Page - 1 TABLE of CONTENTS 2009-2010 Request for Research...

Page - 1 TABLE of CONTENTS

2009-2010 Request for Research Proposals (RFP) .....................................4 Evaluation Summary Table ....................................................................................8 2009-2010 Fertilizer & Lime Proposals ...............................................................11

1. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Assessment of Soil Carbon Content and Quality Relative to Plant Essential Nutrient Availability for Biofuel Based Crop Production Systems, Miles (pg 128)........................................................................................................... 11 Assessment of Soil Carbon Content and Quality Relative to Plant Essential Nutrient Availability for Biofuel Based Crop Production Systems ................................................... 12

Randall J. Miles (133), Felix Fritschi 104), and Tim Reinbott (148).............................. 12 2. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Enhanced Efficiency Liquid N Applications for Corn, Kelly Nelson (pg 138) ................................................................................................... 16 Enhanced Efficiency Liquid N Applications for Corn ........................................................ 17

Kelly Nelson (143), Peter Motavalli (136), and Bruce Burdick (103)............................ 17 3. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Enhanced Efficiency Phosphorus Application for a Corn-Soybean Rotation, Kelly Nelson (pg 138) ................................................................ 21 Enhanced Efficiency Phosphorus Application for a Corn-Soybean Rotation .................. 22

Kelly Nelson (143), Bruce Burdick (103), David Dunn (104), Peter Motavalli (136), Manjula Nathan (139), Peter Scharf (154), and Gene Stevens (159).............................. 22

4. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Optimizing Corn Fertigation Practices for Missouri Irrigators, Joe Henggeler (pg 114) ........................................................................ 26 Optimizing Corn Fertigation Practices for Missouri Irrigators......................................... 27

Joe Henggeler (120) and David Dunn (104)...................................................................... 27 5. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: A Long-Term Study to Further Enhance Variable Rate Fertility Management, Kent Shannon (pg 151).................................... 30 A Long-Term Study to Further Enhance Variable Rate Fertility Management .... 31

Kent Shannon (156), Todd Lorenz (127), Joni Ross Harper (117), and Peter Scharf (154)........................................................................................................................ 31

6. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Finding Nutritional Yield Drags in Missouri Corn Fields, ....................................................................................................................................... 35 Gene Stevens (pg 154)............................................................................................................. 35 Finding Nutritional Yield Drags in Missouri Corn Fields .................................................. 36

Gene Stevens (159) and Anthony Ohmes.......................................................................... 36 7. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Evaluating the Utility of a Maleic-Itaconic Copolymer Product to Reduce Phosphorus Sorption in Missouri Soils, Keith W. Goyne, (pg 106)..................................................................................................................................... 38 Evaluating the Utility of a Maleic-Itaconic Copolymer Product to Reduce Phosphorus Sorption in Missouri Soils ....................................................................................................... 39

Keith W. Goyne (112), Peter Motavalli (136), and Kelly Nelson (143).............................. 39 8. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Evaluating the phosphorus runoff potential of current home lawn fertilization practices and recommendations based on soil test results, Xi Xiong, (pg158) .................................................................................................................... 43 Evaluating the phosphorus runoff potential of current home lawn fertilization practices and recommendations based on soil test results................................................................... 44

Xi Xiong (162), Dan Lloyd (125), Manjula Nathan (139), Brad Fresenburg (107)....... 44 9. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Probability of Nitrogen Loss from Fall- and Spring-Applied Fertilizer to Row Crops, John A. Lory (pg 124)....................................... 48 Probability of Nitrogen Loss from Fall- and Spring-Applied Fertilizer to Row Crops ... 49

John A. Lory (130) and Verel W. Benson (98) ................................................................. 49

Page - 2 10. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Does low manganese limit yield in glyphosate tolerant soybeans?, Fritsche (pg 104).................................................................................... 52 Does low manganese limit yield in glyphosate tolerant soybeans? ............................................ 53

Felix B. Fritschi (110) and Dale Blevins (101), Univ. of Missouri.............................................. 53 11. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Utilization of Variable Source N Application Strategies for Anhydrous Ammonia and Liquid Slow-Release Fertilizers, Peter Motavalli (pg 131)..................................................................................................................................... 57 Utilization of Variable Source N Application Strategies for Anhydrous Ammonia and Liquid Slow-Release Fertilizers...................................................................................... 58

Peter Motavalli (136) and Kelly Nelson (143)................................................................... 58 12. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Effect of Various Nitrogen Applications on Plant Persistence, and Dry Matter Yield from Two Different Post-Grazing Residuals, Stacey Hamilton (pg 109) ...................................................................................................... 62 Effect of Various Nitrogen Applications on Plant Persistence, and Dry Matter Yield from Two Different Post-Grazing Residuals ................................................................................. 63

Stacey Hamilton (115), Rob Kallenbach (123), Ted Probert (147), Tony Rickard (150), Wayne Prewitt (146), and Craig Roberts (152)................................................................ 63

13. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: SMALLER-BUT MORE FREQUENT APPLICATIONS OF NITROGEN COULD ENHANCE LIVESTOCK PROFITABILITY BY INCREASING FORAGE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY, Rob Kallenbach (pg 117) ................................................................................................................ 66 SMALLER-BUT MORE FREQUENT APPLICATIONS OF NITROGEN COULD ENHANCE LIVESTOCK PROFITABILITY BY INCREASING FORAGE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY.......................................................................................... 67

Rob Kallenbach (123), Stacey Hamilton (115), Ted Probert (147), Tony Rickard (150), Wayne Prewitt (146), Craig Roberts (152) ....................................................................... 67

14. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Cost-effectiveness of P and K Maintenance vs. Maintenance plus Buildup Strategies in a Variable Fertilizer Market, Manjula Nathan (pg 134)..................................................................................................................................... 70 Cost-effectiveness of P and K Maintenance vs. Maintenance plus Buildup Strategies in a Variable Fertilizer Market..................................................................................................... 71

Manjula Nathan (139) , Kelly Nelson (143), and Tim Reinbott (148) ............................ 71 15. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Yield response to P & K fertilizers over landscapes,............................................................................................................................ 75 Peter Scharf (pg 149) ............................................................................................................ 75 Yield response to P & K fertilizers over landscapes .................................................. 76

Peter Scharf (154) and Kent Shannon (156).............................................................. 76 16. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Can “quarter minus” materials be used as a liming source in a special situation?, David Dunn (pg 98 ) ................................................. 79 Can “quarter minus” materials be used as a liming source................................................ 80

David Dunn (104) and Gene Stevens (159) ....................................................................... 80 17. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Liming in a Rice/Soybean Rotation, David Dunn

(pg 98)....................................................................................................................................... 82 Liming in a Rice/Soybean Rotation....................................................................................... 83

David Dunn (104) and Gene Stevens (159)........................................................................ 83 18. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Sensor-based variable-rate N: Long-term performance in corn and cotton, Peter Scharf, (pg 149) ........................................... 85 Sensor-based variable-rate N: Long-term performance in corn and cotton........ 86

Peter Scharf (154), Andrea Jones, and David Dunn (104)..................................... 86 19. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Stalk Nitrate Assessment of Corn Nitrogen Management Pilot Project, John A. Lory (pg 124) ............................................................. 90

Page - 3 Stalk Nitrate Assessment of Corn Nitrogen Management Pilot Project............................ 91

John A. Lory (130), Peter C. Scharf (154), and Mark White (161)................................ 91 20. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Effectiveness of Long-term Variable Rate Fertilizer and Lime , Stevens (pg 154) .................................................................................. 95 Effectiveness of Long-term Variable Rate Fertilizer and Lime ......................................... 96

Gene Stevens (159) and David Dunn (104) ....................................................................... 96 PI’s and Co-PI’s .....................................................................................................98

VEREL W. BENSON ............................................................................................................. 98 Dale G. Blevins - Professor................................................................................................... 101 Bruce Burdick ..................................................................................................................... 103 DAVID J. (Dave) DUNN....................................................................................................... 104 BRAD S. FRESENBURG..................................................................................................... 107 Felix B. Fritschi ..................................................................................................................... 110 KEITH W. GOYNE.............................................................................................................. 112 Stacey A. Hamilton Ph.D. ................................................................................................. 115 Joni Ross Harper................................................................................................................... 117 Joe Henggeler ..................................................................................................................... 120 Robert L. Kallenbach ........................................................................................................... 123 Dan Lloyd .............................................................................................................................. 125 TODD E. LORENZ .............................................................................................................. 127 John A. Lory.......................................................................................................................... 130 RANDALL J. MILES........................................................................................................... 133 PETER P. MOTAVALLI..................................................................................................... 136 Manjula V. Nathan .............................................................................................................. 139 KELLY A. NELSON.................................................................................................................. 143 Wayne R. Prewitt ................................................................................................................ 146 Ted R. Probert ..................................................................................................................... 147 TIMOTHY MARTIN REINBOTT..................................................................................... 148 Tony R. Rickard .................................................................................................................. 150 CRAIG A. ROBERTS ................................................................................................................. 152 Peter Clifton Scharf ........................................................................................................... 154 D. Kent Shannon ................................................................................................................... 156 WILLIAM E. (GENE) STEVENS....................................................................................... 159 Mark White ........................................................................................................................... 161 XI XIONG.............................................................................................................................. 162

Page - 4 2009-2010 Request for Research Proposals (RFP)

Missouri Fertilizer and Ag Lime Law

Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station (MOAES)

2009-2010 Request for Research Proposals (RFP) 2007, 2008, 2009 Progress Reports

Objectives of RFP This RFP is a call for proposals aimed at providing information to improve the precision, accuracy and economics of fertilizer and agricultural lime use in Missouri. Collaborative proposals that will lead to improvements in the University of Missouri's fertilizer and lime recommendations are especially encouraged. Proposals should be carried out within Missouri to provide maximum benefit to fine tuning soil test recommendation. Laboratory testing facilities located within the state should be utilized whenever available to evaluate sampled materials. Proposals should explain how projected outcomes will contribute to environmental quality and economic benefit to producers. The deadline for receipt of proposals is December 11, 2009, for progress reports is December 18, 2009, with grants starting February 28, 2010. Notice of the date of the Advisory Board meeting will appear on this site.

Funded proposals in the past have included such topics as: refining soil test recommendations for corn, soybean, and wheat; estimating the need for agricultural lime; P&K fixation by Missouri soils; no-till lime management and soil pH effects on herbicide carryover; and soil-specific phosphorus rates.; P and B fertilization of fescue; K fertilization of alfalfa and cotton; N applications to corn and sorghum. All of the currently funded projects, both ongoing and completed can be reviewed at http://aes.missouri.edu/pfcs/research

The Missouri Fertilizer Law and Ag Liming Materials Law and Rules were revised in 1999 to provide for an annual permit fee to sell commercial fertilizer and ag liming materials in Missouri. Permit fees collected in excess of the administrative costs of distributor registration were defined and designated in the rules to fund fertilizer and ag liming materials research related proposals. This is the tenth RFP. This year it is anticipated funding will be available of up to $140,000.00 for new proposals.

Eligibility University of Missouri, CAFNR faculty, Lincoln University extension and University of Missouri extension personnel are eligible to submit proposals. No investigator may be PI on more than two submitted proposals per year.

Duration Grants will be awarded for up to three years, with the possibility for further multi-year extensions. Funding for subsequent years on multi-year projects will

Page - 5 be contingent on having an approved progress report and funding being available.

Proposal Format Proposals must follow the format shown below:

1. Title 2. Investigator(s) 3. Objectives, including relevance of project to Missouri fertilizer/lime use 4. Procedures 5. Current status/importance of research area 6. Expected economic impact of the project 7. Timetable for proposed research 8. Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge 9. Proposed budget by years and by category:

salaries/operating/equipment/other

Proposals are limited to three pages in 12 pt. font, exclusive of budget and 2-3 page resumes of each investigator attached to each proposal. Please make submission as both a PDF file and a word processor document.

Progress Report Format State accomplishments for first year State objectives for year two Provide proposed budget for year two

Failure to submit progress reports in a timely manner will negatively impact future proposal reviews and requested funding.

Proposal Review Process Proposals and progress reports will be reviewed for technical soundness by an ad hoc committee appointed by the Director of the MOAES. External reviewers will be included to evaluate scientific merit. The review process evaluation criteria will be as follows:

20% Technical Soundness 20% Scientific Merit 20% Relevance to Missouri Agriculture (note topics of interest below) 20% Economic Impact of Expected Result 20% Capabilities of Investigator and Collaborators Proposals and technical reviews will be forwarded to the Fertilizer and Lime Advisory Council, which will review proposals for relevance to Missouri agriculture, and make funding recommendations. A 15 minute presentation by the PI for each proposed new project will be made to the Fertilizer and Ag Lime Advisory Council. Proposals and recommendations of Fertilizer and Ag Lime Advisory Council will then be sent to the Director of the MOAES for funding approval. PI’s who have concluded funded projects should prepare final reports for distribution to

Page - 6 the Fertilizer/Ag Lime Advisory Council and inclusion in the Missouri Soil Fertility Research Update Bulletin.

Stakeholder Topics of Interest

1. New Topics: a. Effects of starter (pop-up fertilizer) on corn, cotton and

soybean, varying products and placement studying yield increases and quality.

b. Long term study on Variable Rate Technology on corn and cotton.

c. Work on the various micronutrient packages that are being offered from companies such as: Stoller, Helena, United Suppliers, Rosens, AgXplore and Mosaic.

Then the old topics still worth consideration.

2. Application and Use of Ag Lime and Fertilizer a. Cost benefit of Ag Lime vs. pelletized Lime b. Nitrogen timing for fescue seed production c. Fall forage fertilization d. Sulfur supplying capability of low organic matter soils

(<1%) on high yielding corn varieties. e. Creating various blended liming materials from

manufactured by-products. f. Evaluation of coarser materials ag liming materials for soil

pH neutralization 3. Nitrogen Management

0. New Forms of N (is a pound of N a pound of N, verification of claims?)

1. Use of CAFO & Biosolids as Fertilizer (Economic analysis of long term manure use compared to synthetic fertilizer on cropping systems, Sanborn Field data analyzed)

2. Application methods: side dress, variable rate, etc. 3. Rates and crop utilization of new hybrids 4. Replacements for ammonium nitrate in pasture utilization 5. Comparison trials of N-enhancement products i.e.

Agrotain, Nutrisphere, polymers, etc. 4. Mechanical Research/Improvement of Blending Capabilities

. Bulk capabilities vs. bagged capabilities? a. Spreading / application technologies b. Evaluation of quality differences in fertilizer materials and

the impact of the differences on crop production due to spreading variability.

c. Better methods for producing ag liming materials 5. P & K Fertilizers . Development

a. Assessments b. Cost benefits

6. Cutting Edge Technologies

Page - 7 . Fertilization assessments

a. Crop assessments b. Cost benefits

Distribution of RFP University of Missouri CAFNR faculty list serve CAFNR Associate Deans, Division Directors, and Department Chairs Lincoln University Extension Regional Extension Directors Regional Specialists Superintendents of Farms and Centers MOAES website: http://aes.missouri.edu/pfcs/research

Submission

Proposals are due by 5:00 PM, December 11, 2009, Progress Reports are due by December 18, 2008 and are to be sent to Marc Linit, MOAES, 2-44 Agriculture Building, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. They may be submitted electronically to [email protected].

The Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station is the research arm of the College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources

at the University of Missouri-Columbia Site maintained by people at AgEBB

[email protected]

October 12, 2007

Page - 8

Evaluation Summary Table Proposal Title and PI

Technical Soundness

Scientific Merit

Relevance to Missouri Ag

Impact of Expected Result

Capabilities of Investigator and Collaborators

Total

Assessment of Soil Carbon Content and Quality Relative to Plant Essential Nutrient Availability for Biofuel Based Crop Production Systems (Miles)

Enhanced Efficiency Liquid N Applications for Corn (Nelson)

Enhanced Efficiency Phosphorus Application for a Corn-Soybean Rotation, (Nelson)

Optimizing Corn Fertigation Practices for Missouri Irrigators, (Henggeler)

A Long-Term Study to Further Enhance Variable Rate Fertility Management, (Shannon)

Finding Nutritional Yield Drags in Missouri Corn Fields, (Stevens)

Evaluating the Utility of a Maleic-Itaconic Copolymer Product to Reduce Phosphorus Sorption in Missouri Soils, (Goyne)

Evaluating the

Page - 9 phosphorus runoff potential of current home lawn fertilization practices and recommendations based on soil test results, (Xiong) Probability of Nitrogen Loss from Fall- and Spring-Applied Fertilizer to Row Crops, (Lory)

Does low manganese limit yield in glyphosate tolerant soybeans?, (Fritsche)

Utilization of Variable Source N Application Strategies for Anhydrous Ammonia and Liquid Slow-Release Fertilizers, (Motavalli)

Effect of Various Nitrogen Applications on Plant Persistence, and Dry Matter Yield from Two Different Post-Grazing Residuals, (Hamilton)

SMALLER-BUT MORE FREQUENT APPLICATIONS OF NITROGEN COULD ENHANCE LIVESTOCK PROFITABILITY BY INCREASING FORAGE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY, (Kallenbach)

Cost-effectiveness of P and K Maintenance vs. Maintenance plus

Page - 10 Buildup Strategies in a Variable Fertilizer Market, (Nathan) Yield response to P & K fertilizers over

landscapes, (Scharf)

Can “quarter minus” materials be used as a liming source in a special situation?, (Dunn)

Liming in a Rice/Soybean Rotation, (Dunn)

Sensor-based variable-rate N: Long-term performance in corn and cotton, (Scharf)

Stalk Nitrate Assessment of Corn Nitrogen Management Pilot Project, (Lory)

Effectiveness of Long-term Variable Rate Fertilizer and Lime , (Stevens)

Page - 11 2009-2010 Fertilizer & Lime Proposals

Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program – FY10

1. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Assessment of Soil Carbon Content and Quality Relative to Plant Essential Nutrient Availability for Biofuel Based Crop Production Systems, Miles (pg 128) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness

____ of 20 pts for Scientific Merit

____ of 20 pts for Relevance to Missouri Agriculture

____ of 20 pts Economic Impact of Expected Result

____ of 20 pts for Capabilities of Investigator and Collaborators

_____ Total Pts of 100 possible

Page - 12 Assessment of Soil Carbon Content and Quality Relative to Plant Essential Nutrient

Availability for Biofuel Based Crop Production Systems Randall J. Miles (133), Felix Fritschi 104), and Tim Reinbott (148)

Investigators: Randall J. Miles, Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences, Felix Fritschi, Division of Plant Sciences, Tim Reinbott, MU Bradford Research and Extension Center, University of Missouri Objectives and Relevance: The objectives of this study are to determine the long-term influence of various cropping management systems in which biomass beyond normal grain harvest is being utilized for biofuel production on the: 1.) quantity of soil organic carbon (organic matter), 2.) quality of organic carbon (termed active carbon), and 3.) influence of soil active carbon levels on plant nutrient availability for plant utilization. The use of plant biomass for biofuel production has received much attention recently. Many of the crop production areas of Missouri are being considered for production of crops for biofuels. With the increased removal of crop biomass beyond the normal grain removal, concerns about long-term influence of residue removal on soil organic carbon (SOC) levels have increased. In this issue, little work has been performed to assess the quality or activity of carbon on soil properties or plant response. It is generally know that not all of the SOC is actively involved in physical, chemical, and biological properties and activities of the soil. Many soil scientists have postulated that the quality of the SOC may be critical in maintaining many soil attributes and sustaining soil productivity (Weil et al, 2003). This increased attention for renewable energy and biofuels specifically is reflective of the high economic and environmental costs of fossil fuels. This large energy demand has placed greater emphasis on many other resources of the world, specifically plants and soils. In addition to the current corn grain based ethanol production, the use of corn stover is receiving a wealth of attention. With that greater emphasis the excessive removal of corn stover can adversely affect soil properties, soil health and soil quality. Large amounts of residue cover can increase the susceptibility of the surface soil to crusting through increased surface sealing, rainfall-induced consolidation, and abrupt wetting and drying (Or and Ghezzehai, 2002). This degradation is particularly keen on silty soils such as those of the claypan area. Corn stover mulch intercepts raindrops responsible for crust-forming processes such as detachment of soil particles and dispersion of surface aggregates. Because of the high strength and low permeability cause by crusts modification of the surface soil properties one could expect restricted seedling emergence (Baumhardt et al., 2004), reduced water infiltration and aeration (Wells et al., 2003), and greater surface runoff (Bajracharya and Lal, 1998). Thus, greater crust strength from stover removal can have detrimental effects on plant growth (Maiorana et al 2001) Soils with stover mulch often have greater effective water content that those without mulch (Shaver et al., 2002). Baseline information on biomass is critical to develop best management practices and guidelines for biofuel production while maintaining crop yield, soil fertility, and SOC quality that will sustain agricultural productivity. Little information is available relating SOC and soil quality parameters such as active carbon. Of special note is paucity of knowledge of the occurrence and distribution of active carbon on the influence of plant growth specifically to nutrient availability. Procedures: Plots set up to study the influence of management practices for biofuel utilization have already been established at Bradford Research and Extension Center (BREC). Crop systems utilized for this study are: Continuous corn for grain; Continuous corn harvested for grain and stover removal; a corn-soybean rotation for grain. Treatments within each cropping system are: no P and K; buildup levels of P and K; and removal. Each cropping system and treatment is replicated four times. Additionally, the 120 year long term continuous corn plots

Page - 13 (full fertility-conventional tillage; full fertility-no till; corn-manure; and corn-no additions) at Sanborn Field which have been used as part of a national AC baseline study will also be used. For all plots surface soil sampling would be performed five times per year for standard regular soil test/exchangeable values and AC levels. Regular soil test analysis would be: pHs, neutralizable acidity, OM (converted to TOC); Bray P-I, Ca, Mg, K, nitrate-N; and ammonium-N. A subsample from this set would be used to determine AC. The method used to determine AC would USDA-NRCS Soil Survey Laboratory (SSL) method 6A2a1, Active C (Burt, 2004). Active carbon would be reported in units of milligram oxidizable C per kilogram oven dry soil (mg oxid C kg-1). The sequencing of the five seasonal soil samples will take place for each crop as follows. Corn sampling will occur in the following sequence of: 1 week before planting; V6 stage; V12; R4; after harvest; while, soybean will occur in the sequence of: 1 week before planting; V5; R2; R5; and after harvest. Statistical analysis of the relationship of selected soil test values and with SOC and AC levels at specific time sequences will be performed to assess the relationships of organic carbon quantity and quality with nutrient availability at specific crop growth stages. Additionally, possible correlation of AC values with yields will also be made. At the end of the three years, data will be analyzed using SAS and graphs will be prepared for presentations and publications. Current status and importance of research area: Organic forms of soil carbon (C) influence many properties in soils and are a focus of both scientific and legislative efforts to reduce soil degradation due to agricultural use. Increasing the total amount of C in soils is a primary goal of land management related to soil quality. The oxidizable or labile C is purported to be a sensitive indicator of changing soil dynamics related to biological activity, physical properties, or nutrient cycling (Blair et al., 2001). Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) serves as an oxidizing agent to assay this fraction of the C pool which is cited as a possible proxy indicator of soil quality (Blair et al., 1995; Islam and Weil, 1997). This proxy method, commonly called “active” C (Weil et al., 2003), lends itself to evaluate one of the major components of soil quality. From 2008-2009 surface soil samples from selected cropping systems treatments from Sanborn Field and native prairie from Tucker Prairie were systematically sampled periodically for a national soil carbon method study conducted by the USDA Natural Resource Conservation Service Soil Survey Laboratory. This study assessed total SOC by ignition, “active C” (AC), and developed a portable active carbon field kit at these two Missouri sites plus cultivated and native soil landscapes in six other states. Data for SOC and AC were obtained for 17 different Sanborn Field treatments ranging from monocultures with fertilizer input, just manure, and no inputs to rotations with fertility inputs, manure, and no input. Of interest was data from monoculture corn (Table 1).

Page - 14 Table 1. Laboratory Active Carbon (mg/kg) and % total soil organic carbon (SOC) over various sampling times for continuous corn plots on Sanborn Field. Treatment 03/13/08 07/30/08 10/24/08 06/15/09 Full Fertility- Conventional

368 (1.31) 409 (1.46) 405 (1.42) 388 (1.35)

Full Fertility- No-Till

476 (2.26) 538 (2.25) 495 ( 2.18) 146 (2.21)

Corn- No additions

110 (0.77) 150 (0.79) 148 (0.67) 513 (0.76)

Corn- Manure

332 (1.39) 356 (1.40) 388 (1.28) 410 (1.40)

As expected SOC levels were usually greater for the full fertility corn plots than those for the manure only and no additions treatments. Within the full fertility plots, SOC was largest for the no-till treatment relative to the conventional moldboard/disc tillage over all sampling dates. Additionally, variability of SOC over a season was not large. Active carbon, measured in mg/kg, generally was greatest in those treatments which had larger SOC quantities. However, the seasonal variability of AC was quite large with the AC levels being less for the larger SOC treatments (manure and no-till in June 2009) than the lesser SOC. This same trend was observed in within other similar treatments for 3 year rotations (corn-soybeans-wheat) on Sanborn Field. It was postulated that this anomaly was closely related to microbial biomass which were influenced by climate and other environmental factors. This proposed study also has key implications on long-term soil quality, soil health, and sustainable crop productivity. Timetable: The study will be take place at the Bradford Research and Extension Center (BREC) near Columbia and Sanborn Field on the University of Missouri campus. The soils at both locations represent the soils of the claypan region of north-central and northeast Missouri (MLRA 113) The common layering of parent materials in these glacially formed landscapes is Wisconsinan loess (0.5-1.5 m), Illinoisan pedisediment (0-0.5 m), and the underlying Kansan glacial till ( Ruhe, 1969). Corn and soybeans are the major corps grown on these soils. This study is designed to run for three years. Strategy for application and transfer of knowledge: The results of this study will be presented at various crop production field days and conferences as well as the North Central Extension-Industry Soil Fertility Conference. The final results of this research will be presented at the joint annual meetings of the American Society of Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America or the Soil and Water Conservation Society and published in refereed journals. The data from this study could be used for baseline inputs for the next iteration of changes to the Soil Testing Laboratory testing recommendations for organic matter assessment (SOM versus AC) in Missouri soils as well as timeliness of soil sampling and plant essential nutrient availability.

Page - 15 Budget: Category Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Salary Research Assistant (50%) $16,000 $17,000 $18,000 Benefits 4,000 4,250 4,500 Supplies (fertilizer, chemicals, DI H2O, argon gas for the ICP, filter paper, 4,250 4,500 4,500 nitric acid) Soil test analysis 3,000 3,000 3,000 Travel 1,000 1,000 1,000 Total $28,250 $29,750 $31,000 References: Bajracharya, R.M. and R. Lal. 1998. Crusting effects on erosion processes under simulated rainfall

on a tropical Alfisol. Hydrol. Processes 12:1927-1938.

Baumhardt, R.L., P.W. Unger and T.H. Dao. 2004. Seedbed surface geometry effects on soil crusting and seedling emergence. Agron. J. 96:1112-1117.

Blair, G.J., R.Lefroy, and L. Lise. 1995. Soil Carbon Fractions Based on Their Degree of Oxidation, and the Development of a Carbon Management Index for Agricultural Systems. Australian J. Agric. Res. 46:1459-1466. Blair, G.J., R. Lefroy, A.Whitbread, N. Blair, and A. Conteh. 2001. The Development of the KMnO4 Oxidation Technique to Determine Labile Carbon in Soil and Its Use in a Carbon Management Index. p. 323-337. In R. Lal. J. Kimble, R. Follet, and B. Stewart (eds.) Assessment Methods for Soil Carbon. Lewis Publ. Boca Raton, FL. Burt, R. (ed.) 2004. Soil Survey Laboratory Methods Manual. SSIR No. 42. USDA-Natural Res. Cons. Serv. Washington, DC. Islam, K.R., and R.R. Weil. 2000. Soil Quality Indicator Properties in Mid-Atlantic Soils as Influenced by Conservation Management. J. Soil and Water Conserv. 55:69-78. Maiorana, M., A. Castrignano and F. Fornaro. 2001. Crop residue management effects on soil

mechanical impedance. J. Agric. Eng. Res. 79:231-237. Or, D. and T.A. Ghezzehei. 2002. Modeling post-tillage soil structural dynamics: A review. Soil Till. Res. 64:41-59 Shaver, T.M., G.A. Peterson, L.R. Ahuja, D.G. Westfall, L.A. Sherrod and G. Dunn. 2002. Surface

soil physical properties after twelve years of dryland no-till management. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 66:1296-1303.

Ruhe, R.V., 1969. Quaternary Landscapes in Iowa. University of Iowa Press, Ames, IA. . Wells, R.R., D.A. DiCarlo, T.S. Steenhuis, J.-Y. Parlange, M.J.M. Römkens and S.N. Prasad. 2003.

Infiltration and surface geometry features of a swelling and following successive simulated rainstorms. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 67:1344-1351.

Page - 16 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 2. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Enhanced Efficiency Liquid N Applications for Corn, Kelly Nelson (pg 138) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 17 Enhanced Efficiency Liquid N Applications for Corn

Kelly Nelson (143), Peter Motavalli (136), and Bruce Burdick (103) Investigators: Kelly Nelson, Div. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Missouri, Novelty, MO Peter Motavalli, Dept. of Soil, Environ., and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO Bruce Burdick, Div. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Missouri, Albany, MO Objectives and Relevance: Corn production in Missouri has averaged approximately 2.9 million acres since 2004 with a value of $1.2 billion in total production (NASS, 2009). High yield corn production systems have integrated fungicide applications to maximize photosynthetic efficiency of the plant to meet the growing food, fuel, and fiber demands. Plant growth stimulation with the strobilurin fungicides has been related to a reduction in the incidence of disease as well as increased nitrate uptake and assimilation in small grains (Köhle et al., 2002). Research has shown that pyraclostrobin was important in stimulating nitric oxide, a key messenger in plants (Conrath et al., 2004). Increased nitrate uptake and assimilation following an application of a strobilurin fungicide would justify additional nitrogen fertilizer at the time of application to corn. Identifying fertilizer sources that synergistically increase yield with a fungicide treatment would provide opportunities to manage disease, reduce application costs, and provide additional fertilizer when crop demand is greatest. In 2008 and 2009, N loss limited grain production in several production fields. Research in 2004 and 2005 evaluated rescue N applications for corn (Nelson et al., 2010). Late applications were beneficial for restoring yield; however, liquid N applications reduced yield when broadcast applied from 2 to 4 ft tall corn.

Over the past two years, commercially available liquid fertilizers were evaluated for corn grain yield response (Nelson et al., 2009). Products were identified that consistently increased corn grain yield. Nitamin (30-0-0), slowly available N from triazone and methylene urea, at 1 gallon/acre increased yields 28 bu/acre at four of the six site years. When Nitamin was combined with Headline at 6 oz/a, there were inconsistent yield responses. Other research evaluated rates of Nitamin up to 4 gallon/acre with and without Headline in 2008 and 2009 (Figure 1) (Nelson and Meinhardt, 2009). Combinations with Headline at 6 oz/acre were similar to this research; however, a reduced rate of Headline (3 oz/acre) with Nitamin at 1 gal/acre synergistically increased yield 26 bu/acre particularly when Headline was added to the spray mixture first followed by Nitamin. A rate response to Nitamin alone increased yield 2 bu/lb of applied N. Research is needed to confirm the effect reduced rates of Nitamin and Headline as well as the efficiency of this N source for late applications in corn. Recommended rates could be correlated with SPAD leaf readings at the time of application which would provide N rate recommendations at the time of fungicide application. The objectives of this research are to:

1. Validate the effect of mixing order of an enhanced efficiency liquid N rates with a preventative fungicide, and

2. Provide foliar liquid fertilizer recommendations based on SPAD readings at silking.

Page - 18 A. 2008 B. 2009

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155

160

165

170

175

0 1 2 3 4 5Nitamin rate (gal./ acre)

Yiel

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u/ac

re)

N itaminN itamin + H eadline at 6 o z/ aH eadline at 3 o z/ a + N itamin

120

125

130

135

140

145

150

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0 1 2 3 4 5

Nitamin rate (gal./ acre)

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NitaminNitamin + Headline at 6 oz/ aNitamin + Headline at 3 oz/ aHeadline at 3 oz/ a + NitaminHeadline at 6 oz/ a + Nitamin

Figure 1. Grain yield response to Nitamin rates with and without Headline at 6 oz/acre or 3 oz/acre plus nonionic surfactant at 0.25% v/v in 2008 (A) and 2009 (B). The LSD (P < 0.05) was 18 and 14 in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Mixing order is the sequence listed in the legend. Procedures:

• The study will be arranged as a randomized complete block design with six replications at each site. Foliar fertilizer and fungicide treatments will be applied with a CO2 propelled hand boom at 3 gal/acre. There will be two overhead irrigated sites (Novelty and Albany) each year.

• Three-factor factorial study. Factorially establish N response differences using four different preplant rates of N fertilizer (0, 75, 150, and 300 lbs N/a) with three Nitamin rates (0, 1, and 3 gal/acre) and the presence or absence of Headline at 3 or 6 oz/a either added first or following the addition of Nitamin to the spray mixture. Foliar applications will be made when the corn is silking (VT).

• Corn injury from 0 (no visual crop injury) to 100% (complete crop death) will be evaluated 7 and 14 days after treatment (DAT) based on the combined visual effects of N source on necrosis, chlorosis, and stunting.

• The incidence of foliar disease will be rated on a scale of 0 (no disease) to 100% (complete infestation) 28 and 42 DAT.

• A Minolta chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) will be used determine ear leaf greenness differences among treatments at the time of application. The effect of enhanced efficiency liquid N on grain yield will be correlated with the SPAD readings.

• The center two rows will be harvested for yield and converted to 15% moisture prior to analysis.

Page - 19 Current Status and Importance of Research: In years when N fertilizer loss has been suspected, a late application of reduced rates of the N fertilizer and fungicide has increased yield 26 bu/acre depending on the mixing order. Enhanced efficiency liquid N application has shown that yield increased 2 bu/acre for every pound of applied liquid N when the fertilizer was applied alone. The yield response appears to be related to the mixing order of the fertilizer additive. A clear understanding of these interactions is needed to help farmers make an informed decision on the utilization of such pesticide/fertilizer combinations. Expected Economic Impact: An aerial application of liquid N additive plus fungicide cost farmers approximately $37/acre in 2009. Recommending the fertilizer additive alone, fungicide alone, or a reduced rate of the fungicide plus fertilizer would save farmers from $10 to 17/acre. Understanding when an additive and/or fungicide is needed and the expected returns is essential for recommending an enhanced efficiency liquid N fertilizer as part of an integrated crop management system. Basing enhanced efficiency liquid N fertilizer applications on SPAD readings at silking will help in the decision making process to include or exclude a fertilizer additive and help determine an economical rate of the additive. Timetable: Feb., 2010 Assemble products for treatments April, 2010 Plant research trial and apply response treatments at both locations July, 2010 Apply foliar fertilizer and fungicide treatments, SPAD readings, rate

incidence of disease. Sept.-Dec., 2010 Harvest experiments and analyze results Feb., 2011-Dec., 2011 Repeat same trial as in 2011 Strategy for Application/Transfer of Knowledge: Transfer of knowledge will be mainly via written and oral educational programs, including press releases, newsletter articles, radio interviews, television interviews, and conferences. On-site field days will provide a forum for farmers and agriculture professionals to learn about on-going research results. References: Conrath, U., G. Amoroso, H. Köhle, and D.F. Sultemeyer. 2004. Non-invasive online detection of nitric oxide from plants and

other organisms by mass spectroscopy. Plant J. 38:1015-1022. Köhle, H., K. Grossmann, T. Jabs, M. Gerhard, W. Kaiser, J. Glaab, U. Conrath, K. Seehaus, and S. Herms. 2002. Physiological

effects of the strobilurin fungicide F 500 on plants. In Modern Fungicides and Antifungal Compounds III. (Dehne, H.W., U. Gisi, K.H. Kuck, P.E. Russell, and H. Lyr, eds.). Bonn: Mann GmbH & Co. KG, pp. 61-74.

NASS. 2009. USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Online at http://www.nass.usda.gov/QuickStats/Create_Federal_Indv.jsp. Accessed Nov. 11, 2009.

Nelson, K.A., and C.G. Meinhardt. 2009. Effect of Nitamin and Headline on corn grain yield. Field Day Report. Greenley Memorial Research Center. pp. 67-71.

Nelson, K.A., P. Motavalli, W.G. Stevens, B. Burdick, and L. Sweets. 2009. Foliar Fertilizer and Fungicide Interactions on Corn. Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update. Agron. Misc. Publ. #09-01.

Nelson, K.A., P.C. Scharf, W.E. Stevens, and B.A. Burdick. 2010. Rescue N Applications for Corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. submitted.

Page - 20 Proposed Budget:

CATEGORIES Year 2010 Year 2011 Total A. Salaries Technical assistance or graduate research assistant (50%)

$13,823

$14,382

$28,205

B. Fringe Benefits Fringe for graduate student

$1,990

$1,995

$3,985

TOTAL SALARIES AND FRINGE BENEFITS

$15,813 $16,377 $32,190

C. Travel Travel to field site To present research findings at National Meetings

$500

$0

$500 $800

$1000 $800

TOTAL TRAVEL COSTS $500 $1300 $1800 D. Equipment $0 $0 $0 TOTAL EQUIPMENT use and maintenance COSTS

$1200

$1200

$2400

E. Other Direct Costs Soil analysis Field supplies Publication cost Off-site PI

$200 $500

$0 $5,000

$200 $500

$1,000 $5,000

$400

$1000 $1000

$10,000 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS $5,700 $6,700 $12,400 TOTAL REQUEST $23,213 $25,577 $48,790 Budget narrative: Salaries and fringe benefit funds are requested for partial support of a research technical support and/or graduate research assistant. Presentations, publications, and documentation will help defray cost of publication and documentation of results and conclusions as well as assist travel and board for presentation of results. Equipment use and maintenance will help defray machinery use and maintenance costs associated with field research. Other Direct Costs: Covers cost of analysis, sample containers, fertilizer, seed, plot preparation, planting, weed control harvesting, flags, and other field supplies and operations.

