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Technology and Architecture to Enablethe Explosive Growth of the Internet
Abu (Sayeem) ReazUniversity of California, Davis, USA
Group PresentationFebruary 08, 2011
Adel A. M. Saleh, Jane M. Simmons
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A high-level vision foraddressing the challenges based on both
technological and architectural advancements
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Traffic Growth Predictions
• Current annual rate of growth is 40 to 50 percent 1
• Internet will grow at a compound rate of 35 percent from 2008 to 2013 2
• Year-over-year IP traffic growth rate to be 45 percent 3
1. A. Odlyzko, “Minnesota Internet Traffic Studies (MINTS)”; www.dtc.umn.edu/mints/home.html2. Cisco, “Visual Networking Index: Forecast and Methodology, 2008–2013,” White Paper, June 9, 20093. A. Colby, “AT&T, NEC, Corning Complete Record-Breaking Fiber Capacity Test,” May 11, 2009;
news.soft32.com/att-nec-corning-complete-recordbreaking-fiber-capacity-test_7372.html
~ 40%
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Traffic Growth Rate
Level of traffic for various compound annual growth rates (CAGR). At 40 percent CAGR, the traffic level will increase by a factor of 1000 in roughly 20 years.
;V(t0) : start value, V(tn) : finish value, tn − t0 : number of years
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Current Network Condition
• Current 80 × 40 Gbps transmission systems are about 1/3 full
A growth of 350 times needed
• Optical Bypass Less electronic terminating equipment
• Optical reach is at the order of 2000 km to 2600 km
We need to have our cake and eat it too!
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To Meet the Challenges…
Technological advancements increase the realizable capacity of fiber and
routers/switches
Architectural enhancements decrease the traffic burden on the network
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Transmission
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Technology: Spectral Efficiency
Spectral efficiency: the ratio of the information bit rate to the total bandwidth consumed
• 80 × 40 Gbps spectral efficiency of 0.8 b/s/Hz
• 80 × 100 Gbps spectral efficiency of 2.0 b/s/Hz
• Realizable spectral efficiency limit ~ 4 b/s/Hz per polarization 80 × 400 Gb/s system with Dual-polarization
“As compared with today’s 40 Gb/s systems, 8 b/s/Hz represents a factor of 10 increase in transmission capacity, which is clearly insufficient to meet long-term projections of traffic growth.”
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Technology: Expanded Transmission Band
C band: conventional (“erbium window”) 1530–1565 nmL band: long wavelengths 1565–1625 nm
• L-band is the most likely choice for expansion ~65 nm of spectrum across the C- and L-bands (a current system* already supports 54 nm across the C- and L- bands with a single amplifier)
• A single amplifier across the spectrum and tunable transponders
Expanding the transmission band will result in a factor of two increase in system capacity; e.g., a 160 × 400 Gbps system
* D. A. Fishman, W. A. Thompson, and L. Vallone, “LambdaXtreme Transport System: R&D of a High Capacity System for Low Cost, Ultra Long Haul DWDM Transport,” Bell Labs Tech. J., 2006.
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Technology: Multicore Fiber
• Multiple fibers scaling of optical amplifiers & port-size of all-optical switching devices (e.g., ROADMs) higher cost + energy
• Multiple core per fiber with all the benefits of single-core fibers
• Operational with single amplifier and connector with about 2500 km reach
• Major challenge: cross-talk across cores, still in “demo”
Seven cores per fiber with spectral efficiency and expanded band yield about a factor of 140 increase in capacity of transmission systems
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Architecture: IP Packing
• Burstiness of IP traffic “headroom” avg. fill rate of IP links in the US Internet is about 25%
• ↓ IP Flow + ↑ Line-rate = smoothness fill rate 65% is feasible
• This benefit is for IP traffic only
IP Packing yields about a factor of 2 benefit!
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Architecture: Multicasting, Asymmetric Traffic, Improved Caching• Multicast when possible (e.g., Video Distribution)
• Provision as needed Asymmetry (and MLR!)
• Internet as Cloud store and let store at a nearby location
• Outcome depends on application
A combination of these yield about a factor of 4 benefit!
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Architecture: Dynamic Networking
• Reconfigurable equipments such as ROADMs and tunable transponders enable remote and dynamic connection setup
• A “push-pull” area of development research underway to provide setup time on the order of 100 msec to 1 sec
• Delivers bandwidth when and where needed decrease network cost and capacity requirement
Dynamic networking yields about a factor of 5 benefit!
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Factors Affecting Transmission
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Routers
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Technology: IP Routers
• The focus is IP layer finer granularity and more challenging to scale
• Increased router size: higher cost and power consumption
• Even with 20% better power efficiency per year*, after 20 years, a single 3000 Tbps router will consume 350 KW
“Even if larger routers are possible, the operational challenges of deploying such a large device are impetus to consider architectural
innovations that can mitigate their need.”
* J. Baliga et al., “Energy Consumption in Optical IP Networks,” IEEE/OSA JLT, 2009
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Architecture: IP Packing
• Higher fill rate for IP traffic lower # of wavelengths needed to carry the traffic
• Translates to half as many ports needed on the IP routers
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Architecture: Optical Aggregation
• Optical aggregation more suitable for edge as they usually require collision management and/or scheduling
• Increased amount of traffic can be efficiently packed at edge does not undergo further grooming at core
• Reduced burden at core IP router lower electronic processing
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Architecture: Others
• Multicasting, Asymmetric Traffic, Improved Caching, and Dynamic Optical Networking
• Many connections that will benefit from these factors represent wavelength services, which probably will bypass the IP routers. As a result, their contribution may be small
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Factors Affecting IP Router Size
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Summary
• Internet traffic is doubling approximately every two years, leading to a factor of 1000 growth in the next two decades
• Requires advances in both technology, to increase the capacity of transmission and routing/switching systems, and architecture, to effectively reduce the capacity requirements
• Addressed only the backbone portion of the network, access networks will need to scale as well, through a combination of advanced broadband fiber, cable, and wireless technologies