grep function, 102, 825GROUP BY clause, 903grouping metacharacters, 263–266gt operator, 145GUIs (graphical user interfaces), 394. See also

interfacesMySQL tools, 616–619PPM, 643––644

Hhandles, statements, 650–654handling errors, 755. See also errorshard links, 705–708hard references, 349–354

pointers, 403–406symbolic references, comparing to, 401–403

hashes, 15, 87–91%, 70anonymous, 407, 410, 428


Index 953

arrays, 92–93, 410–412context, 131–132%ENV, 129–130files, loading from, 128–129hashes of hashes, 91–92, 412–414%INC, 131input, assigning to, 99%SIG, 130–131sorting, 120–126special, 129–131tying, 500–504

hash functions, 118–128delete, 126–127each, 119–120exists, 127–128keys, 118values, 119

headers, HTTP, 529–530, 596–598help, mod_perl, 928here documents, 63–66, 563, 752–753

eval function and, 759–760hex-encoded characters, 546–547hex function, 825HIDDEN attribute, 690HIDDEN type, 536hierarchies of classes, 460hl() method, 565host information functions, 792–794hostnames, 520House class, 428–429h2ph script, 747–748htdocs directory, 537HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

documentation, 11forms, methods, 564–571links to CGI scripts, 534–535overview, 526–531pod documentation, translating, 479

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)headers, 529–530, 596–598servers, 516–517status codes, 517–519

h2xs tool, 395–397hyperlinks, 534. See also linksHypertext Markup Language. See HTML

Iicons, PPM windows, 394IDEs (Integrated Development

Environments), 34if constructs, 172–173if/else constructs, 173–174if/elseif/else constructs, 174–175if modifiers, 204–205if statements, 172IMAGE type, 537i modifiers, 215, 222implementation of DBM, 505import function, 825importing

modules, 379–385use function, 378–379

indexes, databases, 609index function, 825infix operator (→), 86, 404inheritance, 424, 425, 460–473

multiple, 465, 471single, 465

initialization files, 373–374inner joins, 896input

arrays, assigning to, 98–99fields, generating, 579–593filters, 307–309forms, 536–537hashes, assigning to, 99pipes, 526POST method, 551–555

input to scalar variables, assigning, 94INSERT command, 885–886installing

DBI, 639–645mod_perl, 928–938modules, 391MySQL, 613–614

instancesmethods, 431–433, 436–438

passing parameters to, 440–442variables, 465

instantiating classes, 28INT data type, 624


954 Index

Integrated Development Environments. See IDEs

interfacesCGI, 63–66. See also CGIDBI, 638–648error handling, 755–760operating systems, 747–755PPM, 393–397public user, 474–479signals, 760–764system calls, 685–721

Internal Server Error message, 562Internet

clients and servers, 516–521domains, 795

Internet Explorer, 522Internet Protocol (IP), 786

addresses, 787interpreted language, overview of, 2interpreters, 2

pod files, 474, 477searching, 32

int function, 825invoking

methods, 432subroutines, 326

ioctl function, 825isa() method, 462ISS client/server databases, 604-i switch, 317–319

JJapanese, 281join function, 102–103, 688, 825joining tables, 634–635joins, 896

Kkernels

system calls. See system callsUNIX, 689

Enter key, 247Tab key, 247keys, 87

Tab, 247Enter, 247creating, 893–895hashes, sorting, 121–124MySQL, editing, 615primary

adding, 638databases, 609tables, adding, 626–627

signals, 760keys function, 118, 825keywords

databases, 611do, 326format, 773private, 429protected, 429public, 429require, 326sub, 327, 357, 414use, 326

-k $file, 320kill function, 761–762, 825

Llabels, 45, 589–590

loop control, 188–189nested loops and, 191–194

languagesawk, 383C, adding extensions, 395DDL. See DDLDML. See DMLPerl. See PerlSQL, 604. See also SQLUnicode characters, 281

last function, 826last statements, 192layers, Ethernet, 786lcfirst function, 826lc function, 826left joins, 896length function, 826le operator, 145


Index 955

less than operator (<), 144less than or equal to operator (<=), 144lexical variables, 453-l $file, 320libraries, 29, 370–390

modules, 385–388OOP, 479–484Perl 5 module, 383–385pod files, 474–476

LIKE condition, 881LIMIT command, 874–875linebreaks, 34–35link function, 706–707, 826links, 513