Page - 21 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 3. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Enhanced Efficiency Phosphorus Application for a Corn-Soybean Rotation, Kelly Nelson (pg 138) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 22 Enhanced Efficiency Phosphorus Application for a Corn-Soybean Rotation

Kelly Nelson (143), Bruce Burdick (103), David Dunn (104), Peter Motavalli (136), Manjula Nathan (139), Peter Scharf (154), and Gene Stevens (159)

Investigators: Kelly Nelson, Div. of Plant Sci., Univ. of MO, Novelty; Bruce Burdick, Div. of Plant Sci., Univ. of MO, Albany; David Dunn, Div. of Plant Sci. Univ. of MO, Portageville; Peter Motavalli, Dep. of Soil, Environ., and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of MO, Columbia; Manjula Nathan, Div. of Plant Sci. Univ. of MO, Columbia; Peter Scharf, Div. of Plant Sci., Univ. of MO, Columbia; and Gene Stevens, Div. of Plant Sci. Univ. of MO, Portageville. Objectives and Relevance:

Phosphorus (P) is an essential plant nutrient because it is a structural element in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), serves as an energy transfer element (ATP), and serves a critical role in cellular regulation, and carbon partitioning. Plants take up P as as inorganic ions (H2PO4

- and HPO4

-2) in the soil solution. In the soil, P is bound to clay particles and farmers may experience loss when soil particles are eroded into surface waters. Phosphorus leaching is generally considered very low unless the soil is coarse-textured or artificial drainage is present. The availability of P is usually affected by precipitation reactions which depend on the soil pH. Low pH soils, which are typical in Missouri, may cause P to react with Fe and Al which precipitate P and make P unavailable for plant uptake. At high pH (>8), precipitation of calcium phosphate compounds can also reduce P availability.

Fertilizer costs have challenged farmers to evaluate application rates and consider enhanced efficiency P applications or treatments. AVAIL® (Specialty Fertilizer Products, Leawood,

KS) is a new stabilizer product for granular phosphate fertilizers including MAP, DAP, and other phosphate fertilizers. It was designed to reduce the impact of metals in the soil around the fertilizer granule on plant uptake, phosphate fixation, and allow phosphorus to be more available to the plant. This product primarily binds with calcium, iron, manganese, and aluminum to prevent precipitation of phosphorus. When applied to single crops, Blevins (2009) reported a 19 to 22 bu/acre increase in corn grain yields when AVAIL was added to MAP at 20 lbs P2O5/acre and applied as a broadcast or banded treatment while Dunn (2009) reported increased Bray-P1 phosphorus availability and a 4 bu yield increase in soybean after applying 50 lbs P2O5 with AVAIL. Similarly, rice yields increased 8 bu/acre when reduced rates of triple super phosphate were applied (25 lbs P2O5) with AVAIL. In addition, banded applications of P may also increase P efficiency (Minor et al., 1993). Phosphorus placement in the rooting zone of moist soil was suggested to improve efficiency if farmers desired to apply reduced rates. Strip till applications may limit P loss if soil particles were eroded into surface waters. Limited research has evaluated AVAIL and strip-till applications of phosphorus in a corn and soybean rotation in Missouri. These enhanced efficiency fertilizer technologies may synergistically benefit P use efficiency in Missouri. The objectives of this research are to:

1. evaluate the effect of P placement, rate, and P stabilizer on grain yield and P uptake in a corn-soybean rotation, and

2. determine the effect of P source, P stabilizer, and ag lime on grain yield and P uptake in a corn-soybean rotation.

Page - 23 Procedures:

• A two-year rotational crop study will utilize P fertilizer applications for corn and evaluate the subsequent impact on soybean yield and/or uptake.

• The study will be arranged as a randomized complete block design with four replications at each site.

• Research to accomplish Objective 1 will be conducted at Novelty and Albany. o Strip-till equipment is currently available at both locations. o Treatments will include a factorial arrangement of application placement (surface

broadcast or strip-till), MAP rate (0, ½ recommended rate, and recommended rate), and the presence or absence of AVAIL.

o Potash will be included in all treatments as recommended. o A balance of ammonium nitrate fertilizer will be included for all treatments to

balance the N contribution of MAP in the recommended rate treatment. o Tissue and grain P uptake will be determined at both locations for both crops.

• Research to accomplish Objective 2 will be conducted at Portageville and Novelty. o Treatments will include a factorial arrangement of a P source (non-treated control

and a broadcast application of DAP or TSP (triple super phosphate)), presence or absence of AVAIL, and broadcast surface application of ag lime (0 and recommended rate).

o Incorporation following application will be left to the discretion of the individual researcher at each site.

o Tissue and grain P uptake will be determined at both locations. • Soils will be initially characterized for soil organic C, pH (0.01 M CaCl2), and

exchangeable K, Ca and Mg at each site. Soil test P (Bray P1) concentrations will be determined prior to application from each replication at each site. Soil test P will be determined following soybean harvest at each treatment for objective 1 while soil test P and pH will also be determined for each treatment for objective 2.

Current Status and Importance of Research: Several strategies exist for increasing soil P availability for plant growth including selection of the P fertilizer source and the method of application. Use of AVAIL may improve efficiency of applied P fertilizer, but its effectiveness has not been tested with different application methods or under different soil pH in Missouri. This research will help farmers determine the cost-effectiveness of stabilized P fertilizer when applied at recommended and ½ recommended rates as well as the impact of P fertilizer placement and soil pH on corn and soybean grain yields and plant P nutrition. Expected Economic Impact of the Project: If increased yields from enhanced efficiency P applications could increase average annual state corn yields 20 bu/acre and soybean yields 4 bu/acre with a 10% rate of adoption, This may add up to $39 million to the economy of Missouri.

Page - 24 Timetable: 2010 March Soil sampling April Corn planting for the 2010/2011 trials July Tissue sampling September Harvest and grain sample for P for corn December Submission of annual report 2011 March Soil sampling April/May Soybean planting in 2010 trial April Corn planting for the 2011/2012 trials July Tissue sampling September Harvest and grain sample P for corn and soybean Oct/Nov Soil sample from all treatments following soybean harvest December Submission of annual report 2012 March Soil sampling April/May Soybean planting July Tissue sampling September Harvest and grain sample P for soybean Oct/Nov Soil sample from all treatments following soybean harvest December Submission of final report Strategy for Application/Transfer of Knowledge: Transfer of knowledge will be mainly via written and oral educational programs, including press releases, newsletter articles, radio interviews, television interviews, and conferences. On-site field days will provide a forum for farmers and agriculture professionals to learn about on-going research results. References: Blevins, D. 2009 Missouri Corn. Online at http://www.chooseavail.com/research.aspx?region=midwest. Accessed Nov. 11, 2009. Dunn, D. 2009. Missouri Rice. Online at http://www.chooseavail.com/research.aspx?region=midwest. Accessed Nov. 11, 2009. Dunn, D. 2009. Missouri Soybeans. Online at http://www.chooseavail.com/research.aspx?region=midwest. Accessed Nov. 11, 2009. Minor, H. C., J. Stecker, and J.R. Brown. 1993. Phosphorus in Missouri Soils. Univ. of MO Ext., G9180.


CATEGORIES Year 2010 Year 2011 Year 2012 Total A. Salaries Technical assistance or graduate research assistant (50%)

$13,823

$14,382

$14,670

$42,875


$1,990

$1,995

$2,095

$6,080


$15,813 $16,377 $16,765 $48,955

C. Travel Travel to field site To present research findings at National Meetings

$0 $0

$0 $0

$0

$1000

$0

$1000

TOTAL TRAVEL COSTS $0 $0 $1000 $1000 D. Equipment $0 $0 $0 $0 TOTAL EQUIPMENT use and maintenance COSTS

$0

$0

$0

$0

E. Other Direct Costs Soil analysis Grain analysis Tissue analysis Field supplies Publication cost Off-site PI’s (2)

$1380 $2560 $2560 $500

$0 $6,000

$1680 $2560 $2560 $500

$0 $6,000

$1020 $2560 $2560 $500 $500

$6,000

$4080 $7680 $7680 $1500 $500

$18,000 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

$13,000 $13,300 $13,140 $39,440

TOTAL REQUEST $28,813 $29,677 $30,905 $89,395 Budget narrative: Salaries and fringe benefits: Funds are requested for partial support of a research technical support and/or graduate research assistant. Presentations, publications, and documentation: This will help defray cost of publication and documentation of results and conclusions as well as assist travel and board for presentation of results Other Direct Costs: Covers cost of analysis, sample containers, fertilizer, seed, plot preparation, planting, weed control harvesting, flags, and other field supplies and operations.

Page - 26 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 4. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Optimizing Corn Fertigation Practices for Missouri Irrigators, Joe Henggeler (pg 114) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 27 Optimizing Corn Fertigation Practices for Missouri Irrigators

Joe Henggeler (120) and David Dunn (104) Investigators: Joe Henggeler and David Dunn Objectives:

• Compare fertigation to traditional methods of applying nitrogen (N) fertilizer to corn, specifically for (a) yield and (b) profitability

• Use various application amounts of N to determine optimum rate for both methods

• Disseminate information on fertigation to Missouri corn growers

In 2008 Missouri had over a half-million acres of corn, 13% of which were irrigated. Accounting for irrigation’s yield enhancement of about 50 more bu/acre than dryland yields, we see that about every one out of six bushels produced in Missouri was done on an irrigated farm. Data collected from annual Missouri irrigation surveys show that pivot irrigators using fertigation have 9.9 bu/acre higher yields than those pivot irrigators not fertigating. Since there are nearly 200,000 acres of pivot-irrigated corn in the state, this yield increase over all pivot users would be worth almost $4 million. Fertigation was studied actively in the 1980s when the technology first began to be used. Since that time there have been few studies on fertigation of corn, despite the fact that currently yield levels may be 40 bu/acre more then they were in 1980. Procedures: The main treatment in the study would be method of application method (fertigation versus traditional application). The sub-treatments would involve four rates of nitrogen: 100, 150, 200, and 250 lbs/acre. The traditional application method would consist of a pre-plant application of 42%, followed by a side-dress application of 46%, with a final over-the-top application of 12%. The over-the-top application would use urea, while 32% liquid uran would be utilized for the pre-plant and side-dress applications. The fertigation treatments would utilize a pre-plant application amount (42% of total) applied with ground rig. The remaining 58% would be applied through six fertigation applications in the irrigation water starting when the plants are knee-high and ending with the last application applied following tasselling. Fertigation treatments would use 32% liquid uran. There would be four reps. The test will be done for three years. A lateral move irrigation system would be used to irrigate the plots and apply the N. The required N amount would be injected directly upstream of the irrigation nozzle (see Fig. 1). These venture injectors would be installed on four adjacent nozzles receiving fertigation for each of the 16 fertigated treatments (4 N amounts X 4 reps). This would give a width of about 40 feet receiving the injected fertilizer. Non-fertigated treatments will also be 40 feet in width. Plot length will be approximately 150 feet. Yield and plant measurement data will be collected on interior rows.

Page - 28

Fig. 1. Venturi-operated injection apparatus to be located on 4 adjacent sprinklers per fertigation treatment.

Tissue will be tested for nitrate concentration at silking. Soil samples will be collected at 6, 12, and 18 inches depth after each season and analyzed for nitrate N. An aerial over-flight will be made to photograph the canopy prior to tasselling. Irrigation amounts will be the same for both treatments, and will be based on use of the Arkansas Irrigation Scheduling program Arkansas scheduler. To ensure that moisture levels stay ideal throughout the growing season, soil moisture probes will be installed in plots. Recapping the treatments in the study, they are:

Application Method

Total N Rate

100 lbs/ac

Traditional 150 lbs/ac

X Fertigation 200 lbs/ac

250 lbs/ac

These same treatments will stay at their same location to see carry-over effects from multiple years. Analysis of data will include yield curves for both methods of application. Also, randomized pair block analysis will be done on each treatment rate. Economic analysis will be made with rate-economic curves for each application method; optimum application amount and rate will be tested for using statistics for randomized pair blocks. Current status/importance of research area Fertigation of pivot-irrigated corn has many benefits:

• In Missouri, farmers report a 9.9 bu/acre increase; similar reports have been seen in GA, CO, and MN

• It makes sense to apply more N to those parts of the field getting water, and this is what fertigation does.

• Many farmers, who also grow soybeans, have become interested lately in the possibility

of chemigating on fungicides, a number of which are labeled for Soybean Asian Rust. A corn farmer who invests in a fertigation unit can readily set up to treat soybeans.

• The application cost using fertigation is relatively cheap compared to ground rig or aerial

application.

Page - 29 • If a field is too wet from rain, ground rigs may not be able to enter and planes may be

booked up. A pivot can make a ¼-inch pass and apply N and not overly increase moisture problems.

Expected economic impact of the project Approximately 10% of Missouri irrigated farms currently use fertigation. If another 10% would adopt then $1.75 million dollars of gross profit would be experienced. Timetable for proposed research: Research would be done in the 2008, 2009, and 2010 growing season. Results from the study will be presented at corn grower meetings, irrigation conferences and field days during the winter months of those years. Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: Results from the test will be shared with Missouri growers at the three main irrigation conferences held in Missouri (Bootheel, Lamar, and Columbia). Information also will be shared at corn production meetings (Sikeston) and field days (Delta Center and Greaves). Project Personnel: Joe Henggeler is the Extension State Irrigation Engineer based at the MU Delta Center. David Dunn is the director of the Soil Testing Laboratory at the MU Delta Center. Proposed budget:

2008 2009 2010 Equipment

Injection apparatus (64) $4,800 $0 $0

Soil Moisture Sensors $4,000 $0 $0 Supplies Flags/stakes $100 $100 $100 Fertilizer $287 $287 $287 Seed $144 $144 $144 Herbicide $92 $92 $92 Misc $500 $500 $500 Travel Local $975 $975 $975 Meetings $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 Analysis Tissue $240 $240 $240 Soil $576 $576 $576 Other 1/3 of cell $240 $240 $240 Over-flight $500 $500 $500 Labor

0.33 RA (salary/benefits) $13,365 $13,365 $13,365 $26,820 $18,020 $18,020

Page - 30 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 5. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: A Long-Term Study to Further Enhance Variable Rate Fertility Management, Kent Shannon (pg 151) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 31 A Long-Term Study to Further Enhance Variable Rate Fertility Management

Kent Shannon (156), Todd Lorenz (127), Joni Ross Harper (117), and Peter Scharf (154)

Investigator(s): Kent Shannon, Todd Lorenz, Joni Ross Harper, and Peter Scharf Objectives, including relevance of project to Missouri fertilizer/lime use: Variable rate fertilizer application has become a major component of the fertilizer industry. The technology for its development has progressed in tandem with GPS, the two combining to provide for accurate "on-the-go" variation in fertilizer application. Regardless of the methodology used for variable rate fertility management, the rate of fertilizer applied is still highly dependent on the results of the analysis of soil samples and the fertilizer recommendations used. As regional extension faculty two questions have been asked as relates to variable rate fertility management:

1) Could University of Missouri fertilizer recommendations be modified to better account for spatial variability using variable rate fertility management?

2) How can yield data be utilized in variable rate fertility management of phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) as relates to nutrient removal rates?

This project will address those questions through on-farm research and education. The objectives of this project are:

1) To evaluate proposed changes in University of Missouri fertilizer recommendations in variable rate fertility management of P and K as relates to soil test critical values.

2) To gain a better understanding of how yield map data can be used to fine tune

removal rates of P and K in a variable rate fertility system. 3) Provide producers and service providers the production and economic information

necessary to make more informed variable rate fertility management decisions. The main goal of the project is to better understand how the answers to the above questions can further improve the efficiency of variable rate fertility management of P and K while maintaining or improving crop yields. With the volatility of P and K prices, being able to further improve fertilizer use efficiency is important in today’s production system. The result of the project also has the potential to further increase the adoption of variable rate technologies which not only effects profitability but in the end it also protects the environment. Procedures: Four crop fields of approximately 100 acres in size with high visibility will be selected for the research project. These fields will be selected so that corn will be in two of the field in the proposed four year study. The fields will be grid soil sampled on a 1 acre grid

Page - 32 capturing as much variability as possible. This will allow for better placement of the treatments within the field. Four treatments will be used to evaluate the effectiveness and economics of furthering enhancing variable rate fertility management. These treatments will include:

1) A control which receives no fertilizer. 2) Whole field management of P and K fertilizer based on current University of

Missouri fertilizer recommendations. 3) Variable rate fertility management of P and K based on a 2.5 acre grid using

current University of Missouri fertilizer recommendations. 4) Variable rate fertility management of P and K based on a 2.5 acre grid using

proposed University of Missouri fertilizer recommendations using soil test critical values of 30 lbs/acre for P and 200 lbs/acre for K.

The four treatments will be laid out to minimize any differences in soil type and terrain within the field. Each treatment will be replicated at least four times depending on the field layout. Plots will be at least 50’x300’. Plots will be embedded in a variable rate application map and applied with standard variable rate fertilizer application equipment. Plots will be harvested with a yield mapping equipped combine collecting data using a one second time interval. Yield data will be processed utilizing GIS software to analyze treatment differences Estimations of P and K removal rates from grain yield will also be calculated by treatment to gain a better understanding of how yield map data can be used to fine tune removal rates of P and K in a variable rate fertility system. As part of the data collection, actual plots will be soil sampled separately to better account for soil test changes as relates to variable rate fertility management and crop nutrient removal rates. Current status/importance of research area: Few long term studies across the Midwest have related to the issue of variable rate fertility management of P and K. None of been conducted in Missouri on a long-term basis. Conducting a four year study matches University of Missouri recommendations of soil sample every three to five years as stated in MU Guide G9217, Soil Sampling Hayfields and Row Crops. There has been some work related to adjusting the soil test critical value. The soil test critical value is the target soil test level for optimum crop growth. When soil test levels are below the critical value crop yield and/or quality may be restricted by nutrient availability in the soil. University of Missouri soil test recommendations for phosphorus (P) assign a critical value of 40 to 45 lbs soil test P, depending on crop selection. Recommended potassium (K) critical value is based on crop selection and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC). For example, the critical value for corn is: 225 + (5 X CEC). The proposed soil test critical value for variable rate fertility management will be 30 for P and 200 for K. Two projects previously funded by the Fertilizer and Agricultural Lime Fund have indicated that soils in Missouri differ in the amount of P and K that is needed to raise soil test levels on a per unit soil test increase basis. Differences in buildup rates among

Page - 33 Missouri soils raise the distinct possibility that soils also differ in critical value. The same mineralogical and chemical properties that cause one soil to need double the P to raise soil test a specific number of units may also affect the soil test level needed to provide optimum growth potential. This indicates a need for the proposed change in variable rate fertility management. One other issue that arise with utilizing soil tests for fertilizer recommendations under variable rate fertility management the uncertainty that the crops growing in that particular spot where the test is taken yields the same as the crops in other locations in the field. If a field averages 150 bu/acre of corn, then maintenance fertilizer recommendations call for replacement of the P and K removed by the crop across the whole field. In reality, fields have a wide range in yield (for example, from 90 to 210 bu/acre). Using yield maps to correctly identify where the high and low yielding (plus everything in-between) areas are located would allow a more exact replacement of nutrients removed by a previous crop. Relying solely on soil tests for fertilizer recommendations tends to over-fertilize low-yielding areas and under-fertilize high yielding areas. Combining yield mapping and soil testing would reduce the amount of over-fertilizing of low yielding areas and under-fertilizing of high yielding areas. This may prove to be economically as well as environmentally friendly. This is another research area where little work has been done on a field scale such is proposed to be accomplish with this project. Timetable for proposed research: 2010 Winter/Early Spring: Site selection, initial 1 acre grid soil sampling, apply fertilizer treatments Summer: Demonstrations and field day Fall: Yield map data analysis of the treatments 2011 and 2012 Summer: Demonstrations and field day Fall: Yield map data analysis of the treatments 2013 Summer: Demonstrations and field day Fall: Yield map data analysis of the treatments, final site specific soil sampling Fall/Winter: Finalize data analysis and publish outcome

Page - 34 Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: Our greatest tool will be field and demonstration days, workshops and on-farm outreach seminars. Educational information will also be distributed through publications of our regional newsletter “Ag Connection”, press releases to local newspapers and radio outlets. The evaluation plan for this project will include presentation pre and post test for producers participating in our workshops related to their knowledge of the specific topic areas. A follow-up survey will be mailed to the participants to evaluate long-term behavioral changes to their management practices for economic impact analysis. We appreciate your consideration of this grant.

Proposed budget by years and by category: salaries/operating/equipment/other

Item Description 2010 2011/12 2013 Soil Tests 800 pre and post @ $10.00 4,000 0 4,000 Plot Specific Soil Tests 40 pre and post @ $10 200 0 200 Soil Sampling Equipment Computer Hardware/Software/Sampling Equipment 4125 0 0 Supplies bags, markers, sign 125 0 125 Field Days 4 @ $500 500 1000 500 Publication printing, postage 300 600 400 Travel 4,000 miles @ $.52 780 520 780 Sub total by year $10,030 $2,120 $6,005 Support Salary 25% of the above total $2,508 $530 $ 1,501 Grant Total by year total $12,538 $2,650 $7,506

Four year total $22,694

Page - 35 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 6. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Finding Nutritional Yield Drags in Missouri Corn Fields, Gene Stevens (pg 154) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 36 Finding Nutritional Yield Drags in Missouri Corn Fields

Gene Stevens (159) and Anthony Ohmes

Current status/importance of research area: Extension phone calls and visits from farmers are an indicator of problems and concerns in the agricultural community. Low corn yields in certain fields, despite efforts to improve them, have been a reoccurring topic in recent conversations. Under-performing fields can be irrigated, land graded, and soil tested with no obvious problems but produce only 120 to 140 bushels per acre in “good years”. The goal of many farmers is 200 bushels per acre. Obviously, not all soils are capable of making high corn yields, but there may be undetected yield drags due to soil fertility that can be treated in these fields. The problem is determining the source of the yield drags.

In 1828, Carl Sprengal developed a crop yield hypothesis called “Law of the Minimum”. Later Justus von Liebig popularized the principles of the law which continues to be taught in introductory soils class today. The law states that crop yields are not controlled by the sum of all crop growth factors (sunlight, temperature, water, N, P, K, micronutrients, etc.) but by the most limiting of these factors. The concept is illustrated with uneven wooden staves in a barrel partly filled with water. Each stave represents one of the growth factors and the water level (i.e. yield) can only rise as high as the shortest stave. For example, a farmer applies an excessive amount of nitrogen (ex. 300 lb N/acre) in an effort to push up corn yields. Unfortunately, low pH causing Mn toxicity is the most limiting yield factor in the field and corn yields do not respond to more N. When the field is limed, corn yields increase to the next stave level.

Most soil fertility experiments consist of varying rates or timings of one nutrient (0, 40, 60, …X lb/acre) while all other growth factors are held constant. This design is used mainly to keep the treatment numbers and test area to a manageable size. The downside of rate studies is that interactions between factors are not studied and it usually does function well as a means to discover other limiting factors. Factors can be inputs such as N, P, K, micronutrients, lime, irrigation water, fertilizer placement, and soil compaction. In a conventional experimental design, the treatment list increase at least 2 fold every time another factor is added in the test. For the proposed study, we will use a method called “two-level fractional factorials” which is taught in advanced agricultural statistics classes but mainly used in manufacturing and chemical industry research. I (Gene) effectively used this technique in an on-farm cotton research project in North Mississippi in the late-1980s. It is good method for identifying undetected yield drags and interactions between factors without creating a huge experiment with an over-whelming number of plots. Procedures: A corn study will be conducted in two producer fields with furrow and center-pivot irrigation in Pemiscot and Mississippi counties in Missouri. Different fields will be used each year. To qualify the fields must be rotated with soybean, planted on 30-inch rows and have good yield records. We will work with the cooperating farmers to identify a twelve row strip across the field that we can use for plots. Each plot will be four rows wide x 40-ft long, spaced three plots across and stacked as many deep as needed to include all the treatments. We will consult with the farmers on which factors to evaluate but most fields will have two levels of N, P, K, Zn, S, and lime. Other factors that will be considered are subsoil/no subsoil, pop-up/ no pop-up, foliar/no foliar, fungicide/no fungicide, and insecticide/no insecticide. Using fractional factorial designs, we will take advantage of the redundancy of each factor represented in several treatments to serve as replications and keep the experiments manageable in size. High order interactions will be assumed to be non-significant and used as error estimates to make mean separations.

Soil samples and leaf tissue samples will be collected and tested multiple times during the season. WaterMark™ soil moisture sensors will be installed with datalogger to provide farmers charts to improve irrigation management. Soil penetrometer and bulk density reading will be

Page - 37 measured for compaction in each soil horizon. Each plot will be visually rated for insects and diseases. Field equipment needed to apply treatments including subsoiling will be brought from the MU Delta Center and plots will be harvested with plot combines. After recording yields, the grain will be given to the cooperators. Expected economic impact of the project: This is as much of an extension effort as a research project. We will help Missouri corn farmers learn which factors (inputs) need to be changed to produce high yields in their fields. By moving the tests to different fields each year, we will let more farmers observe first hand the results. Timetable for application/transfer of knowledge Information will be transferred to the agriculture community as it is collected in presentations at turn row meetings, field days, and extension crop management conferences. Proposed budget by years and by category: Category 2010 2011 2012 Salaries- support staff labor † $15,000 $15,000 $15,000 Lab soil and tissue testing fees $1,000 $1,000 $1,000 Travel $1,500 $1,500 $1,500 Supplies $2,000 $2,000 $2,000 Equipment‡ 0 0 0 Total $19,500 $19,500 $19,500

†Labor needed for sample collection and data analysis. ‡ We already have the equipment needed for the project.

Page - 38 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 7. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Evaluating the Utility of a Maleic-Itaconic Copolymer Product to Reduce Phosphorus Sorption in Missouri Soils, Keith W. Goyne, (pg 106) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 39 Evaluating the Utility of a Maleic-Itaconic Copolymer Product to Reduce Phosphorus Sorption in

Missouri Soils Keith W. Goyne (112), Peter Motavalli (136), and Kelly Nelson (143)

2. Investigators: Keith W. Goyne and Peter Motavalli, Dept. of Soil, Environ. and Atmos. Sci. Kelly Nelson, Division of Plant Sciences

3. Objectives and Relevance to the Missouri Fertilizer and Lime Industry:

The overall objective of the proposed research is to evaluate the effect of a maleic-itaconic copolymer phosphorus (P) fertilizer enhancer (AVAIL®) on the behavior of liquid phosphorus fertilizer in soil. Specific objectives of the study are as follows:

(1) Elucidate the influence of a maleic-itaconic copolymer formulation on P sorption to agricultural soils with differing soil chemical properties.

(2) Evaluate if the maleic-itaconic copolymer formulation enhances P uptake and fertilizer use efficiency by corn.

(3) Determine the effect of the maleic-itaconic copolymer formulation on agronomic and environmental soil P test levels.

Phosphate anions bind very strongly to soil via strong interactions with soil particle surfaces and cations in solution. AVAIL® is a product produced by Specialty Fertilizer Products (SFP; Leawood, KS) that is formulated to reduce granular or liquid fertilizer P sorption to soil (SFP, 2009). This product is reported by SFP to reduce P sorption via complexation of multivalent cations with anionic functional groups present on the copolymer. Subsequently, phosphate anion complexation with these cations is reduced and a greater proportion of P should remain in soil solution where it is available for plant uptake. Use of this fertilizer technology in Missouri could greatly benefit producers by increasing fertilizer P use efficiency, grain yields, and farmer incomes. Sales of this product could also benefit agribusinesses selling P fertilizer and P fertilizer enhancer.

However, field trials using AVAIL® have shown mixed results. Three-year field trials conducted in Kansas demonstrated improved corn yield response when monoammonium phosphate granules were treated with AVAIL® relative to untreated granules (Gordon, 2005). Gordon (2005) also observed that co-application of AVAIL® and liquid starter fertilizer improved corn yields as compared to liquid starter fertilizer only. In contrast, Kleinschmidt and Prill (2008) observed no significant corn yield response when AVAIL® was co-applied with liquid starter fertilizer.

These mixed results could be due to a variety of specific management and environmental factors at each trial site location which may have affected product performance. In this project, we seek to investigate the efficacy of using a maleic-itaconic formulation to reduce P sorption to soil through basic laboratory/greenhouse studies and soil P tests, which will allow for a rigorous examination of this product’s reaction in a wide diversity of important agricultural soils encountered in Missouri. The proposed studies are required to test the theory behind the product and the manufacturer’s suggested rates of mixing with P fertilizers. The project also complements field studies proposed by Kelly Nelson et al. (see “Enhanced Efficiency Phosphorus Application for a Corn-Soybean Rotation”).

4. Procedures:

Objective #1: Soil samples will be collected at a depth of 0 - 20 cm from a variety of soil types to span a range of soil physical and chemical characteristics. Samples will be air-dried and passed through a 2-mm mesh sieve. Samples currently being considered for investigation are listed in Table 1. This list will be augmented with several additional samples to expand the range of soil characteristics or if the proposal by Nelson and colleagues is also funded (i.e., samples from field trials will be added). Samples will also be analyzed using the Bray-1 soil P test to provide additional characterization data.

Page - 40

Table 1. Physical and chemical properties of soils to be studied.

Soil Series Clay Organic Carbon pHs a CEC b AlCBD c FeCBD g kg-1 g kg-1 cmol kg-1 g kg-1 g kg-1 Armstrong 223 22 7.1 23.3 1.03 15.2 Huntington 158 12 5.2 9.00 0.62 5.50 Menfro 211 19 6.3 18.0 0.68 7.22 Mexico 196 30 4.6 18.6 NA d NA Sarpy 10 1 7.3 1.2 NA NA

a pH salt; b CEC, cation exchange capacity; c CBD, citrate-bicarbonate-dithionite extracted element (estimate of metal oxide mineral content); d NA, data not currently available.

Phosphorus sorption experiments will be conducted over a range of P concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 5, 10, 15, 30 mg L-1) in the presence and absence of AVAIL®. Air-dried soils (1.00 g oven-dried mass) will be added to 50 mL centrifuge tubes and suspended in a pH 6.5 background electrolyte solution that mimics natural soil solution chemistry. Centrifuge tubes containing background electrolyte solution with and without soil (samples and controls, respectively) will be spiked with a volume of P stock solution to achieve the desired initial concentration. Phosphorus stock solution (pH 6.5) will be prepared by diluting concentrated P standard (NH4H2PO4) in the background electrolyte solution. Total solution volume in reaction vessels will be 30.0 mL. All sorption experiments shall be conducted in the absence of pH buffers to prevent competitive sorption between buffer constituents (e.g., phosphate or organic compounds) and added P or AVAIL®.

In experiments containing P and AVAIL®, soils suspended in background electrolyte solution with varying P concentrations will be spiked with the maleic-itaconic formulation to achieve an initial AVAIL® concentration comparable to that found in a tank after mixing AVAIL® with liquid P fertilizer (0.5%). Other AVAIL® concentrations may be investigated depending on results.

After solution addition, triplicate samples and controls (no soil) will be reacted on end-over-end shakers (8 rpm) in the dark at 25oC for 24 hours or until equilibrium is achieved. After reaction, samples will be centrifuged and supernatant solutions filtered through 0.45 µm nominal pore size membrane syringe filters. Solution pH will be measured immediately following filtration. Filtered samples will be acidified and stored in HDPE bottles at 4oC until PO4

3--P concentration is determined using ion chromatography (IC; Dionex ICS-1000 equipped with AS40 autosampler and AS14 column). From this data sorption isotherms will be generated and fitted with an appropriate model (e.g., Freundlich or Langmuir models) to obtain fitting parameters used to describe P sorption to the soils. For selected soils, we will also vary suspension pH via addition of acid or base to investigate how pH influences the effectiveness of AVAIL® to reduce P sorption. Additional details on experimental techniques to be used can be found in Goyne et al. (2008).

Objective #2: Selected soils will be used for a greenhouse experiment to investigate P uptake by corn and P fertilizer use efficiency. A randomized complete block design with quadruplicate replication will be used for this experiment. Soils will serve as the block and treatments will consist of: (1) control (no P addition); (2) P application at a rate determined by Bray-1 soil P test; and (3) P application at a rate determined by Bray-1 soil P test plus AVAIL®. Liquid ammonium phosphate will be used to add P and ammonium chloride solution will be used to achieve a constant addition of N to all pots. After fertilizer addition, soil in each pot will be thoroughly mixed. Soil pH will be adjusted as necessary to achieve pH 6 – 6.5 prior to initiation of experiments. Each pot will be planted to corn and soils will be watered to field capacity.

Soil samples will be collected from each pot one week after fertilization and planting, at the time of germination, and at five additional four day intervals thereafter. Soils will be air-dried and saved for soil P testing (see Objective #3). Above-ground plant tissues will be removed from each pot at the end of the time sequence, oven-dried, ground, and saved for total P analysis. Plant tissue P data will be used to investigate P use efficiency.

Page - 41 Objective #3: Air-dried soils collected from the greenhouse study will be sieved to pass through a

2 mm opening. Samples will then be subjected to several agronomic and environmental soil P tests to evaluate the effectiveness of AVAIL® to provide potentially plant available P. Agronomic tests will include Bray-1 and Melich-3 extractable P, and environmental tests to be conducted are water-soluble and salt-extractable (0.01 M CaCl2) P (Maguire and Sims, 2002). Soil tests will complement Objectives #1 and 2, and permit a comparison of soil test results as a function of time between pots treated and not treated with AVAIL®. Soil P test results can also be used to evaluate the potential leaching of P in presence of AVAIL® (Maguire and Sims, 2002).

5. Current Status/Importance of Research Area:

Improving fertilizer use and efficiency is vitally important as the cost and demand for fertilizers in the Midwest continues to grow. Independent research is needed to validate the efficacy of this enhanced efficiency P product in Missouri soils and investigate potential environmental issues that may arise from using this product. Information on a few field studies where AVAIL® has been studied can be found as extension notes, newsletters, and peer-reviewed journals (Dunn and Stevens, 2008), and the results reported are mixed. This generates questions related to the ability of this product to work as reported and/or soil conditions under which the product is most effective. To the best of our knowledge, no peer-reviewed publications have investigated the efficacy of AVAIL® to reduce P sorption in the manner proposed here and we deem this work essential to validating this utility of this product to improve crop yield.

6. Expected Economic Impact

Enhanced crop yields associated with using AVAIL® would benefit farm profitability and reduce environmental P loss. If the product does not work as reported, this will obviously lead to economic loss for farmers using the product and possibly generate an unfavorable relationship between producers and retailers selling the product. Elucidating the viability of AVAIL® as a phosphorus fertilizer enhancer, sooner rather than later, will result in the best economic situation for the manufacturer, retailers, and consumers. If AVAIL® is demonstrated to work as reported by the manufacturer, it is also possible that additional small businesses may attempt to develop similar products to compete with AVAIL®.

7. Timetable for Proposed Research:

Spring 2010 Soil sample collection and characterization Summer 2010 – Summer 2011 Sorption studies (Objective #1) Summer – Fall 2011 Greenhouse studies and plant tissue analyses (Objective #2) Spring – Summer 2012 Soil testing (Objective #3) Summer – Fall 2012 Data analysis and preparation of final report

8. Strategy for Application/ Transfer of Knowledge:

Results from the proposed research will be disseminated to practitioners at appropriate field days and through UM Extension Faculty. Results from the work will also be presented at the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America International meetings and they will be published in a peer-reviewed journal deemed most appropriate for manuscript content.

Page - 42 9. Proposed Budget:

CATEGORIES YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 TOTAL A. Salaries M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (50%)Undergraduate Assistants

$15,000 $3,000

$15,500 $3,000

$16,000 $2,250

$46,500 $8,250


$2,073

$2,135

$2,200

$6,408


$20,073

$20,635

$20,450

$61,158

C. Travel Travel to sampling sites and greenhouseTravel to professional meeting

$500

$0

$250

$0

$0

$800

$750 $800

TOTAL TRAVEL COSTS $500 $250 $800 $1550 D. Equipment $0 $0 $0 $0 TOTAL EQUIPMENT COSTS $0 $0 $0 $0 E. Other Direct Costs Laboratory reagents and supplies Soil Analyses and Greenhouse rental Publications/Documentation

$5,000 $2,500

$0

$5,000

$650 $0

$3,000

$0 $1,000

$13,000 $3,150 $1,000

TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS $7,500 $5,650 $4,000 $17,150 TOTAL REQUEST $28,073 $26,535 $25,250 $79,858

Budget Justification:

A and B. Salaries and Fringe Benefits: Funds are requested to support a graduate research assistant (0.5 FTE) and undergraduate assistants. Fringe benefits for the graduate student cover the cost of health insurance at current rates in Year 1 and assuming a 3% increase for subsequent years.

C. Travel: Covers cost of travel expenses to collect soil samples from research sites and travel to greenhouse. Travel costs associated with attendance to one scientific conference are also included.

D. Equipment: No equipment will be purchased.

E. Other Direct Costs: Covers cost of laboratory reagents, sample containers, ion chromatography supplies, safety equipment, greenhouse rental and pots, and field supplies. Fees for soil characterization and costs associated with publication in a peer-reviewed journal are included.

10. References

Dunn, D. J., and Stevens, G. 2008. Response of rice yields to phosphorus fertilizer rates and polymer coating. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0610-01-RS.

Gordon, W.B. 2005. Improving the efficiency of phosphorus fertilizers. p. 34-36. In D.F. Leikam. Kansas Fertilizer Research 2005. Report of Progress 957. Kansas State, Manhattan, KS.

Goyne, K.W., H.-J. Jun, S.H. Anderson, and P.P. Motavalli. 2008. Phosphorus and nitrogen sorption to soils in the presence of poultry litter-extracted dissolved organic matter. J. Environ. Qual. 37: 154-163.

Kleinschmidt, A., and G. Prill. 2008. Evaluation of starter fertilizers for field corn. [Online]. Available at http://farmfocus.osu.edu/new_page_14.htm. (verified 9 Dec. 2009).

Maguire, R.O., and J.T. Sims. 2002. Soil testing to predict phosphorus leaching. J. Environ. Qual. 31: 1601-1609.

Specialty Fertilizer Products. 2009. Science behind AVAIL®. [Online]. Available at http://www.chooseavail.com/Science.aspx (verified 9 Dec. 2009).

Page - 43 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 8. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Evaluating the phosphorus runoff potential of current home lawn fertilization practices and recommendations based on soil test results, Xi Xiong, (pg158) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 44 Evaluating the phosphorus runoff potential of current home lawn fertilization practices and

recommendations based on soil test results Xi Xiong (162), Dan Lloyd (125), Manjula Nathan (139), Brad Fresenburg (107)

2. Investigator: Xi Xiong, Dan Lloyd, Manjula Nathan, Brad Fresenburg 3. Objectives: The primary objective of this research is to evaluate and demonstrate the phosphorus fertilizer runoff potential from turfgrass systems. Specifically, this research will:

1) Determine surface phosphorus runoff from typical and recommended fertility programs applied to lawns with low (<40 lbs P/acre) and high (>60 lbs P/acre) soil test phosphorus.

2) Evaluate the quality of turfgrass in response to phosphorus treatments applied to soils with different concentrations of available phosphorus.

3) Visually demonstrate to home owners through permanent demonstration plots the differences in turfgrass quality and phosphorus runoff potential of different fertilization scenarios as related to soil test values.