CGI scripts, 534–535hard and soft, 705–708

Linux. See UNIXActivePerl, 391database servers, 606PPM, 644

listen function, 797, 826lists

chop and chomp functions, 100CPAN, 390. See also CPANof lists, 408–410mailing, mod_perl, 928multidimensional arrays, 86–87null parameter, 328of values, hash of hashes, 414

literals, 16print function, 49–55printing, 51–55

loading hashes from files, 128–129local function, 332–334, 345–347, 826localtime function, 36, 737–738, 826Location headers, 529Locator Box, searching, 520lock function, 826locking files, 295–296log function, 827logical operators, 149–151logical word operators, 151–152logs

errors, 526

filesaccessing, 517–519errors, 530–531

LONGBLOB data type, 624LONGTEXT data type, 624look around assertions, 273–276loops, 20–22

for, 182–184control, 188–196DATA filehandles, 205–208do/until, 181do/while, 181foreach, 184–188modifiers, 209–210nested and labels, 191–194repetition with, 177–199until, 179–182while, 177–179

low-level file I/O, 712–715lstat function, 710–712, 827lt operator, 145

MMac OS

ActivePerl, 391files, reading, 286–290scripts, startup, 32

mailing lists, mod_perl, 928mailto protocol, 519main package, 70, 424managing

DBM. See DBMPPM, 391, 393–397RDBMS. See RDBMS

man pages, 10–11manual error handling, 655–656map function, 103–105, 105–107, 827markers, EOF, 285matching

global matches, 214metacharacters, 236–238modifiers, 210patterns, 881–882. See pattern matching

MEDIUMBLOB data type, 624


956 Index

MEDIUM INT data type, 624MEDIUMTEXT data type, 624menus

drop-down, 591pop-up, 537–541, 591–592

messages, 594–596. See also e-mailmetacharacters, 26, 235–280

alternation, 263anchors, 258–261capturing, 266–273greediness of, 250–258grouping, 263–266look around assertions, 273–276pattern matches, repeating, 250–276single characters, 236, 238–247tr function, 276–280whitespace, 247–249y function, 276–280

metasymbols, 240methods, 379, 423, 425, 431–433

bind_param(), 662–664calling, 460–462can(), 462CGI.pm module, 577–579checkbox(), 583classes, 436–438, 645–647CLEAR, 500commit(), 671–672connect(), 648defaults(), 593DELETE, 500DESTROY, 451, 494disconnect(), 650EXISTS, 500FETCH, 494fetchrow_hashref(), 653find(), 692FIRSTKEY, 500GET, 541–544hl(), 565HTML forms, 564–571HTTP headers, 596–598instances, 436–438, 440–442invoking, 432

isa(), 462new, 495NEXTKEY, 500param, 572parent, overriding, 471–473POP, 497popup_menu(), 586–589, 591–592POST, 544, 551–555predefined, 494PUSH, 497radio_group(), 586–589reset(), 592rollback(), 671–672start_form, 572start_html, 572STORE, 494submit, 572submit(), 592textfield(), 580–582types of, 431–432UNIVERSAL, 462–464unnamed, calling, 355VERSION(), 462

-M $file, 320m function, 827MIME (multipurpose Internet extension)

types, 529miscellaneous characters, 237mixing data types, 138–139mkdir function, 827m modifiers, 261modifiers

e, 223flags, 60foreach, 210g, 214, 220i, 215, 222if, 204–205loops, 209–210m, 261matching, 210regular expressions, 204–210s, 239substitution, 216–226


Index 957

tr, 277unless, 207until, 209while, 209x, 216

modifying@_array, 330default messages, 594–596directories, 697filehandles, reports, 770–771files, 709–710substitution delimiters, 219tables, 637, 899–900

mod_perlinstalling, 928–938overview of, 925–926web sites, 927–928

modules, 29, 363–370, 850–855. See also packages

base, tying scalars, 495Carp.pm, 755CGI.pm, 559–598Checking.pm, 683Copy.pm, 686from CPAN, 390–397Cpan.pm, 391–393creating, 388–390DBM, 493Exporter.pm, 380–381exporting and importing, 379–385File::Spec, 687–689Find::File, 692–693object-oriented, 481–484OOP, 423–425, 433–44Perl, 9Perl 5, standard Perl library, 383–385.pm files, 378–379pragmas. See pragmasShell.pm, 749–750Socket.pm, 808–812SomeModule.pm, 381standard Perl library, 385–388Switch.pm, 199use function, 378–379

Win32:Process, 746–747Win32:Spawn, 745–746

modulus operator (%), 153monitoring public/private borders, 427m operator, 210–216msgctl function, 827msgget function, 828msgrev function, 828msgsnd function, 828multidimensional arrays, 86–87

lists of lists, 408–410multiline fields, reports, 778–779multiple files, passing, 317multiple inheritance, 465, 471multiple placeholders, 660–661multiplication operator (*), 153multipurpose Internet extension types. See

MIME typesmy function, 828my operator, 334–336, 345–347MySQL

clients, 615client/server databases, 604–610commands, 611, 621–638communication, 610–613connecting, 614–616CPAN, 678data types, 623–626DBI, 638–648documentation, 681–682entries, 672–677errors, 655–665GUI tools, 616–619installing, 613–614keys, editing, 615overview of, 603, 613passwords, setting, 615–616phpMyAdmin tool, 618privilege system, 618–619Query Browser, 616–617, 865quotes, 654–655relational databases, 604–613searching, 619–621statements, 650–654, 666–670


958 Index

MySQL (Continued)string functions, 905transactions, 670–672

mysql console, 864mysqld process, 606mysql service, 606

Nnamed arguments, 564named parameters, 442–444namespaces, 70, 423

packages. See packagessymbols, exporting and importing, 379

namingaliases, 898–899

creating, 344conventions

databases, 611SQL, 867

filehandles, 285files, 708–709hostnames, 520scripts, 34subroutines, 374variables, 70–71, 401

ndbm (new DBM) implementation, 505nested data structures, 408–414nested loops and labels, 191–194Netscape browsers, 522networking, 785

addresses, 787–794client/server models, 785client/server programs, 800–806protocols, 785–787Socket.pm module, 808–812sockets, 794–800

new function, 828newline (\n) character, 239new method, 495news protocol, 519next function, 828NEXTKEY method, 500next statements, 192niceness, 728–729no function, 828

non-blocking locks, 295NORMAL attribute, 690northwind databases, 607, 680not function, 828NOT LIKE condition, 881not operator (!), 150no_upwards function, 688-n switch, 40–42NTFS, 701nucleotides, 916NULL, 877null filehandles, ARGV and, 311–315null parameter lists, 328numbers, 16

keys, sorting hashes by, 121–122metacharacters, 236port, 787–788random, generating, 165strings, converting, 138

numeric expression, 137numeric functions, 902–904numeric literals, 49

printing, 52–53numeric values, relational operators and, 144

Oobject-oriented programming. See OOPobject-oriented style, CGI scripts, 560–562objects, 28, 423, 425, 486–491

closures and, 455–459DESTROY method, 451overview of, 428–429state of, 434

obtaining Perl, 6–8oct function, 829odbm (old DBM) implementation, 505od command, 297OFFLINE attribute, 690-o $file, 319OOP (object-oriented programming), 423–425

inheritance, 460–473modules, 433–44public user interfaces, 474–479standard Perl library, 479–484

opendir function, 698, 829


Index 959

open function, 285, 829opening

databases, 506files, 285

for appending, 293–294for reading, 286–290for writing, 291–292

pipes, 302–309operands, 137

comparing, 143–145operating systems. See also Linux; UNIX;

Windowsinterfaces, 747–755

operationsdatabase, 493file locking, 295–296reading, 301–302writing, 301–302

operators, 18=, 877AND, 880–881and (&&), 149//, 877addition (+), 153arithmetic, 153–154assignment (=), 71, 141–143autodecrement, 154–155autoincrement, 154–155bitwise logical, 156–159conditional, 20, 159–161data types, mixing, 138–139division (/), 153equality, 146–149exponentiation (**), 153file test, 319–320ge, 145greater than (>), 144greater than or equal to (>=), 144gt, 145infix (→), 86, 404le, 145less than (<), 144less than or equal to (<=), 144logical, 149–151logical word, 151–152

lt, 145modulus (%), 153multiplication (*), 153my, 334–336, 345–347not (!), 150OR, 880–881or (||), 150overloading, 138overview of, 137precedence and associativity, 139–168range (..), 82, 161regular expressions, 210–232

m, 210–216pattern binding, 226–232s, 216–226

relational, 143–145special string, 162–164SQL, 631, 876subtraction (-), 153

Oppel, Andrew J., 603ORDER BY clause, 884ord function, 829OR operator, 880–881or operator (||), 150Orwant, J., 453our function, 829output

CGI scripts, 529for check boxes, 585filters, 303–306printing, 14for radio buttons, 588

overloading operators, 138overriding parent methods, 471–473ownership, 701–705

Ppackage function, 830packages, 363–370, 399–400

classes. See classesexporting and importing, 379–385main, 70, 424OOP, 423–425.pl files, 374–378PPM, 391