Relevance to the Missouri Fertilizer and Lime Industry: In the United States, land occupied by managed turf including residential and commercial

lawns, parks, golf courses, and athletic fields is around 40 million acres (Milesi et al., 2005). For perspective, national turfgrass production occupies three times more acreage than is used for corn production and is the single largest irrigated crop in the United States. In Missouri, approximately 850,700 acres were used for turfgrass cultivation in 2005 (Milesi et al., 2005), which according to current estimates would make turfgrass the fourth largest crop in Missouri by acreage (USDA/NASS, 2009). With a growing population and new home construction increasing, the urban landscape and turfgrass acreage will continue to expand in acreage and importance.

Turfgrass is fertilized to apply between 100-200 lbs of N/acre annually. For most agricultural systems specific attention is given to phosphorus and potassium nutrition as well as nitrogen, where as in the home lawn setting fertilizer rates are often calculated based solely on the nitrogen content. Because of the wide availability of fertilizers with 1:1:1 ratios for N-P-K analyses and because the cost savings compared to low nitrogen containing organic fertilizers, many home owners regularly use products such as 12-12-12 and apply them at recommended rates for nitrogen (100-200 lbs/acre) which over time has greatly elevated the soil phosphorus and potassium levels. According to lawn and garden soil test data compiled by the University of Missouri Soil Testing Lab from the 275 samples submitted from Boone county, 54% and 62% were the excessive range of soil phosphorus and potassium, respectively (Nathan, 2009, unpublished data).

Typically, surface runoff on turfgrass is minimal due to its dense contiguous growth habit. However, continual fertilization of phosphorus on soils that are in excess of available phosphorus increases the likelihood of nutrient loss through surface runoff without providing an improvement in turfgrass health. Furthermore, surface runoff of sediment and nutrients, especially phosphorus, into surface water is a growing concern that can lead to eutrophication of lakes and streams. This often practiced method of excessive fertilization is economically undesirable, environmentally problematic, and agronomically ineffective. Rather than waiting for environmental agencies to completely ban the use of phosphorus in lawn fertilizers, as has already been implemented in numerous regions, the best approach is to perform anticipatory

Page - 45 research and establish permanent demonstrations to show the runoff potential of properly fertilized turf. The objective of this research is to promote the proper use of fertilizers on home lawns and compile data so that when regulations are discussed in Missouri, informed decisions can be made based on sound research.

4. Procedure:

Treatment Phosphorus fertilization Soil test phosphorus 1.Common homeowner scenario 150 lbs P2O5/acre High (>60 lbs P/acre)

2. Soil test recommendation None (as recommended by soil test) High (>60 lbs P/acre)

3. Soil test recommendation 50-150 lbs P2O5/acre (as

recommended by soil test) Low (<40 lbs P/acre)

4. Restricted use scenario None Low (<40 lbs P/acre)

Design: This study will be conducted as an ongoing field study on permanent demonstration plots at the turfgrass research facility at the South Farm Turfgrass Research Center in Columbia, MO beginning in spring of 2010. All treatments will be applied to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea), the most abundant lawn grass in Missouri. Treatments will receive 150 lbs N/acre and potassium as recommended by soil test. In homeowner’s scenario, phosphorus will be applied to the selected treatments as monoammonium phosphate split equally into three separate applications occurring in May, September, and October as recommended by University of Missouri extension (Dunn and Ervin, 1999). In soil test recommendation scenario, P will be only applied as one application when soil test indicated. Three replications will be included in a randomized complete block design. Plots measure 6x18 ft and will have a 5% slope designed to collect runoff water for nutrient and sediment analysis. Runoff will be collected using a design described by Cole et al (1997) with modifications (Figure 1). Each plot will be edged with both galvanized steel and plastic-edging borders to minimize the runoff overflow. Plots will also be equipped with flumes which direct the runoff water to the collection bins. Sample splitters will be installed for each plot to avoid overflow potential and direct runoff evenly to the collection bins. Plots will be mowed with a rotary mower at 2.5 inches on a 5-7 day interval with clippings returned. Irrigation will be applied twice per week to replace the evapotranspiration (ET) losses. A rain gauge will be installed in the center of the plots to measure the amount of water the plots received. Measurements: Soil and tissue samples from each plot will be collected in the spring and fall each year and analyzed in the University of Missouri soil testing lab for general fertility analysis and total phosphorus. Runoff samples will be collected from all rainfall events accumulating greater than two inches. Runoff will also be collected from simulated rainfall of 2 inches applied once in the spring and fall of each year. Immediately following each rainfall or irrigation event, runoff water samples from each collection bin will be brought to the Soil Analysis Lab at the University of Missouri to be analyzed for total nitrogen, nitrate, total phosphorus, dissolved phosphorus, and sediment through methods described by Nathan et al (2006). Weekly measurements will include turfgrass quality on a 1-9 scale and chlorophyll index using a field scout CM1000 reflectance meter (Spectrum technologies, Plainfield, IL). Normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) will also be recorded weekly using a GreenSeeker (NTech Industries, Inc., Uklah, CA) to provide an unbiased assessment of turfgrass quality. 5. Current status and importance of research area:

Page - 46 Fertilizer restrictions are being considered and imposed in regions across the United States in attempt to protect surface water from eutrophication. As witnessed in places like Wisconsin, Minnesota, New York, and California, turfgrass is generally the first crop to receive such restrictions as it is considered by many a luxury crop. These restrictions have often led to the removal of all phosphorus from fertilizer sold for use on turfgrass. Often times when new legislation is being discussed, quality local research can be extremely beneficial in ensuring that informed decisions are made. 6. Expected economic impact of this project: Initially, the economic gain expected from this research will be realized by the end users, specifically homeowners. This will be achieved through the extensive outreach portion of this project that will stress the importance to homeowners of getting soil tested and changing fertilization practices accordingly. This will save money for those that have sufficient soil phosphorus and can purchase less expensive fertilizer without the additional phosphorus. Eventually, this research has potential to make a significant positive economic impact on the fertilizer producers in the event that fertilizer restrictions are discussed in Missouri. It is conceivable that the results of this research could help guide the regulations in a way that does not hastily remove all phosphorus from fertilizers used on turfgrass as has been done in other areas. 7. Timetable for proposed research: 2010 – February – May – December

Construct demonstration plots and impose soil treatments Begin phosphorus treatments and evaluations

2011 – May – December Repeat treatments, collect measurements throughout the season 2012 – long term Incorporate the treatments in the farm daily management, and

maintain the plot as long term demonstration project. 8. Strategy for application and transfer of knowledge: This research will be highly visible as a demonstration experiment at the South Farm and will be discussed during various field days. Although funding is sought only through 2011, this will continue as a long term demonstration experiment. The cost associated with long term maintenance will be incorporated into the farm operation budget. The information gained from this study will be disseminated effectively through extension avenues including an extension factsheet and the wide reaching Master Gardener Program. Results of this research will also be available on a webpage link provided by the Lawn and Garden Soil Testing Service. This research will be published in appropriate journals as well as presented at conferences and annual meetings of various societies (including the American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, and the Missouri Green Industry Conference). 9. Proposed Budget Category Year 1 Year 2 Total Salary and benefits (20% Research Specialist) 9,100 9,373 18,473Plots construction -Galvanized steel, plastic, collections bins, pipes -Sample splitters*

5,00014,400

0 0

5,00014,400

Supplies (fertilizer, sod) ** 500 500 1,000Soil testing services*** 5,000 5,000 10,000Total 34,000 14,873 48,873 Budget narrative:

Page - 47 * Sample splitters are a necessary expense to accurately measure quantity of total runoff while eliminating the risk of overflow. Cost is based on 12 sample splitters estimated at $1200 each. ** Supplies include fertilizer, sod, weed control, plot preparation, and other necessary field materials. *** Soil testing services include estimates for two soil samples, two tissue samples, and six runoff water samples annually from each plot.

Figure 1. Cross section view of plot area (Cole et al., 1997). References: Cole, J.T., J.H. Baird, N.T. Basta, R.L. Huhnke, D.E. Storm, G.V. Johnson, M.E. Payton, M.D.

Smolen, D.L. Martin, and J.C. Cole. 1997. Influence of buffers on pesticide and nutrient runoff from bermudagrass turf. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 1589-1598.

Dunn, J.H. and E.H. Ervin. 1999. Lawn maintenance calendar – cool-season grasses. MU Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia. G6705

Nathan, M., J. Stecker, and Y. Sun. 2006. Soil testing in Missouri. Missouri Cooperative Extension Service. EC923.

USDA/NASS – Missouri field office. 2009. Missouri current estimates. http://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Missouri/Publications/Current_Estimates/

Page - 48 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10

9. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Probability of Nitrogen Loss from Fall- and Spring-Applied Fertilizer to Row Crops, John A. Lory (pg 124)

____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 49 Probability of Nitrogen Loss from Fall- and Spring-Applied Fertilizer to Row Crops

John A. Lory (130) and Verel W. Benson (98)

2. Investigators John A. Lory, Ph.D. (PI), Associate Professor of Extension, Plant Science Division, University of Missouri, 573-884-7815, [email protected]. Verel W. Benson, Ph.D., Environmental Analyst, Benson Consulting, 200 Haywood Court, Columbia, MO 65203, 573-864-3036, [email protected]. 3. Objectives:

The objective of this project is to determine where in Missouri fall applications of nitrogen can be justified as being equivalent to spring application strategies (Topic of Interest 3, Nitrogen Management).

i. Determine the impact of date of application, soil type and latitude on the probability of nitrogen loss from fertilizer applications on Missouri row crops.

ii. Provide corn and sorghum growers regional estimates for the risk of nitrogen loss from fall applied nitrogen compared to spring-applied nitrogen so they can accurately judge the costs and benefits of fall applications of nitrogen.

4. Procedures: This project will use the computer model EPIC to estimate the probability nitrogen loss.

The EPIC model uses detailed soil descriptions and long term weather data to model nitrogen dynamics in soil. Input data development

Dr. Verel Benson has cooperated with USDA-NRCS personnel to develop the detailed soil descriptions required by EPIC for 428 of the primary agricultural soils in Missouri. This work was supported by two national projects: an EPA project “Development of a Tool for Preparation of Gridded Agricultural Management Data for Meteorological and Air Quality Modeling” and a USDA project “Assessing Water Use and Water Quality Change with Respect to Large-Scale Expansion of Ethanol Feedstock Production in the United States”. These national scale assessments have required Dr. Benson to fully develop the soils data sets and crop management files for the EPIC program. The soils are distributed across Missouri allowing us to look at the effect of soil type on loss potential throughout each region of the state.

As part of the same project, Dr. Benson has also collected the precipitation and temperature parameters needed to generate representative weather data for the 23 weather stations in Missouri. Dr. John Lory has been working Dr. Pat Guinan, State Climatologist, and Troy Chockley, NRCS State Agricultural Engineer to create a representative century weather data sets for each of 15 weather regions of Missouri. Consequently we have access to both modeled and actual 100-year weather data sets for all of Missouri.

This project seeks to capitalize on the extensive work of developing these data sets. These soil and crop data sets are already set up to assess nitrous oxide and ammonia losses as part of the EPA project. To meet the goals of this project only requires Dr. Benson to modify the input files to reflect the nitrogen timing treatments we plan on testing and to modify the output files to provide the information nitrogen loss in a format that will facilitate our analysis.

Page - 50 Test scenarios

Our initial objective is to assess potential for nitrogen loss from injected anhydrous ammonia for 12 application dates running from August 1 through July 1 the following year. For each of the soils and for each of the application dates, the model will be used to assess nitrogen loss of applied nitrogen for each year of the 100-year weather scenarios. The resulting data set will report the percent applied nitrogen lost for each year for each time of application for each soil within each region of the state.

Dr. John Lory will use standard summary statistics, regression methods and mean separation approaches establish the dates of application where nitrogen loss is unlikely to be greater from fall applications then from spring applications. As part of the project we will also develop a way to clearly show farmers the potential for nitrogen loss for each month of the year for their region of the state. Validation

Over the past twenty years there have been many experiments and measurements evaluating the availability of fall applied anhydrous ammonia in Missouri. There are experiments comparing yield response of spring and fall applied nitrogen. There are also spring measurements using the soil nitrogen test to determine how much inorganic nitrogen is in the profile after fall nitrogen applications. To validate the model we will sort through all the data of this type and identify studies that fall on soil types included in our database. For these soils we will use the model to estimate nitrogen loss and use the collected data to estimate nitrogen loss. A calibration graph will be developed by plotting measured versus estimated nitrogen loss. 5. Current Status/Importance of the Project:

Pressure to optimize nitrogen use by corn and to minimize nitrogen loss from agricultural fields is growing more intense. USDA and USEPA are seeking ways to reduce nitrogen loss to the Gulf of Mexico by at least 30% in the next decade. The current focus on greenhouse gases has intensified efforts to optimize nitrogen rates to minimize potential for conversion of excess nitrogen in the soil to nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas.

Fall application of nitrogen has been documented to lead to losses of nitrogen in Missouri when conditions are right. We know losses can occur some but not other years. What is not known is how frequently conditions occur where nitrogen losses can be expected.

The current recommendation for fall anhydrous ammonia application is to apply in the fall after average daily soil temperature at six inches drops below 400F. Dr. Lory has shown that over-winter soil temperature heat accumulation in northern Missouri (north of I-70) is similar to what is found in central Iowa using the more typical 50oF rule. Applying anhydrous ammonia into warmer soil in the fall or farther south is likely to result in significant conversion of applied ammonia to nitrate before spring. Our current recommendations are predicated on recommending management practices that are likely to result in little conversion of anhydrous ammonia to nitrate in the fall or winter. The current recommendation result in a limited geographical area where fall applications are recommended (northern Missouri) and limited window for application before soils freeze (average six-inch soil temperature typically drops to 40oF after Thanksgiving in northern Missouri).

Conversion of nitrate makes over-winter nitrogen loss possible but we lack information on how probable that loss is in the diverse climates across Missouri. What we need to know to make informed decisions about the risk of fall-applied nitrogen is the probability of loss associated with applications in each month. This information on risk is the only way a farmer can make an educated decision on the relative risk of applying nitrogen on a particular date.

From 2000 through 2008 an average of 35% of the anhydrous ammonia was applied in the fall of the previous year according to Missouri fertilizer sales data reported by the University of Missouri Fertilizer Control Program. Many farmers like to apply at least a portion of their nitrogen in the fall to reduce spring work load and take advantage of advantageous fertilizer

Page - 51 prices, when they exist. Efforts to lower the potential for nitrogen loss will inevitably focus on reducing fall-applied nitrogen. This study is needed to identify where there is a sound basis for the continued use of fall applied N and to determine how likely such a practice is to lead to nitrogen losses from each region of the state. 6. Economic Impact:

Actual economic impact is difficult to determine. In the past five years Missouri farmers have applied on average more than 165,000 tons of anhydrous ammonia each year. An improvement of just 5% nitrogen use efficiency would reduce fertilizer costs by over six million dollars annually.

Our analysis has the potential to demonstrate that significant portions of the state have the potential for fall applications of nitrogen with a low potential for nitrogen loss. Farmers in these regions of the state have the potential to take better advantage of the benefits of fall-applied nitrogen. 7. Timetable for proposed research: March-April, 2010. Dr. Benson completes sets up EPIC program for the objectives of this project. May 2010. Dr. Benson and Dr. Lory collaborate on developing the validation data set. June 2010. Dr. Benson completes the EPIC data runs. July-September, 2010. Dr. Lory summarizes data and develops conclusions. October-December, 2010. Dr. Lory reports results including presentation at the MU Extension Crop Management Conference. 8. Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: • John Lory in his role as state nutrient management specialist serving on the

Interagency Technical Working Group will share results of the project with MU partners at NRCS and MDNR. His presentation to these groups will emphasize implications of the study results on recommended nitrogen management practices in Missouri.

• Dr. Lory will develop materials for a web page that will allow farmers to evaluate the impact of soil application date on the soil types on their farm for their region of the state.

• Dr. Lory will present the study results at the 2010 MU Extension Crop Management Conference and incorporate the results into extension talks and publications he contributes to throughout the year.

• Study results will be evaluated to assess the need for more field research to confirm conclusions of the study.

9. Budget: This is a one-year project. We are requesting $15,000 for the year 2010 to contract with

Dr. Verel Benson to set up and execute the EPIC computer runs for this project in his position as an environmental analyst.

Page - 52 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 10. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Does low manganese limit yield in glyphosate tolerant soybeans?, Fritsche (pg 104) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 53 Does low manganese limit yield in glyphosate tolerant soybeans?

Felix B. Fritschi (110) and Dale Blevins (101), Univ. of Missouri

2. Investigators Felix B. Fritschi and Dale Blevins, Univ. of Missouri

3. Objectives and Relevance to the Missouri Fertilizer and Lime Industry The overall objective of this project is to determine if low manganese (Mn) availability reduces yield of glyphosate tolerant soybean varieties. An additional objective is to determine if phosphorus (P) fertilization can be used to increase Mn uptake by soybean plants.

Specific objectives: 1) To compare the yield responses of soybean varieties with different glyphosate resistance traits

to Mn fertilization. 2) To determine if P application will increase leaf Mn concentration and yield of glyphosate tolerant

soybeans.

Approximately 90% of all soybeans grown in Missouri are herbicide resistant. In fact, most soybeans grown in the US are glyphosate tolerant (91% in 2009; NASS, 2009). Glyphosate reportedly interacts with Mn both in tank mixtures and in the plant (Bernards et al., 2005). Interestingly, observations of deficiency symptoms in soybean are frequently reported following post-emergence glyphosate applications. The occurrence of glyphosate-induced Mn deficiency symptoms (“yellow flash”) has garnered attention from the fertilizer industry, and a number of companies have developed and/or are working on providing farmers with novel products to overcome the Mn deficiency. Because of the critical importance of Mn for physiological processes, particularly in soybean, chelation of Mn by glyphosate may limit yield even if deficiency symptoms are not manifested. In fact, research results indicate that glyphosate tolerant soybeans respond to Mn fertilization with yield increases of 8 bu/acre reported in Kansas (Gordon, 2007), and up to 18 bu/acre in Indiana (Huber, 2007). This information has not been widely published or discussed, and experiments to test these observations under Missouri conditions have not been conducted to date. A yield increase of 8 bu/acre or more could easily pay for the addition of Mn fertilizer (8 bu x $8/bu = $64/acre).

Many soils in Missouri contain adequate Mn, however, a large number of these soils are low in plant available P (Bray I P). We have found that P fertilization of these low P soils is an effective method of increasing Mn uptake by plants (McClain, Ph.D. dissertation 2007). When concerned about production of glyphosate tolerant soybeans, the question is whether or not P fertilization will stimulate Mn uptake enough to overcome the interaction with glyphosate. A combination of Mn treatments and P fertilization may be required for maximum soybean yields of these soybean varieties.

Glyphosate tolerant soybeans are an amazingly important contribution to our soybean industry, but we need to maximize their potential, and perhaps, we can do that with the addition of Mn. This project will provide information on the impact of supplemental Mn and P-enhanced Mn uptake on soybean yield responses and seed composition.

4. Procedures This project will be conducted for 3 years at the Bradford Research and Extension Center in Columbia, MO on a Mexico silt loam soil. The Experiment will include the following treatments:

Manganese: 1) 0 lb Mn acre-1 2) 2 lb Mn acre-1 3) 4 lb Mn acre-1 4) 8 lb Mn acre-1

Phosphorus: 1) Control (no P manipulations) 2) Phosphorus application (to achieve a Bray I soil test level to be >50lbs/acre P) Weed control: 1) Control (mechanical weed control)

Page - 54 2) Glyphosate application according to recommended rate Genotypes: 1) Conventional variety (Non Roundup ready) 2) Roundup Ready 1 variety 3) Roundup Ready 2 variety 4) Optimum GAT variety

Total number of plots = 4 Mn trts x 2 P trts x 2 Weed control x 4 genotypes x 4 replications = 256

Design: Each treatment will be replicated four times in a randomized complete block design using multiple splits to accommodate all the treatments outlined above. The experiment will comprise a 200 x 320 ft site to accommodate all the treatments, resulting in a minimum plot size of 10 x 25 ft.

Cultural Practices: The experiment will be initiated in spring 2010. The site will be selected based on soil samples collected and analyzed prior to establishment. P and Mn treatments will be applied as outlined above. Both P and Mn treatments will be established as a single pre-plant soil application at the above-specified rates. Fertilizer for other elements will be applied according to the MU soil test recommendations. Weed control will be conducted using a single glyphosate application according to recommended rate and procedures. Mechanical weed control will be employed as necessary on the control plots.

Measurements: Treatment effects on crop growth and development will be assessed 5 times over the course of each growing season by sampling plants for biomass, plant height, leaf area, and phenological stage determinations. In addition, leaf tissue will be sampled at the same time and will later be analyzed for macro- and micro-nutrient concentrations using ICP. Yield will be determined by harvesting with a research combine and subsamples of seed will be saved to determine treatment effects on seed composition.

5. Current Status and Importance of Research Area Manganese is an essential micronutrient element for plant growth and development. It is involved in a number of critical physiological processes including photosynthesis and detoxification of oxygen radicals. A major role of Mn is the activation of a broad range of enzymes that are involved in processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, transcription, and amino acid synthesis. There are certain types of plants that seem to have especially high Mn requirements. For example, NAD-malic enzyme C4 plants, like millet, amaranthus and switchgrass, need about 25 times more Mn than most other plants (Kering et al., 2009). We are predicting that soybean is a “high” Mn requiring plant, since it’s root nodule bacteroids use Mn-activated NAD-malic enzyme as the first step in acquiring energy from the plant. Plus, 90% of the fixed nitrogen transported from root nodules to leaves and developing pods is in the form of allantoate, and we have shown that the enzyme that releases N from this molecule in leaves and developing pods is Mn-dependent (Winkler et al., 1985). Therefore, there maybe three reasons why soybean may have an especially high Mn requirement: 1) Glyphosate applied to glyphosate tolerant soybeans may tie up Mn, 2) Mn is required for energy utilization in the root bacteroids to support N fixation, and 3) metabolism of the N in allantoate supplied to leaves and pods. Glyphosate is a non-selective herbicide that inhibits the EPSPS enzyme in the synthesis pathway of aromatic amino acids. Most glyphosate tolerant soybean varieties have an EPSPS enzyme that is not inhibited by glyphosate. Thus, while these plants contain glyphosate, the pathway of aromatic amino acid synthesis is functional. Two generations of glyphosate tolerant soybean varieties using this tolerance mechanism are currently on the market. Recently, soybean genotypes with a novel tolerance mechanism have been developed. The novel mechanism is based on the transformation of glyphosate into an inactive metabolite that does not inhibit EPSPS enzyme activity. Commercial launch of varieties with the new tolerance mechanism is anticipated in three to four years (DuPont News Releases, 12/4/2009). Since the new tolerance mechanism alters the glyphosate form in the plant and thus does not inhibit the EPSPS enzyme, the interaction with Mn may also be influenced. Due to the advances in glyphosate tolerance technology, it is important to examine varieties in this project.

Page - 55 We have shown that P applications on low plant available P (Bray I P) soils increased leaf Mn concentrations (Fig. 1). However, to date, it is unclear how the three-way interaction of P, Mn, and glyphosate will play out. Phosphorus may attach to the soil sorption sites that would normally interact with glyphosate molecules and may thus limit the inactivation of glyphosate (Simonsen et al., 2008). Figure 1 Manganese concentration in tall fescue leaves as influenced by P fertilization (McClain, 2007). Thus, while the importance of Mn for plant growth is well established, there are many unresolved questions about the interaction of glyphosate and Mn in the plant and soil that need to be answered. Particularly in soybean, the development of fertilizer management practices to maintain a high availability of Mn in the plant for all the critical processes is critical.

6. Expected Economic Impact of the Project Based on harvested acres, soybean is the most important grain crop in Missouri. Of the approximately 5.4 million acres planted in 2009, approximately 4.8 million acres are glyphosate tolerant (NASS, 2009). Thus, if a yield gain such as the reported increase of 8 bu/ acre in Kansas, could be realized in Missouri as a result of improved Mn and P management, the impact on the agricultural community, both, at the farm level as well as for the fertilizer industry would be impressive (8 bu /acre x $8 / bu x 4.8 million acres = $307 million statewide).

7. Timetable for Proposed Research Spring 2010 Soil sampling and analysis, treatment establishment, planting, and general

management of soybean. Summer 2010 Determination of treatment effects on crop growth and development Fall 2010 Harvest for yield and seed composition determination 2011 Repeat planting and treatments as in 2010 2012 Repeat planting and treatments as in 2010 8. Strategy for Application and Transfer of Knowledge

Results of this study will be disseminated at appropriate annual field days and workshops. The information gained from this project will be presented at annual meetings of professional societies (such as American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society, Soil Science Society of America) and will be published in a refereed journal.

Page - 56 9. Proposed Budget Category Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Total Personnel Graduate Student Undergraduate help

$18,000 $3,200

$18,000 $3,200

$18,000 $3,200

$54,000 $9,600

Field cost (fertilizers, herbicide, bags, etc.) $3,000 $3,000 $3,000 $9,000 Tissue and seed analyses $3,300 $3,300 $3,300 $9,900 Travel $1,200 $1,200 $1,200 $3,600 Total $28,700 $28,700 $28,700 $86,100 References: Bernards, M.L., K.D. Thelen, D. Penner, R.B. Muthukumaran, and J.L. McCracken. 2005. Glyphosate

interaction with manganese in tank mixtures and its effect on glyphosate absorption and translocation. Weed Science 53:787-794.

Gordon, B. Manganese nutrition of glyphosate-resistant and conventional soybeans. Better Crops 91:12-13.

Kering, M, K. Lukaszewska, and D. Blevins. 2008. Manganese requirement for optimum photosynthesis and growth in NAD-malic enzyme C-4 species. Plant and Soil 316:217-226.

McClain, W.E. 2007. Phosphorus nutrition in tall fescue: from stockpiling to seed production. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Missouri.

NASS, National Agricultural Statistics Service, 2009. Acreage. Report released June 30, 2009. http://usda.mannlib.cornell.edu/usda/current/Acre/Acre-06-30-2009.pdf

Simonsen, L., I.S. Fomsgaard, B. Svensmark, and N.H. Spliid. 2008. Fate and availability of glyphosate and AMPA in agricultural soil. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 13:365-375.

Winkler, R.G., J.C. Polacco, D.B. Blevins, and D.D. Randall. 1985. Enzymatic degradation of allantoate in developing soybeans. Plant Physiology 79:787-793.

Page - 57 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 11. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Utilization of Variable Source N Application Strategies for Anhydrous Ammonia and Liquid Slow-Release Fertilizers, Peter Motavalli (pg 131) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 58 Utilization of Variable Source N Application Strategies for Anhydrous Ammonia

and Liquid Slow-Release Fertilizers Peter Motavalli (136) and Kelly Nelson (143)

Investigators: Peter Motavalli, Dept. of Soil, Environ., and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Missouri

Kelly Nelson, Div. of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Missouri, Novelty, MO

Objectives and Relevance: Use of enhanced efficiency fertilizers and additives, such as slow and controlled release

fertilizers and inhibitors to reduce ammonia volatilization and nitrification, have been shown to increase agricultural production and lower potential for environmental contamination under specific management practices and soil and climatic conditions (Motavalli et al., 2008; Nelson et al., 2008). ). For example, Motavalli et al. (2009) and Noellsch et al. (2009) in Missouri have conducted extensive research on the effectiveness of polymer-coated urea (PCU) and urea plus nitrification and urease inhibitors across fields with spatial differences in soil water content due to landscape position. Lower landscape positions where soils are generally wetter, especially during the spring, have had over 20 bu/acre increases in grain yield when PCU was applied compared to conventional urea and an estimated gross profit increase of between $20 to $260/acre with use of PCU (Noellsch et al., 2009). Based on these results, Motavalli and Nelson have been testing the use of a variable source N (VSN) fertilizer application strategy. In this approach, enhanced efficiency N fertilizer is applied to field areas with a higher probability of N loss due to wet conditions and conventional N fertilizer is applied to low-risk field areas. This N fertilization strategy may insure sufficient N fertilizer availability throughout the field, reduce risk of N loss, and make use of slow-release or stabilized N fertilizer more economical.

Further testing of the VSN strategy is needed for other fertilizer products, such as

enhanced efficiency products that can be blended or combined with liquid N fertilizer solutions and stabilized anhydrous ammonia. The VSN strategy provides maximum flexibility and production for growers across the variable soil moisture conditions of their field and makes these fertilizer products more cost-effective. Over 4 million tons of anhydrous ammonia and close to 12 million tons of N solutions were utilized in the U.S. in 2007 making these N sources among the largest N fertilizer sources used in agriculture and corn production (ERS/USDA, 2008)

Limited testing of enhanced efficiency products with liquid N fertilizers and anhydrous

ammonia have been conducted so far for farmers in Missouri for pre-plant and sidedress applications. Nitamin Nfusion® (Georgia-Pacific Plant Nutrition) is a 22-0-0 water-soluble liquid N fertilizer that contains slow-release urea polymers in the form of methylene ureas and triazone that can be blended with UAN, urea solution or liquid ammonium nitrate solutions. A recommended blend for application to corn is 80% UAN solution and 20% Nitamin Nfusion®. Nitrification inhibitors, such as nitropyrin (2-chloro-6-trichloromethyl-pyridine), which is sold as N-Serve® (Dow AgroSciences) has also been effective when combined with anhydrous ammonia in reducing N loss, especially for fall-applied applications, by delaying environmental N losses due to nitrate leaching or denitrification.

The proposed objectives of this study are to: 1) to determine the effects of landscape

position and differences in soil water content on crop response and crop N status due to application of different N fertilizer sources including conventional UAN solution and anhydrous ammonia with and without an enhanced efficiency treatment, and 2) to assess whether a variable source fertilizer application strategy with these fertilizer materials would be economical.

Page - 59

Procedures:

• A field experiment will be established in 2010 at the Greenley Experiment Station in Northeast Missouri. The field will be mapped for differences in elevation and ECa and was used for previous experimentation on the feasibility of variable source N application using polymer-coated urea and other enhanced efficiency products. The experimental design will be a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Plots will measure approximately 10 by 300 ft long and will lie across a low-lying area and into a side-slope area to create a gradient in soil water content conditions in the field. Nitrogen fertilizer treatments will include a control or 150 lbs N/acre as pre-plant-applied UAN solution, a 80% UAN solution/20% Nitamin Nfusion solution blend, 50% UAN/50% Nitamin Nfusion blend, injected anhydrous ammonia and anhydrous ammonia plus N-Serve nitrification inhibitor. All corn plots will be in no-till.

• Differences in soil volumetric water content will be measured in a transect for each plot prior to planting in spring shortly after several rainfall events using a portable time domain reflectometry (TDR) system. These measurements will be used to delineate areas of highest soil water content and will be compared to the spatial variability in crop growth and earleaf tissue N in the field.

• Effects of treatments on grain yields and ear leaf N will be determined in a transect across each plot and mapped.

• Arc-GIS (ESRI, Redlands, CA) will be used to map all spatially-defined data. • Gross profit differences between use of the UAN and anhydrous ammonia alone and with the

enhanced efficiency fertilizers will be calculated by calculating the difference in value from any differences in grain yield minus any differences in fertilizer cost for each fertilizer product.

Current Status and Importance of Research: Current research in agricultural N management has been focusing on improving N

fertilizer recovery efficiency in order to increase crop production and profitability and reduce possible negative environmental impacts on water and air resources (Cassman et al., 2002). Use of enhanced efficiency fertilizer products may be one management option that may reduce these risks of N loss, but extensive research in Missouri has indicated that the advantages of use of polymer-coated urea in reducing N losses are primarily under relatively wet conditions due to differences in rainfall or irrigation (Nelson et al., 2009) or in landscape position (Noellsch et al., 2009). Additional research in Missouri, which has tested the concept of variable source N fertilizer management, has indicated that this approach may be a cost-effective management practice for using enhanced efficiency N fertilizers to improve crop performance while reducing the risk of environmental N losses (Noellsch et al., 2009). However, further research is needed to assess whether this application strategy would be useful for liquid N fertilizer and anhydrous ammonia-based systems.

Expected Economic Impact Use of liquid N fertilizer for pre-plant and sidedress applications is often more efficient

and provides a cost-effective option for including an enhanced efficiency fertilizer material on areas of farm fields most vulnerable to N loss. A similar situation is applicable for farmers who use anhydrous ammonia and want to reduce potential risk of N loss by adding a nitrification inhibitor. The relatively higher cost of the enhanced efficiency fertilizers and insufficient research-based information for how and when they are best used for the environmental

Page - 60 conditions of Missouri may be disincentives for their use. Our previous research has shown a gross profit increase of between $20 to $260/acre with use of PCU compared to use of conventional urea, but only in relatively lower-lying areas of farm fields. This research will provide more economic information on use of a liquid slow release fertilizer combined with UAN solution and a common nitrification inhibitor used with anhydrous ammonia so that growers can make informed decisions on use of these materials. Timetable for Proposed Research: Feb/March, 2010 Establish field experiment area and set up grids and transects April-May, 2010 Apply N treatments and plant corn April-Sept., 2010 Sample and analyze for tissue N and water content Sept./Oct, 2010 Harvest experiments November, 2010 Analyze research results December, 2010 Submit annual progress report Feb-Nov. 2011 Same as 2010 December 2011 Submit final report

Strategy for Application/Transfer of Knowledge:

The information developed from this research will useful for Missouri farmers to make informed decisions on N fertilizer management under the varying soil moisture conditions experienced within agricultural fields and due to annual variations in climate. This information will be incorporated into research and extension publications, workshops and annual field days to provide additional information to farmers on effective N fertilizer management practices. This project will be a cooperative effort among the university and private institutions which will help to strengthen the research effort and facilitate the dissemination of its research outcomes. A M.S. graduate student will be trained under this proposed project. References: Cassman, K.G., A. Dobermann, and D.T. Waters. 2002. Agroecosystems, nitrogen-use efficiency, and nitrogen

management. Ambio 31:132-140. Motavalli, P.P., K.W. Goyne, and R.P. Udawatta. 2008. Environmental impacts of enhanced-efficiency nitrogen

fertilizers. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0730-02-RV. Motavalli, P.P., Nelson, K.A., and S.A. Anderson. 2009. Delineation of high risk field areas for variable source N

fertilizer applications to optimize crop N use efficiency. p. 40-49. In J. Slater ed.) Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2008. Agronomy Misc. Publ. #09-01, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO.

Nelson, K.A., S.M. Paniagua, and P.P. Motavalli. 2009. Effect of polymer coated urea, irrigation, and drainage on nitrogen utilization and yield of corn in a claypan soil. Agron. J. 101:681-687.

Nelson, K. A., Scharf, P. C., Bundy, L.G., and Tracy, P. 2008. Agricultural management of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers in the north-central United States. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0730-03-RV.

Noellsch, A.J., P.P. Motavalli, K.A. Nelson, and N.R. Kitchen. 2009. Corn response to conventional and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer across a claypan landscape. Agron. J. 101:607-614.


CATEGORIES

YEAR ONE

YEAR TWO

TOTAL

A. Salaries M.S. Graduate Research Assistant (50%)

$14,382

$14,957

$29,339


$1,990

$2,070

$4,060


$16,372

$17,027

$33,399

C. Travel Travel to field site Travel to professional meeting

$623

$0

$623 $500

$1,246

$500 TOTAL TRAVEL COSTS $623 $1,123 $1,746 D. Equipment $0 $0 $0 TOTAL EQUIPMENT COSTS

$0

$0

$0

E. Other Direct Costs Laboratory reagents and supplies Field supplies Tissue processing and analysis Publications/Documentation

$1,000 $1,500 $2,000

$0

$1,000 $1,500 $2,000

$500

$2,000 $3,000 $4,000

$500 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

$4,500

$5,000

$9,500

TOTAL REQUEST $21,495 $23,150 $44,645

Justification: Salaries and Fringe Benefits: Funds are requested for support of a graduate research assistant (50% time) based on set rates at the University of Missouri. Fringe benefits for the graduate student cover the cost of health insurance. Travel: Covers cost of travel to Greenley Farm at a rate of 44.5 ¢/mile. In the second year, $500 is requested to cover cost of travel and board for one researcher to attend a professional conference for presentation of results. Laboratory Reagents and Supplies: Covers cost of laboratory reagents, sample containers, and other materials used in soil and plant tissue analyses. Field Supplies: Cost of fertilizer, seed, plot preparation, planting, weed control and harvesting, soil samplers, flags, pots and other field supplies and operations. Tissue Processing and Analysis: Covers cost of drying, grinding and analysis of tissue samples for total N. Publications/Documentation: Defrays cost of publication and documentation of results and conclusions.

Page - 62 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 12. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Effect of Various Nitrogen Applications on Plant Persistence, and Dry Matter Yield from Two Different Post-Grazing Residuals, Stacey Hamilton (pg 109) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 63 Effect of Various Nitrogen Applications on Plant Persistence, and Dry Matter Yield from

Two Different Post-Grazing Residuals Stacey Hamilton (115), Rob Kallenbach (123), Ted Probert (147), Tony Rickard (150), Wayne

Prewitt (146), and Craig Roberts (152)

Investigator(s): Stacey Hamilton, Rob Kallenbach, Ted Probert, Tony Rickard, Wayne Prewitt, and Craig Roberts Objectives, including relevance of project to Missouri fertilizer/lime use: Pasture-based dairying is gaining momentum for the state as well as the nation with nearly 25% of the dairy cows in Missouri in a managed grazing system. This has tremendous impact on local economies with the average Grade A dairy milking 80 cows contributing over $500,000 to the regional and state economy. Previous information suggested grazing management of the “take half leave half” philosophy where forage 8-10 inches tall was grazed to 4 inches. More recently, producers have begun to manage pastures to residuals of 2 inches and allowing regrowth to 5-7 inches. This management practice in fescue and perennial ryegrass follows the plant’s physiological pattern of growing no more than three live leaves. Once the third leaf has reached maturity and a fourth begins to develop the first leaf on the plant begins to die. Grazing at this third leaf stage ensures higher quality forage resulting in less grain and other supplements to be fed. However it remains to be seen the long-term effect on plant longevity and survivability. Nitrogen may play a role, assuming all other soil amendments are at “test”, in allowing this tighter management of residual grass. The objective will be to determine the effect of nitrogen on plant persistence and dry matter yields between the two grazing management practices. Procedure: Three treatments of nitrogen (0 #/acre; 180#/acre in 3 applications and 180#/acre in 9 applications) will be applied to test plots (10’ X 3’) with 3 replications each. The trial will be conducted at the University of Missouri Southwest Center at Mt. Vernon and duplicated at an on-farm site near Hartville, MO. The first test plot consists of BarOptima soft-leaf tall fescue established in the fall of 2009. The second was established in Max-Q novel endophyte tall fescue in 2004. Each nitrogen treatment will have two post-grazing residual heights of either 2 inches or 4 inches. Plant density in each sub-plot will be measured at the beginning of the grazing period (early spring) and at the end of the grazing season (early winter) to determine if the grazing practice has a detrimental effect on plant survivability and if various nitrogen applications can mitigate the loss.