960 Index

packages (Continued)pwd, 374standard Perl library, 370–390symbol tables, 365–370Tie::Scalar, 495variables, 69–70

packets, 786pack function, 105–107, 830packing data, 715–721parameters

binding, 662–664constructors, passing, 438–440instance methods, passing to, 440–442named, 442–444null lists, 328

param method, 572parent classes, 465parentheses (), 263parent methods, overriding, 471–473parent process ID, 727passing

arguments, 27, 310–319, 330–344filehandles by reference, 347–348, 417–418multiple files, 317parameters

to constructor methods, 438–440to instance methods, 440–442

pointers to subroutines, 353–354by reference with aliases, 345subroutines by reference, 415–417values to subroutines, 349–354

passwordsMySQL, setting, 615–616processes, 730–734UNIX, 732–733Windows, 730–732

PASSWORD type, 537PATHEXT variable, 33path function, 688pattern matching, 203, 234, 881–882. See

also regular expressionsbinding operators, 226–232repeating, 250–276saving, 215subpatterns, creating, 263

peridoc command, 10, 382Perl

directories, 6documentation. See man pagesinterpreted language, overview of, 2obtaining, 6–8overview of, 1–2versions, 3–5

perldoc function, 686PERL5LIB variables, setting, 373–374Perl 5 module, standard Perl library, 383–385Perl Package Manager. See PPMpermissions, 293

file locking, 295–296MySQL, 619system calls, 701–705

-p $file, 320pgrp function, 727phpMyAdmin tool (MySQL), 618pid, 721pipe function, 830pipes, 25

closing, 286input, 526opening, 302–309| (pipe symbol), 303, 307reading from, 41

placeholders, 659multiple, 660–661records, inserting, 661–662

.pl files, 374–378, 388

.pm files, 384, 426modules and, 378–379

pod (plain old documentation)commands, 476–477files, 474–476interpreters, 477translators, 477–479

pointers, 27, 349–354, 421as arguments, 352–353de-referencing, 350–352, 404–406hard references, 403–406nested data structures, 408–414overview of, 401passing to subroutines, 353–354


Index 961

polymorphism, 424, 425, 445–451pop function, 107, 830POP method, 497popup_menu() method, 586–589, 591–592pop-up menus, 537–541port numbers, 787–788pos function, 831positional arguments, 565POSIX character classes, 245–247post-increment operators, 155POST method, 544, 551–555PPM (Perl Package Manager), 391, 393–397

DBI, installing, 639–645mod_perl, installing, 929

Practical Extraction and Report Language. See Perl

pragmas, 424, 848–850diagnostics, 57–58strict, 58

global variables, preventing use of, 336–338

symbolic references, 403Unicode, 281use function, 378–379warnings, 55–57

precedence, operators, 139–168predefined methods, 494predefined variables, 16pre-increment operators, 155preventing use of global variables, 336–338primary keys

adding, 638creating, 893–894databases, 609tables, adding, 626–627

PrintError attribute, 655printf function, 59–66, 831

flag modifiers, 60format specifiers, 59–60here documents, 63–66sprintf function, 62

print function, 36, 46–58, 342, 831CGI.pm module, 562–564diagnostics pragma, 57–58literals, 49–55

quotes, 47–48strict pragma, 58-w switch, 55–57

print() function, 325printing

filehandles, 45literals, 51–55output, 14strings, 67without quotes, 63–66words, 45

priorities, processes, 728–729privacy, classes and, 426–427private aliases, 345–347private keyword, 429privilege system (MySQL), 618–619processes, 721

calling, 721child, 721filehandles, 725–728mysqld, 606niceness, 728–729passwords, 730–734priorities, 728–729signals, sending, 761–762time and, 734–739UNIX, 721–723

creating, 739–744environments, 723–725

Windows, 723creating, 744–747environments, 723–725

process group ID, 727processing forms, 548–551programming

CGI.pm module, 560–562OOP. See OOP

programsCGI, 65, 514. See also CGI; scriptsclient/server, 800–806sendmail, 555user/driver, 442

properties, 434Unicode, 281

protected keyword, 429


962 Index

protocolsfunctions, 788–790HTTP, 516–517IP, 786networking, 785–787SMTP, 555–559TCP, 786TCP/IP, 516–517, 785–787UDP, 786–787Web, 519

prototype function, 831prototypes, subroutines, 338–340public keyword, 429public methods, 423public/private borders, monitoring, 427public user interfaces, 474–479push function, 108, 831PUSH method, 497pwd package, 374