Page - 64 Treatments will be measured weekly using a rising platemeter to determine growth rates as well as monitor leaf stage. Biweekly forage samples will be collected to determine quality (Crude protein, Acid detergent fiber, Neutral detergent fiber and Net energy of lactation). Plots will be harvested via mechanical harvester when plants reach the 2.5-3 leaf stage and cut to their respected residuals of either 2 or 4 inches. Harvested plots will be weighed and dried to verify dry matter grown via the platemeter. Total dry matter yield, plant density and forage quality will be measured per treatment to determine the effectiveness of nitrogen applications on the post-grazing residual treatments. Importance and Economic Impact: Preliminary demonstrations have shown the shorter grazing strategy will increase dry matter yields over 1000 pounds per acre. This has also shown quality to be higher potentially resulting in increased milk yields. The cost savings of feeding an additional 1000 pounds of forage versus grain could exceed $55/cow/year. However the loss of stand density due to lower grazing residuals could reduce this economic advantage. The strategic application of nitrogen could eliminate or reduce stand loss and result in further economic gain for producers. Timetable for proposed research: 2010 Early Spring through growing season: Plant density evaluation; Treatment applications of Nitrogen; Growing Season: Forage quality analysis; data analysis; Weekly dry matter measurements of each plot; monitor of leaf-stage and subsequent harvest Early Winter: Plant density evaluation Periodic: Demonstrations and field days 2011 Early Spring through growing season: Plant density evaluation; Treatment applications of Nitrogen; Growing Season: Forage quality analysis; data analysis; Weekly dry matter measurements of each plot; monitor of leaf-stage and subsequent harvest Early Winter: Plant density evaluation Periodic: Demonstrations and field days 2012 Early Spring through growing season: Plant density evaluation; Treatment applications of Nitrogen; Growing Season: Forage quality analysis; data analysis; Weekly dry matter measurements of each plot; monitor of leaf-stage and subsequent harvest Early Winter: Plant density evaluation Periodic: Demonstrations and field days Finalize data analysis and publish outcome Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: Our greatest tool will be field and demonstration days, work-shops and on-farm outreach seminars. Another component is “Pasture Walks” or “discussion groups” which are conducted on a monthly basis and have been very effective methods of disseminating research findings and on-farm results. Educational information will also be distributed through publications on our pasture-based dairy website, press releases to local newspapers and radio outlets. Another strategy will include participating in the either the Spring Forage Conference (Springfield) or the Mid-Missouri Grazing Conference (Columbia). Both are conferences devoted to livestock grazing producers.

Page - 65 We appreciate your consideration of this grant.

Budget:

Budget Year 1 Nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) $200 Labor $18,825 Forage Samples $4,800 TOTAL YEAR 1 $23,825

Budget Year 2 Nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) $200 Labor $18,825 Forage Samples $4,800 TOTAL YEAR 1 $23,825

Budget Year 3 Nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) $200 Labor $18,825 Forage Samples $4,800 TOTAL YEAR 1 $23,825 TOTAL REQUEST $71,475

Page - 66 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 13. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: SMALLER-BUT MORE FREQUENT APPLICATIONS OF NITROGEN COULD ENHANCE LIVESTOCK PROFITABILITY BY INCREASING FORAGE PRODUCTION AND QUALITY, Rob Kallenbach (pg 117) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 67

SMALLER-BUT MORE FREQUENT APPLICATIONS OF NITROGEN COULD ENHANCE LIVESTOCK PROFITABILITY BY INCREASING FORAGE

PRODUCTION AND QUALITY Rob Kallenbach (123), Stacey Hamilton (115), Ted Probert (147), Tony Rickard (150), Wayne Prewitt (146), Craig Roberts (152)

Investigator(s): Rob Kallenbach, Stacey Hamilton, Ted Probert, Tony Rickard, Wayne Prewitt, Craig Roberts Objectives, including relevance of project to Missouri fertilizer/lime use: Missouri’s dairy industry ranks 17th nationally with 110,000 dairy cows, on 1800 licensed family farms producing both Grade A and Manufacturing Grade milk. Missouri is unique because we have some Amish dairies with as few as 12 cows and larger dairies with 4,000 cows in Northeast Missouri. The average Grade A dairy in Missouri has 80 cows - in this situation the owner manages over $500,000 in investment with annual milk and livestock sales in excess of $180,000. The traditional dairy operation in Missouri has slowly exited the industry due to social, economic and environmental concerns. However, a different management approach to dairy production has recently emerged. The approach focuses on using the cows to harvest high quality forage. Initially, many of these operations were small (less than 80 cows) but since 2006 the pasture-based dairy system has evolved where several Missouri producers have expanded their herds up to 600 cows. Research and demonstration support by the University of Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station at Mt. Vernon has provided dairy clientele knowledge on producing high quality pasture forage and management of the intensively grazed pasture. Early growth of the Missouri grazing dairy industry was a significant factor in influencing investors from outside the United States to locate in Missouri. Missouri now has over 25,000 dairy cows relying on high quality pasture for a large portion of their total diet. The presence of the pasture-based dairies adds to the economic infrastructure in rural Missouri. The investment by pasture-based dairies currently exceeds $100 million, generates $40 million in annual milk sales, adds $124 million in total output, and has added 1,100 additional jobs to the state of Missouri. Moderate to high grain and lower milk prices are forcing many dairies to evaluate alternatives to more traditional methods of feeding. Well managed pasture-based systems allow for dairies to feed high quality forage (CP>20%, TDN>65) at less than 3 cents per pound dry matter (DM). Harvested forages approach costs of 9-10 cents and concentrates costing 10-12 cents/lb DM and higher. Currently, most producers are using a blanket approach to nitrogen applications of 60-80 lb N/acre in March, 60-80 lb N/acre in mid-late May and 60 lb N/acre in late August or early September. However, there has been evidence that smaller, more frequent applications of nitrogen may increase dry matter yield and enhance quality. Current yields in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass on most well managed pasture-based dairies are 4 tons DM/acre. Evidence from trials overseas suggests dry matter yield can increase by at least one full ton DM/acre with smaller more frequent allocations of nitrogen. This allows producers to increase stocking rate and/or reduce supplemental grain feeding. Procedure: Thirty acres of perennial ryegrass (Barenbrug 24T®) and 30 acres of soft-leaf fescue (Barenbrug BarOptima®) are currently established at the University of Missouri’s Southwest Research dairy for a comparison of forage yield and milk production. A study of nitrogen applications will benefit producers in determining frequency and amounts of nitrogen to yield the most cost-effective forage.

Page - 68 Three split applications of nitrogen (60 lb/acre March 1; 60 lb/acre May 1; and 60 lb/acre September 1) will be applied to 15 acres of perennial ryegrass and 15 acres of fescue. This triple application will be considered as the control. The treatments will consist of 20 lb/acre actual nitrogen to 15 acres of perennial ryegrass and 15 acres of fescue beginning March 1 with applications continuing monthly until November 1. Nitrogen source for the study will be ammonium sulfate. This will give a total of 180 lb nitrogen for each control and frequent application treatment. Each treatment and control are replicated 5 times (3 acres in each 15 acres). Pastures will be measured weekly using both a rising platemeter and rapid pasture measurer (CDAX) to determine growth rates. Biweekly forage samples will be collected to determine forage quality (crude protein, fiber constituents, and net energy of lactation). Total dry matter yield and milk produced per treatment by forage species will be calculated to determine the cost-effectiveness of each treatment and profitability over a three year period. Importance and Economic Impact: Smaller, more frequent applications of nitrogen has been shown to increase dry matter yields over one ton per acre in demonstrations overseas. The savings of 6-9 cents per pound of dry matter (difference between grazed forage and purchased forages and/or grains) could potentially save producers over $100 per milking cow if an additional ton of dry matter is produced. This would mean a savings of $8,000/year for the average size Missouri dairy farm utilizing management intensive grazing. Timetable for proposed research: 2010 Early Spring through Growing Season: treatment applications of nitrogen Growing Season: grazing harvests; forage quality analysis; data analysis; weekly dry matter measurements of each paddock; 3 week calibrations of dry matter measurements Periodic: demonstrations and field days 2011 Early Spring through Growing Season: treatment applications of nitrogen Growing Season: grazing harvests; forage quality analysis; data analysis; weekly dry matter measurements of each paddock; 3 week calibrations of dry matter measurements Periodic: demonstrations and field days 2012 Early Spring through Growing Season: treatment applications of nitrogen Growing Season: grazing harvests; forage quality analysis; data analysis; weekly dry matter measurements of each paddock; 3 week calibrations of dry matter measurements Periodic: demonstrations and field days Finalize data analysis and publish outcome Demonstrations and field days Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: Our greatest tool will be field and demonstration days, workshops and on-farm outreach seminars. Another component is “Pasture Walks” or “discussion groups” conducted on a monthly basis; these have been highly effective methods of disseminating research findings and on-farm results. Educational information will also be distributed through publications on our pasture-based dairy website, press releases to local newspapers and radio outlets. Another outlet will include participating in the Mid-Missouri Grazing Conference which is a seminar devoted to livestock grazing producers. Results from our demonstration could be used to disseminate information in the form of educational seminars at this conference for those unable to attend our field days.

Page - 69

Budget: Budget - Year 1 Nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) 5719.50Labor (30% FTE) 16500Forage samples 1600 $23819.50 Budget - Year 2 Nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) 6291.45*Labor (30% FTE) 16500Forage samples 1600 $24,391.45 Budget - Year 3 Nitrogen (ammonium sulfate) 6920.60*Labor (30% FTE) 16500Forage samples 1600 $25,020.60 Total request $73,231.55

*assumes a 10% increase in nitrogen cost

Page - 70 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 14. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Cost-effectiveness of P and K Maintenance vs. Maintenance plus Buildup Strategies in a Variable Fertilizer Market, Manjula Nathan (pg 134) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 71

Cost-effectiveness of P and K Maintenance vs. Maintenance plus Buildup Strategies in a Variable Fertilizer Market

Manjula Nathan (139) , Kelly Nelson (143), and Tim Reinbott (148)

Investigators: Manjula Nathan, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri

Kelly Nelson, Division of Plant Sciences, Novelty Research and Extension Center, University of Missouri Tim Reinbott, Bradford Research and Extension Center, University of Missouri

Objectives:

1. To evaluate the best fertilizer management practices for P and K for corn-soybean rotation. 2. Evaluate the economics of applying maintenance vs. maintenance plus build up application of P and K

for corn and soybean. 3. Study the effect of sub soil P and K on fertilizer response for corn-soybean rotation. 4. Educate the growers with the best P and K Management practices for optimum returns at varying

fertilizer costs. Procedures:

• Field study to evaluate phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) fertilizer economics will be established at the Bradford and Greenley Research and Extension Centers. The study sites will have corn-soybean-corn rotations from 2010 to 2012.

• Each experimental field site will receive four P treatments will receive four P treatments and four K treatments in a 4 x 4 factorial randomized complete block design with three replications.

P = 0 P, recommended P with maintenance only; recommended P with maintenance plus build up; and one half of recommended P (maintenance plus buildup)

K = 0 K; recommended K with maintenance only; recommended K with maintenance plus build up; one half of recommended K (maintenance plus buildup)

• Soil samples will be collected at the beginning of the study at 0-6” and 6”-18” depths to measure top soil and subsoil nutrients, and at the end of each growing seasons at the 0-6” depth. All nutrients will be analyzed both by the current MU soil test analytical procedures (colorimetry or AA) and by ICP. Soil samples will be analyzed for plant available K, Ca, Mg and Na by the ammonium acetate extraction (routine method used by MU Soil Testing Labs) and Mehlich-3 extractant using ICPS and AAS/AES. These soil samples will also be analyzed for extractable P by Bray I extraction and Mehlich-3 extraction using ICPS and colorimetric methods.

• The plant samples (leaf and grain) will be analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn and B. • The economics of fertilizer management using various P and K cost scenarios will be evaluated using

the yield, plant analysis and soil test data collected from the field study. Current Status and Importance of Research: The fluctuation in fertilizer prices has made it critical to re-evaluate some of the P and K fertilizer management decisions. When fertilizer prices skyrocketed in 2008 farmers were evaluating their management decisions to get the most out of what they apply. As a result the soil test lab and extension faculty received frequent calls from growers asking whether they could reduce on the fertilizer applications from recommended levels and if so how much. Such decisions should be based on soil test and research based information to answer these questions is not available. Many farmers use soil testing to achieve the targeted yield goals and maintain optimum soil test levels. In general returns to fertilizer applied declines as the soil test level increases and higher responses are expected at the lower soil test levels. The MU soil test recommendations for P and K are based on the concept of providing the maintenance requirement to achieve a target yield and provide additional fertilizer to build up the soil test levels from observed to the desired P and K levels that are optimum for crops. For example the desired soil test P for corn is 45 lbs/ac. So in fields that tests lower than the target level (< 45 lbs of P/ac) our

Page - 72 recommendation will have a maintenance component and a build up component (to raise the soil test level to target levels in eight years). In a Missouri research study conducted by Scharf et. al. (2009) on P and K fertilizer management for row crops, they didn’t find response to P and K at many sites. This lack of response was attributed to the high sub-soil P and K levels. Recent research by Dr. Peter Scharf (unpublished- personal communication) on subsoil P and K measurements reported that many soils at the research sites had 3 to 4 times the University of Missouri recommended soil test levels of P and K. He infers that this could be the reason for no response to P and K on these low to medium P and K testing soils. Current University of Missouri recommendations are based on soils samples taken at plow depth and do not consider sub-soil P and K levels. This experiment is designed to evaluate the effect of fertilizer prices on optimum rates of applications of P and K, study the effect of sub soil P and K on fertilizer response, and to evaluate the economics of these management systems. The most important questions to be answered at this time are to help the grower maintain yields while reducing the build up component of MU soil test recommendations during this time of varying fertilizer prices, and study the impact on yield and determine whether there would be cost savings to the grower by considering subsoil P and K levels. Findings from this research will help in making informed decisions regarding P and K fertilizer management and save production dollars and maximize returns. Expected Economic Impact: The results from this project will be used to evaluate the economics of P and K management practices and to demonstrate the effect of reducing the fertilizer rates during the time of highly variable fertilizer cost. Findings from this research will help in working out the economics of P and K fertilization and to see whether there would be any drastic effects in cutting down or delaying P and K fertilizer applications. Timetable: March – April 2010 Field site selection and lay out. May 2010 Planting and fertilizer treatment applications. June - August 2010 Field observations, measurements and plant sampling and field days presentations. Sept- Oct 2010 Harvesting, data collection, grain and soil sampling. Nov- Dec 2010 Sample processing and data analysis and report writing May 2011 Planting and fertilizer treatment applications. June - August 2011 Field observations, measurements and plant sampling and field days presentations. Sept- Oct 2011 Harvesting, grain and soil sampling. Nov- Dec 2011 Sample processing and data analysis and report writing May 2011 Planting and fertilizer treatment applications. June - August 2012 Field observations, measurements and plant sampling and field days presentations. Sept- Oct 2012 Harvesting, grain and soil sampling. Nov- Dec 2012 Sample processing and data analysis and final and manuscript report writing and

presenting the findings at the national agronomy meetings.

Page - 73 Strategy for Application/Transfer of Knowledge: Results from this project will be used to evaluate the economics of P and K management practices and to demonstrate the effect of reducing the fertilizer rates during this time of varying fertilizer cost and whether subsoil P and K nutrient levels should be considered in refining P and K management in cropping systems. The results from this study will help in educating growers in making wise decisions on P and K fertilizer management without yield losses during this time of economical constraints. Findings from this timely research would be incorporated into Extension education programs on best and wise management decisions on P and K fertilizer application based on varying fertilizer prices and subsoil nutrient levels. The out come of this study will be disseminated to the growers, researchers and industry personals by field day presentations, grower meetings, regional and national meetings.

References: Fisher, T. R. 1974. Some Considerations for Interpretations of Soil Tests for Phosphorus and Potassium. Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 1007. College of Agriculture, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Nathan, M. V., Sun, Y. and P. C. Scharf. 2009. Grain Nutrient Removal Values for Corn, Soybeans and Wheat. Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Madison, WI. Soil Test Interpretations and Recommendations Hand Book. 2004. Contributors: Buchholz, D., Brown, J. R., Crocker, D., Garret, J. D., Hanson, R. G., Lory, J. A.; Nathan, M. V., Scharf, P. C., and H. N. Wheaton. Scharf, P., Nathan, M. and R. Massey. 2009. P and K Nutrient Management for Grain Production. Crop Injury Diagnostic Clinic. Bradford Research and Extension Center, University of Missouri Columbia. July 28-31, 2009.

Page - 74 Budget

CATEGORIES Year 2010 Year 2011 Year 2012 A. Salaries Senior Lab Technician (20%) General Labor for help with field work at the rate of $10:00 per hour 800 man hours

$5,356

$8,000

$5,517

$8,000

$5,683

$8,000

B. Fringe Benefits Fringe for Lab Technician (30%)

$1,607

$1,656

$1,705


$14,963

$15,173

$15,388

C. Travel Travel to field sites To present research findings at Field days & National Meetings

$1,000

$200

$1,000

$200

$1,000

$500

TOTAL TRAVEL COSTS $1,200 $1,200 $1,500 D. Equipment $0 $0 $0 TOTAL EQUIPMENT use and maintenance COSTS

$1,000

$1,000

$1,000

E. Other Direct Costs Soil analysis Plant Analysis Field and lab supplies Publication cost

$1,020 $2,400 $1,200

$960

$2,400 $1,200

$960

$2,400 $1,200

$750 TOTAL OTHER DIRECT COSTS

$6,820

$6,760

$7,310

TOTAL REQUEST $21,783 $21,933 $22,698

Justification: Salaries and Fringe Benefits: Funds are requested support of a senior lab technician for 2.5 months based on an annual salary of $26,780, 30% fringe benefits. Travel: Covers cost of travel to the four farm research centers for field site identification, treatment application, soil and plant samples collections, field measurements, and harvesting. Funds will be required to travel for field day presentations, and to present the research work in regional and national meetings. Field and lab supplies: Seeds, fertilizer, lime, soil samplers, sample bags and other field and lab supplies. Cost of operating ICP, the standards used, and the highly purified argon gas used in operation of the machine are quite costly.

Page - 75 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10

15. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Yield response to P & K fertilizers over landscapes, Peter Scharf (pg 149) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 76 Yield response to P & K fertilizers over landscapes

Peter Scharf (154) and Kent Shannon (156)

University of Missouri, Plant Sciences Division and MU Extension

Objective & Relevance: The objective of this project is to measure grain crop yield response to P and K over landscapes and identify factors that favor response. Soil tests are currently used as the main tool to predict response, but we know that many other factors are involved. This project is relevant to Missouri agriculture because fertilizer is a major crop input whose price has fluctuated dramatically in recent years. Adequate P and K nutrition is crucial for optimizing yields, but unneeded applications have negative effects on profitability and on the environment. Currently soil testing is the main (and nearly the only) tool for targeting applications of P and K fertilizer. We think we can Widely available yield monitoring technology will allow us to work with producers to measure crop response to P and K and identify the factors contributing to that response. Procedures: ! We will target working with three producers each year. ! An effort will be made to work with producers in different regions of the state in order to

make results applicable to different regions. ! Our basic procedure will be to install field-length strips with and without P & K fertilizer,

then analyze yield monitor data to quantify and localize the yield responses to P & K. ! We have tried this at the pilot scale with a single producer this year. In this case P and K

were placed in a subsoil band in February, but four strips were left with no P or K (see field map below). Colored areas show where P & K were applied, and the four white strips are the ones left without P & K. Strips were 16 rows wide. Corn yields in this field were excellent for the Nevada area, averaging over 160 bushels/acre.

! By subtracting yield with P & K from yield in the adjacent strip(s) without P & K, we can measure yield response to P & K. Numbers on the field map indicate corn yield response to P & K (in bushels/acre).

! Responsive areas at the north end of the field were not different in yield, pH, or soil test P or K from non-responsive areas.

! A soils map shows that the soils in the responsive areas were derived from sandstone, while soils in the rest of the field were derived from shale.

Current status and importance of P & K response over landscapes: ! Soil testing is currently used

as nearly the only variable to predict where fertilizer response will occur. ! We know from the calibration research on which the soil tests are based that the range of

possible yield responses is wide within each soil test category.

Page - 77 ! We also know that there are other factors influencing nutrient availability to crops, including

water relations, soil oxygen, mineral content of the soil, soil organic matter, soil pH, root growth, and so on.

! Measuring response over a range of landscapes should help us to identify which of these other factors are important in determining crop response to P and K.

Timetable: February 2010 Locate cooperating producers. Plan side-by-side strips with and without P & K. March 2010 Apply side-by-side strips with and without P & K. April-May 2010 Plant corn or soybean. June-July 2010 Scout field trials, take notes and photos. Note GPS locations of any

important notes or photos. Sept-Oct 2010 Harvest. Nov-Dec 2010 Analyze data, identify locations of significant yield response and factors

that differentiate them from non-responsive areas. December 2010 Progress report. Feb ‘11-Dec ‘11 Repeat Feb ‘10-Dec ‘10 tasks December 2011 Final report. Jan-Feb 2012 Develop educational programs, present results at Extension

meetings. Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: ! Written and oral (presentation) educational materials will be developed to promote

understanding and application of results. ! Written materials will include newsletter and farm press articles and possibly guidesheets. ! Presentations will be used in Extension meetings, sent to regional Extension Agronomists

for their use, and shared with anyone who requests them. ! Results will be posted on the University of Missouri Nutrient Management website

Page - 78 Budget:

Amount budgeted in: Category

2010 2011

labor and benefits for setup and scouting $6000 $6000

labor and benefits for data analysis 8000 8000

field supplies and fuel 1000 1000

TOTAL $15,000 $15,000 2-year total budget $30,000

Page - 79 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 16. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Can “quarter minus” materials be used as a liming source in a special situation?, David Dunn (pg 98 ) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 80 Can “quarter minus” materials be used as a liming source

in a special situation? David Dunn (104) and Gene Stevens (159)

MU-Delta Center, Portageville, MO, Objective: This study will investigate the possibility of using “quarter minus” materials as lime sources. A possible use will be evaluated, low pH sandy alluvial soils.. Current Status/Importance of Research Area: The quality of liming materials in Missouri is given in pounds of Effective Neutralizing Material (ENM) per ton. This number is calculated to represent the amount of soil acidity that a given material will neutralize over the course of a three-year period. The effectiveness of liming materials is controlled by two factors, chemical composition and a fineness factor. “Quarter minus” material is what remains from a lime crushing run after the course fraction (greater than ¼ inch diameter) has been removed for other uses. Depending on the source rock and final product of the “quarter plus” material the “quarter minus” fraction can represent 15-35% of the original material. A local lime producer indicated that their inventory of “quarter minus” material is currently over 400.000 tons. As the Missouri Lime Standards are based on size consists and do not consider material greater than 8 mesh as contributing to ENM , “quarter minus” materials generally contain low ENM and are not suited for most agricultural situations. A special situation has been identified for possible use of “quarter minus” materials. The University of Missouri lime recommendations are for three years, but in sandy alluvial soils with high potential for leaching, a lime application often will begin to lose its effectiveness in two years. This is one situation where a larger size consist material may be more cost effective than traditional materials. Procedure: This study will compare “quarter minus” material with traditional ag lime derived from the same quarry. A low pH research area will be identified. Plots representing six lime treatments were established. These treatments will consist of 1) control, no lime applied, 2) traditional ag lime at 100% of the recommended rate, 3) “quarter minus” materials 100% of the recommended rate, 4), “quarter minus” materials 150% of the recommended rate 5) “quarter minus” materials 200% of the recommended rate, and 6) “quarter minus” materials 250% of the recommended rate. All methods of N fertilization, weed & insect control and irrigation will be the standard practices for Southeast Missouri. Each plot will be harvested and the yield measured. Timetable for proposed research: This will be a three-year project (2010-2012).

March-April

Collect pre-investigation soil samples, develop field plans, weigh out fertilizer treatments for individual plots, and prepare fields for planting.

May-October

Apply and incorporate fertilizer treatments, plant crop, and harvest plots.

Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: Results may be presented at corresponding field days for each location and extension crop management conferences. Articles may be written for Mid-

Page - 81 America Farmer. When the study is completed a final report may be written and a manuscript submitted to a scientific journal. Proposed budget: Expenses 2010 2011 2012 Labor $4,000 $4,255 $4,518Fringe benefits $1,000 $1,064 $1,130Supplies $1,000 $1,000 $1,000Travel $350 $350 $350Lab analysis $1,500 $1,500 $1,500Total $7,850 $8,169 $8,498

Page - 82 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 17. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Liming in a Rice/Soybean Rotation, David Dunn (pg 98) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 83 Liming in a Rice/Soybean Rotation David Dunn (104) and Gene Stevens (159)

MU-Delta Center, Portageville, MO, Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the correct lime rates and application timings for a rice/soybean rotation. It will also investigate the economics of lime applications in the rice-soybean rotation. Current Status/Importance of Research Area: Rotating rice with soybeans is a common practice in Southeast Missouri. These crops have different soil pH requirements with soybeans requiring a higher pH than rice to achieve maximum yields. Current University of Missouri soil test recommendations for lime treat rice and soybeans as separate crops. In 1999 a liming study was funded by the Rice Council. This study found that one ton of lime increased soybean yields 25%, however rice yields were lowered by 9 bu/acre. In the first year of this study the increased value of the soybean crop was approximately equal to the lost value in the rice crop. This study was not continued in 2000 due to funding cuts and the relative values of the subsequent years crops could not be determined. However, a news release from the University of AR indicated similar results on the soybean side but indicated that rice yields generally were increased with lime applications. Procedure: This study will look at both crops of the rice-soybean rotation. The experimental design will be a complete block design with four replications. Plots representing six lime treatments were established for both rice and soybeans. These treatments will consist of 1) control, no lime applied, 2) lime at 25% of the recommended rate for soy beans, 3) lime at 50% of the recommended rate for soy beans, 4) lime at 75% of the recommended rate for soy beans, 5) lime at 100% of the recommended rate for soy beans, and 6) pell lime at 200 lbs/a. As lime recommendations cover a three-year time from no lime will be added to the plots in 2011 or 2012. However as pell lime is recommended annually this product will be added in both subsequent years. All methods of N fertilization, weed & insect control and irrigation will be the standard practices for a drill seeded rice and soybean rotation in Southeast Missouri. Each plot will be harvested and the yield measured. Net returns based on current rice and soybean prices. Net returns to producers will then be calculated using current grain and lime costs. Timetable for proposed research: This will be a three-year project (2010-2012).

March-April

Collect pre-investigation soil samples, develop field plans, weigh out fertilizer treatments for individual plots, and prepare fields for planting.

May-October

Apply and incorporate fertilizer treatments, plant rice/soybeans, and harvest plots.

Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: Results may be presented at corresponding field days for each location and extension crop management conferences. Articles may be written for Mid-America Farmer. When the study is completed a final report may be written and a manuscript submitted to a scientific journal.

Page - 84 Proposed budget: Expenses 2010 2011 2012 Labor $8,000 $8,255 $8,518Fringe benefits $2,582 $2,660 $2,740Supplies $1,000 $1,000 $1,000Travel $850 $850 $850Lab analysis $1,500 $1,500 $1,500Total $13,932 $14,265 $14,608

Page - 85 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 18. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Sensor-based variable-rate N: Long-term performance in corn and cotton, Peter Scharf, (pg 149) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 86 Sensor-based variable-rate N: Long-term performance in corn and cotton

Peter Scharf (154), Andrea Jones, and David Dunn (104)

University of Missouri, Plant Sciences Division and Delta Center

Objective & Relevance: The objective of this project is to evaluate long-term performance of sensor-based variable N rate recommendations for corn and cotton. Sensor-based N will be compared with typical producer N management and with other N rate decision systems. This project is relevant to Missouri agriculture because nitrogen fertilizer management has profound effects on profitability and on the environment. Previous research has shown a wide range of optimal N rates for both corn and cotton in Missouri. Crop sensors are a promising technology for diagnosing and applying the correct N rate in a single pass through the field. Sensor measurements can predict the optimal N rate for both corn and cotton in a one-year experiment, but no one has proven that the system can beat conventional N management over the long term. This project addresses the topic “Long term study on Variable Rate Technology on corn and cotton” identified in the Request for Proposals. Procedures: ! Two small-plot experiments will be conducted, a corn experiment at Bradford Farm near

Columbia and a cotton experiment at the Delta Center near Portageville. ! This project will build on our previous research to establish equations to calculate optimal

N fertilizer rate from sensor measurements in both corn and cotton. ! The Columbia corn experiment has already been conducted for three years. This project

will leverage what has already been accomplished to create a long-term (6-year) sensor N evaluation.

! After three years, the sensor N system has produced the highest returns in the Columbia experiment.

! Treatments for the corn experiment will include: 1) Reflectance sensor, sidedress only. Nitrogen rate will be calculated using reflectance

sensor measurements taken at growth stage V7 (knee high) and an equation from our previous research on these sensors.

2) Reflectance sensor, split application. Sidedress rate will again be calculated from sensor measurements, but 50 lb N/acre will be applied pre-plant.

3) Standard N rate of 140 lb N/acre. This is the rate that produced the Maximum Return To Nitrogen (the recommendation approach recently adopted by Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, and Wisconsin) in 30 on-farm experiments all over Missouri.

4) Preplant soil nitrate test. A nitrogen rate credit (as described in Missouri guidesheet G9177) based on a preplant soil nitrate test will be subtracted from the 140 lb base rate.

5) Sidedress soil nitrate test. Nitrogen rate will be calculated using the Iowa State University interpretations.

6) Chlorophyll meter. Nitrogen rate will be calculated using chlorophyll meter measurements taken at growth stage V7 (knee high) and an equation from our previous research.

7) High rate: 180 lb N/acre Columbia, 240 lb N/acre Portageville. 8) Low rate: 100 lb N/acre, 140 lb N/acre Portageville. 9) Check treatment. No N fertilizer applied. ! The existing corn experiment includes all treatments listed above except for treatment 2.

Page - 87 We have observed substantial early season N stress in the current sensor treatment (zero N preplant), and are concerned that this may have limited yields in good years. We will add a small adjacent experiment including sensor-determined N rates with and without preplant N (treatments 1 and 2) along with the standard rate (140) and the high rate (180). This will allow us to comparatively evaluate sensors + preplant N without disturbing the existing experiment.

! Treatments for the cotton experiment will include: 1) Reflectance sensor, topdress only. Nitrogen rate will be calculated using reflectance

sensor measurements taken at the mid-square growth stage and an equation from our previous research on these sensors.

2) Reflectance sensor, split application. Topdress rate will again be calculated from sensor measurements, but 30 lb N/acre will be applied pre-plant.

3) Standard N management of 50 lb N/acre preplant and 50 lb N/acre topdressed at early square stage.

4) Soil test system. A preplant soil nitrate test will be used to calculate an N credit which will be subtracted from the standard preplant application.

5) Petiole nitrate system. A preplant application of 50 lb N/acre will be followed by petiole nitrate testing at early square, mid square, and early flower stages. An additional 50 lb N/acre application will be triggered by deficient petiole nitrate levels.

6) High rate: 50 lb N/acre preplant + 80 lb N/acre early square. 7) Low rate: 20 lb N/acre preplant + 50 lb N/acre early square. 8) Check treatment. No N fertilizer applied. ! Both experiments will use a randomized complete-block design with six replications. ! Sensor N rates will be based on sensor measurements in the individual plot. All other N

rate systems will be used to produce a single N rate which will be applied to all plots of that treatment.

Current status and importance of sensor-based variable-rate nitrogen: ! Sensors to diagnose and control N fertilizer rate are maturing as a commercial product.

" Greenseeker sensors have been available to control N rate for about five years, but have only been purchased by multiple farmers in Missouri over the past two years.

" Crop Circle sensors have been available for five years but are just now being commercialized by Ag Leader as a system for agricultural N application.

" AGCO and TopCon have formed a partnership and released a test version of a sensor that they intend to introduce for N diagnosis and control.

" Prices for sensors are coming down, with rumors that they will come down more. ! Several years of widespread N loss in corn across the midwest, with superior yields from

in-season N applications, has increased interest in supplying N in-season. " Minimal use of sidedress N for corn outside of the southeastern U.S. has been a limiting

factor for sensor-based N management. ! Sensors fit current N management practices for cotton fairly well, since most producers

use in-season applications of N. ! Our research shows wide variability within fields, between fields, and between years in

how much N is needed. " Sensors offer the potential to diagnose these differences and apply N rates that are

more profitable. Timetable: March 2010 Prepare experimental areas.

Acquire a sensor, chlorophyll meter, and telescoping soil probe for the Delta Center and fertilizer materials for all experiments.

Page - 88 April 2010 Take preplant soil samples. Apply preplant N treatments. Plant corn. May 2010 Plant cotton. June-July 2010 Take sidedress soil samples and petiole samples. Take N sensor and chlorophyll meter measurements. Apply sidedress & topdress treatments. September 2010 Harvest corn, defoliate cotton. October 2010 Harvest cotton Nov-Dec 2010 Analyze data. December 2010 Progress report. March ‘11-Dec ‘11 Repeat March ‘10-Dec ‘10 tasks March ‘12-Dec ‘12 Repeat March ‘10-Dec ‘10 tasks December 2012 Final report. Jan-Feb 2013 Develop educational programs, present results at Extension meetings. Strategy for application/transfer of knowledge: ! Written and oral (presentation) educational materials will be developed to promote

understanding and application of results. ! Written materials will include newsletter and farm press articles and possibly guidesheets. ! Presentations will be used in Extension meetings, sent to regional Extension Agronomists

for their use, and shared with anyone who requests them. ! Results will be posted on the University of Missouri Nutrient Management website

Page - 89 Budget:

Amount budgeted in: Category

2010 2011 2012

corn experiment labor and benefits $3000* $8000 $8000

cotton experiment labor and benefits 8000 8000 8000

labor for data analysis and website 500 500 1500

soil and petiole sample analyses 500 500 500

field supplies and fuel 500 500 500

sensor for cotton experiment 4700

chlorophyll meter for cotton experiment 2000

telescoping soil probe for cotton exp’t. 400

TOTAL $19,600 $17,500 $18,500 *Labor for the main experiment in 2010 is already supported on another grant (which ends in 2010). The $3000 will be to establish the new adjacent experiment including a sensor N treatment with preplant N. 3-year total budget $55,600

Page - 90 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 19. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Stalk Nitrate Assessment of Corn Nitrogen Management Pilot Project, John A. Lory (pg 124) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 91 Stalk Nitrate Assessment of Corn Nitrogen Management Pilot Project

John A. Lory (130), Peter C. Scharf (154), and Mark White (161) 2: Investigators John A. Lory, Ph.D. (PI), Associate Professor of Extension, Plant Science Division, University of

Missouri, 573-84-7815, [email protected]. Peter C. Scharf, Ph.D. (Co-PI), Professor of Extension, Plant Science Division, University of

Missouri, 573-882-0777, [email protected]. Mark White, Executive Director, Environmental Resources Coalition, 573-634-7078,

[email protected]. 3. Objectives Develop and test protocols for a statewide program to evaluate nitrogen use efficiency on Missouri corn fields (Topic of Interest 3, Nitrogen Management). i. Use stalk nitrate test to evaluate nitrogen management. ii. Use corn color to evaluate nitrogen management. iii. Use farmer yield and nitrogen application records to evaluate nitrogen use

efficiency. 4. Procedures In this pilot project we will work with Missouri Corn Growers through Environmental Resources Coalition (ERC) to identify 20 farmer-cooperators in Mark Twain Watershed and 20 farmer-cooperators in the Bootheel region of Missouri. We will try to identify 20 fields in each region where the farmer harvests corn using a geo-referenced yield monitor and is willing share the yield file and is willing to answer a questionnaire on nitrogen management practices on the field including rate and timing of application(s). In Mark Twain Watershed we will focus on farmers using spring versus fall anhydrous ammonia as a nitrogen source. In the Bootheel we will focus on farmers using different strategies for applying urea. Field size will be at least 40 acres. On or near August 1 color aerial photos will be taken of all 40 fields using a belly mounted high definition digital camera. Dr. Lory will work with ERC personnel to develop a map for the pilot with GPS coordinates of each field to be photographed. In August, Vicki Hubbard, MU research specialist, will analyze each photograph and divide each field into three to five primary regions based on corn color. For each region the mean greenness of the plants and the percent of the field represented by that color will be recorded. Vicki will also provide a GPS reading for where in the field the stalk nitrate sample should be obtained for each region of the field. Fields where one color predominates, representing more than 30% of the field, will be subdivided and a stalk nitrate sample will be obtained for each subsection. The objective will be to get approximately five stalk nitrate samples from each field. The algorithm used to divide the fields into color regions will be developed by Drs. Scharf and Lory and Vicki Hubbard in winter 2010 and tested on existing aerial photographs. In Sept. and Oct. ERC will take the lead on visiting each field and obtaining stalk nitrate samples and a corn grain sample from each predetermined point in the field. Stalk nitrates samples will be consist of stalk segments obtained from 15 representative plants taken from the region 8 to 14 inches above the ground from corn plants between one and three weeks after black layer formation on about 80% of the kernels of an ear. The grain sample will consist of an ear collected from every fifth sampled plant (sample consists of three ears) and sample will be analyzed for grain nitrogen concentration. In fall ERC will work with the farmer to complete the management survey and obtain the farmer’s yield map. The MU team will create the final data set including stalk nitrate concentration, corn color, yield, grain nitrogen concentration, nitrogen sources, application date(s) and rate(s). The

Page - 92 final analysis will assess management effects on stalk nitrate concentration and nitrogen use efficiency estimated as nitrogen removed by the crop divided by nitrogen applied as fertilizer. Throughout the project we will note the time and difficulties in accomplishing the needed tasks so that future proposals will have a realistic estimate of the time and complexity of the tasks needed to successfully analyze a field. 5. Current Status/Importance of the Work

Pressure to optimize nitrogen use by corn and to minimize nitrogen loss from agricultural fields is growing more intense. USDA and USEPA are seeking ways to reduce nitrogen loss to the Gulf of Mexico by at least 30% in the next decade. The current focus on greenhouse gases has intensified efforts to optimize nitrogen rates to minimize potential for conversion of excess nitrogen in the soil to nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Corn growers will be under a lot of pressure to identify the practices that result in the highest nitrogen use efficiency. USDA-NRCS currently provides cost share for nutrient management as part of the Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) and the Cooperative Conservation Partnership Initiative (CCPI). NRCS is looking for ways to document attainment of nutrient management goals. Stalk nitrate test has a well documented ability to provide a post mortem assessment of nitrogen management classifying samples as deficient, marginal, optimum or excessive in nitrogen availability to the crop. Iowa Soybean Association has an intensive program to monitor stalk nitrate on hundreds of Iowa corn fields. This program has been effective at documenting the comparative ability of the many combinations of nitrogen source and timing of application to provide sufficient nitrogen to corn. Our objective is to develop a program that could be used to collect data statewide on nitrogen use efficiency in corn. Our initial goal in this proposal is to develop a standardized protocol that could then be adopted by many programs working with corn growers to improve nitrogen management. Our vision is to build on the results of this proposal by developing a statewide framework that would promote and facilitate farmers in many different programs in Missouri collecting information using our protocol and submitting it to our joint MU-ERC project to assess corn nitrogen management. We would then be able to use the statewide database to provide Missouri specific data on the relative merits of nitrogen management strategies on corn. Failure to accomplish this could lead to adoption of best management protocols based on data collected in other states (e.g. Iowa) and/or professional judgments by regulators on the practices that are most efficient in Missouri. 6. Expected Economic Impact of the Project Missouri farmers apply approximately one million tons of nitrogen fertilizer products and a substantial proportion is applied to corn. Improving nitrogen management either through improved nitrogen use efficiency or through insuring nitrogen applications prevent yield loss from deficient nitrogen will save growers millions of dollars in lower fertilizer bills or provide the opportunity for millions of dollars in additional from higher yields. The best way to understand the potential power of this project is to consider its potential impact on the 40 farms we will work with in 2010. If these farmers use information learned from cooperating with our project to improve nitrogen efficiency by 3% on the fields we assess in this project their savings in fertilizer will be 10 times greater than what we are asking for in funding for this proposal. We are asking for funding for the first step in a statewide cooperative effort between MU, ERC and Corn Growers and USDA-NRCS. Our expectation is that the lessons learned by these 40 farmers will expand to the other acres on their farms, to their neighbors and ultimately combine with similar data from hundreds of other farmers to guide smart fertilizer decisions on all Missouri corn fields. 7. Timetable Feb.- Jun. 2010. MU and ERC will cooperate to identify farmer-cooperators in Mark Twain

Watershed and the Bootheel region of Missouri.

Page - 93 Feb.-Mar. 2010. MU will develop the algorithm to delineate color zones in a field and test it on

existing aerial photographs of corn fields. Early Aug. 2010. Contract with pilot to obtain aerial photographs of the 40 participating fields. Aug. 2010. Process pictures to delineate corn color regions of the field and to identify GPS

coordinates for sampling points in the field for the stalk nitrate test and corn ear samples. Sept.-Oct. 2010. ERC will work with farmer cooperators to obtain stalk nitrate and corn grain samples

from each field at the predetermined GPS coordinates. Sept.-Nov. 2010. ERC will work with each farmer cooperator to obtain survey data and yield map for

each sampled field. Nov. 2010-Jan. 2011. Analyze data and develop final report. Report results at the 2010 MU Crop

Management Conference. 8. Strategy for Application/Transfer of Knowledge • Results from this test will be integrated over all tested fields and a report produced

to share with cooperating farmers. • The project team will use the data collected from this project to design a

statewide effort to monitor nitrogen use efficiency in corn. This proposal will be developed in cooperation with MU, ERC, Missouri Corn Growers and USDA-NRCS in an effort to develop a multi-year statewide database on the efficiency of nitrogen use in management systems in the state.

• Drs. Lory and Scharf will present the study results at the 2010 MU Extension Crop Management Conference and incorporate the results into extension talks and publications they contribute to throughout the year.

Page - 94 9. Budget This is a one-year project. We are requesting $16,000 for the period of Feb. 2010 through Jan. 2011. • $11,000 of the funds will pay for 0.21 FTEs of the salary and benefits of Vicki

Hubbard, MU research specialist. She will help develop and test the algorithm used to define regions of the field based on aerial photographs of corn color. She will also analyze the 40 aerial photographs to determine where stalk nitrate test and corn grain samples will be taken. Finally, she will analyze farmer yield maps to determine yield measured in the areas defined by corn color.

• $3,000 will be used to contract with a pilot to obtain the aerial photographs of the 40 farmer fields.

• $2,000 will be used to partially cover the analytic costs for the 200 stalk nitrate and 200 grain nitrogen analyses associated with the project.

This project will be done in cooperation with the Environmental Resources Coalition (ERC). They will provide support to the project by identifying farmers to cooperate in the project, by obtaining stalk nitrate and corn grain samples from cooperating farmer fields and by working with farmers to insure they complete the management survey and provide a yield map of their field.

Page - 95 Missouri Fertilizer/Lime Program - FY10 20. Proposal Title Evaluation Sheet: Effectiveness of Long-term Variable Rate Fertilizer and Lime , Stevens (pg 154) ____ of 20 pts for Technical Soundness






Page - 96 Effectiveness of Long-term Variable Rate Fertilizer and Lime

Gene Stevens (159) and David Dunn (104)

Current status/importance of research area: From 1996 to 2004, we conducted cotton field experiments at the Delta Center and on growers’ fields evaluating variable rate lime and fertilizer. Results showed trends towards higher yields with variable rate technology (VRT) compared to uniform applications, but often the differences were not dramatic or statistically significant. The most important information that we learned was that less fertilizer was applied with VRT in most fields. Fertilizer dealers usually charge farmers $10 to $15 per acre for grid soil sampling and $1 to $3 per acre for variable rate applications. Soil test results are good for 3 to 4 years, but the variable rate charge is an annual expense. In the past, with relatively cheap fertilizer prices, many farmers were not willing to pay the extra costs for variable rate applications. In the current situation, that may change if farmers can save on fertilizer costs. Generally precision fertilizer application has not been a big money maker for most fertilizer dealers. More than half of the grid sampling cost is used in laboratory testing fees. A Missouri fertilizer distributor told us that his company stopped offering variable rate applications because they were not recouping their sampling and equipment costs and the customers were purchasing less fertilizer than with conventional uniform application. From a grower’s perspective, we have some concerns about whole-hearted recommending variable rate fertilizer applications. In our previous research in large cotton fields, using fine grid soil sampling (1/4-acre grid), we found that variability across rows was usually much greater than variability down rows. These patterns were probably caused by incorrect swath widths in past years’ fertilizer applications rather than variability in the native soil parent material in the fields. Poor N fertilizer application patterns are usually visible as yellow “streaks” in corn and wheat fields but incorrect P and K applications are less noticeable. Our maps showed a cyclic wave pattern of nutrient levels across rows which approximated the distance of a fertilizer buggy swath width. Unfortunately, this pattern was usually not detected by the most common grids used on growers’ fields: 2.5-, 5-, and 10-acre grid sampling. Objectives: This study will evaluate corn, soybean, and cotton fields on Missouri farms that have been had VRT applications for 4 to 8 years. We will determine whether the soil fertility and pH variability in these fields have really been reduced. By working closely with farmers and fertilizer distributors, we will study field histories and total fertilizer amounts applied. If problems are identified with current VRT practices, we will develop recommendations to improve the system. Procedures: Identify corn, soybean, and cotton fields with long histories of using variable rate fertilizer applications. For comparisons (controls), we will study neighboring fields which did not receive variable rate applications. Fields will be selected with good yield records and, if possible, yield maps. Each field will be sampled on ¼-acre grids and by using management zone sampling based on soil texture. Special attention will be given to studying nutrient patterns across and down rows. Because of the close sample spacing, about 1,500 soil samples per year will be collected and tested. In fields with unusual fertility patterns, leaf samples from crops will be collected during the summer months. If we find from past application records that VRT fields routinely received less total fertilizer than neighboring control fields, we will determine if overall fertility has been mined and leaf or petiole K levels are below critical levels in plants. Expected economic impact of the project: If variable rate fertilizer and lime is effective in reducing soil fertility variability in Missouri fields, we will validate its impact, estimate its value for growers and the environment, and encourage more

Page - 97 farmers to adopt the technology. However, if fields that have had VRT applications for several years are no less variable than neighboring untreated control fields, farmers need to know this information to avoid wasting more money in the future. Depending on what we find in the field and laboratory results, we will work to improve the current sampling schemes of commercial VRT programs. Timetable for application/transfer of knowledge Farmers and fertilizer that work with us on the project will have immediate access to the results. Most of the soil sampling work will be done in the fall and spring months to avoid interference with farming practices. Information will be transferred to the agriculture community in presentations at field days and extension crop management conferences. Proposed budget by years and by category: Category 2010 2011 2012 Salaries- support staff labor † $10,000 $10,000 $10,000 Lab soil and tissue testing fees $12,000 $12,000 $12,000 Travel $500 $500 $500 Supplies $300 $300 $300 Equipment‡ 0 0 0 Total $22,800 $22,800 $22,800

†Labor needed for sample collection and data analysis. ‡ Most of the GPS and sampling equipment has already been purchased.

Page - 98 PI’s and Co-PI’s

VEREL W. BENSON Environmental Analyst

200 Haywood Ct Columbia, Missouri 65203

(573) 864-3036 Cell (573) 234-9304 Office (573) 445 3930 Home

(573) 884-5650 fax [email protected] [email protected]

EDUCATION: South Dakota State University, BS- Agricultural Economics, 1965 University of Maryland, MS- Agricultural Economics, 1969 University of Maryland, PhD- Agricultural Economics, 1969

Thesis: Interregional Competition in the Broiler Industry: A Computer Simulation model.

EXPERIENCE:

3/31/2008 - Present Private Consultant EPA Region 7 grant Targeting BMPs in Critical Areas of High Priority Watersheds University of Tennessee grant consultant to examine Environmental Impacts of Bio-energy Production University of North Carolina grant “Development of a Tool of Gridded Agricultural Management Data for Meteorological and Air Quality Modeling”, U.S. EPA Contract No. EP-W-095-023, “Operation of the Center for Community Air Quality Modeling and Analysis (CMAS)”

2008-3/31/2008 Program Director (Environmental), Extension Water Quality Program, U. of

Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 1999-2007 Program Director (Environmental) Food and Agricultural Policy Research

Institute, U. of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 1986-1998 Agricultural Economist, (Applying Environmental Computer Simulation

Models), Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Temple, Texas

1983-1986 Agricultural Economist, (Team Leader for evaluation of PL-566 Small Watershed Program), NRCS, USDA, Washington, D.C.

1977-1983 Agricultural Economist, Natural Resources Economics Division, Economic Research Service (ERS), USDA, Lincoln, Nebraska

1971-1977 Agricultural Economist, Poultry Group, ERS, USDA, Washington, D.C. 1969-1971 Analyst, Marine Corps Operations Analyses Group, Center for Naval

Analyses, Washington, D.C.

Page - 99 Selected Publications FAPRI, Estimating Water Quality, Air Quality, and Carbon Benefits of the Conservation Reserve

Program, FAPRI-UMC Report #01-07, January 2007 Benson, Verel, Missouri Watershed Water Quality Initiative, FAPRI-UMC Report #22-06, December

2006 Atwood, J.D., Benson, V.W., Srinivasan, R., Walker, C., and Schmid, E. 1999. The Contribution of

Corn, Sorghum, and Soybean Production to Nitrogen Loading in the Upper Mississippi Valley and the Effect of Two Levels of Fertilizer Reduction. International Soil Conservation Organization Conference, Purdue University.

Benson, V.W. and D. Robinson. Missouri County Business Sales and Property Tax Revenues from All Agricultural and Concentrated Livestock Production Economic Sectors. Presentation to Missouri House agriculture committee members, Jefferson City, March 7, 2006.

Benson, V.W., Integrating Energy, Environmental, and Economic Issues. Presented to Missouri Special Senate Committee on Fuel, Waste and the Environment, Jefferson City. March 30, 2006.

Benson, V.W., Bioenergy and Agriculture, Growing the Rural Economy with Renewable Energy: Windfarming and Bioenergy–New Crops for Missouri Farms Conference, Columbia. March 6, 2003

Benson, V.W., Farrand, D.T, Young, R.E., and Zimmel, P.T. 2000. Estimated Nutrient Movement with Alternative Poultry Litter Application Rated on Various Soils, Using Different Management Systems. Pages 122-131 in Proceedings of the 2000 National Poultry Waste Management Symposium Oct. 2000.

Benson, V.W., Farrand, D.T., and Young, R.E. 2000. Don’t Call It Waste: Phosphorus Available. Choices Magazine. Third Quarter 2000.

Carson,C.A., J.M. Christiansen, H. Yampara-Iquise, V.W. Benson, C. Baffaut, J.V. Davis, R.R. Broz, W.B. Kurtz, W.M. Rogers, and W.H. Fales. Specificity of a

Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron marker for human feces. Appl. and Environ. Microbio. 67(2005): 1503-1507.

Roloff, G., deJong, R., Zentner, R. P., Campbell, C. A., and Benson, V. W. Estimating spring wheat yield variability with EPIC. Can. J. Soil Sci. 78:541-549. 1998.

Roloff, G., deJong, R., Campbell, C. A., Zentner, R. P., and Benson, V. W. EPIC estimates of soil water nitrogen and carbon under semiarid temperate conditions. Can. J. Soil Sci. 78:551-562. 1998.

Robertson, T., C. Rosenszweig, V. W. Benson, and J. R. Williams. Projected impacts o carbon dioxide and climate change in the Great Plains. Presented at Intl. Conference on Dryland Farming, Amarillo/Bushland, TX, August 1988.

Alt, Klaus, Norman Landgren, Richard Clark, Verel Benson, and William Anderson. Implication of land, water and energy resource policies on agricultural production. USDA- Economical and Statistical Service, May `1981.

Edwards, D. R., Benson, V. W., Williams, J. R., Daniel, R. C., Gilbert, R. G. and Lemunyon, J. Use of EPIC model to predict runoff transport of surface-applied animal manure constituents. In: Proc. 1993 International Summer Meeting sponsored by the American, Society of Agricultural Engineers and the Canadian Society of Agricultural Engineering, Spokane, Washington, 20-23 June 1993.

Page - 100 Synergistic Activities: My career has exposed me to many facets of agriculture, the environment, and the analytical tools to address solutions to problems. Early in my career I studied greenhouse and nursery industry costs of production and marketing channels, built a multi-period model of the South Dakota ranch where I grew up, helped build a model of a Pennsylvania vegetable processing plant, and built an interregional regional model of the broiler industry. These studies gave me an appreciation for the complexity of decisions at farm, firm, and industry levels. Each of these studies were used by decision-makers or made projections that have since been historically validated. At the Center for Naval Analyses I had the opportunity to participate in two studies which analyzed two internal decision making processes of the U.S. Marine Corps and one that studied strategic rapid deployment decisions.

While with the poultry group of the Economic Research Service, I had the opportunity to conduct further studies of the poultry industries including the construction of a physiological model of a poultry house for use in determining fuel needs across the United States in the event that fuels were rationed. A database of the energy use in all phases of agriculture was constructed and a compendium of energy studies compiled. My work with the Natural Resources Division expanded my efforts in the study of energy in agriculture and its impact on agricultural decisions. Farm level budgets were constructed for about a 1000 enterprises and incorporated into a multi-period linear programming model of the Great Plains region which estimated the change in the number and type of farms by crop reporting district under alternative energy cost scenarios. The evaluation of the PL-566 Small Watershed Program was an opportunity to study a diverse program across the entire United States. The evaluation had many phases including estimating the effectiveness of the program as a whole, determining the current status of the program, recommending changes in planning, and determining the size of the queue of projects that could be supported with a $150 million annual budget. The years spent in Temple, Texas with the team of scientists that built and continue to enhance the EPIC, APEX, ALMANAC, SWRRB and SWAT models and the attached databases greatly broadened my agronomic and hydrologic knowledge. I conducted nearly 100 workshops on either the EPIC, SWRRB, SWAT or APEX models in the U.S., Canada, France and Austria with nearly 1000 total participants. Over 4000 budgets and environmental model databases were built for National, regional, state and watershed analyses. These databases have been used in a number of studies by USDA agencies and other organizations. The years spent at the University of Missouri allowed me to take an interdisciplinary team and use a combination of economic and environmental models to address watershed level issues holistically. It broadened my interdisciplinary knowledge to include DNA source tracking and forestry. DNA tracking gave me a brief introduction to the world of microbiology, a world we depend on but tend to view as a threat. I also had the opportunity to conduct a regional and nation assessment of the Conservation Reserve Program.

Page - 101

Dale G. Blevins - Professor Present Address Division of Plant Sciences phone 573 882-4819 1-31 Agriculture Building fax 573 882-1469 University of Missouri email [email protected] Columbia, MO 65211 Education B.S. in Chemistry, Southwest Missouri State University, 1965 M.S. in Soils (Plant Nutrition), University of Missouri, 1967 Ph.D. in Plant Physiology, University of Kentucky, 1972 Experience 1985 - present, Professor, Division of Plant Sciences, U. Missouri, Columbia 1980 – 1985 Associate Professor, Agronomy Department, U. Missouri, Columbia 1978 - 1980 Assistant Professor, Agronomy Department, U. Missouri, Columbia 1974 - 1977 Assistant Professor, Botany Dept., U. Maryland, College Park

1972 - 1974 Postdoctoral Research Associate, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis

Awards 1982 Gamma Sigma Delta Superior Research Award for Junior Faculty in Agriculture

1983 Amer. Soybean Assoc./ ICI International Soybean Researchers Recognition Award 1983 Gamma Sigma Delta Superior Graduate Teaching Award 1992 Fellow of the American Society of Agronomy 1992 Fellow of the Crop Science of America 1992 Distinguished Faculty Award, UMC Alumni 1993 Kemper Teaching Award, UMC 2006 Outstanding Graduate Advisor, CAFNR, UMC 2006 Teaching Academy, CAFNR, UMC Selected Publications Lock, T.R., R.L. Kallenbach, D.G. Blevins, T.M. Reinbott, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, R.J. Crawford, M.D.

Massie and J.W. Tyler. 2004. Phosphorus fertilization of tall fescue pastures may protect beef cows from hypomagnesaemia and improve gain of nursing calves. Online. Forages and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2004-0608-010RS.

Reinbott, T.M., S. P. Conley, and D. G. Blevins. 2004. No-Tillage Corn and Grain Sorghum Response to Cover Crop and Nitrogen Fertilization Agron. J. 96:1158-1163.

Blevins, D.G., M. Massie and W. McClain. 2004. Phosphorus fertilization improves quality of stockpiled tall fescue. Better Crops with Plant Food 88:7-9.

Bolanos, L., K. Lukaszewski, I. Bonilla and D. Blevins. 2004. Why boron? A Reviw. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 42:907-912.

Page - 102 Todd, C.D., P.A. Tipton, D.G. Blevins, P. Piedras, M. Pineda and J.C. Polacco. 2006. Update on ureide

degradation in legumes. J. Exp. Botany 57:5-12. McClain II, W.E. and D.G. Blevins. 2007. Phosphorus fertilization increased macronutrient

concentrations in leaves of stockpiled tall fescue. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2007-0302-01-RS.

Blevins, D.G. and D.J. Barker. 2007. Chapter 5. Water and Nutrients in Forage Crops. In: Forages II, R. Barnes, C.J. Nelson, et al. eds. American Society of Agronomy. pp. 67-80.

Stacey, M.G., A. Patel, W.E. McClain, M. Mathieu, M. Remley, E.E. Rogers, W. Gassmann, D.G. Blevins and G. Stacey. 2008. The Arabidopsis AtOPT3 Protein Functions in Metal Homeostasis and Movement of Iron to Developing Seeds. Plant Physiology 146:589-60.

Kering, M.K., K. Lukaszewska and D.G. Blevins. 2009. Manganese Requirement for Optimum Photosynthesis and Growth in NAD-Malic Enzyme C-4 Species. Plant and Soil. 316: 217-226.

McClain II, W.E. and D.G. Blevins. 2009. Poultry litter applications caused low leaf calcium and magnesium and increased the grass tetany potential of stockpiled tall fescue. Forage and Grazinglands. doi:10.1094/FG-2009-1022-01-RS.

Ildefonso B., D. Blevins and L. Bolaños. 2009. Boron Functions in Plants: Looking Beyond the Cell Wall. Plant Physiology Online. Essay 5.2. In: L. Taiz and E. Zeiger. Plant Physiology, Fourth Edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publisher, Sunderland, MA.

Page - 103

Bruce Burdick ________________________________________________________________

Professional Experience

University of Missouri 2001-2007 Superintendent, Hundley Whaley Research Center, Albany, MO 2003-2007 Responsible for the management of the center research and operations. Serves as the principal investigator on research projects on the center. Projects have included soil fertility, seed traits, variety testing, herbicide testing, and other corn and soybean agronomic studies. Research Associate / Project Manager 2001-2003 Designed Implemented and monitored field trials evaluating yield and other agronomic traits of potential transgenic corn lines. Located and secured cooperators and subcontractors throughout the United States to conduct studies. Monitored status of each site throughout the year. BASF Corporation – Research Triangle Park, NC 1981-2000 Senior Field Biologist, 1995-2000 Senior Technical Development Representative 1990-1995 Senior Market Development Representative, 1985-1990 Market Development Representative, 1981-1985 Provided technical support and training in $40 million five state Midwest sales region. Generated new product research and development, together with discovery and expansion of new marketing areas for existing product line. Selected activities included data analysis and summarization, technical information writing, technical presentations to growers and industry professionals, complaint and contract research negotiations, field trial design and implementation, small plot research and larges scale sales demonstrations.

Page - 104 DAVID J. (Dave) DUNN

University of Missouri Delta Center, P. O. Box 160

Portageville, MO 63873 Phone (573) 379-5431 [email protected]

EDUCATION:

Degree: M.S. Geology (with emphasis in soils development) 1985 Institution: Iowa State University Professor: Dr. Carl F. Vondra Degree: B.S. Geology, 1980 Institution: Iowa State University PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

Supervisor: Soil Testing Lab 1997-present University of Missouri-Delta Center, Portageville, Missouri Responsibilities: 1) Communicate to public the role of an integrated soil fertility program in crop

production and environmental protection. 2) Provide relevant and understandable soil and plant analysis results to

customers. 3) Maintain quality control of laboratory results while ensuring that results are

available to customers in timely manner. 4) Supervise and train administrative and support staff, develop and implement

annual working budget, maintain and purchase supplies and equipment as needed.

5) Develop and administer a soil fertility research program. 6) Provide research assistance to other multidisciplinary University of Missouri

staff

Lab Tech II, Soil Testing Lab 1991-1997 Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Responsibilities: 1) Supervise and train student hourly workers.

2) Maintain equipment and purchase consumable supplies as needed. 3) Maintain quality control of laboratory results. 4) Communicate soil test results to customers. 5) Provide research assistance to other multidisciplinary Iowa State University staff, includes training of graduate students in use of analytical instruments.

Page - 105 Lab Tech II, Power Plant 1985-1991 Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa Responsibilities: 1) Supervise and train temporary and student workers.

2) Maintain equipment and purchase consumable supplies. 3) Maintain quality control of laboratory results. 4) Maintain records of laboratory results for compliance with local, state and federal environmental laws.

PROFESSIONAL SERVICE:

1998- present University of Missouri Soil Testing Lab Advisory Committee. 1997- present University of Missouri Soil Test Recommendations Review

Committee. 1997- present University of Missouri Soil Fertility Working Group. 1999-2001 Editor of Missouri Rice Research Update.

PROFESSIONAL SOCIETY MEMBERSHIPS:

American Society of Agronomy Soil Science Society of America Rice Technical Work Group

RECENT PUBLICATIONS: Refereed Publications: Dunn, D, and G Stevens. 2007, Phosphorus Management in a Dry-seed, Delayed Flood Production System in Missouri, Beter Crops International, (in press) Aide, M., C. Aide, D. Dunn, and G. Stevens. 2006. Fragipan genesis in the eastern Ozarks of Missouri. Soil Science. 171: (in press) Stevens, G., T. Gladbach, P. Motavalli, and D. Dunn. 2005. Soil calcium and magnesium ratios and lime recommendations for cotton. J. Cotton Science. 9:65-71. Dunn, D., G. Stevens, and A. Kendig. 2005. Boron fertilization of rice with soil and foliar applications. Crop Management. [Online] doi:10.1094/CM-2005-0210-01-RS http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/cm/research/2005/boron/

Conley, S., G. Stevens, and D. Dunn. 2005. Grain sorghum response to row spacing, crop density, and planter skips. Crop Management. doi:10.1094/CM-2005-0718-01-RS.

Wrather, J., W. Stevens, D. Dunn, R. Cartwright, G. Sciumbato, and D. Beighley. 2005. Tillage effects on stand and yield in a rice monoculture system. Crop Management [Online] doi:10.1094/CM-2005-0103-01-RS http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org/pub/cm/research/2005/tillage/ Dunn, D., and G. Stevens. 2005. Rice potassium research progress. Better Crops. No. 1, pg. 15-17.

Page - 106 Agricultural Bulletins and Extension Publications:

D. Dunn, G. Stevens, Beighley, D. 2005. Sulfur Fertilization of Rice. Missouri Rice Research Update. Dexter, Mo, 16 Feb. pg 25-28.

Stevens, G. and D. Dunn. 2005. University of Missouri soil test recommendations for rice production. Missouri Rice Research Update. Dexter, Mo, 16 Feb. pg 10-11.

Dunn, D. and G. Stevens. 2005. P and K fertilization of water-seeded rice. Missouri Rice Research Update. Dexter, Mo, 16 Feb. pg 12-14.

D. Dunn. 2005. Comparison of Avail Coated and Non-coated Super Triple Phosphate Fertilizers for Rice Missouri Rice Research Update. Dexter, Mo, 16 Feb. pg 18-24. Stevens, G., P. Motavalli, P. Scharf, M. Nathan, and D. Dunn. 2002. Crop nutrient deficiencies and toxicities, Integrated Pest Management Plant Protection Program, IMP1008 Crop Management Computer Programs: Stevens, G., R. Massey, and D. Dunn. 2000. NITROMAX- program for maximizing economic returns on nitrogen fertilizer. University of Missouri Commercial Agric. Program and Ext./Outreach. Avail. at http://agebb.missouri.edu/commag/crops/fert/nitro/index.htm (Verified 18 Jul. 2002).

Stevens, G., D. Reinbott, R. Massey, and D. Dunn. 2001. PROFITMETER-interactive program for calculating cropping system costs. University of Missouri Commercial Agric. Program and Ext./Outreach. Avail. on diskettes.

Invited Presentations: Stevens,G., and D. Dunn. 2006. Soil fertility research at the University of Missouri-Delta Research Center. Proc. Southern Plant Nutrition Mananagement Conf., 3-4 Oct. Olive Branch, MS, pg. 39-56.

Stevens,G., and D. Dunn. 2005. Soil fertility research at the University of Missouri-Delta Research Center. Proc. Southern Plant Nutrition Mananagement Conf., 4-5 Oct. Olive Branch, MS, pg. 100-116.

Page - 107

BRAD S. FRESENBURG

University of Missouri Turfgrass Research office (573) 442-4893 3600 East New Haven Road, Building 50 cell (573) 268-2545

Columbia, Missouri 65201 [email protected] WORK EXPERIENCE Extension/Research Associate/State Turfgrass Specialist - University of Missouri 2000 to Present: Position is a 60/40 – extension/research appointment with teaching responsibilities. Research Associate - University of Missouri 1990 to 2000: Supervised multi-disciplinary turfgrass field research facility and personnel beginning in 1990. Research Specialist - University of Missouri 1987 to 1990: Established and maintained turfgrass research trials at the University of Missouri Turfgrass Research facility. Research & Product Development Field Representative I - Velsicol Chemical Corporation 1981 to 1986: Product performance data was generated and managed directly and indirectly through private and university research personnel as it related to product registration. Field Research and Development Representative - Sandoz Crop Protection 1979 to 1981: Negotiated research contracts with private and university cooperators to generate data on experimental pesticides and to develop labels on existing products. EDUCATION University of Missouri – Columbia 2003 to Doctoral Candidate in Agronomy – Turfgrass Management

Present Dissertation: Allelopathic Effects of Perennial Ryegrass on Bermudagrass

Athletic Fields 1990 University of Missouri - Columbia Master of Business Administration – Emphasis in Management University of Missouri - Columbia 1980 Master of Science – Agronomy

Paper: Effects of Nitrate Levels on Nitrogen Fixation in Soybeans 1976 University of Missouri - Columbia Bachelor of Science – General Agriculture

Page - 108 GRANTS & GIFTS 2008: $135,000 2007: $213,000 2006: $91,000 2005: $103,000 2004: $129,000 COMMITTEES & ADVISORY BOARDS Undergraduate Education Committee, Division of Plants Sciences Academic Advisor to Sports Turf Managers Association – Gateway, MoKAN & Ozarks Chapters Academic Advisor to Missouri Turf & Ornamental Council Faculty Advisor to Student Chapter of the Golf Course Superintendents Association (Turf Club) Plant Protection Program Advisory Board, Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri Show-Me Yards & Neighborhoods Program– Columbia, Missouri PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS Agronomy Society of America Crop Science Society of America Golf Course Superintendents Association Mid-America Green Industry Council Missouri Turf & Ornamental Council Professional Lawn Care Association of America Sports Turf Managers Association Sports Turf Managers Association – Gateway Chapter Sports Turf Managers Association – MOKAN Chapter Sports Turf Managers Association – Ozarks Chapter Turfgrass Producers International

HONORS 2008 Outstanding Junior Teaching Award, College of Ag., Food and Natural Resources 2007 Division of Plant Sciences, Outstanding Staff f Award for Undergraduate Education 2002 Frederick B. Mumford Outstanding Staff Award - University of Missouri 1972-1976 Spirit of St. Louis Foundation Scholarship PUBLICATIONS(Past 5 years) Journal Publications: 10 Abstracts: 8 Extension Publications: 53 Press Releases: 38 Adult Education Programs: 10 STUDENT TEACHING

Page - 109 Courses: Principles of Turfgrass Management, PS3355, University of Missouri, 1990 to 2005 (guest lecturer), 2006 (Course instructor, enrollment – 20 to 25), 2007-2008 (guest lecturer). Advance Turfgrass Topics, PS4355/7355, University of Missouri, 1998 to 2000 (Part of a three person lecture team covering turfgrass mathematics and sprayer/spreader calibration), 2001 to 2009 (Course instructor, enrollment – 5 to 20). Student Challenge Prep Course, PS3385, University of Missouri, 2007 to 2009 (Course instructor, enrollment – 5 to 8).

Page - 110

Felix B. Fritschi Division of Plant Sciences 1-31 Agriculture Building Phone: (573) 882-3023 Columbia, MO 65211 Email: [email protected] Education: Ph.D., Plant Biology, 2002. Univ. of California, Davis. M.S., Agronomy, 1996. University of Florida Ing. HTL, Crop Science, 1993. Swiss College of Agriculture Professional Experience (Since 2002): Assistant Professor, Univ. of Missouri, 2007 – present. Post-doctoral Research Associate, USDA-ARS. 2002 – 2006 Membership in Professional Societies: American Society of Agronomy

Crop Science Society of America

Soil Science Society of America

Gamma Sigma Delta Agricultural Honor Society

Alpha Zeta Honor Society.

Publications: Refereed Journal Articles: 14; Proceedings and Abstracts: 40 Selected Refereed Publications: Fritschi, F.B., and J.D. Ray. 2007. Genotypic variation in soybean chlorophyll content, a/b ratio and

leaf N. Photosynthetica 45:92-98. Ray, J.D., F.B. Fritschi, and L.G. Heatherly. 2006. Large early season fertilizer N application affects

protein and oil concentration in soybean seed. Field Crops Res. 99:67-74. Ray, J.D., L.G. Heatherly, and F.B. Fritschi. 2006. Influence of large amounts of nitrogen on

nonirrigated and irrigated soybean. Crop Science 46:52-60. Fritschi, F.B., B.A. Roberts, D.W. Rains, and R.L. Travis. 2005. Nitrogen recovery

from 15N-labeled incorporated cotton residues and recovery of residual fertilizer N by Acala and Pima cotton. Soil Science Society of America Journal 69:718-728.

Fritschi, F.B., B.A. Roberts, D.W. Rains, R.L. Travis, and R.B. Hutmacher. 2004. Fate of nitrogen-15 applied to irrigated Acala and Pima cotton. Agronomy Journal 96:646-655.

Fritschi, F.B., B.A. Roberts, R.L. Travis, D.W. Rains, and R.B. Hutmacher. 2004. Seasonal nitrogen concentration, uptake, and partitioning pattern of irrigated Acala and Pima cotton as influenced by nitrogen fertility level. Crop Science 44:516-527.

Page - 111 Fritschi, F.B., B.A. Roberts, R.L. Travis, D.W. Rains, and R.B. Hutmacher. 2003. Response of

irrigated Acala and Pima cotton to N fertilization: growth, dry matter partitioning, and yield. Agronomy Journal 95:133-146.

Fritschi, F.B., K.J. Boote, L.E. Sollenberger, and L.H. Allen, Jr. 1999. Carbon dioxide and temperature effects on forage establishment: Tissue composition and nutritive value. Global Change Biology 5:743-753.

Page - 112

KEITH W. GOYNE

Assistant Professor, Environmental Soil Chemistry Phone: (573) 882-0090 Dept. of Soil, Environmental, and Atmospheric Sciences Fax: (573) 884-5070 University of Missouri-Columbia [email protected] 302 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Bldg. Columbia, MO 65211-7250 PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 1/2005-Present Assistant Professor of Environmental Soil Chemistry, University of Missouri

8/2003-1/2005 Postdoctoral Fellow, University of Arizona

1/2002-8/2003 Visiting Graduate Scholar, University of Arizona

8/1998-8/2003 Ph.D. Candidate, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University

5/1994-5/1998 M.S. Student, Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University

EDUCATION 2003 Ph.D., Soil Science, The Pennsylvania State University

1998 M.S., Soil Science, The Pennsylvania State University

1994 B.S., Soil Science - Conferred with Distinction, The Pennsylvania State University

RECENT AWARDS AND HONORS 2010 Associate Editor, Journal of Environmental Quality; invited by Technical Editor to

assume this role

2009 Invited presenter at the 46th Annual Clay Minerals Society Meetings, Clay Interactions with Environmental Contaminants in Soils and Sediments thematic session held in Billings, Montana (Drs. David Laird and Peter Ryan– Session Organizers)

2009 Invited presenter at the 37th Annual Missouri Waste Control Coalition Environmental Conference, Environmental Update thematic session held in Lake of the Ozarks, Missouri (Dr. Sudarshan Kurwadkar – Session Organizer)

2009 Nominated for the University of Missouri’s Excellence in Advising Award by undergraduate advisees from the Department of Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Science

2008 & 2009 University of Missouri’s Nominee for USDA National Awards Program for Excellence in College and University Teaching in the Food and Agricultural Sciences – New Teacher Category

2007 Outstanding Junior Faculty Teaching Award, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri.

2006 Inducted into Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society.

1999-2003 Fellowship awarded by the Penn State Biogeochemical Research Initiative for Education (BRIE) program funded through the NSF-IGERT program.

PUBLICATIONS IN REFEREED JOURNALS

Page - 113 Tang, X., J. Yang, K.W. Goyne, and B. Deng. 2009. Long-term risk reduction of lead-contaminated urban

soil by phosphate treatments. Environ. Eng. Sci. 26: 1747-1754.

Kazemi, H.V., S.H. Anderson, K.W. Goyne, and C.J. Gantzer. 2009. Aldicarb and carbofuran transport in a Hapludalf influenced by differential antecedent soil water content and irrigation delay. Chemosphere 74: 265-273.

Veum, K.S., K.W. Goyne, P.P. Motavalli, and R.P. Udawatta. 2009. Runoff and dissolved organic carbon loss from a paired-watershed study of three adjacent agricultural watersheds. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 130: 115-122.

Motavalli, P.P., K.W. Goyne and R. P. Udawatta. 2008. Environmental impacts of enhanced- efficiency nitrogen fertilizers. Online. Crop Management. doi: 10.1094/CM-2008-0730-02-RV.

Kazemi, H.V., S.H. Anderson, K.W. Goyne, and C.J. Gantzer. 2008. Atrazine and alachlor transport in claypan soils as influenced by differential antecedent soil water content. J. Environ. Qual. 37: 1599-1607.

Kazemi, H.V., S.H. Anderson, K.W. Goyne, and C.J. Gantzer. 2008. Spatial variability of bromide and atrazine transport parameters for a Udipsamment. Geoderma. 144: 545-556.

Goyne, K.W., H.-J. Jun, S.H. Anderson, and P.P. Motavalli. 2008. Phosphorus and nitrogen sorption to soils in the presence of poultry litter-extracted dissolved organic matter. J. Environ. Qual. 37: 154-163.

Goyne, K.W., S.L. Brantley, and J. Chorover. 2006. Effects of organic acids and PO2 on apatite and chalcopyrite dissolution: Implications for using elements as organomarkers and oxymarkers. Chem. Geol. 234: 28-45.

Goyne, K. W., J. Kubicki, S. L. Brantley, A. R. Zimmerman, and J. Chorover. 2005. Sorption of the antibiotic ofloxacin to mesoporous alumina and silica adsorbents J. Colloid Interface Sci. 283: 160-170.

Goyne, K. W., S. L. Brantley, A. R. Zimmerman, S. Komarneni, and J. Chorover. 2004. Influence of mesoporosity on the sorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid to alumina and silica. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 272: 10-20.

Zimmerman, A. R., J. Chorover, K. W. Goyne, and S. L. Brantley. 2004. Protection of mesopore-adsorbed organic matter from enzymatic degradation. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38: 4542-4548.

Zimmerman, A. R., K. W. Goyne, J. Chorover, S. Komarneni, and S. L. Brantley. 2004. Mineral mesopore effects on nitrogenous organic matter adsorption. Org. Geochem. 35: 355-375.

Goyne, K. W., A. R. Zimmerman, B. L. Newalkar, S. Komarneni, S. L. Brantley, and J. Chorover. 2002. Surface charge of variable porosity Al2O3(s) and SiO2(s) adsorbents. J. Porous Mater. 9: 243-256.

Goyne, K. W., R. L. Day, and J. Chorover. 2000. Artifacts caused by the collection of soil solution with passive capillary samplers. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64: 1330-1336.

PUBLICATIONS SUBMITTED TO REFEREED JOURNALS Chu, B., K.W. Goyne, S.H. Anderson, C.H. Lin, and R.P. Udawatta. (Submitted). Veterinary antibiotic

sorption to agroforestry buffer, grass buffer, and cropland soils. Agroforest. Syst.

Goyne, K.W., S.L. Brantley, J. Chorover. (Submitted). Rare Earth Element Release from Phosphate Minerals in the Presence of Organic Acids. Chem. Geol.

Page - 114 Kabrick, J., K.W. Goyne, Z. Fan, and D. Meinert. (Submitted). Landscape determinants of exchangeable

calcium and magnesium in forest and woodland soils of the Missouri Ozark Highlands. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J.

Lin, C.H., K.W. Goyne, R.J. Kremer, R.N. Lerch, and H.E. Garrett. (Submitted). Rhizodegradation of sulfamethazine and tetracycline. J. Environ. Qual.

O’ Donnell, T.K., K.W. Goyne, R.J. Miles, C. Baffaut, S.H. Anderson, and K. Sudduth. (Submitted). Identification and quantification of soil redoximorphic features by digital image processing. Geoderma.

PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS

Clay Minerals Society Geochemical Society of America Gamma Sigma Delta Sigma Xi Soil Science Society of America

Page - 115

Stacey A. Hamilton Ph.D. University of Missouri Southwest Research Center 14548 Highway H Mt. Vernon, MO 65712-9523 Phone: (417) 466-2148 Cell Phone: (417) 838-3548 Email: [email protected] Education:

Ph.D. 1993 University of Missouri, Columbia Dairy/Animal Science – Reproductive Physiology/Endocrinology. M.S. 1989 University of Missouri, Columbia Dairy Science – Reproductive Physiology/Endocrinology. B.S. 1987 Iowa State University Animal Science

Employment History: 1995-present:Position: University of Missouri Extension Dairy Specialist. 1994-1995: Position: Postdoctoral Research Associate. University of Missouri-Columbia 1993-1994: Position: Technical Consultant for Wayne Feeds: Southeast Region (Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee, North Carolina, South Carolina), Continental Grain Company.

Selected Forage Based Research and Demonstrations: • The need for “planning software” for producers has increased. To assist producers in

pasture management, the phrase, “Measure, Monitor, Manage” now known as the “3 M’s of Grazing” was introduced.

o In following with the first M or Measure, an Excel spreadsheet that allowed producers to input their weekly pasture measurements and graph the results in a “grazing wedge.” This has evolved into an on-line system where producers nation-wide use this tool as a feed inventory and to maintain forage quality.

o Sessions and discussion groups allow for the teaching of the latter two M’s, Monitor and Manage. Producers are taught the physiology of their desired forage species to determine its correct “leaf stage”: for optimum quality and yields as well as round lengths, growth rate and feed demand to protect their grazing feed inventory.

• Developed computer programs such as an annualized two week feed budget, silage harvest predictor as well as assisted in pasture-based dairy models ranging from 150 cow conversions to 600 cow irrigated systems. The models can be found on our website (http://agebb.missouri.edu/dairy/grazing/index.htm).

Selected Abstracts:

-B.J. Steevens. 2000. Using Forages to Reduce Input Costs in Dairy Operations. Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists. Lexington, KY. *Prepared and presented by T.R. Rickard* & S.A. Hamilton -S. A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, R.L. Kallenbach, C.A. Roberts, G.J. Bishop-Hurley and B.J. Steevens. 2001. Enhancing the Viability of Missouri Dairy Farms. American Animal Science/American Dairy Science Midwest Sectional. Des Moines, IA -S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, R.A. Crawford, R.D. Young, B.J. Steevens and C.W. Davis.2001. University of Missouri Southwest Research Center Pasture-based Seasonal Dairy. American Animal Science/American Dairy Science Midwest Sectional. Des Moines, IA

Page - 116 -S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, G.J. Bishop-Hurley and R.D. Young. 2001. Economics of Pasture-based Dairies in Missouri. American Forage and Grassland Council. Springdale, AR. American Forage and Grassland Council, Georgetown, TX. -C.A. Roberts, R.L. Kallenbach, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, T.R. Rickard, S.A. Hamilton and B.J. Steevens. 2001. Enhancing Profitability and Viability of Southwest Missouri Family Dairy Farms. In Proc. American Forage and Grassland Conf. Springdale, AR. American Forage and Grassland Council, Georgetown, TX. -T.R. Rickard, S.A. Hamilton, C.A. Roberts, R.L. Kallenbach and G.J. Bishop-Hurley. 2001. Management Intensive Dairy Grazing Program. North Central Small Farm Workshop. Springfield, IL. -C.W. Davis, S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, B.J. Steevens and R.J. Crawford, Jr. 2002. Comparison of Bermudagrass and Caucasian Bluestem in a Dairy Grazing System. American Animal Science/American Dairy Science Midwest Sectional. Des Moines, IA. -T.R. Rickard, S.A. Hamilton, R.L. Kallenbach, C.A. Roberts and R.D. Young. 2003. Economics of Pasture-based Dairies in Missouri. National Conference on Grazing Lands. Nashville, TN. -R.J. Crawford*, T.R. Rickard*, S.A. Hamilton* and C. Fletcher*. 2006. A Cooperative Approach to Pasture-based Dairying. National Conference on Grazing Lands. St. Louis, MO -S.A. Hamilton. T. R. Rickard, R. l. Kallenbach, C. A. Roberts, G. J. Bishop-Hurley and B. J. Steevens. 2001 Enhancing the viability of Missouri dairy farms. J. Dairy Sci., 84 (Suppl. 1). -S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, R.A. Crawford, R.D. Young, B.J.Steevens and C.W.Davis. 2001. University of Missouri Southwest Research Center Pasture based seasonal dairy. J. Dairy Sci., 84 (Suppl. 1) -Davis, C.W., S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, B.J. Steevens, and R.J. Crawford, Jr., 2002. Comparison of Bermuda grass and Caucasian bluestem in a dairy grazing system. J. Dairy Sci., 85 (Suppl. 1). -S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, T.R. Probert, J. Horning, R.J. Crawford, B.J. Steevens and R. Milhollin 2007. Managing the grazing wedge in a pasture-based dairy system. J. Dairy Sci., 90 Suppl.1). -Roberts, C. A., T. R. Rickard, R.L.Kallenbach, S.A.Hamilton, B.J.Steevens, K.W.Bailey and W.D.Heffernan. 1999. Enhancing profitability and viability of Southwest Missouri family farms. Am. Soc. Of Agron. #A04-040-P. -Bishop-Hurley, G.J., R.L. Kallenbach, C.A. Roberts and S.A. Hamilton. (eds). 2002. Dairy grazing manual. MU publ. M168 (Revised) (144 pages). Univ. Missouri Ext. Pubs., Columbia, MO. -Bishop-Hurley, G.J., S.A. Hamilton, and R.L. Kallenbach (eds). 2000. Missouri dairy grazing manual. MU publ. M168 (103 pages). Univ. Missouri Ext. Pubs., Columbia, MO. -R.L. Kallenbach1, J.L. Horner, J.A. Lory, S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, R.J. Crawford, Jr., Chaddad, F., B.J Steevens, and T.R. Probert. 2009. Maximizing the use of Dairy Grazing Systems: National GLCI, Reno Nevada

Page - 117

Joni Ross Harper 100 E. Newton St. 4th Floor

Versailles, MO 65084 (578) 378-5358

[email protected] Education M.S., Crop, Soil & Environmental Science, December 2004 (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR)

- Thesis title: Soybean Response to Boron Fertilizer Applications.

B.S.A., Crop Management, May 2002 (University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR)

Experience Regional Agronomy Specialist: (March 2007-present) University of Missouri Extension, Versailles, MO. I am the Regional Agronomy

Specialist for Morgan, Moniteau, Benton, and Pettis Counties.

Class Instructor: (August 2005-May 2006) Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL. Taught a Jr./Sr. level undergraduate course

that focused on developing the student’s skills in public speaking and scientific writing.

Graduate Research and Teaching Assistant: (May 2002-Dec. 2004) University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR. Conducted field research experiments for

major advisor, as well as conducting M.S. research. Preformed several soil testing procedures in the Soil Testing Laboratory. Taught Introduction of Soil Science Laboratory class.

Gypsy Moth Trapper: (May-August 2000 and 2001) USDA-APHIS, headquartered in Chicago, IL. Worked two summers for the USDA-APHIS department in the trapping, tracking, and eradication of the destructive gypsy moth. The job entailed a basic knowledge of the gypsy moth, mapping reading, and the ability to write clear and concise reports.

Laboratory Technician: (Aug. 1998 to May 2001) University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. Worked in the Soil Characterization Laboratory for three years. Was in charge of performing various soil procedures such as: carbon analysis, particle size, extractable acidity, soil moisture and sand content. A knowledge of field work, such as running a soil probe, taking soil water table measurements, and writing soil descriptions, was acquired in this job.

Memberships Missouri Association of Agricultural Extension Professionals University of Missouri Extension Association

Soil Science Society of America American Society of Agronomy Crop Science Society of America

Page - 118 University of Arkansas Crop, Soil, and Environmental Science Club

Alpha Zeta: University of Arkansas Fraternity/Sorority of Alpha Zeta

Publications Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, K.R. Brye, R.E. Delong. 2006. Boron Fertilization Influences

on Soybean Yield and Leaf and Seed Boron Concentrations. Agron. J. 98:198-205.

Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. Delong, K.R. Brye, B.R. Golden, R. Thompson, R. Wimberly, R. Klerk, M. Hamilton, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2003. Soybean Grain Yield Response to Foliar Boron Application Rate and Time. In: N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Soil Fertility Studies 2003. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 515: 61-65. Fayetteville, Ark.

N.A. Slaton, K.R. Brye, T.C. Daniel, R.E. Delong, R.J. Norman, B.R. Golden, and J.R. Ross. 2003. The Phosphorus and Potassium Fertilizer Value of Two Poultry Litter Sources Used for Flood-Irrigated Rice. In: R.J. Norman, J.-F. Meullenet and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2003. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 517: 286-293. Fayetteville, Ark. N.A. Slaton, B.R. Golden, K.R. Brye, R.J. Norman, T.C. Daniel, R.E. Delong, and J.R. Ross. 2003. The Nitrogen Fertilizer Value of Preplant-Incorporated Poultry Litter for Flood-Irrigated Rice. In: R.J. Norman, J.-F. Meullenet and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2003. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 517: 294-302. Fayetteville, Ark. N.A. Slaton, T.W. Walker, P.K. Bollich, D. Dunn, and J.R. Ross. 2003. Rice Response to Boron Application Rate and Time in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri. In: R.J. Norman, J.-F. Meullenet and K.A.K. Moldenhauer (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2003. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 517: 303-311. Fayetteville, Ark.

Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2002. Soybean Response to Soil and Foliar Boron Applications. In: N.A. Slaton (ed.) Wayne E. Sabbe Soil Fertility Studies 2002. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 502: 75-77. Fayetteville, Ark. N.A. Slaton, P.K. Bollich, D. Dunn, J.R. Ross, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2002. Rice Response to Boron Application Rate and Time in Arkansas, Louisiana, and Missouri. In: R.J. Norman and J.-F. Meullenet (eds.) B.R. Wells Rice Research Studies 2002. University of Arkansas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Series 504: 315-320. Fayetteville, Ark.

Presentations Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2002. Rice and

soybean response to boron fertilizer in Arkansas. Oral paper given at the Ark. Crop Protections Association Conf. on 5 Dec. 2002, Fayetteville, AR. Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2003. Rice and soybean response to boron fertilization in Arkansas. Poster paper given at the Southern Branch ASA Annual Meeting on 2-4 Feb. 2003, Mobile, AL.

Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2003. Soybean

Page - 119 response to boron fertilization in Arkansas. Oral paper given at the Ark. Crop Protections Association Conf. on 1 Dec. 2003, Fayetteville, AR.

Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2004. Rice response to boron fertilization in Arkansas. Oral paper given at the Rice Technical Working Group Conf. on Feb. 2004, New Orleans, LA. Ross, J.R., N.A. Slaton, R.E. DeLong, M. Mozaffari, and L. Espinoza. 2004. Soybean response to boron fertilization in Arkansas. Oral paper given at the Southern Branch ASA Annual Meeting on 28 Jun. 2004, Biloxi, MS.

Page - 120 Joe Henggeler

Fields of Interest

• Active in irrigation scheduling in MO and other places in the US. Author of Irrigation Association’s chapter on the same.

• Interested in soil and plant-based sensing. • Expertise in irrigation economics, including impact of energy costs on irrigation. • Expertise in crop yield response to water and irrigation cutoff dates. • Expertise in irrigation energy management. • Expertise on irrigation termination of corn & soybeans. • Expertise on drip irrigation. • Expertise on iron clogging of drip irrigation.

Work History

• Peace Corps Volunteer in West Africa for 3 years working in irrigated rice. • Extension Irrigation Specialist for Texas A&M University (1982-1997) • State Irrigation Extension Specialist for University of Missouri and part of MU Commercial

Agricultural Program (1997-present) Education

• BA in Behavioral Science, Immaculate Conception Seminary, 1971. • MS in Irrigation Science, Utah State University, 1982 (thesis on Laser Leveling). • PhD in Ag. Engineering, Texas A&M University, 2004 (dissertation on deficit irrigation of cotton

with saline water)

Papers and Presentations of Refereed:

Henggeler, J.C. 2009. Chapter 13: Irrigation Scheduling. In Irrigation (6th edition), R. Rynk, ed. Falls Church, VA: The Irrigation Association (Submitted for publication).

Enciso-Medina, J., B.L. Unrun, J.C. Henggeler, and W.L. Multer. 2002. Effect of row pattern and spacing on water efficiency for drip irrigated cotton. Trans. ASAE. 45(5): 1397-1403.

Henggeler, J. 2000. “Deficit irrigation through SDI (subsurface drip irrigation) of cotton”. Deficit Irrigation. International Commission on Irrigation and Drainage. FAO, Rome.

Miyamoto, S., J. Henggeler, and J.B. Storey. 1996. Water management in irrigated pecans in the Southwest. Applied Horticulture.

Non-Refereed: Invited Papers and Presentations Henggeler, J. 2002. Programs available for irrigation scheduling. In Proc. Improving Efficiency in

Agriculture. Mar 20-21. Las Cruces, NM: New Mexico State University.

Page - 121 Henggeler, J.C., J.M. Enciso, W.L. Multer and B.L. Unruh. 2002. Deficit subsurface drip irrigation of

cotton. In Water Reports No. 22. Deficit Irrigation Practices. Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome.

Henggeler, J. 2002. Drip-Irrigated Cotton. At 2002 Beltwide Cotton Confs., (Jan. 7-11, Atlanta, GA).

Nashville, TN: National Cotton Council. Henggeler, J. 2002. Using the MU Internet-based Woodruff charts for irrigation scheduling. 2002. At

Milan Field Day. (July 25, Milan, TN). Henggeler, J.C. 2004. Scheduling irrigation on cotton using internet-based woodruff irrigation charts.

In Proc. 2005 Beltwide Cotton Confs., CD-ROM. Nashville, TN: National Cotton Council. Henggeler, J.C. 2004. Irrigating corn and soybeans. At 2004 Irrigation Clinic of Central Illinois

Irrigation Association Meeting. (Feb. 20, Havana, IL).

Papers and Presentations at Professional Meetings Bockhold, D.L., J.C. Henggeler, K.A. Sudduth, and A.L. Thompson. 2001. Comparison of eight

irrigation scheduling tools on soybean and cotton. In Proc. 22nd Annual International Irrigation Show & Conference. (Oct 31-Nov. 6, San Antonio, Texas) pp. 117-123. Irrigation Association: Arlington, VA.

Henggeler, J.C. 2001. Missouri’s web-based interactive irrigation chart maker. In Proc. 22nd Annual International Irrigation Show & Conference. (Oct 31-Nov. 6, San Antonio, Texas) pp. 125-132. Irrigation Association: Arlington, VA

Henggeler, J.C. 2002. Impacts of irrigation & land leveling on yields in Missouri. ASAE Annual International Meeting. Paper No. 02-2066. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.

Henggeler, J. 2002. Software programs currently available for irrigation scheduling. In Proc. 23rd Annual International Irrigation Show & Conference. (Oct. 24-26. New Orleans). Irrigation Association: Arlington, VA

Henggeler, J. 2003. Using an off-the-shelf center pivot to water corn, cotton & soybeans on a mixed

soil type using Precision Irrigation. In Proc. 24th Annual International Irrigation Show. CD-ROM. (Nov. 18-20, San Diego). Falls Church, VA: The Irrigation Association.

Bockhold, D.L., A.L Thompson, K.A. Sudduth, and J.C. Henggeler. 2003. Irrigation scheduling using

IR thermometers to measure canopy temperature on cotton and soybean. ASAE Annual International Meeting. Paper No. 03-2143. St. Joseph, Mich.: ASAE.

Henggeler, J.C. 2004. Show Me Irrigator, Missouri’s Irrigation Scheduling Program. In Proc. 25th

Annual International Irrigation Show. CD-ROM. (Nov. 14-16, Tampa, FL). Falls Church, VA: The Irrigation Association.

Henggeler, J.C. and K. Sudduth. 2004. The ideal irrigation deficit for mid-south cotton based on soil

type. In Proc. 2005 Beltwide Cotton Confs., CD-ROM. Nashville, TN: National Cotton Council. Henggeler, J. 2004. Developing an irrigation scheduling program. Final report for BAEN 685

Independent Study. Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, Texas A&M University. College Station, TX.

Page - 122 Papers and Presentations at Professional Meetings Approximately 35 presentations made to farmers groups and consultants during this period. Lay or popular Publications Henggeler, J. 2001. Woody on the Web. MidAmerica Farmer Grower. 18:26. Jun 29. pp. 1,12. Henggeler, J. 2002. Woodruff irrigation chart does a good job. MidAmerica Farmer Grower. 18:13. Jan. 11. p. 4. Henggeler, J. 2001. Irrigation Scheduling. MidAmerica Farmer Grower. 18:13. Mar. 30. pp. 17,18,20. Henggeler, J. 2001. Irrigator who manages for top yield fares best. MidAmerica Farmer Grower 18:13.

Aug. 31. p. 7. Henggeler, J. 2002. Woodruff irrigation chart does a good job on corn. MidAmerica Farmer Grower r.

Jan. 11, 2002.

Henggeler, J. 2002. Irrigation can cut cost of production. MidAmerica Farmer Grower. May 24, 2002. Thompson, A.L., J.C. Henggeler, D.L. Bockhold, and K.A. Sudduth. Comparison of eight irrigation

scheduling tools on cotton & soybeans. International Water & Irrigation. 22:3:24-30. Jul, 2002.

Henggeler, J. 2002. Adequate moisture needed during final irrigation. MidAmerica Farmer Grower. Aug. 2, 2002.

Page - 123 Robert L. Kallenbach

Associate Professor and State Extension Specialist Phone (573) 882-2801 Plant Sciences Unit – 108 Waters Hall Fax (573) 882-1467 University of Missouri email: [email protected] Columbia, MO 65211 Education: Ph.D., Agronomy, with an emphasis in statistics. 1994. Texas Tech University, Lubbock TX. M.S., Agronomy. 1992. University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO. B.S., Agronomy. 1989. Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, MO. Professional Employment and Experience (Since 1994): Associate Professor/State Extension Specialist – Forage Crops. University of Missouri – Columbia. (60% Extension – 25% Research – 15% Service). Sep. 2004 to present. Assistant Professor/State Extension Specialist – Forage Crops. University of Missouri – Columbia. (60% Extension – 25% Research – 15% Service). Jan. 1998 to Sep. 2004. Field Crops Advisor. University of California - Cooperative Extension. Oct. 1994 to Dec. 1997. Professional Service, Honors and Awards (Since 2001): 2004: Young Crop Scientist award presented by the Crop Science Society of America (International award given to one scientist under 37 years of age annually). 2004: Gamma Delta Sigma Outstanding Extension Specialist Award. 2004: J.W. Burch Outstanding Extension Specialist Award. 2002 to Present: Editor, Crop Management. Crop Science Society of America Journal. 2002: Merit Award for outstanding contributions to forage science presented by the American Forage and Grassland Council. 2002: Certificate of Excellence for new extension publications, American Society of Agronomy. 2001: Provost's Award for Creative Extension Programming by New Faculty. Membership in Professional Societies: American Society of Agronomy, 1990 to present Crop Science Society of America, 1990 to present American Forage and Grassland Council, 1990 to present Missouri Forage and Grassland Council, 1998 to present Gamma Sigma Delta Honor Society of Agriculture, initiated in 1988 Research Publications: Refereed Journal Articles 28 Book Chapters 2 Proceedings and Abstracts 80 Extension Education (Since 1998): Extension Manuals and Guides 24 Workshops and Short Courses taught 88 Extension education meetings and classes taught 235 Selected publications Refereed Journal Articles (Since 2003): Smith, L.B., and R.L. Kallenbach. 2006. Overseeding annual ryegrass and cereal rye into soybean as part of a multifunctional cropping system: I. Grain crop yields, winter annual weed cover, and residue after planting. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2006-0907-01-RS. Smith, L. B., and R.L. Kallenbach. 2006. Overseeding annual ryegrass and cereal rye into soybean as part of a multifunctional cropping system: II. Forage yield and nutritive value. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2006-0907-02-RS. Kallenbach, R. L., C.A. Roberts, T.R. Lock, D.H. Keisler, M.R. Ellersieck, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2006. Performance of steers fed ammoniated straw from tall fescue seed fields. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2006-0113-01-RS. Kallenbach, R.L., M.S. Kerley, and G.J. Bishop-Hurley. 2006. Forage accumulation, quality and livestock

Page - 124 production from an annual ryegrass and cereal rye mixture in a pine-walnut silvopasture. Agroforest. Syst. 66:43-53. Kallenbach, R.L., C.J. Nelson, J.H. Coutts and M.D. Massie. 2005. Cutting alfalfa in late-autumn increases annual yield, doesn’t hurt stands, but is unlikely to increase profit. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2005-0404-01-RS. Roberts, C.A., H.R. Benedict, N.S. Hill, R.L. Kallenbach, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Determination of ergot alkaloid content in tall fescue by near-infrared spectroscopy. Crop Sci. 45:778-783. Fike, J.H., A.L. Buergler, J.A. Burger, and R.L. Kallenbach. 2004. Considerations for establishing and managing silvopastures. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2004-1209-01-RV. Wen, L., J.E. Williams, R.L. Kallenbach, C.A. Roberts, P.R. Beuselinck, and R.L. McGraw. 2004. Cattle preferentially select birdsfoot trefoil from mixtures of tall fescue and birdsfoot trefoil. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2004-0924-01-RS. Lock, T.R., R.L. Kallenbach, D.G. Blevins, T.M. Reinbott, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, R.J. Crawford, Jr., M.D. Massie, and J.W. Tyler. 2004. Phosphorus fertilization of tall fescue pastures may protect beef cows from hypomagnesaemia and improve gain of nursing calves. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2004-0608-01-RS. Kallenbach, R.L., G.J. Bishop-Hurley, M.D. Massie, M.S. Kerley, and C.A. Roberts. 2003. Stockpiled annual ryegrass for winter forage in the lower Midwestern USA. Crop Sci. 43:1414-1419. Kallenbach, R.L., G.J. Bishop-Hurley, M.D. Massie, G.E. Rottinghaus, and C.P. West. 2003. Herbage mass, nutritive value, and ergovaline concentration of stockpiled tall fescue. Crop Sci. 43:1001-1005. Wen, L., C.A. Roberts, J.E. Williams, R.L. Kallenbach, P.R. Beuselinck, and R.L. McGraw. 2003. Condensed tannin concentration of rhizomatous and non-rhizomatous birdsfoot trefoil in grazed mixtures and monocultures. Crop Sci. 43:302-306. Book Chapters: Casler, M.D. and R.L. Kallenbach. 2006. Cool-season grasses for humid areas. In R.F Barnes, C.J. Nelson, K.J. Moore and M. Collins (ed.) Forages Vol II: The science of grassland agriculture, 6th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. Cherney, J.H. and R.L. Kallenbach. 2006. Forage systems for the temperate humid zone. In R.F Barnes, C.J. Nelson, K.J. Moore and M. Collins (ed.) Forages Vol II: The science of grassland agriculture, 6th ed. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.

Page - 125 Dan Lloyd

– Research specialist phone: 573-239-2757 Present address: fax: 573-874-1601 Division of Plant Sciences email: [email protected] 110 Waters Hall University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211 Education B.S. in Soil Science, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 2007 M.S. in Soil Science, University of Wisconsin – Madison, 2009 - Research focus: Low-temperature N uptake and utilization of cool season turfgrass Academic Experience 2009- present Turfgrass research Specialist

University of Missouri, Division of Plant Sciences Responsibilities:

- Assist Dr. Xi Xiong and students with ongoing research - Manage field operations at the turf research facility - Conduct product evaluations - Supervise greenhouse and laboratory methods

2007-2009 Graduate research fellow University of Wiscosin – Madison, Department of Soil Science Responsibilities:

- Designed, implemented and executed a two year turfgrass research project involving greenhouse and field research in Wisconsin and Minnesota

- Managed, scheduled and trained five employees in field and laboratory methods

- Communicated research objectives and results through publications and presentations at conferences and seminars

- Gained proficiency in experimental design and statistical analysis using statistical software packages SAS and JMP

2008 Teaching assistant University of Wisconsin – Madison, Department of Horticulture Responsibilities:

- Taught the laboratory section for “Introduction to turfgrass management”

Honors: Wayne R. Kussow Wisconsin Distinguished Fellowship

• Awarded to a qualified graduate student performing turfgrass research Wisconsin Sod Producers Association Egon Herrmann Scholarship

• Received for exhibiting student leadership in the turfgrass industry

Page - 126 Wisconsin Golf Course Superintendent’s Association James R. Love Award

• Awarded for academic performance and leadership in turfgrass education Chalet Nursery Award

• Received for publishing an article on the Golf Course News website Affiliations: Golf Course Superintendents Association 2005- present Wisconsin Golf Course Superintendent’s Association 2005- present Crop Science Society of America 2007- present American Society of Agronomy 2007- present Soil Science Society of America 2007- present University of Wisconsin Turf and Grounds Club 2003- present

• Academic Coach – 2008-2009 • President – 2006 • Vice President – 2005

Selected Publications and Presentations:

Lloyd, D. T., 2009. Is Fall really the most important time for N fertilization of turfgrass? Missouri turf and ornamental conference

Lloyd, D.T.; D.J. Soldat; T. Balser. 2009. Understanding Microbes Helps Explain Nutrient Cycling. Golfdom. February, 2009. p. 50-52.

Lloyd, D.T., 2008. Late-Season Nitrogen Fertility on Putting Greens – A Wisconsin Survey The Grass Roots, vol. 37, issue 4. July/August

Lloyd, D.T.; D. J. Soldat, T. Balser. 2008. Soil physical and biological diversity of lawns in Dane County, Wisconsin. ASA-CSSA-SSSA 2008 International meetings.

Lloyd, D.T. 2005. Biostimulants for turfgrass use. Golf Course News website.

Page - 127

TODD E. LORENZ

WORK ADDRESS HOME ADDRESS University of Missouri Extension 608 East Spring Street 207 Barnes St. Boonville, MO 65233 Pilot Grove, MO 65276 (660) 882-5661 (660) 834-6969 LICENSE OR CERTIFICATES Missouri Department of Agriculture, Plant industries division, Missouri Certified Public Operators, Category 1A License: P3450 1992-2003 Missouri Commercial Drivers License Missouri Department of Health: Registered Installer American Society of Agronomy: Certified Crop Advisor 26268 1992-2003 EDUCATION M.S. December, 1996. University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Major: Agronomy. Thesis Title: Wheat Management for Red Clover Establishment.

Advisors: Drs. Ken Kephart and J. R. Brown. B.S. May, 1986. Central Missouri State University, Warrensburg, MO 64093. Major: Agriculture Business. Awarded the CMSU Agriculture Sophomore of the

Year. Major Professor: Dr. Harold Van Cleaves. WORK EXPERIENCE: July 2000- University of Missouri Extension, Boonville, MO 65233 Present Regional Horticulture/Agronomy Specialist-Providing equal program leadership in

the fields of horticulture and agronomy in the Central Missouri 14 county region. Responsibilities include needs assessment, facilitation of educational programs, teaching, problem solving, assessing horticulture and agronomy related subject matter for clientele and developing university, community, agency, business and extension council linkages. Provide educational leadership in the development of programs and dissemination of research-based information related to agronomy and horticulture for producers, agribusiness, homeowners and the general public. As the Regional Horticulture Specialist, I am responsible for program development and leadership of the Central Missouri Master Gardener Program. I am responsible for coordination of core training modules, advanced education, meetings, field days, and conferences. I have modified the original Master Gardener program for correctional facilities to provide an opportunity for inmates to participate and volunteer hours back to the community, now titled Master Gardeners In Corrections (MaGIC). Our intent is to provide them the necessary education, skills and abilities to seek and keep job in the field of horticulture upon release. I am responsible for identifying and developing positive relationships with agricultural leaders and assist in informing

Page - 128 agribusiness and producers of program activities and current updates. In partnership with the University, I also serve on the Cooper County Soil and Water District board. I make all programs available to all audiences and promote the total mission of University of Missouri Extension using mass media, direct teaching methods, short courses, producer meetings, Internet capabilities, and individual consultations.

Nov. 1991- Soil Science Dept., University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. July 2000 Senior Research Specialist-Conducted soil fertility and forage fertility

research for the Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station. While primarily responsible for the management of historical Sanborn Field and the F.L. Duley-M.F. Miller Soil Erosion Plots, I was also responsible for forage research on native warm season grasses on farmer cooperative sites and both the Wurdack and Bradford Agronomy Research Centers. My duties included: establishment of research in cooperation with private land owners and farmers, site selection, experimental design and layout, independent field research, hiring and supervision of field staff and students, land preparation, equipment maintenance for both modern farm and research plot equipment, pest control, harvesting, soil and plant sample data management from collection to analysis and from electronic input to statistical analyses, annual report and grant proposal writing, maintaining web site, conducting tours for people with varied background in agriculture, participation in field days and outreach activities. My responsibilities included work with the National Onsite Demonstration Project at Rock Bridge State Park. Coordination of soils and engineering research activities including monitoring of treatment fields where innovative onsite wastewater treatment and modern dispersal technologies were used. I was involved with the Field day activities in coordination with the Show-Me Clean Streams and the Bonne Femme Watershed Partnership that allowed demonstration of the Missouri Wastewater Small Flows Research and Training Center. Additionally, active with the development of a Soil and Water Conservation Clinic and Tour cosponsored by Mo-Ag industries Council and the University of Missouri to provide Certified Crop Advisors continuing education units in soil and water management.

PROFESSIONAL MEMBERSHIP AND COMMUNITY ACTIVITIES National Association of County Agriculture Agents North Central Region Vice Chair Missouri Association of Agricultural Extension Professionals President University of Missouri Extension Association Fertilizer Agriculture Lime Advisory Council

University of Missouri Extension Agri-Business Counselor Central Missouri Agriculture Category Chair Central Missouri Regional Technology Committee University of Missouri Farms and Centers Advisory Council Pilot Grove C-4 School Board Cooper County Soil and Water District; Moniteau and Cooper Cooper County Local Emergency Planning Committee

Page - 129 Boonville Area Chamber of Commerce Knight of Columbus, Cleer Creek Council 2261 AWARDS AND PROFESSIONAL ACCOMPLISHMENTS CMSU Agriculture Sophomore of the year, 1984 University Outreach and Extension Gold Medal Award, 2001-2002 University of Missouri Extension Association, UMEA Rookie of the year, 2002 Community Development Academy, 2002 University of Missouri Programming Excellence Award 2003 Public Issues Leadership Development Conference, 2004 National Association of County Agricultural Agents, North Central Region Communication Award:

Computer Generated Program, 2004; Regional Finalist, Slide Set, 2005 Missouri Extension Leadership Development, 2004-05 Missouri Agricultural Extension Professional State Achievement Award 2004 National Association of County Ag Agents National Achievement Award, 2005 National Association of County Agricultural Agents National Recognition and Awards Vice Chair,

2002-2006; Chair 2007-2008 Missouri Extension Leadership Development, 2004-2005 National Extension Leadership Development, 2006-2007

Chamber of Commerce Service to Agriculture, 2007

Page - 130 John A. Lory

Associate Extension Professor and Environmental Nutrient Management State Specialist

Division of Plant Sciences Phone: (573) 884-7815 108 Waters Hall Cell: (573) 999-0506 University of Missouri Fax: (573) 882-1467 Columbia, MO 65211 email:[email protected] Education B.S. Agronomy. 1986. Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. M.S. Soil Science. 1990. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Thesis title: Quantification of symbiotically fixed nitrogen in the soil surrounding alfalfa

roots and nodules. Advisor: Dr. M.P. Russelle. Ph.D. Soil Science. 1993. University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN. Thesis title: Management of manure-nitrogen and fertilizer-nitrogen in alfalfa-corn

rotations. Advisors: Drs. M.P. Russelle and G.W. Randall. Professional Positions 1986-1993 Graduate Research Assistant. University of Minnesota Department of Soil

Science, St. Paul, MN. 1994-1995 Postdoctoral Research Scientist. USDA/ARS Soil and Water Conservation

Research Unit, Lincoln, NE.

Postdoctoral project considered nitrogen loss pathways from beef cattle feedlots and methods to reduce nitrogen losses.

1996-2004 Assistant Professor of Extension, University of Missouri Department of Agronomy and the Commercial Agriculture Program. Columbia, MO.

2004-present Associate Extension Professor, University of Missouri, Division of Plant

Sciences and the Commercial Agriculture Program. Columbia, MO.

Member of an interdisciplinary team of professional-track extension faculty addressing the competitiveness of Missouri agriculture. My program is focused on nutrient management planning, decision support tools for nutrient management, phosphorus loss from agricultural fields, impact of proposed regulations on concentrated animal feeding operations and predicting nitrogen need in corn using remote sensing and other tools. Audience for my program includes farmers, agricultural businesses and consultants, commodity group members and leadership, state and federal regulators and agency personnel. Key products include the Spatial Nutrient Management Planner (SNMP), the Missouri Phosphorus Index and the Animal Feeding Operation Site Evaluation Tool.

Page - 131 Current National, Regional and State Assignments • SERA-IEG - 17, Minimizing Agricultural Phosphorus Losses for Protection of the

Water Resource. 1996-present. • Interagency Technical Working Group on Animal Feeding Operations. Missouri

Department of Natural Resources, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and University of Missouri. 1997-present. Revolving Chair, 2000-2001, 2009-present.

• CREES Heartland Regional Water Quality Coordination Initiative. Missouri representative, Animal Manure Management. 2002-present.

• Missouri Department of Natural Resources CAFO Working Group. 2003-present. • E-extension Manure Management Community of Practice, member and “ask the

expert” resource person, 2007-present. • Senior Associate Editor, Agron. J., American Society of Agronomy, 2008-present. Refereed Journal Publications, recent Lory, J.A., R. Massey, and J. Zulovich. In press. An Evaluation of the EPA Calculations of

Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Anaerobic Lagoons. J. Environ. Qual. Scharf, P.C. and J.A. Lory. 2009. Calibrating reflectance measurements to predict optimum

sidedress nitrogen fertilizer rate for corn. Agron. J. 101:615-625. Lory, J.A., R.E. Massey, C.D. Fulhage, M.C. Shannon, R.L. Belyea and J.M. Zulovich. 2008.

Comparing feed, fuel and fertilizer value of distiller’s grains. Online. Crop Mgt. doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0428-01-RV.

Scharf, P.C., N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Sudduth, J.G. Davis, V.C. Hubbard and J.A. Lory. 2005. Field scale variability in optimum nitrogen fertilizer rate for corn. Agron. J. 97:452-461.

Lory J.A., R.E. Massey, J.M. Zulovich, J.A. Hoehne, A.M. Schmidt, M.S. Shannon and C.D. Fulhage. 2004. An Assessment of Nitrogen-Based Manure Application Rates on 39 US Swine Operations. J. Environ. Qual. 33:1106-1113.

Lory, J.A., R.E. Massey, J.M. Zulovich, J.A. Hoehne, A.M. Schmidt, M.S. Shannon and C.D. Fulhage. 2004. Feasibility and costs of phosphorus application limits on 39 US swine operations. J. Environ. Qual. 33:1114-1123. Lory, John A. and P.C. Scharf. 2003. Yield goal versus delta yield for predicting nitrogen

need in corn. Agron. J. 95:994-999. Scharf, P.C. and J.A. Lory. 2002. Calibrating corn color from aerial photographs to predict

sidedress N need. Agron. J. 94:397-404. Book Chapters, recent Lory, J.A., R.E. Massey, and B.C. Joern. 2008. Using Manure as a Fertilizer for Crop

Production. Pp. 105-116. In Final Report: Gulf Hypoxia and Local Water Quality Concerns Workshop. September 26-28, 2005, Ames, Iowa. Sponsored by Iowa State University and EPA. Organized by the MRSHNC, Upper Mississippi River Sub-basin Hypoxia Nutrient Committee. St. Joseph, Michigan: ASABE.

Lory, J.A. and C. Roberts. 2002. Managing nutrients in grazing systems. pp.125-136. In G.J. Bishop, R. Kallenbach, C. Roberts and S.A. Hamilton (ed.) Dairy Grazing Manual. MU Extension Publ. M168. Univ. of Missouri, Columbia MO.

Hess, P., B.C. Joern and J.A. Lory. 2001. Developing software for livestock manure and nutrient management in the USA. In R.F. Follet and J.L. Hatfield (ed.) Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems and Management. Elsiever Science.

Software and Web Resources, selected, at http://nmplanner.missouri.edu/ Spatial Nutrient Management Planner. Ver. 2.1. 2009. Update of ArcGIS-based software for

collecting and presenting spatial information for nutrient management planning. Links with Purdue’s Manure Management Planner. Content design.

Page - 132 Manure plant available nitrogen (PAN) Calculator ver. 0.6. 2008. Web tool that converts units

from manure test reports and calculates nutrient availability in manure samples based on MDNR requirements. Content design.

NMPlanner web site. Updated 2008. Clearinghouse of resources for Missouri nutrient management planners. Content design.

Missouri Nutrient Management Plan Document Generator. 2005. Generates a manure management plan approved for use in NRCS and DNR programs. For use with Purdue’s Manure Management Planner. Content design.

Animal Feeding Operation Site Assessment Tool. 2004. Web resource to assess the suitability of a site for an animal feeding operation. Content design.

Horizon Point Weather Email System. 2005. Farmers receive weekly emails with location specific weather data and assessments. Collaborator.

Refereed Symposia and Workshop Proceedings, recent Fulhage, C., A. Schmidt, and J.A. Lory. 2005. Long Term Sludge and Nutrient Accumulation

in Swine Lagoons – A Case Study. 2005 Animal Waste Management Symposium. North Carolina State University Animal and Poultry Waste Management Center. Raleigh, NC.

Massey, Raymond E., J. E. Zulovich, J. A. Lory, and A.M. Millmier. 2003. Farm Level Economic Impacts And Management Of Impermeable Lagoon Covers. Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium of Animal, Agricultural and Food Processing Wastes. October 2003, Raleigh NC.

Lory, J.A., R.E. Massey, J.M . Zulovich, J.A. Hoehne, A.M. Millmier and M.S. Carlson. 2002. On-farm evaluation of adopting phosphorus versus nitrogen limits for manure application on U.S. Swine operations. pp. 343-362. In Proceedings of Animal Residuals 2002 Conference. May 6-8, 2002. Washington DC.

Massey, R. E., J. Zulovich, J.A. Lory and A. Millmier. Agronomic and Economic Impacts of Lagoon Based Swine Operations Complying with the Proposed EPA Zero Discharge Rule. pp. 331-333. In Proceedings for the 2002 Animal Residuals Conference, May 6-8, 2002, Washington, DC.

Extension Publications-Paper, recent Lory, J.A., G. Davis, D. Steen, B. Li, and C. Fulhage. 2007. Calculating plant-available

nitrogen and residual nitrogen value in manure. MU Extension Publ. G9186. Lory, J.A., R. Miller, G. Davis, D. Steen and B. Li. 2007. The Missouri phosphorus index.