Qq construct, 75q function, 831qq construct, 75qq function, 831queries. See also databases

caches, 664–665client/server databases, 604SQL, 865–868

Query Browser (MySQL), 616–617, 865QUERY_STRING environment variable,

531, 544–548question mark (?), 256queues, creating sockets, 797Quick Start/Quick Reference, 13–29QUIT key, 760quotemeta function, 831quotes, 17

MySQL, 654–655print function, 47–48printing without, 63–66SQL, 877variables, 72–77

qw construct, 75qw function, 831

qx construct, 75qx function, 831

Rradio buttons, 537–541radio_group() method, 586–589RADIO type, 537RaiseError attribute, 655rand function, 166, 325, 832random numbers, generating, 165range operator (..), 82, 161RDBMS (relational database management

systems), 604components, 605–610

readdir function, 698–699, 832read function, 96–97, 552, 712–713, 832reading

from filehandles, 288from files, 40, 286–290operations, 301–302from pipes, 41from STDIN, 94–99

readline function, 832readlink function, 707–708, 832READONLY attribute, 690readpipe function, 832records

databases, 607–608placeholders, inserting, 661–662

recv function, 832redirecting STDOUT, 306redo function, 832redo statements, 192references, 13–29, 27

aliases, passing, 345anonymous variables, 406–407call-by-reference, 330–332, 344–358filehandles, 347–348, 417–418forward, 328hard, 349–354

comparing to symbolic references, 401–403

pointers, 403–406nested data structures, 408–414objects, 428. See also objects


Index 963

overview of, 401$p, 350subroutines, 414–417symbolic, 344–349

ref function, 418–420, 833regular expressions, 26, 234

comments, 216metacharacters, 235–280

alternation, 263anchors, 258–261capturing, 266–273greediness of, 250–258grouping, 263–266look around assertions, 273–276pattern matches, repeating, 250–276single characters, 236, 238–247tr function, 276–280whitespace, 247–249y function, 276–280

modifiers, 204–210. See also modifiersoperators, 210–232

m, 210–216pattern binding, 226–232s, 216–226

overview of, 203statements, 204–210Unicode, 281–282

rel2abs function, 688relational database management systems

(RDBMS), 604components, 605–610

relational databases, 604–613components of, 605–610

relational operators, 143–145relations, DDL, 896–899remembering metacharacters, 266–273rename function, 708–709, 833renaming files, 708–709repeating

characters, 237pattern matching, 250–276

repetition with loops, 177–199reports, mod_perl bugs, 927–928report templates, 767–783

defining, 767–770

dynamic report writing, 781–783filehandles, modifying, 770–771filling fields, 779–781multiline fields, 778–779select function, 776–778top-of-the-page formatting, 771–776

requests, waiting for clients, 798require function, 374, 833require keyword, 326reserved words, 45

databases, 611–612SQL, 867

reset function, 833reset() method, 592RESET type, 537results, sorting, 884result-sets

databases, 612–613SQL, 868

retrievingdata from DBM files, 508–510rows, 608

return function, 326, 340, 833returning

current byte positions, 299filehandles, 294values

ref function, 418–420subroutines, 340–342

reverse function, 116–117, 833reverse order, sorting hash keys, 121–122revisions, 317–319rewinddir function, 833-r $file, 319Rieken, B., 787rindex function, 833rmdir function, 696, 833rollback() method, 671–672rootdir function, 688root users, 618Rosenberg, Barry, 72routines, @INC array, 371rows

databases, 608, 609deleting, 635–636


964 Index

rules for quotes, 72–77runtime

binding, 445errors, 39require function, loading at, 374

Ssaving pattern matching, 215scalar function, 834scalars, 15

$, 70$&, 215$_, 203$ARGV, 310@_array, 330–332arrays, 81–82context and subroutines, 342hard references. See hard referenceshash variables, 87input, assigning input to, 94patterns, saving, 215tying, 494–496variables, 77–80$x, 403

schemas, databases, 609Schwartz, R. L., 427, 797scope

packages, 364of subroutines, 326variables, 69–70, 329

Script File, 14scripts

CGI, 527–530communication, 531–535here documents, 63–66

errors, 38–39executing, 36h2ph, 747–748naming, 34overview of, 37–38setup, 31–32startup, 32–33subroutines, 326. See also subroutinesUNIX, 2

sdbm (standard DBM) implementation, 505

searchingCPAN, 9, 390directories, 692–695files, 692–695greediness, turning off, 253, 256–258interpreters, 32Locator Box, 520MySQL, 619–621pattern matching, 203. See also regular

expressionstext editors, 34

seekdir function, 700–701, 834seek function, 296–299, 713–714, 834SELECT command, 629SELECT command (SQL), 871–885SELECT DISTINCT statement, 873–874select function, 294–295, 834

report templates, 776–778selecting

columns, 629–630, 872–873databases, 623entries, MySQL, 672–677

selective aliasing, 348–349SELECT type, 537semctl function, 834semget function, 834semicolons (;), 414semicolons (;), 866semop function, 835send function, 835sending signals to processes, 761–762sendmail program, 555sequences