MU Extension Publ. G9184. Lory, J.A., C. Fulhage, and J. Zulovich. 2007. Hog manure and domestic wastewater

management objectives. MU Extension Publ. EQ349. Wortman, C., M. Helmers, A. Malarino, C. Barden, D. Devlin, G. Pierzynski, J. Lory, R.

Massey, J. Holz, C. Shapiro, and J. Kovar. 2006. Agricultural phosphorus management and water quality protection in the Midwest. Regional Pub. NCR187.

Scharf, P. and J.A. Lory. 2006. Best management practices for nitrogen fertilizer in Missouri. MU Extension Publ. IPM 1027.

Lory, J.A., R. Massey, A. Schmidt, M. Shannon, and A. Ulmer. 2006. Optimizing the fertilizer value of manure from swine slurry operations. MU Extension Publ. G9334.

Page - 133 RANDALL J. MILES PRESENT POSITION:

Associate Professor of Soil Science School of Natural Resources University of Missouri 334 Anheuser Bush Natural Resource Building Columbia, MO 65211 Telephone: (573) 882-6607 Fax: (573) 884-5070

E-Mail: [email protected] EDUCATION: B.S. in Agronomy (with Distinction), 1974, Purdue University M.S. in Agronomy (Soil Genesis), 1976, Purdue University Ph.D. in Soil Science (Soil Genesis), 1981, Texas A&M University PROFESSIONAL AFFILIATIONS:

Soil Science Society of America International Soil Science Society American Society of Agronomy National Onsite Wastewater Recycling Association Soil and Water Conservation Society Missouri Association of Professional Soil Scientists National Association of Colleges and Teachers of Agriculture Missouri Smallflows Organization

PUBLICATIONS: (selected publications) Franzmeier, D.P., G.D. Lemme, and R.J. Miles. 1985. Organic carbon in soils of north central United

States. Soil Science Society of American Journal 49:702-708. Burk, D.G., R.J. Miles, W.D. Broderson, and D. M. Sievers. 1988. Monitoring zones of saturation in soils with coarse fragments. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 53:1514-1516. Sievers, D.M., R.J. Miles, and D.G. Burk. 1989. On-site aeration treatment in the Missouri Ozarks.

Applied Eng. in Agri. 5:199-203. James, H.R., M.D. Ransom, and R.J. Miles. 1995. Fragipan genesis in Polygenetic Soils on the

Springfield Plateau of Missouri. Soil Sci. Am. J. 59:151-160. Sievers, D.M. and R.J. Miles. 1995. Design and construction of on-site systems. Special Report 477.

Agricultural Experiment Station. College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri-Columbia, 123 pp.

Miles, R.J., J.R. Brown, and K. Arnold. 1995. Biosolids Glossary of Terms. Water Quality Extension Publication WQ449, University Extension, University of Missouri-Columbia, 4 pgs.

Miles, R.J. and L.T. West. 2001. Soil-based Assessment of Site Suitability for On-site Wastewater Treatment Systems: A comparison of the Georgia and Missouri Systems. Pp. 62-70. Onsite Wastewater Treatment Proceedings on the Ninth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems. K. Mancl, editor. American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

Sievers, D.M. and R.J. Miles 2001. Performance of Three Drip Irrigation Disposal Systems in a Karst Sinkhole Plain. pp. 594-601. Onsite Wastewater Treatment Proceedings on the Ninth

National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems. K. Mancl, editor. American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

Page - 134 Motavalli, P.P. and R.J. Miles. 2002. Soil phosphorus fractions after 111years of animal manure and

fertilizer applications. Biol Fert Soils 36:35-42. Miles R.J., D.M. Sievers, J. Gaughan and P. Johnson. 2004. A Certification Program for the

Inspection and Evaluation of Existing Onsite Wastewater Systems for Loan Transactions. Pp. 59-67. Onsite Wastewater Treatment X Proceedings of the Tenth National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems. K. Mankin, editor. American Society of Agricultural Engineers.

Etnier, C., D. Braun, A. Grenier, A. Macrellis, R.J. Miles, And T.C. White. 2006. Micro-Scale Evaluation of Phosphorus Management: Alternative Wastewater Systems Evaluation. Project No. WU-HT-03-22. Prepared for the National Decentralized Water Resources Capacity Development Project. Washington University, St. Louis, MO, by Stone Environmental, Inc., Montpelier, VT.

Deal, N., J. Buchanan, K. Farrell-Poe, M. Gross, D. Gustafson, D. Kalen, B. Lesikar, D. Lindbo, G. Loomis, J. Mechell, R. Miles, and C. O’Neill. 2007. Speaking the Same Language: A Glossary for the Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Field. ASABE Eleventh National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems, ASABE Publication Number 701p1107.

Myers, D. Brenton, Newell Kitchen, Kenneth J. Sudduth, Robert A. Sharp, and Randall J. Miles. 2007. Soybean Root Distribution Related to Claypan Soil Properties and Apparent Soil Conductivity. Crop Sci. 47:1498-1509.

Miles, Randall J., Robert Rubin, and Larry T. West. 2007. Fecal Coliform Numbers Around Pressure Dosed Septic Tank Effluent Soil Trenches in Missouri and North Carolina. ASABE Eleventh National Symposium on Individual and Small Community Sewage Systems, ASABE Publication Number 701p1107.

Lindbo, David, Randy Miles, and DeAnn Presley. 2008. Principles of Site Evaluation. p. 1-10. In Soil Science: Step-by-Step Field Analysis; Sally Logsdon, Dave Clay, Demi Moore, and Terefi Tsegaye, editors. Soil Science Society of America, 677 S. Segoe Road, Madison, WI.

Lindbo, David, Randy Miles, DeAnn Presley, and Nora E. Ransom. 2008. Soil Profile Descriptions. p. 11-34. In Soil Science: Step-by-Step Field Analysis; Sally Logsdon, Dave Clay, Demi Moore, and Terefi Tsegaye, editors. Soil Science Society of America, 677 S. Segoe Road, Madison, WI.

SPECIAL PROFESSIONAL HONORS/AWARDS: President, Missouri Association of Professional Soil Scientists, 1986-1987 Gamma Sigma Delta Superior Undergraduate Teaching Award, 1989 Special Commendation by Missouri Milk, Food, and Environmental Health Association for work in

developing On-site Wastewater Treatment and Disposal Standards, 1990 Associate Editor, Journal of Agronomic Education, 1990-1992 Sigma Xi, President of Missouri Chapter, 1991-1992 Excellence in Teaching Award, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, 1993 Governor’s Award for Quality and Productivity as member of the On-site Sewage team to write

legislation and formulate education programs, 1996 President, Missouri SmallFlows Organization, 1996-1998 Board of Directors, National On-Site Wastewater Recycling Association, 1999- 2002, also Chair of the

Government Relations committee Most Inspiring Professor, MU Inter-Collegiate Athletics Counsel, 2000 MU Excellence in Education Award sponsored by the Division of Student Affairs and MU Parents

Association, 2002 Consortium of Institutes for Decentralized Wastewater Treatment (CIDWT), Executive Board, 2003-

present. Currently Chair of University Curriculum Committee.

Page - 135 Most Outstanding Faculty Member, Winter 2004, School of Natural Resources Student Council. Outstanding Educator, 2005, State-wide Show-Me Chapter, Soil and Water Conservation Society Golden Apple Teaching Award- CAFNR, Winter 2005 Most Outstanding Faculty Member, Fall 2005, School of Natural Resources Student Council

Page - 136

PETER P. MOTAVALLI Associate Professor, Soil Nutrient Management Telephone: (573) 884-3212 Dept. of Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Sci. FAX: (573) 884-5070 School of Natural Resources E-mail: [email protected] University of Missouri-Columbia 302 ABNR Bldg. Columbia, MO 65211 USA EDUCATION: Ph.D., 1989, Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition Cornell University, Ithaca, NY M.S., 1984, Soil Fertility and Plant Nutrition University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI B.S., 1982, Agronomy University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI B.S.F.S., 1978, Foreign Service Georgetown University, Washington, DC RESEARCH, EXTENSION AND TEACHING EXPERIENCE: University of Missouri, Columbia, MO (Mar., 1999 – present). Associate Professor of Soil Nutrient Management in the Dept. of Soil, Environmental and Atmospheric Sci., School of Natural Resources. University of Guam, Mangilao, GU (Aug., 1994 – Mar., 1999). Associate Professor of Soil Science in the Agricultural Experiment Station, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC (Feb., 1992 - Jul., 1994). Post-doctoral fellow at the Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory at Colorado State University and Department of Soil Science at North Carolina State University. SELECTED PUBLICATIONS Bailey, N.J., P.P. Motavalli, R.P. Udawatta, and K.A. Nelson. 2009. Soil CO2 emissions in agricultural

watersheds with agroforestry and grass contour buffer strips. Agroforest. Syst. 77:143-158. Online. doi:10.1007/s10457-009-9218-x.

Nelson, K.A., S.M. Paniagua, and P.P. Motavalli. 2009. Effect of polymer coated urea, irrigation, and

drainage on nitrogen utilization and yield of corn in a claypan soil. Agron. J. 101:681-687. Noellsch, A.J., P.P. Motavalli, K.A. Nelson, and N.R. Kitchen. 2009. Corn response to conventional

and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer across a claypan landscape. Agron. J. 101:607-614. Nelson, K.A., P.P. Motavalli, and R.L. Smoot. 2009. Dried distillers grain as a fertilizer source for

corn. J. Agric. Sci. 1:3-12. Veum, K.S., K.W. Goyne, P.P. Motavalli, and R.P. Udawatta. 2009. Runoff and dissolved organic

carbon loss from a paired-watershed study of three adjacent agricultural watersheds. Agric. Ecosys. and Environ. 130:115-122.

Unger, I.M., P.P. Motavalli, and R.M. Muzika. 2009. Changes in soil chemical properties with

flooding: A field laboratory approach. Agric. Ecosys. and Environ. 131:105-110.

Page - 137 Motavalli, P. P. and K.A. Nelson. 2008. Use of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers for improved

agricultural nutrient management: Introduction to the symposium. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0730-01-PS.

Motavalli, P.P., K.W. Goyne, and R.P. Udawatta. 2008. Environmental impacts of enhanced-

efficiency nitrogen fertilizers. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0730-02-RV. Goyne, K.W., H.J. Jun, S.H. Anderson, and P.P. Motavalli. 2008. Phosphorus and nitrogen sorption to

soils in the presence of poultry litter-derived dissolved organic matter. J. Environ. Qual. 37:154-163.

Unger, I., R.M. Muzika, P.P. Motavalli, and J. Kabrick. 2008. Evaluation of continuous in situ

monitoring of soil changes with varying flooding regimes. Comm. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 39:1600-1619.

Kim, H., J.W. Hummel, K.A. Sudduth, and P.P. Motavalli. 2007. Simultaneous analysis of soil

macronutrients using ion-selective electrodes. Soil. Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71:1867-1877. Nelson, K. A., and Motavalli, P. P. 2007. Foliar potassium fertilizer sources affect weed control in

soybean with glyphosate. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2007-0724-01-RS. Pengthamkeerati, P., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and S. H. Anderson. 2006. Soil compaction and

poultry litter effects on factors affecting nitrogen availability in a claypan soil. Soil Tillage Res. 91:109-119.

Udawatta, R.P., P.P. Motavalli, H.E. Garrett, and J.J. Krstansky. 2006. Soil nitrogen losses in runoff

from three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils. Agric. Ecosys and Environ. 117:39-48.

Mungai, N.W. and P.P. Motavalli. 2006. Litter quality effects on soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics in

temperate alley cropping systems. Applied Soil Ecology 31:32-42. Pengthamkeerati, P., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and S. H. Anderson. 2005. Soil carbon dioxide

efflux from a claypan soil affected by surface compaction and applications of poultry litter. Agric. Ecosys and Environ. 109:75-86.

Mungai, N.W., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and K.A. Nelson. 2005. Spatial variation of soil enzyme

activities and microbial functional diversity in temperate alley cropping systems. Biol. Fertil. Soils 42:129-136.

Jung, W.K., N. R. Kitchen, K. A. Sudduth, R. J. Kremer, and P. P. Motavalli. 2005. Relationship of

apparent soil electrical conductivity to claypan soil properties. oil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 69:883-892. Stevens, W.E., T. Gladbach, P.P. Motavalli and D. Dunn. 2005. Soil calcium-magnesium ratios and

lime recommendations for cotton. J. Cotton Sci. 9:65-71. Udawatta, R.P., P.P. Motavalli, and H.E. Garrett. 2004. Phosphorus loss and runoff characteristics in

three adjacent agricultural watersheds with claypan soils. J. Environ. Qual. 33:1709-1719.

Page - 138 Motavalli, P.P, w.e. Stevens, and G. Hartwig. 2003. Remediation of subsoil compaction and

compaction effects on corn N availability by deep tillage and application of poultry manure in a sandy-textured soil. Soil Tillage Res. 71:121-131.

Motavalli, P.P., S.H. Anderson, and P. Pengthamkeerati. 2003. Surface compaction and poultry litter

effects on corn growth, nitrogen availability, and physical properties of a claypan soil. Field Crops Research 84:303-318.

Motavalli, P.P., S.H. Anderson, P. Pengthamkeerati, and C.J. Gantzer. 2003. Use of soil cone

penetrometers to detect the effects of compaction and organic amendments in claypan soils. Soil Tillage Res. 74:103-114.

Motavalli, P. P. and R. J. Miles. 2002. Soil phosphorus fractions after 111 years of animal manure and

fertilizer applications. Biol Fertil Soils 36: 35-42. PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS: Soil Science Society of America American Society of Agronomy SELECTED AWARDS AND FELLOWSHIPS: 2000 - present Adjunct Assistant Professor, Division of Plant Sciences, Univ. of Missouri 2001 - 2006 Member of Editorial Board, Journal of Plant Nutrition 2002 - 2003 New Faculty Teaching Scholar, University of Missouri 2003 Junior Faculty Research Award, Gamma Sigma Delta 2003 Chair of USDA Regional Committee on Soil Organic Matter (NCR 59) 2004 Outstanding Teaching Award, CAFNR, Univ. of Missouri 2004 Chair of Environmental Quality Division (A-5), Amer. Soc. of Agronomy 2008 Associate Editor, Soil Science Society of America Journal 2009 Maxine Christopher Shutz Award for Distinguished Teaching, University of Missouri

Page - 139

Manjula V. Nathan Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri

23 Mumford Hall, Columbia, MO 65211 Email: [email protected] WEB: http://soilplantlab.missouri.edu/soil

Tel.: (573) 882-3250 (work), FAX.: (573) 884-4288

Education Ph.D. in Agronomy (1989), South Dakota State University Major: Agronomy- Soil Fertility Minor: Chemistry M.Phil. in Agric. (1981), Post Graduate Institute of Agriculture University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Major: Soil Chemistry Minor: Statistics B.S. (Hons.) in Agric. (1978), University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka Major: Agronomy Specialization: Soil Science

Work Experience 2007- todate: Extension Associate Professor/ Director of Soil Testing & Plant Diagnostic Laboratories – University of

Missouri, Columbia, MO 1994- to 2007 Extension Asssitant Professor/ Director of Soil Testing & Plant Diagnostic Laboratories – University of

Missouri, Columbia, MO. 1992- 1994: Associate Soil Scientist - Land Reclamation Research Center, North Dakota State University, Mandan,

ND. 1990 - 1992: Postdoctoral Associate - Dept. of Soil Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN.

Honors and Awards

• 2007: Promoted from Assistant to Associate Professor, University of Missouri • 2002: Honored Member of “Who Is Who in Agriculture Higher Education” (WWAHE).

Professional Service and Activities

• National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Panel Chair for Division of Plant & Animal Sciences (2005) • Chair and State representative for NCR -13 Committee on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis (Chair: 2002 – 2004;

Secretary: 1999; State Rep: 1996 - to date) • Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee of SSSA - S 877 (2003 – to date) • External Grant Reviewer for US and Canadian Federal Funding Organizations (USDA: 2003- to date; USDE-

FIPSE 2002-2003; and CAAS: 1992-1995). • North American Proficiency Testing Program Oversight Committee of SSSA – S 890 (2002 to date) • Editorial Board for Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis Journal (2002 to date) • National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Panelist (2001 – 2003; 2005, 2006)

Membership and Affiliations American Society of Agronomy Sigma Delta Epsilon Soil Science Society of America Gamma Sigma Delta Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Council AOAC International

National, Regional and State Assignments

• National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship Panel Chair for Division of Plant & Animal Sciences (2005) • Chair and State representative for NCR -13 Committee on Soil Testing and Plant Analysis (Chair: 2002 – 2004;

Secretary: 1999; State Rep: 1996 - to date) • Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Committee of SSSA - S 877 (2003 – to date)

Publications Refereed

Page - 140 1. Nathan. M. V., Sun, Y. and P. C. Scharf. 2009. Evaluation of Modified Mehlich and Sikora Buffer Methods as an

Alternative to Modified Woodruff Buffer in Determining Lime Requirement for Missouri Soils. Submitted for publishing in Special Edition of Communications in Soils and Plant Analysis.

2. Nelson, K. A.., Motavalli, P. P., and M. Nathan. 2005. Response to No-Till Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to Timing of Preplant and Foliar Potassium Applications in a Claypan Soil. In Agron. J. 97:832- 838.

3. Mottavalli, P. P., J. Lory, M. Nathan and C. Fulcher. 2002. Increased access to soil and plant testing database: Opportunities and Issues. Commun. In Soil Sci. and Plant Anal. 33: 1157 – 1171.

Book chapters:

1. Nathan, M. 2005. Reagents and Standards. Chapter 5. In Quality Assurance and Quality Control Model Plan for Soil Testing Laboratories. Soil Science Society and Oregon State University Publication. P 14-17

2. Combs, S. M. and M. V. Nathan. 1998. Soil Organic Matter. In Recommended Chemical Soil Test Procedures for North Central Region. Ed. J. R. Brown. Chapter 12:53-58. Missouri Ag. Expt. Station SB 1001, University of Missouri-Columbia

Abstracts: 1. Nathan, M. V., Sun, Y. and P. C. Scharf. 2009. Grain Nutrient Removal Values for Corn, Soybeans and Wheat.

Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Madison, WI. 2. Nathan. M. V., Sun, Y. and P. C. Scharf. 2009. Evaluation of Modified Mehlich and Sikora Buffer Methods as an

Alternative to Modified Woodruff Buffer in Determining Lime Requirement for Missouri Soils. International Symposium on Soil and Plant analysis. Santa Rosa, CA. July 20-24, 2009. Abstracts. P. 80.

3. Nathan, M. V. , Sun, Y., Abernathy, S., and D. Dunn. 2007. Summary of Soil Fertility Status in Missouri by County, Soil Regions and Cropping Systems 1996 – 2006. Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Madison, WI.

4. Nathan, M. V. 2007. Evaluation of Soil pH Buffers for Determining Lime Requirement in North Central Region. Soil and Plant Analysis Workshop Proceedings Abstracts. North Central Extension & Research Activity 13 Group publication.

5. Nathan, M. V., Scharf, P., and Y. Sun. 2006. Evaluation of Mehlich Buffer as an Alternative to the Woodruff Buffer for Lime Recommendations in Missouri. Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA Madison, WI.

6. Nelson, K., Motavalli, P., and M. Nathan. 2003. Response of No-till Soybean to Timing of Pre-plant and Foliar Potassium applications in a Clay Pan Soil. Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA. Madison, WI.

7. Nathan, M. V., Mallarino, A., Eliasan, R and R. Miller. 2002. ICP vs. Colorimetric Determination of Mehlich III Extractable Phosphorus. International Symposium on Soil & Plant Analysis. Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 33:2432.

8. Nathan, M. Starbuck, C. and Y. Sun. 2001. Making recommendations Based on Laboratory Analysis of Compost: Science or Art? Annual Meetings Abstract. ASA, SSSA, CSSA. Madison, Wisconsin.

Miscellaneous Publications:

1. Reinbott, T., Nathan, M. Nelson, K. and R. Kremer. Nutrient Management in Biofuel Crop Production. 2009. Greenley Memorial Research Center, 2009 Field Day Report. P. 84-86.

2. Nathan, M., Kallenbach R., Nelson, K., Dunn. D and T. Reinbott. 2009. Greenley Memorial Research Center, 2009 Field Day Report. P. 87-91.

3. Nathan, M. V. 2009. Quality Assurance for Soil Testing Labs. Soil Testing and Plant Analysis Workshop Proceedings. North Central Extension and Research Activity Group 13. Feb 25, 2009. Bettendorf, IA.

4. Nathan, M.., Sun, Y., and D. Dunn. 2009. Nutrient removal Values for Major Agronomic Crops in Missouri. Report for 2008. In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2008. Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #09-01, College of agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P 96- 105.

5. Nathan, M and T. Reinbott. 2008. Liquid Fertilizer Amino Terra Natural Foliar Bio-stimulant (NSBS) Validation Study Report submitted to Funding Agency Pacific Star A.A. in Chile Nov 19, 2008.

6. Nathan, M., Sun, Y., and D. Dunn. 2008. Summary of soil fertility status in Missouri by county, soil region and cropping systems. Progress Report-2007. In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2007. Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #08-01. College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. p. 115-127.

7. Nathan, M., Sun, Y., and D. Dunn 2008. Nutrient Removal Values for Major Agronomic Crops in Missouri. Report for 2006-2007. In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2007. Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #08-01, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P 128-144.

8. Nathan, M., Sun, Y., and D. Dunn 2007. Nutrient Removal Values for Major Agronomic Crops in Missouri. In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2006. Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #07-01, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P 100-107.

Page - 141 9. Nathan, M., Scharf, P. Sun, Y., and D. Dunn. 2007. Evaluation of Modified Mehlich Tests for Determining Lime

Requirement in Missouri Soils (2005-2006). In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2006. Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #07-01, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P 94-99.

10. Scharf, P., Miles, R., and M. Nathan. 2007. P and K Fixation by Missouri Soils. In: Missouri Soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2006. Publ. #07-01, College of agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P 84- 90.

11. Nathan, M., Scharf, P. and Y. Sun. 2006. Evaluating Mehlich III extractants for Available Nutrients for Missouri Soils using Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry. In: Missouri soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2005. Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #06-01, College of agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P101-108.

12. Nathan, M., Scharf, P. and Y. Sun. 2006.Comparison of Woodruff Buffer and Modified Mehlich buffer Tests for Determining Lime requirement in Missouri Soils. In: Missouri soil Fertility and Fertilizers Research Update 2005. Agronomy Miscellaneous Publ. #06-01, College of agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri. P 109-113.

13. Nelson, K.A., P.P. Motavalli, and M. Nathan. 2004. The impact of foliar potassium fertilizer source on crop response and weed control in a no-till “weed and feed” glyphosate-resistant soybean production system. pp. 149-155. Vol. 21. Proceedings of the 2004 Fluid Forum, Scottsdale, AZ.

14. Nelson, K., P.P. Motavalli, and M. Nathan. 2004. The impact of foliar potassium fertilizer source on crop response and weed control in a no-till “weed and feed” glyphosate-resistant soybean production system. pp. 70-75. 2004 Field Day Report of the Greenley Memorial Research Center. University of Missouri, Novelty, Missouri.

Extension Presentations and Publications Field Days Presentations:

1. Scharf, P., Nathan, M. and R. Massey. 2009. P and K Nutrient Management for Grain Production. Crop Injury Diagnostic Clinic. Bradford Research and Extension Center, University of Missouri Columbia. July 28-31, 2009.

2. Nathan, M and N. Brandt. 2008. How can the MU Soil and Plant diagnostic Service Lab help the Horticulture Co-op? Horticulture Co-op Professional Landscape Association Field Day. St. Louis Community College at Meramec Horticulture Display Gardens, St. Louis, MO. Sept 11, 2008.

3. Nathan, M. and S. Wright. 2008. Services Offered by the MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Service Labs for Nursery and Landscape Industry. Missouri Landscape and Nursery Association Field Day. Forest Keeling Nursery, Missouri. June 26, 2008.

4. Nathan, M. and S. Wright. 2008. Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Services Available to Missourians. Greater Kansas City Home, Flower, Lawn and Garden Show. March 27-30. Bartle Hall, Kansas City, MO.

5. Nathan, M. Wright. S., and R. Heinz. 2008. Services Available at the MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Laboratories for Missourians. 2008. Mid Missouri Home and Garden Show. Hearnes Center, University of Missouri, Columbia. Feb 29 –March 1, 2008.

6. Nathan, M. 2006. Importance of Submitting Representative Soil and Plant Samples from Golf Courses for Analyses in Golf Course Nutrient Management. Turf Grass Field Day, South Farm, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. July 11, 2006.

7. Nathan, M., Wright. S., and R. Heinz. 2005. Soil Fertility and Nutrient Deficiency in a Drought Year. MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Services. Huntley Whaley Filed Day Presentation, University of Missouri, Albany, Missouri. Sept 8, 2005.

8. Nathan, M., Wright. S., and R. Heinz. 2005. Services Available at the MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Laboratories. Greenley Filed Day Poster Presentation, University of Missouri, Novelty, Missouri. August 4, 2005.

9. Nathan, M. 2005. How can the MU Soil & Plant Diagnostic Labs help the turf Industry in meeting the diagnostic needs? and Submitting a good sample for diagnostics. Turf Grass Field Day, South Farm, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri. July 13, 2005

10. Nathan, M., Wright. S., and R. Heinz. 2004. MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Services Available for Clients. Huntley Whaley Filed Day Poster Presentation, University of Missouri, Albany, Missouri. Sept 8, 2004.

11. Nathan, M., Wright. S., and R. Heinz. 2004. MU Soil Testing and Plant Diagnostic Services Available for Clients. Graves Filed Day Poster Presentation. University of Missouri, Corning, Missouri. Aug. 24, 2004

Program Implementation Experience and In Service Training

1. Nathan, M., Crocker, D, Scharf, P and J. Lory, 2005. Soil Test Interpretations and Recommendations and Diagnostic Services. In Service Education Training for Regional Specialists, Agricultural Extension Program, University of Missouri. February 2, 2005.

2. Nathan, M. 2003. Soils, Plant Nutrition, and Soil Testing. Train the Trainers Master Gardner PDE. Oct 16, 2003.

Page - 142 Workshops, Conferences, Short Courses and Certified Crop Advisor Training:

1. Nathan, M. 2009. Quality Assurance for Soil Testing Labs. North Central Region Soil Plant analyst Workshop Proceedings, pp. 59-64. Feb 24-25, 2009. Bettendorf, IA.

2. Nathan, M., Soil Testing Fundamentals. 2008. NRCS Nutrient Management Certification Training, Columbia, MO. April 23, 2008

3. Nathan, M., Rehm. G. Eliason, R., Godsey, C., and D. Mengel. 2007. Evaluation of Soil pH Buffers for Determining Lime Requirement in North Central Region. Soil & Plant Analyst Workshop. February 27, 2007. Bettendorf, IA.

4. Nathan, M., Soil Testing Fundamentals. 2005. NRCS Nutrient Management Certification Training, Columbia, MO. March 29, 2005

5. Nathan. M. 2004. Why Test Soil? Better Lawns and Gardens. Children Gardening Educational Conference. Spink Pavilion, Missouri Botanical Gardens. St. Louis, MO. April 26, 2004

6. Nathan, M., Soil Testing Fundamentals. 2004. NRCS Nutrient Management Certification Training, Columbia, MO. March 16, 2004

Extension Guides and Fact Sheets:

1. Nathan, Manjula and Brad Freesenburg. 2008. Soil Testing for Lawns. MU Extension Guide G 6954. Revised Aug. 2008

2. Nathan, Manjula. 2008. Soils, Plant Nutrition and Nutrient Management. In: Master Gardener Core Manual. Published by MU Extension, University of Missouri

3. Nathan, M., 2005. Steps in Fertilizing Garden Soil: Vegetables and Annual Flowers. Extension Publication G 6950. University of Missouri Extension Publications.

4. Nathan, M., J. Stecker, E. Ervin, L. Jett, M. Warmund and P. Scharf. 2005. Commercial Fruits, Vegetables and Turf Soil Test Interpretations and Fertilizer Recommendation Guide (Electronic Publication).

5. Nathan, M. and B. Fresenburg. 2004. Soil Testing for Lawns. MU Guide G6954. University of Missouri Extension Publications

6. Nathan, M., Stecker, J., and Y. Sun. 2001. Soil Testing Guide. University of Missouri Soil Testing Lab Publication. (Electronic Publication).

Page - 143

KELLY A. NELSON

Research Agronomist and Associate Professor Division of Plant Sciences Greenley Memorial Research Center Tel: (660) 739-4410 University of Missouri Fax: (660) 739-4500 P.O. Box 126, Hwy 156 E Email: [email protected] Novelty, MO 63460 http://aes.missouri.edu/greenley/research/index.stm EDUCATION $ Ph.D. Crop and Soil Sciences, Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Michigan State Univ. (2000) $ M.S. Crop and Soil Sciences, Dep. of Crop and Soil Sci., Michigan State Univ. (1997) $ B.S. Plant Science, Dep. of Agronomy, Univ. of Missouri (1995) APPOINTMENTS $ Research Agronomist & Associate Professor, Univ. of Missouri, Novelty, MO (2007-present) $ Research Agronomist & Assistant Professor, Univ. of Missouri, Novelty, MO (2000-2006) $ Graduate Research Assistant, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (1995-2000) $ Teaching Assistant, Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (1996) OTHER EXPERIENCE $ Research Technician, Ciba Crop Protection, Lee=s Summit, MO (1994) $ Integrated Pest Management, Gypsy Moth Technician, Univ. of Missouri, Columbia, MO (1992) $ Crop and Livestock Production Assistant, Nelson Farms, Skidmore, MO (1980-1995) HONORS AND AWARDS $ ASABE Blue Ribbon Award, Circular Publication, Questions and answers about drainage water

management for the Midwest, American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers (2007) $ Junior Faculty Award, Gamma Sigma Delta, Honor Society of Agriculture (2005) SCHOLARLY SOCIETIES $ Sigma Xi $ Gamma Sigma Delta $ Honor Society of Phi Kappa Phi $ Golden Key National Honor Society $ Phi Eta Sigma Honor Society PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS $ American Society of Agronomy $ Crop Science Society of America $ Weed Science Society of America $ North Central Weed Science Society of America

SERVICE $ North Central Regional Drainage Committee (NCR-207) (2003-present); Secretary 2008-2009; Chair

2009-2010 $ Missouri Agriculture Leaders of Tomorrow Class XIII (ALOT) (2008-present) $ Missouri Livestock Symposium Committee (2001-present) $ Manuscript reviewer for eight peer-reviewed journals (2000-present) $ North Central Weed Science Society (1996-present); Membership Committee Chair (2006-2008) $ Weed Science Society of America (1996-present); Extension Committee(2001-2003) $ Missouri Wind Resources (2006-present)

Page - 144 PUBLICATIONS: Nelson, K.A. and R.L. Smoot. 2010. Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) interference in soybean (Glycine max). Weed Technol. In press. Bailey, N.J., P.P. Motavalli, R.P. Udawatta, and K.A. Nelson. 2009. Soil CO2 emissions in agricultural watersheds with agroforestry and grass contour buffer strips. Agroforest. Syst. 77:143-158. Online. doi:10.1007/s10457-009-9218-x. Nelson, K.A., S.M. Paniagua, and P.P. Motavalli. 2009. Effect of polymer coated urea, irrigation, and drainage on nitrogen utilization and yield of corn in a claypan soil. Agron. J. 101:681-687. Noellsch, A.J., P.P. Motavalli, K.A. Nelson, and N.R. Kitchen. 2009. Corn response to conventional and slow-release nitrogen fertilizer across a claypan landscape. Agron. J. 101:607-614. Nelson, K.A., P.P. Motavalli, and R.L. Smoot. 2009. Dried distillers grain as a fertilizer source for corn. J. Agric. Sci. 1:3-12. Nelson, K.A., and R.L. Smoot. 2009. Twin- and single-row corn production in Northeast Missouri. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2009-0130-01-RS. Motavalli, P. P. and K.A. Nelson. 2008. Use of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers for improved agricultural nutrient management: Introduction to the symposium. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0730-01-PS. Nelson, K. A., Scharf, P. C., Bundy, L.G., and Tracy, P. 2008. Agricultural management of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers in the north-central United States. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0730-03-RV. Nelson, K.A., G.E. Rottinghaus, and T.E. Nelson. 2007. Effect of lactofen application timing on yield and isoflavone concentration in soybean seed. Agron. J. 99:645-649. Nelson, K.A., and P.P. Motavalli. 2007. Foliar potassium fertilizer sources affect weed control in soybean with glyphosate. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2007-0724-01-RS. Fang, M., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and K.A. Nelson. 2007. Assessing changes in soil microbial communities and carbon mineralization in Bt and non-Bt corn residue-amended soils. Applied Soil Ecology 37:150-160. Nelson, K.A. 2007. Glyphosate application timings in twin- and single-row corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L.). Weed Technol. 21:186-190. Nelson, K.A., W.G. Johnson, J.D. Wait, and R.L. Smoot. 2006. Winter annual weed management in corn (Zea mays) and soybean (Glycine max) and the impact on soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) egg population densities. Weed Technol. 20:965-970. Donald, W.W., and K.A. Nelson. 2006. Practical changes to single-boom sprayers for zone herbicide application. Weed Technol. 20:502-510. Nelson, K.A., P.P. Motavalli, and M. Nathan. 2005. Response of no-till soybean to timing of pre-plant and foliar potassium applications in a claypan soil. Agron. J. 97:832-838. Mungai, N.W., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and K.A. Nelson. 2005. Differences in yields, residue composition, and N mineralization dynamics of Bt and non-Bt maize. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 73:101-109.

Page - 145 Mungai, N.W., P.P. Motavalli, R.J. Kremer, and K.A. Nelson. 2005. Spatial variation of soil enzyme activities and microbial functional diversity in temperate alley cropping systems. Biol. Fertil. Soils. 42:129-136. Donald, W.W., W.G. Johnson, and K.A. Nelson. 2004. Zone herbicide application controls annual weeds and reduces residual herbicide use in corn. Weed Sci. 52:821-833. Donald, W.W., W.G. Johnson, and K.A. Nelson. 2004. In-row and between-row interference by corn (Zea mays) modifies annual weed control by postemergence residual herbicides. Weed Technol. 18:497-504. Li, J., R.J. Smeda, K.A. Nelson, and F.E. Dayan. 2004. Mechanism of resistance to diphenyl ether herbicides in waterhemp (Amaranthus rudis). Weed. Sci. 52:333-338.

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Wayne R. Prewitt

University of Missouri Extension Center 100 West Cherry, Suite 2 Nevada, MO 64772 Phone (417) 448-2560 Cell Phone: (417) 448-7749 Email: [email protected] Education: M.S. 1985 University of Arkansas Agricultural Economics B.S. 1983 Central Missouri State University Agricultural Economics Employment History: 2006-present University of Missouri Agricultural Business Specialist 1985-2006 University of Missouri Farm Management Specialist Selected Forage Based Research and Demonstrations: • Assisted in the development of computer programs such as an annualized two week feed budget,

silage harvest predictor as well as assisted in pasture-based dairy models ranging from 150 cow conversions to 600 cow irrigated systems. The models can be found on our website (http://agebb.missouri.edu/dairy/grazing/index.htm).

• Developed training materials for NRCS personnel training held in 2008. • Currently conducting research study on grazing management of beef cows.

Summary and Impact of Pasture-based program: • In 2006 the pasture-based dairy program evolved to several Missouri producers expanding their

herds to 300-600 cows. Research and demonstration support by the University of Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station at Mt. Vernon and University of Missouri Extension Field Faculty has provided dairy clientele knowledge on producing high quality pasture forage and management of the intensively grazed pasture.

• Early growth of the Missouri grazing dairy industry was a significant factor in influencing investors from New Zealand and the United States to locate in Missouri. In 2010 there will be five different New Zealand investment groups managing grass based dairies in Missouri. These “next generation dairies” will be managing herds of 500-3,000 cows. There are currently over 25,000 dairy cows who depend upon high quality grass for the majority of their diet.

• Improved management of grass has decreased the operating costs of some dairies by 30%.

• The presence of the New Zealand dairies adds to the economic infrastructure in rural Missouri. They also bring technologies from New Zealand that otherwise would not be available to Missouri grass-based dairies. The investment by the New Zealand groups currently exceeds $100 million, generates $40 million in annual milk sales, added $124 million in total output, and added 1,100 additional jobs to the state of Missouri. The New Zealand farm managers bring a “business like attitude” with them which is readily shared with others. These dairies were attracted to Missouri by the on-going dairy grazing research, demonstration, and extension efforts being conducted by the University of Missouri.

• The Missouri Dairy Grazing Project has attracted a lot of attention from educational institutions around the world. Morepark located in Ireland and Dairy NZ in New Zealand are in regular contact with team members to discuss current technologies and how all parties can collaborate to improve grazing management.

Page - 147

Ted R. Probert Regional Dairy Specialist University of Missouri Extension P.O. Box 458 Hartville, MO 65667 Email: [email protected] Office Telephone: (417) 741-6134 Cell Telephone: (417) 718-1818 Education:

M.S. 1979, Dairy/Animal Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, Reproductive Physiology. B.S. 1978, Dairy Husbandry, University of Missouri, Columbia.

Employment History: 1985-Present: University of Missouri Regional Extension Dairy Specialist 1982-1985: Holstein Progeny Test Herd Coordinator, Northern Ohio Breeders Association 1979-1982: Regional Sales Manager, Northern Ohio Breeders Association Abstracts S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, T.R Probert, J. Horner, R.J. Crawford, , B.J. Steevens & R. Milhollin, 2007. Managing the Grazing Wedge in a Pasture-based Dairy System. J. Dairy Sci., 90 (Suppl. 1) R.L. Kallenbach, J.L. Horner, J.A. Lory, S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, R.J. Crawford, Jr., Chaddad, F., B.J. Steevens, and R.R. Probert. 2009. Maximizing the use of Dairy Grazing Systems: National GLCI, Reno, Nevada. Pasture Based Dairy Extension Programming Efforts

• The economic climate faced by the dairy industry in recent years has dictated the need to minimize the use of off-farm feed inputs and maximize production and utilization of farm grown forages. This trend has resulted in a significant shift from the use of stored forages and total mixed rations to a system utilizing pasture as the primary feed source on many Missouri dairies. Research and demonstration support by the University of Missouri Agriculture Experiment Station at Mt. Vernon and University of Missouri Extension Field Faculty has provided dairy clientele knowledge on producing high quality pasture forage and management of the intensively grazed pasture.

• While the total number of dairy operations in southern Missouri has decreased in recent years the number of pasture-based operations has grown. Approximately 40% of dairy producers in southern Missouri utilize pasture to some extent. Improved grass management has decreased the operating costs of some dairies by 30%. The educational efforts of Extension and the Southwest Experiment Station have played a significant role in facilitating this change.