DNA, 916escape, 49examples of, 917918

servers, 516–521, 785CGI scripts, communication between,

531–535databases, 604–610, 606functions, 790–792HTTP, 516–517programs, 800–806SMTP, 555–559

services, mysql, 606


Index 965

SetAttributes() function, 690set_message function, 594setpgrp function, 835setpriority function, 729, 835setsockopt function, 835setters, 425, 433setting

MySQL passwords, 615–616PERL5LIB variables, 373–374

-S $file, 320-s $file, 319s function, 834shbang line, 32Shell.pm module, 749–750shift function, 108–109, 835shmctl function, 835shmget function, 835shmread function, 836shmwrite function, 836short-circuit operators, 149–151SHOW commands, 870–871show databases command, 868–869shutdown, sockets, 799–800SIGALARM signal, 762signals, 760–764

catching, 760–761processes, sending, 761–762SIGALARM, 762

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. See SMTPsin function, 836single characters, metacharacters, 236, 238–247single inheritance, 465single quotes (' '), 47, 74Slaymaker, Barrie, 453sleep function, 763, 836slices

arrays, 84–86hash variables, 90–91

SMALLINT data type, 624s modifiers, 239SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol),

555–559socket function, 836socketpair function, 836Socket.pm module, 808–812

socketsaddresses, 796client requests, waiting for, 798connecting, 798–799creating, 796domains, 795–796networking, 794–800queues, creating, 797shutdown, 799–800types of, 795

soft links, 705–708Solaris, ActivePerl, 391SomeModule.pm module, 381s operator, 216–226sort function, 114–116, 837sorting

arrays, 114–116hashes, 120–126results, 884tables, 633–634

source filescreating, 522viewing, 513

special hashes, 129–131special literals, 51

printing, 54–55special scalars for saving patterns, 215special string operators, 162–164special variables, 845–848splice function, 109–110, 837split function, 110–114, 837splitpath function, 688sprintf function, 62, 837SQL INSERT statement, 627SQL (Structured Query Language), 604

case sensitivity, 867–868commands, 680–681, 865–868

ALTER, 899DESCRIBE, 870–871EXTRACT, 909INSERT, 885–886LIMIT, 874–875SELECT, 871–885SHOW, 870–871show databases, 868–869


966 Index

SQL (Continued)commands (Continued)

UPDATE, 886–887USE, 869

databases, 868–871data types, 889–890DDL. See DDLDML. See DMLexercises, 912–914functions, 901–910

Date and Time, 906–910numeric, 902–904strings, 905

MySQL. See MySQLnaming conventions, 867operators, 631, 876overview of, 863queries, 865–868quotes, 877reserved words, 867result-sets, 868standardizing, 864statements

BETWEEN, 883DELETE, 887–888executing, 864–865SELECT DISTINCT, 873–874terminating, 611, 866

tables, 869–871sqrt function, 837square brackets ([]), 240

anonymous arrays, 406srand function, 166, 837Srinivasan, S., 433s (squeeze) option, 276, 280standard errors, HTML, 526standardizing SQL, 864standard Perl library, 370–390

@INC array, 371–374modules, 385–388OOP, 479–484Perl 5 module, 383–385pod files, 474–476

start command, 744–745start_form method, 572start_html method, 572

startupPERL5LIB variable, setting, 373–374scripts, 32–33

statements, 34–35, 35–36, 424assignment, 71–72compound, 171–177CREATE TABLE, 623handles, 650–654if, 172last, 192MySQL, 666–670next, 192redo, 192regular expressions, 204–210SQL

BETWEEN, 883DELETE, 887–888executing, 864–865SELECT DISTINCT, 873–874terminating, 611, 866

SQL INSERT, 627subroutines, 327. See also subroutinesswitch, 196–199unless, 172“useDBI”, 647

state of objects, 434stat function, 710–712, 838static methods, 431, 436–438static Web pages, 513–515statistics, files, 710–712status codes, HTTP, 517–519STDERR, 287

error logs, 530–531STDIN, 94–99STDOUT, 306Stein, L., 560Stevens, W. R., 788STOP key, 760storage files, 297STORE method, 494stream sockets, 795strict pragma, 58

global variables, preventing use of, 336–338symbolic references, 403

strings, 17literals, 49–51, 53–54


Index 967

MySQL functions, 905numbers, converting, 138printing, 67special string operators, 162–164

Structured Query Language. See SQLstudy function, 838sub function, 838sub keyword, 327, 357, 414submit method, 572submit() method, 592SUBMIT type, 537subpatterns, creating, 263subroutines, 23, 325–330, 360–361. See also

functionsanonymous, 414–415, 453–455arguments, passing, 330–344AUTOLOAD, 462–464AUTOLOAD function, 354–356BEGIN and END, 357call-by-reference, 344–358calling, 326–330context, 342–344defining, 326–330hard references, 349–354importing, 379–385naming, 374pointers, passing to, 353–354prototypes, 338–340references, 414–417return values, 340–342user-defined, 343–344

subs function, 358substitutions

216-226commands, 748–749delimiters, modifying, 219global, 220newline (//n) character, 239

substr function, 839subtraction operator (-), 153superusers, 618suppression indicator, 779switches

-c, 530command-line, 2, 39–43, 856–857

-c, 42–43

-e, 40-n, 40–42

-i, 317–319-w, 567

print function, 55–57Switch.pm module, 199switch statements, 196–199symbolic references, 344–349

hard references, comparing to, 401–403strict pragma, 403

symbolsencoding, 545fields

designator, 768display, 768

importing, 379–385metasymbols, 240tables, 365–370, 427

symlink function, 707–708, 839syntax, 14–25

::, 449–451errors, 39testing with -c switch, 530

syscall function, 686, 747–748, 839sysopen function, 839sysread function, 713, 839sysseek function, 839SYSTEM attribute, 690system calls, 685–721

directories, 687–689accessing, 698–701creating, 695–696deleting, 696modifying, 697searching, 692–695

fileslow-level I/O, 712–715modifying, 709–710renaming, 708–709statistics, 710–712

hard and soft links, 705–708packing and unpacking data, 715–721permissions, 701–705

system directories and file attributes, 689–692

system errors, 287. See also errors


968 Index

system files, 285accessing, 291

system function, 750–752, 840syswrite function, 713, 840

Ttables

adding with primary keys, 626–627altering, 899–900CREATE TABLE statement, 623creating, 891–893data, inserting, 627–629databases, 607dropping, 638, 901joining, 634–635modifying, 637MySQL privilege system, 618–619sorting, 633–634SQL, 869–871symbols, 365–370, 427updating, 636–637

tags, HTMLcreating, 522forms, 535

TCP/IP, 516, 785–787telldir function, 700, 840tell function, 296–299, 714–715, 840telnet protocol, 519templates, 338. See also prototypes

pack and unpack functions, 106reports, 767–783

defining, 767–770dynamic report writing, 781–783filehandles, modifying, 770–771filling fields, 779–781multiline fields, 778–779select function, 776–778top-of-the-page formatting, 771–776

TEMPORARY attribute, 690Terminal application (MySQL), 615terminating SQL statements, 611, 866testing

eof function, 315–317files, 319–321forms at the command-line, 576–577

syntax with -c switch, 530text

fields, 537–541files, opening, 285

TEXTAREA type, 537TEXT data type, 624text editors, 2

HTML, creating Web pages in, 522–526searching, 34

textfield() method, 580–582TEXT type, 537-T $file, 320-t $file, 320tied function, 841tie function, 493–494, 841Tie::Scalar package, 495tilde (), 779time

formatting, 907and processes, 734–739

TIME: hh-mm-ss data type, 624time function, 735, 842times function, 735, 842TIMESTAMP data type, 624TINYBLOB data type, 624TINYINT data type, 624TINYTEXT data type, 624TITLE element, 522tmpdir function, 688tools

GUIs, MySQL, 616–619h2xs, 395–397phpMyAdmin (MySQL), 618privilege system (MySQL), 618–619

top-of-the-page formatting, 771–776tracking cookies, 529transactions, MySQL, 670–672translators

pod, 477–479pod files, 474

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), 786tr function, 276–280, 842truncate function, 842turning off

capturing, 272–273


Index 969

case sensitivity, 215, 222greediness, 251, 256–258

tyingarrays, 497–500hashes, 500–504scalars, 494–496variables to classes, 493–504

typeglobs, 344–349, 401symbol tables, 365

typesdata, 14. See also data typesof errors, 38–39of input for forms, 536–537of joins, 896of literals, 49–55of methods, 431–432MIME, 529o of inheritance, 465of operators, 141–168pack and unpack functions, 106of sockets, 795of text editors, 34of variables, 69