• The primary forage traditionally growing in most southern Missouri pastures is endophyte infected fescue. This species as it matures becomes very unpalatable and is toxic to dairy cows. Extension trials have demonstrated the superiority of alternative forages such as perennial ryegrass, crabgrass, cereal rye, annual ryegrass and improved novel endophyte fescues in pasture-based dairy systems. Most pasture-based producers utilize some combination of these forages to provide high quality pasture for their cows.

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TIMOTHY MARTIN REINBOTT Home Address: Work Address: 17095 N Hwy 124 Bradford Research & Ext. Center Centralia, MO 65240 4968 Rangeline Road Columbia, MO 65201 Home Telephone: Work Telephone: 573-682-3581 573-884-7945 email:[email protected] Education: BS-Agronomy, University of Missouri, 1984 MS-Agronomy, University of Missouri, 1986 Thesis Title: Intercropping soybeans into standing green wheat Advisor: Dr. Zane Helsel Professional Experience: October 2000-present:Superintendent Bradford Research & Extension Center January 2000-October 2000: Interim Superintendent Agronomy Research Center Supervisor-Dr. John Gardner-Associate Director of Agriculture Experiment Station September 15, 1987-January 2000: Research Associate at the University of Missouri, Agronomy Department. Supervisor-Dr. Dale Blevins-Professor of Agronomy Refereed Journal Articles: Reinbott, T.M., Z.R. Helsel, D.G. Helsel, M.R. Gebhardt, and H.C. Minor. 1987. Intercropping soybeans into

standing green wheat. Agron. J. 79:886-891. Reinbott, T. M. and D. G. Blevins. 1991. Phosphate interaction with uptake and leaf composition of magnesium,

calcium, and potassium in winter wheat seedlings. Agron. J. 83:1043-1046. Morris, R.O., Blevins, D.G., Dietrich, J.T., Durley, R.C., Gelvin, S.B., Gray, J., Hommes, N.G., Kaminek, M.,

Matthews, L.J., Meilan, R., Reinbott, T.M. and Sayavedrasoto, L. 1993. Cytokinins in plant pathogenic bacteria and developing cereal grains. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 20: 621-637.

Reinbott, T.M. and D.G. Blevins. 1994. Phosphorus and temperature effects on magnesium, calcium and potassium in wheat and tall fescue leaves. Agron. J. 86: 523-529.

Reinbott, T.M. and D.G. Blevins. 1995. Response of soybean to foliar-applied boron and magnesium and soil-applied boron. J. Plant Nutrition 18: 179-200.

Reinbott, T. M. and D. G. Blevins. 1995. Multi-year use of killed-strips for forage and grain sorghum production in a tall fescue pasture. J. Production Agriculture 8: 354-359.

Dietrich, J.T., M. Kaminek, M., D.G. Blevins, T.M. Reinbott and R.O. Morris. 1995. Changes in cytokinins and cytokinin oxidase in developing maize kernels and the effects of exogenous cytokinin on kernel development. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 33: 327-336.

Blevins, D.G., C.L. Scrivner, T.M. Reinbott and M. K. Schon. 1996. Foliar boron increases berry number and yield of two highbush blueberry cultivars in Missouri. J. Plant Nutrition 19: 99-113.

Reinbott, T.M. and D.G. Blevins. 1997. Phosphorus and magnesium fertilization interaction with soil phosphorus level: Tall fescue yield and mineral element content. J. Production Agriculture 10:260-265.

Reinbott, T.M., D.G. Blevins and M.K. Schon. 1997. Content of boron and other elements in main stem and branch leaves and seed of soybean. J. Plant Nutrition 20:831-843.

Blevins, D.G. and T.M. Reinbott. 1998. Impact of phosphorus nutrition on magnesium, calcium, and water status of plants. In Pennsylvania State Root Biology Proceedings. J. Lynch (ed). Pp. 197-206

Reinbott T. M. and D.G. Blevins. 1999. Phosphorus nutritional effects on root hydraulic conductance, xylem water flow and flux of magnesium and calcium in squash plants. Plant and Soil 209:263-273.

Lock, T.R., Kallenbach, R.L., Blevins, D.G., Reinbott, T.M., Bishop-Hurley, G.J., Crawford, R.J., Massie, M.D., and Tyler, J.W. 2002. Adequate soil phosphorus decreases the grass tetany potential of tall fescue pasture. Online. Crop Management. Doi:10.1094/CM-2002-0809-01RS.

Lock, T.R., Kallenbach, R.L., Blevins, D.G., Reinbott, T.M., Crawford, R.J., Massie, M.D., and Bishop-Hurley, G.J. 2004. Phosphorus Fertilization of Tall Fescue Pastures May Protect Beef Cows from Hypomagnesaemia and Improve Gain in Nursing Calves. Online. Crop Management. Doi:10.1094/CM-2004-0608-01RS.

Page - 149 Reinbott, T.M., Conley, S.P., and Blevins, D.G. 2004. No-Tillage Corn and Grain Sorghum Response to Cover Crop and

Nitrogen Fertilization. Agronomy Journal:96:1158-1163. Extension/Popular Articles: Reinbott, T. M. and D. G. Blevins. 1989. Winter Annual Cover Crops for Missouri. UMC Agronomy Technical

Report, Vol. 7, No. 10. December. Pp. 5-7. Reinbott, T. M. and D. G. Blevins. 1991. A Strip Kill Forage Production System for Fescue Pastures. UMC

Agronomy Technical Report, Vol. 9, No. 2. February. Pp. 2-4. Blevins, D. G. and T. M. Reinbott. 1991. Foliar Fertilization of Soybeans in Missouri. Proc. North Central Ext.-

Indust. Soil Fert. Conf., Vol. 7:97-106. Scrivner, C. L., D. G. Blevins, M. K. Schon and T. M. Reinbott. 1991. Effects of foliar boron applications on

yield of Collins and Blueray blueberries. In: P. L. Byers, ed., Missouri Small Fruits Conf. Proc., State Fruit Exp. Stn., Mountain Grove, Vol. 11, pp. 51-64.

Blevins, D. G., M. LeNoble, K. Lukaszewski, T. Reinbott and R. Miles. 1992. Physiological aspects of alfalfa root growth. In: Alfalfa Production in Missouri. A manual, Ed. Craig Roberts.

Blevins, D.G., Reinbott, T.M. and Boyce, P.J. 1993. Foliar fertilization of soybeans with boron and magnesium: Plant physiology. PPI/FAR Technical Bulletin 1993-1, Potash & Phosphate Inst. and Foundation for Agronomic Research Publ., Norcross, GA, p.1-6.

Reinbott, T, Mattas, R., and Blevins, D. 1997. Low phosphorus soils cause major problems with forage and livestock production. Better Crops with Plant Food 81:14-15.

Lock, T.R., Kallenbach, R.L., Blevins, D.G., Reinbott, T.M., Crawford Jr., R.J., Massie, M.D., and Bishop-Hurley, G.J. 2001. Soil Phosphorus may be important to beef herd health and performance. Better Crops with Plant Food 85:4-5.

Current Grants: 2006-2008: Improve Propagation Techniques, Conduct Research and Increase Landowner Outreach and Agricultural Applications of Select Native Plant Species- $150,000 Missouri Department of Conservation 2006-2009: Demonstration of farm profitability utilizing management techniques that promote soil and water conservation practices and improve pastures.-$236,151 USDA-NRCS

2007-2009: Evaluating Native Grasses and Forbs for Suitability in the Ozarks-$5,000 Wurdack Endowment

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Tony R. Rickard University of Missouri Extension 700 Main Suite 4 Cassville MO 65625 Phone: (417) 847-3161 Cell Phone: (417) 354-4382 Email: [email protected] Education:

Ph.D. 1979 Cornell University, Ithaca NY Animal Science – Animal Nutrition/Physiology/Biochemistry. M.S. 1974 Cornell University, Ithaca NY Animal Science – Animal Nutrition/Physiology B.S. 1971 Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green KY Agriculture

Professional Employment and Experience: 1982-present: University of Missouri Extension Dairy Specialist. 1982-1982: Associate Professor and State Extension Dairy Specialist, University of Maryland 1977-1982: Assistant Professor and State Extension Dairy Specialist, University of Maryland

Professional Service, Honors and Awards Co-Project Leader, Missouri Pasture-based Dairy Project, 1998-present Reviewer of North Central SARE Research and Education Proposals, 2009-present Team member from the University of Missouri to evaluate agricultural technology in Pyeongtaek, South Korea, 2006 National Association of County Agricultural Agents Distinguished Service Award Missouri Dairy Hall of Honors Meritorious Service Award Missouri Association of Extension 4-H Youth Workers Meritorious Service Award Missouri Farm Bureau County Agriculturalist Award Honorary Maryland State Farmer Award Member of a North –Central Committee that wrote the North-Central 4-H Dairy Literature

Significant University of Missouri Committees Search Committee for Vice Provost & Director of Cooperative Extension, 1993-94, 1995, 1996 (three different occasions) Member, University of Missouri Extension Revenue Generation Committee Agriculture Base Program Committee Chair, MU SW Research Center Dairy Advisory Committee Member, MU SW Research Center Advisory Committee

Selected Abstracts R.L. Kallenbach1, J.L. Horner, J.A. Lory, S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, R.J. Crawford, Jr., Chaddad, F., B.J Steevens, and T.R. Probert. 2009. Maximizing the use of Dairy Grazing Systems: National GLCI, Reno Nevada S. Hamilton, T. Rickard, R. Kallenbach, B. Steevens, J. Horner and R. Millholen. 2007 Managing the grazing wedge in a pasture-based Dairy System. Amer. Soc. An. Sci./Amer. Dairy Sci. Assoc. Midwest Sectional. Des Moines, IA

T.R. Rickard, S.A. Hamilton, R.J. Crawford, and C. Fletcher. 2006. A Cooperative Approach to Pasture-based Dairying. National Conference on Grazing Lands. St. Louis, MO.

T.R. Rickard, S.A. Hamilton, R.L. Kallenbach, and R.D. Young. Economics of Pasture-based Dairies in Missouri. 2003. National Conference on Grazing Lands. Nashville, TN. T. R. Rickard. 2003. Missouri Pasture-based Dairying Program-Process. North Central Small Farm Workshop. Columbia, MO.

C.W. Davis, S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, B.J. Steevens, and R.J. Crawford. 2002. Comparison of Bermudagrass and Caucasian Bluestem in a Dairy Grazing System. Amer. Soc. An. Sci./Amer. Dairy Sci. Assoc. Midwest Sectional. Des Moines, IA.

T.R. Rickard, S.A. Hamilton, C.A. Roberts, R.L. Kallenbach, G.J. Bishop-Hurley. 2001. Enhancing the Profitability & Viability of SW Missouri Family Dairy Farms. North Central Small Farm Workshop. Springfield, IL.

C.A. Roberts, R.L. Kallenbach, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, T.R. Rickard, S.A. Hamilton, and B.J. Steevens. 2001. Enhancing Profitability and Viability of Southwest Missouri Family Dairy Farms. 2001. Amer. Forage & Grassland Council. Vol. 10:12. Springdale, AR.

Page - 151 S.A. Hamilton, T. R. Rickard, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, and R. Young. 2001. Economics of Pasture-based

Dairies in Missouri. Amer. Forage & Grassland Council. Vol 10:9. Springdale, AR. S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, R.A. Crawford, R.D. Young, B.J. Steevens, and C.W. Davis. 2001. University of Missouri Southwest Research Center Pasture-based Seasonal Dairy. Amer. Soc. An. Sci./Amer. Dairy Sci. Assoc. Midwest Sectional. Des Moines, IA.

S.A. Hamilton, T.R. Rickard, R.L. Kallenbach, C.A. Roberst, G.J. Bishop-Hurley, and B.J. Steevens. 2001. Enhancing the Viability of Missouri Dairy Farms. Amer. Soc. An. Sci./Amer. Dairy Sci. Assoc. Midwest Sectional. Des Moines, IA. .J. Steevens. 2000. Using Forages to Reduce Input Costs in Dairy Operations. Southern Association of Agricultural Scientists. Lexington, KY. Prepared and presented by T.R. Rickard* and S.A. Hamilton

T.R. Rickard, S.A. Hamilton, R.L. Kallenbach, and R.D. Young. Economics of Pasture-based Dairies in Missouri. 2000. Southern Assoc. Agricultural Scientists. Lexington, KY. T.R. Rickard and J.M. Elliot. 1982. Effect of Factor B on Vitamin B12 status and propionate metabolism in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 55:168-173

T. R. Rickard and J.M. Elliot. 1978. Absorption of Vitamin B12 and Factor B from the intestine of sheep. Journal of Animal Science 46:304-308.

G.W. Bigger, J.M. Elliot and T.R. Rickard. 1976. Estimated ruminal production of Pseudovitamin B12, Factor A and Factor B in sheep. Journal of Animal Science 43:1077-1081.

T.R. Rickard, G.W. Bigger, and J.M. Elliot. 1975. Effect of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, adenine and riboflavin on ruminant Vitamin B12 synthesis. Journal of Animal Science 40:1199-1204.

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CRAIG A. ROBERTS

Professor Division of Plant Sciences; 108 Waters Hall

College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources University of Missouri; Columbia, MO 65211

Tel: (573) 882-0481 [email protected]

www.plantsci.missouri.edu/roberts EDUCATION Ph.D. Agronomy; Minor: Biochemistry; May 1985; University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR • M.S. Agronomy; May 1982; University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR • B.S. Geography; B.S. History; December 1979; University of North Alabama, Florence, AL EXPERIENCE • Professor, State Forage Specialist (2005 to present); University of Missouri • Associate Professor, State Forage Specialist (1997-04); University of Missouri • Assistant Professor, State Forage Specialist (1991-96); University of Missouri • Research Assistant Professor of Agronomy (1988-90); University of Missouri HONORS & AWARDS • Outstanding Alumnus, Crop, Soil, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas (2008) • J.W. Burch State Specialist Award for Agricultural Extension, University of Missouri (2008) • Outstanding Contribution, Plant Sciences Faculty Fellowship, University of Missouri (2007) • Fellow, Crop Science Society of America (2006) • Fellow, American Society of Agronomy (2006) • Editor-in-Chief, Crop Science Society of America Publications (2004 to present) • Frank Meyer Medal for Outstanding Paper in Plant Genetic Resources, CSSA (Co-recipient, 2002) • Senior Faculty Award for Research, Sigma Xi, Missouri Chapter (1997) • Distinguished Appropriate Technology Award for Environmental Protection, National Center for

Appropriate Technology, Butte MT (Co-recipient, 1994) • Phi Alpha Theta, Rho-Beta Chapter (Honors History, 1987) • Outstanding Contribution to Young Scientists Technical Program, American Forage and Grassland

Council (1983) • President, University of North Alabama Geography Club (1979) SELECT PUBLICATIONS JOURNAL Looper, M. L, R.W. Rorie, C.N. Person, T.D. Lester, D.M. Hallford, G.E. Aiken, C.A. Roberts, G.E.

Rottinghaus, and C. F. Rosenkrans, Jr. 2009. Influence of toxic endophyte-infected fescue on sperm characteristics and endocrine factors of yearling Brahman-influenced bulls. J. Anim. Sci. (in press).

Roberts, C.A., R.L. Kallenbach, N.S Hill, G.E. Rottinghaus, and T. J. Evans. 2009. Ergot alkaloid concentrations in tall fescue hay during production and storage. Crop Sci. (in press).

Curtis, L.E., R.L. Kallenbach, and C.A. Roberts. 2008. Allocating forage to fall-calving cow-calf pairs strip-grazing stockpiled tall fescue. J. Anim. Sci. 86:780-789.

Dierking, R.M., R.L. Kallenbach, M.S. Kerley, C.A. Roberts, and T.R. Lock. 2008. Yield and nutritive value of 'Spring Green' festulolium and 'Jessup' endophyte-free tall fescue stockpiled for winter pasture. Crop Sci. 48:2463-2469.

Curtis, L.E., R.L. Kallenbach, and C.A. Roberts. 2008. Allocating forage to fall-calving cow-calf pairs strip-grazing stockpiled tall fescue. J. Anim. Sci. doi:10.2527/jas.2007-0525.

Kallenbach, R. L., C.A. Roberts, T.R. Lock, D.H. Keisler, M.R. Ellersieck, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2006. Performance of steers fed ammoniated straw from tall fescue seed fields. Online. Forage and Grazinglands doi:10.1094/FG-2006-0113-01-RS.

Page - 153 Roberts, C.A., H.R. Benedict, N.S Hill, R.L. Kallenbach, and G.E. Rottinghaus. 2005. Determination of

ergot alkaloid content in tall fescue by near-infrared spectroscopy. Crop Sci. 45:778-783. Roberts, C.A., and J.A. Andrae. 2004. Tall fescue toxicosis and management. Online. Crop Managm.

doi. 10:1094/CM-2004-0427-01-MG. Nihsen, M., E.L. Piper, C.P. West, R.J. Crawford, T.M. Denard, Z.B. Johnson, C.A. Roberts, D.A. Spiers,

and C.F. Rosenkrans. 2004. Growth rate and physiology of steers grazing tall fescue inoculated with novel endophytes. J. Anim. Sci. 82:878-883.

BOOKS, CHAPTERS, MANUALS Bush, L.P., C.A. Roberts, and C. Schultz. 2007. Plant chemistry and antiquality components in forage. P.

509-528. In RF Barnes, et al. (eds.) Forages: the Science of Grassland Agriculture. 6th ed. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, IA.

Gerrish, J.R., and C.A. Roberts (ed.) 1999. Missouri Grazing Manual, revised. MU Ext. Publ. M157. Roberts, C.A., C.P. West, and D.A. Spiers (eds.) 2005. Neotyphodium in Cool-Season Grasses. 392 p.

Blackwell Publishing Professional, Ames, IA. Roberts, C.A., J.W. Workman, and J.B. Reeves (eds.) 2004. Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Agriculture.

822 p. ASA Monogr. 44, ASA, Madison, WI.

Page - 154 Peter Clifton Scharf

Nutrient Management Specialist and Associate Professor Plant Sciences Division 210 Waters Hall University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211 Research and Extension education interests

• developing, evaluating, and promoting tools to predict crop N needs, including variable-rate N management

• evaluating N management alternatives including source and timing • C minimizing environmental impacts of agricultural nutrients • coordinated management of soil, fertilizer, and manure nutrients • tailoring fertilizer and lime recommendations to account for soil properties • economic comparisons of production alternatives

Education Degree Date Institution Major Ph.D. May 1993 Virginia Polytechnic Inst. Crop & Soil

and State University Environmental Sciences M.S. July 1988 Virginia Polytechnic Inst. Agronomy

and State University B.S. August 1982 University of Wisconsin Biochemistry, Genetics Recent Research Publications Nelson, K. A., Scharf, P. C., Bundy, L. G., and Tracy, P. 2008. Agricultural management

of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers in the north-central United States. Online. Crop Management doi:10.1094/CM-2008-0730-03-RV.

Hong, N., P.C. Scharf, J.G. Davis, N.R. Kitchen, and K.A. Sudduth. 2007. Economically

optimal nitrogen rate reduces residual soil nitrate. J. Environ. Qual. 36:354-362. Scharf, P.C., N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Sudduth, and J.G. Davis. 2006. Spatially variable corn

yield is a weak predictor of optimal nitrogen rate. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 70:2154-2160. Scharf, P.C., S.M. Brouder, and R.G. Hoeft. 2006. Chlorophyll meter readings can

predict nitrogen need and yield response of corn in the north-central U.S. Agron. J. 98:655-665.

Scharf, Peter C., Newell R. Kitchen, Kenneth A. Sudduth, J. Glenn Davis, Victoria C.

Hubbard, and John A. Lory. 2005. Field-scale variability in optimal N fertilizer rate for corn. Agron. J. 97:452-461.

Recent Extension Publications Scharf, Peter and John Lory. 2006. Best Management Practices for nitrogen fertilizer in

Missouri. 12 p. MU Extension publication IPM1027. Lory, John and Peter Scharf. 2008. Rescue nitrogen applications on corn can still be

profitable. Integrated Pest & Crop Management 18:80.

Page - 155 Scharf, Peter. 2008. Soil samples show nitrogen loss. Integrated Pest & Crop

Management 18:74. Scharf, Peter. 2008. Drainage installation field day to be held in July. Integrated Pest &

Crop Management 18:75. Scharf, Peter. 2008. Nitrogen loss scoresheet. Integrated Pest & Crop Management

18:68. Lory, John and Peter Scharf. 2008. Is my nitrogen still there? Integrated Pest & Crop

Management 18:27,35. Scharf, Peter and David Dunn. 2008. Nitrogen loss in wheat. Integrated Pest & Crop

Management 18:22,25. Scharf, Peter. 2008. Nitrogen prices through the roof again. Integrated Pest & Crop

Management 18:25. Scharf, Peter and David Dunn. 2008. Potential for N loss with heavy rains on wheat.

Mid-America Farmer Grower, March 25, 2008, p. 13. Rich, Doug. 2008. Challenging times put a premium on research. High Plains Journal,

March 12, 2008. Using information from Peter Scharf. Oltman, Brian. 2008. Wheat N timing. Ag Professional, Jan. 2008. Using information from Peter Scharf.

Page - 156 D. Kent Shannon

Work Address Home Address 1012 N. Highway UU 12901 East Hwy FF Columbia, MO 65203 Centralia, MO 65240 573-445-9792 573-682-9990

SUMMARY OF QUALIFICATIONS

· Have a practical knowledge of agricultural production.

· Have developed educational programs with the goal of improving agricultural profitability. · Have a good ability to work with others. · Take pride in a job well done. · Willing to learn, so as to broaden my knowledge as an agricultural engineer.

RELEVANT EXPERIENCE

Helped Missouri citizens turn knowledge into know-how as a Regional Extension Agricultural Engineering Specialist.

- Developed educational programs for agricultural producers in the following areas: farm safety, water quality issues, no-till crop production, proper pesticide application, and the design of cattle handling facilities.

- On-farm consultations in the following areas of animal waste management, livestock buildings, livestock watering systems, and moisture problems in homes as well as other related areas of agricultural engineering.

- Developed educational programs for youth in the areas of farm safety and water quality. - Served as county 4-H computer project leader educating youth on the use of the INTERNET.

· Served as Associate Director of the Missouri Precision Agriculture Center.

- Have developed educational programs on using GPS receivers, yield monitors, GIS software relating to precision agriculture, as well as, overall basic concepts of precision farming for regional meetings and field days.

- Have worked with regional extension specialists in developing educational programs tailored to the various needs of producers in different parts of Missouri.

- Have worked with local cooperators on demonstration/research projects to better understand precision agriculture techniques such as variable rate seeding and variable rate nitrogen management.

- Have hands-on experience with various precision agriculture technologies such as GPS receivers and yield monitors.

· Worked along with my dad and brother on the family farm.

- Operation consisted of backgrounding about 100 feeder cattle a year, 600 acres of row crops, and 150 acres of hay.

- Rented 40 acres for row crop production and feed 25 feeder steers for my project while a member of the FFA.

Page - 157 EMPLOYMENT HISTORY

2008 to present University of Missouri Extension Natural Resource Engineering Specialist, University of Missouri System-Boone County, Columbia, Missouri

1998 to 2008 Associate Director of the Missouri Precision

Agriculture Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri

1992 to 1998 University Outreach and Extension Agricultural

Engineering Specialist, University of Missouri System-Adair County, Kirksville, Missouri

1991 to 1992 Graduate Student University of Missouri-Columbia, Missouri

Summer of 1990-1991 Extension Associate

University of Missouri-Portageville, Missouri

Summers of 1987,88 and 89 Brush Crew Laborer Macon Electric Cooperative-Macon, Missouri

1982-90 Helped work on family farm

Larry Shannon Farms-Anabel, MO EDUCATION

M.S., Agricultural Engineering, University of Missouri, May 1993 B.S., Agricultural Engineering, University of Missouri, December 1990

PROFESSIONAL AND COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT

American Society of Agricultural Engineers, served as President, Vice President, Secretary, and Parliamentarian of the Student Branch-University of Missouri. Honored at Mid-Central Conference in the Student Paper Contest 1990. Honored as Young Member of the Year of the Missouri Section of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 1997. Honored as with the Achievement Award from the Missouri Agriculture Extension Professionals 2001.

Member of Ten Mile Baptist Church, Anabel, MO, served as Sunday School Superintendent for 5 years.

Selected Publications Shannon, K., J. Brumett, C. Ellis, G. Hoette. 2001. Can A $300 GPS Receiver Be Used for Yield Mapping? ASAE Paper No. 011154, St. Joseph, MI:ASAE. Shannon, K., C. Ellis, G. Hoette. 2002. Performance of “Low-Cost” GPS receivers for Yield Mapping. ASAE Paper No. 021151, St. Joseph, MI:ASAE. Shannon, K., G. Davis, K. Sudduth, W. Wiebold. 2002. Precision Agriculture Masters Program – Educating Missouri Crop Producers About The Benefits Of Precision Agriculture Through On-Farm Research. ASAE Paper No. 021016, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE.

Page - 158 Shannon, D.K., H.L. Palm, N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Sudduth. 2004. Implementation and Validation of Sensor-Based Site-Specific Crop Management Through On-Farm Research. In Proc 7th Intl. Conf. on Precision Agriculture. ASA/SSSA/CSSA, Madison, WI. Shannon, K., C. Ellis, M. Herring, G. Hoette. 2004. Evaluation of Recreational GPS Receivers for Use in Precision Farming. In Proc AM 04 ION 60th Annual Meeting, ION, Fairfax, VA. Brumett, J., C. Ellis, G. Hoette, D. Smith, K. Shannon. 2000. Application of Variable Rate Technology to a Tractor Drawn Fertilizer Cart. In Proc 5th Intl. Conf. on Precision Agriculture. ASA/SSSA/CSSA, Madison, WI. Abstracts and Professional Presentations Shannon, K., C. Ellis, M. Herring, G. Hoette. 2003. Comparison of Various Recreational GPS Receivers For Use in Precision Farming. ASAE Paper No. 031009, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE. Shannon, K., C. Ellis, M. Herring, G. Hoette. 2004. Comparison of Various Recreational GPS Receivers For Use in Precision Farming. ASAE Paper No. 041083, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE. Shannon, D.K., H.L. Palm, N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Sudduth. 2005. On-Farm Research – A Tool for Implementing and Validating Spatial Technologies for Site-Specific Crop Management. ASAE Paper No. 051069, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE. Shannon, K., K. A. Sudduth. 2005. Performance of Lower Cost GPS Receivers for GPS-Aided Guidance. ASAE Paper No. 051090, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE. Shannon, K., C. Ellis, G. Hoette. 2006. Performance of a Decimeter Accuracy GPS Receiver for the Development of Topographic Maps. ASAE Paper No. 061046, St. Joseph, MI: ASAE. Shannon, D.K., H.L. Palm, P. C. Scharf, N.R. Kitchen, K.A. Sudduth. 2006. ALTERNATIVES TO USING A REFERENCE STRIP FOR REFLECTANCE-BASED NITROGEN APPLICATION IN CORN. In Proc 8th Intl. Conf. on Precision Agriculture. ASA/SSSA/CSSA, Madison, WI. Extension Publication Guidesheets Precision Agriculture: Yield Monitors (WQ 451) Casady, W.W., D.L. Pfost, C. Ellis, and D.K. Shannon http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/envqual/wq0451.htm Precision Agriculture: Global Positioning System (GPS) (WQ 452) Pfost, D.L., W.W. Casady, and D.K. Shannon http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/envqual/wq0452.htm

Page - 159 WILLIAM E. (GENE) STEVENS

EDUCATION Mississippi State University PhD 1992 Agronomy University of Tennessee-Knoxville M.S. 1982 Plant and Soil Science Union University B.S. 1979 Biology and Journalism EMPLOYMENT AND PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE 1994-Present Crop Production Specialist, Plant Science Div., University of MO, Columbia, MO 1990-1994 Soil Scientist, Agronomy, MS State University/Crop Simulation, Starkville, MS. 1984-1990 Research Associate, North MS Branch Expt. Station, Holly Springs, MS SERVICE AND AWARDS 2002-Present Rice Technical Work Group, Executive Committee 2002-Present MU-CAFNR, Chairman, Professional Track Faculty Committee 2006-Present MU-Plant Science Division, Promotion and Tenure Committee 2007 Co-chair Southern Plant Nutrition Planning Committee 2006 Pyeontaek, South Korea Agricultural Assessment Team 2001 Innovation in Agribusiness Award, Monsanto Company 1998 Conservation Partnership Award, Natural Resource Conservation Service PUBLICATIONS DURING THE LAST FIVE YEARS

Stevens, G., A. Wrather, M. Rhine, D. Dunn, and E. Vories. Predicting rice yield response to midseason nitrogen with plant area measurements. Agron. J. Accepted. Dunn, D. and G. Stevens. Response of rice yields to phosphorus fertilizer rates and polymer coating. Crop Management. Accepted. Nelson, K., P. Scharf, G. Stevens, and B. Burdick. Rescue nitrogen for corn. Agron. J. In Review. Stevens, G., D. Dunn, and S. Hefner. 2007. Building soil potassium and phosphorus in a low-testing fescue field. Better Crops with Plant Food. International Plant Nutrition Inst. Vol. 91, Issue 4:20-21. Stevens, G., E. Vories, M. Mulesky, M. Rhine, and D. Dunn. 2007. Irrigation to maximize vaccine antigen production in a genetically-modified tobacco. Agron. J. 99:1271-1277. Dunn, D. and G. Stevens. 2007. Phosphorus management in a dry-seeded delayed-flood rice production system. Better Crops with Plant Food. International Plant Nutrition Inst. Vol. 91, Issue 1:20-21. Aide, M., C. Aide, D. Dunn, and G. Stevens. 2006. Fragipan genesis in the eastern Ozarks of Missouri. Soil Sci. 171(6):483-491.

Page - 160 Shannon, J.G., W. E. Stevens, W. J. Wiebold, R. L. McGraw, and D. A. Sleper. 2005. Breeding soybeans for improved tolerance to flooding. Proc 35th Soybean Seed Research Conf. Am. Seed Trade Assoc. Chicago, IL. 7 Dec. Stevens, G., T. Gladbach, P. Motavalli, and D. Dunn. 2005. Soil calcium and magnesium ratios and lime recommendations for cotton. J. Cotton Science. 9:65-71. Conley, S., G. Stevens, and D. Dunn. 2005. Grain sorghum response to row spacing, crop density, and planter skips. Crop Management. [Online] doi:10.1094/CM-2005-0718-01-RS. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org Wrather, J., W. Stevens, D. Dunn, R. Cartwright, G. Sciumbato, and D. Beighley. 2005. Tillage effects on stand and yield in a rice monoculture system. Crop Management [Online] doi:10.1094/CM-2005-0103-01-RS. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org Dunn, D., G. Stevens, and A. Kendig. 2005. Boron fertilization of rice with soil and foliar applications. Crop Management. [Online] doi:10.1094/CM-2005-0210-01-RS. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org

Dunn, D., and G. Stevens. 2005. Rice potassium research progress. Better Crops with Plant Food. International Plant Nutrition Inst. Vol. 89, Issue 1: 15-17. Stevens, G. and D. Dunn. 2004. Fly ash as a liming material on cotton. J. Environmental Quality 33: 343-348.

Stevens, W.E., S.A. Berberich, P.A. Sheckell, C.C. Wiltse, M.E. Halsey, M.J. Horak, and D.J. Dunn. 2004. Optimizing pollen confinement in corn grown for regulated products. Crop Science. 44: 2146-2153. Wrather, J. A., D. A. Sleper, and W. E. Stevens. 2004. Soybean cultivar and foliar fungicide effects on Phomopsis sp. seed infection. Plant Disease. 721-723. Dunn, D. A. Wrather, W. Stevens, M. Kenty, D. Beighley and M. Aide. 2004. Measuring K+ in rice basal stem sap with a Cardy meter. Crop Management. [Online] doi:10.1094/CM-2004-1006-01-RS. http://www.plantmanagementnetwork.org Beighley, D., W. Mueller, M. Aide, D. Dunn, and G. Stevens. 2004. Growth effects of corn in rotation with rice. Proc. Missouri Acad. of Science 38:8-14. Wrather, J. A., D. A. Sleper, W. E. Stevens, J.G. Shannon, and R.F. Wilson. 2003. Planting date and cultivar effects on soybean yield, seed quality, and Phomopsis sp. seed infection. Plant Disease. 87:529-532. Motavalli, P., W. Stevens, and G. Hartwig. 2003. Remediatation of subsoil compaction by deep tillage and application of poultry manure in a sandy-textured soil. Soil and Tillage Research. 71:121-131. Wrather, J.A., W.E. Stevens, T.L. Kirkpatrick, and N.R. Kitchen. 2002. Effects of site-specific application of aldicarb effects on cotton yield in a Meloidogyne incognita-infested field. J. Nematology. 34 (2): 115-119.

Page - 161 Mark White

Executive Director Environmental Resources Coalition

Mark White is the Executive Director for the Environmental Resources Coalition. Mark has over 16 years experience in agriculture related fields. Previous to his position as Executive Director, Mark served as ERC’s Director of Agronomic Services where he managed several water quality projects for the company. His background also includes management of a retail fertilizer and chemical plant, precision farming specialist, and prior certification as a CCA. Mark graduated from the University of Missouri with a B.S. in Agriculture.

1992 B.S. Agriculture, University of Missouri – Columbia 1994 BASF Summer internship, field scout 1995 Precision Farming Specialist, MFA – Macon, MO 1997 – 2000 Fertilizer and Pesticide Plant Manager, MFA – Macon, MO 2000 – 2001 Field Manager, Missouri Corn Growers Association 2001 – 2006 Assistant Director Agronomic Services, Environmental resources Coalition 2006 – 2008 Director of Agronomic Services, Environmental Resources Coalition 2008 –Present Executive Director, Environmental Resources Coalition Key Accomplishments: Helped develop the Watershed Research Assessment and Stewardship Project and its

companion project, the Stewardship Implementation Project. Goals of the projects were to collect atrazine run-off data from Missouri fields in order to provide sound science to the debate over atrazine use in Missouri. Additionally, the projects aimed to evaluate several best management practices identified as useful in reducing atrazine run-off from the field. Ultimately, the data from these two projects was used by the Department of Natural Resources to remove five water-bodies from the state 303d list for atrazine. Currently, managing ERC’s National Conservation Innovation Grant which aims to develop a state prototype nutrient trading program. It will also evaluate several structural nutrient BMPs and try to quantify their nutrient removal ability.

Page - 162

XI XIONG

Assistant Professor Division of Plant Sciences 108 Waters Hall University of Missouri Columbia, MO 65211 Phone: 573-882-1824 Fax: 573-882-1467 Email: [email protected] Education Ph. D., Crop Science, Oklahoma State University, Oklahoma, 2005. M.S., Turfgrass Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, China, 2001. B.S.E., Horticulture, Sichuan Agricultural University, China, 1998. Awards and Honors Tulsa Garden Club Scholarship, Oklahoma State University, 2004. Huffine Memorial Distinguished Graduate Fellowship, Oklahoma State University, 2004. Phi Kappa Phi Academic Honorary, Oklahoma State University, 2004. Professional Affiliations Member of Crop Science Society of America. Member of Golf Course Superintendents Association of America. Member of United States Golf Association. Member of Phi Kappa Phi Honorary Society. Member of Missouri Turfgrass & Ornamental Council Peer Reviewed Publications (** published in Chinese) Xiong X., V. A. James, H. Zhang and F. Altpeter. 2009. Constitutive expression of the barley HvWRKY38 transcription factor enhances drought tolerance in turf and forage grass (Paspalum notatum Flugge). Molecular breeding. DOI: 10.1007/s11032-009-9341-4. Xiong X., G. E. Bell, J. B. Solie, M. W. Smith, and B. Martin. 2007. Bermudagrass seasonal responses to N fertilization and irrigation detected using optical sensing. Crop Science, 47: 1603-1610. Xiong X., G. E. Bell, M. W. Smith, and B. Martin. 2006. Comparison of the USGA and airfield sand systems for sports turf construction. Online. Applied Turfgrass Science doi:10.1094/ATS-2006-0531-02-RS. Xiong X., Y. Wu, and X. Li. 2001. Progress of physiological and biochemical research on bermudagrass related to cold tolerance. Pratacultural Science. (3): 39-41. **

Page - 163 Xiong X., Y. Wu, and X. Li. 2001. Preliminary research of determination technology on bermudagrass in relation to cold tolerance. Pratacultural Science. (2): 32-35, 38. ** Xiong X., Y. Wu, K Mao, and Y. Cheng. 2001. The preliminary study on formation speed and quality evaluation of native bermudagrass in Minjiang River basin. Sichuan Animal and Veterinary Sciences. (4): 18-20. ** Wu Y., L. Liu, X. Xiong, X. Xie, Z. Wang, and Y. Yan. 2001. Utilization and evaluation of native germplasm of bermudagrass in Sichuan. Grassland and Turf. (3): 32-34. ** Xiong X., Y. Wu, L. Liu, and X. Li. 2000. The present investigation report on turfgrass development in Yibin City. Journal of Sichuan Grassland. (3): 39-42. ** Li X., K. Mao, X. Xiong, and S. Li. 2000. Progress in research on cold tolerance of warm-season turfgrass. Grassland of China. (4): 53-58. ** Book Chapter Gregory E. Bell and Xi Xiong. 2008. The History, Role, and Potential of Optical Sensing for Practical Turf Management. In: Handbook of Turfgrass Management & Physiology. (M. Pessarakli, Ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Publishing Company, Florida. Presentations and Abstracts Xiong, X., V. A. James, and F. Altpeter. Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Bahiagrass with Expression of HvWRKY38 or OsMYB4 Transcription Activators. Society of In Vitro Biology Meeting. Indianapolis, IN, June, 2007. Xiong, X., F. Altpeter, V. A. James, and A. Blount. Molecular and physiological characterization of transgenic bahiagrass with constitutive expression of stress inducible transcription factors. ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting. Indianapolis, IN, November, 2006. Xiong, X., V. A. James, P. Lomba, M. Stephanie, F. Altpeter, and A. Blount. Transgenic approaches to enhance abiotic stress tolerance of bahiagrass. Florida genetic symposium, Gainesville, FL, November, 2006. Xiong, X. and G.E. Bell. The relationship among NDVI, Nitrogen and Irrigation Rate on Bermudagrass, ASA-CSSA-SSSA Annual Meeting, Seattle, WA, November, 2004. Invited Presentations Xiong X. 2008. The turf program at MU: What's green now and seeds for the future. Mississippi Valley Golf Course Superintendent Association (MVGCSA) Winter Education/Shop Tour. St. Louis, MO. Xiong X. 2008. What the future holds for turfgrass selections from MU. Missouri Turfgrass & Ornamental Council (MOTOC) Missouri Green Industry Conference. St. Charles, MO.

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