Uucfirst function, 842uc function, 842-u $file, 320uid, 723umask function, 842undef function, 80, 510, 842Unicode, 281–282Unicode Consortium, 281Uniform Resource Locators. See URLsUNIVERSAL class, 460UNIVERSAL method, 462–464UNIX

commands. See commandsdatabase servers, 606directories, 695, 698domains, 795files, 286–290, 689–692hard and soft links, 705–706kernels, 689passwords, 732–733

permissions, 701processes, 721–723


scripts, 2scripts, startup, 32sendmail program, 555sockets, 795–796

unless constructs, 175–177unless modifiers, 207unless statements, 172unlink function, 706–707, 843unmask function, 704–705unnamed methods, calling, 355unpack function, 105–107, 843unpacking data, 715–721unshift function, 117, 843untie function, 506, 843until loops, 179–182until modifiers, 209UPDATE command, 886–887updating

entries, 668–670tables, 636–637

updir function, 688URLs (Uniform Resource Locators), 519–521

hex-encoded characters, 546–547USE command, 869“useDBI” statement, 647use function, 843

modules and pragmas, 378–379use keyword, 326User Datagram Protocol (UDP), 786–787user-defined filehandles, 285–309user-defined functions. See subroutinesuser-defined subroutines, 343–344user/driver program, 442UTF8/UTF16 Unicode support, 281utime function, 709–710, 843

Vvalidating defined functions, 79values

assignment statements, 71call-by-value, 332–338


970 Index

values (Continued)defined function, 79fetching, 657hash, sorting by, 124–126hash, variables, 87lists of, 414numeric, relational operators and, 144pack and unpack functions, 106passing to subroutines, 349–354ref function, 418–420return, subroutines, 340–342wantarray function, 343–344

values function, 119, 843VARCHAR(x) data type, 624variables, 69–77

"*", 344$!, 286$$, 727$=, 771$@, 757@*, 778anonymous, 406–407, 428$#arrayname, 81arrays, 80–87assignment statements, 71–72$AUTOLOAD, 354behavior, defining, 494classes, tying to, 493–504complex data structures, 91–93environment

CGI, 531–535CONTENT_LENGTH, 552QUERY_STRING, 544–548

errno, 685global, preventing use of, 336–338hard references. See hard referenceshash, 15, 70, 87–91

arrays, 92–93hashes of hashes, 91–92input, assigning to, 99

importing, 379–385instances, 465lexical, 453naming, 70–71packages, 69–70

PATHEXT, 33PERL5LIB, setting, 373–374predefined, 16quotes, 72–77scalars, 77–80scope, 69–70, 329special, 845–848$_special scalar, 184types, 69

vec function, 844VERSION() method, 462versions of Perl, 3–5viewing

entries, MySQL, 672–677files, storage, 297forms, 538source files, 513

virtual methods, 431, 436–438

WWagner, David, 165wait function, 742–743, 844waiting for client requests, 798waitpid function, 742–743, 844Wall, Larry, 1, 72, 401, 427, 453, 797wantarray function, 343–344, 844warn function, 757, 844warnings pragma, 55–57Web pages. See also HTML

creating, 522–526static and dynamic, 513–515

Web servers. See also serversclient/server databases, 604

Web sites, mod_perl, 927–928Weiman, L., 787-w $file, 319WHERE clause, 630–633WHERE clause (SQL), 876while loops, 177–179

DATA filehandles, 205–208while modifiers, 209whitespace, 34–35

adding, 216metacharacters, 236, 247–249

width of fields, 60


Index 971

wildcards, 753–755, 881–883Win32 binary files, 292–293Windows

ActivePerl, 391database servers, 606directories, creating, 695files, 286–290, 689–692hard and soft links, 706passwords, 730–732permissions, 701processes, 723


scripts, startup, 32–33signals, 764

Win32::GetLastError, 756Win32:Process module, 746–747Win32:Spawn module, 745–746words

logical word operators, 151–152printing, 45reserved

databases, 611–612

SQL, 867strict pragma and, 58

Wright, G. R., 788write function, 771, 844writing

dynamic reports, 781–783files, opening for, 291–292operations, 301–302scripts, 31–32

-w switch, 567print function, 55–57

XXAMPP, 614-x $file, 319x modifiers, 216

YYEAR data type, 624y function, 276–280

Z-z $file, 319


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