FINAL PROJECT INSTRUCTIONS. 1.Final Project Complete Website.
PAFC Project Report Final
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Chapter 1: Business Description
1.1 Background
To treat agro/coffee/sugar/natural rubber/pulp waste,
cattle /poultry /fishery /animal /human waste, food
/kitchen /hotel waste (including used cooking oil), leafy
garden waste, used flowers and all types of organic
waste to produce Cooking Gas, Bio-CNG/PNG &
Natural Soil Conditioner
The Indian Urban Scenario in terms of waste management and disposal is bleak.Traditional methods of waste disposal under the purview of municipal and civicbodies have largely limited themselves to "collect and dispose" functions whichare becoming inadequate to cope with its increasing quantity and changingnature. Waste has to be treated as wealth and needs to be viewed scientificallyand holistically, recognising its natural resource roots as well as health impacts.Urban poverty is inextricably linked with waste. In India, over a million peoplefind livelihood opportunities in waste collection. Hence, there is an urgent need
to build upon existing systems instead of attempting to replace them blindlywith models from developed countries. Delhi generates 6500 tonnes of garbageper day but only 5000 tonnes reach the sanitary landfills (garbage dumpingsites). The Municipal Corporation of Delhi (MCD) has been actively engaged indevising various schemes for disposal, treatment and transportation of solidwaste but is lagging behind in achieving a total solution to the problem. Eventhe judiciary is pulling them up for non-compliance in providing a status reportin the matter by 2 February, 2005 (T01, 14 April 2005). The Delhi High Court
had no hesitation in observing that the capital city has become an "open-dustbin".
Such a situation is prevalent not in Delhi alone but in most of the other townsand cities of the country due to rapid urbanisation and lack of civicinfrastructure to cope with the problem. The municipal authorities are notentirely culpable for this menace. There is a need to bring about attitudinalchange right from individual households to all stakeholders. Although change inmindset is not an easy proposition but understanding ones responsibility anddedication to make things work would facilitate clean and healthiersurroundings. Initially, strict implementation and enforcement of environmentallaws will pave the way for compliance. We have to get out of NIMBYS (not inmy backyard syndrome) and contribute as responsible citizens living in acommunity which respects and understands nature and environment.
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Existing Practice
MSWM is a part of public health and sanitation, and is entrusted to themunicipal government for execution. Presently, the systems are assuming largerimportance due to population explosion in municipal areas, legal intervention,and emergence of newer technologies and rising public awareness towardscleanliness (Kumar et al., 2004).
Except in the metropolitan cities, SWM is the responsibility of a health officerwho is assisted by the engineering department in the transportation work. Theactivity is mostly labour intensive, and 2-3 workers are provided per 1000residents served. The municipal agencies spend 5-25% of their budget on SWM,which is Rs. 75-250 per capita per year (Kumar and Gaikwad, 2004) . Normallya city of 1 million populations spends around Rs. 10 crores for this activity. Inspite of this huge expenditure, services are not provided to the desired level.
Community bin collection system is usually practiced in India. The collectionbin and implements used in various cities are not properly designed. It has beenobserved that community bins have not been installed at proper location. Thishas resulted in poor collection efficiency. Lack of public awareness has madethe situation worse. Various types of vehicles are used for transportation ofwaste to the disposal site. However, these vehicles are not designed as per
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of the solid waste. Waste is disposed of in low-lying areas without taking anyprecautions and without any operational control. Solid waste workers handle thewaste without any protective equipment and are prone to infection.
1.5 The Current Practice on Waste Management
Open dumping at disposal sites
Allows for anaerobic degradation
No sanitary landfill for MSW disposal in India
Existing Composting facilities do not work efficiently
90% disposal of waste in open and 9% composted Difficulties in providing the desired level of public service in the
urban centers often attributed to the poor financial status of the
managing municipal corporations
1.6 Need for change
SWM systems exist in most of the urban centres since last few decades.
However, these systems have yet to emerge as a well-organized practice.Although, the solid waste characteristics in different urban centers varysignificantly, there is a meagre effort to tailor the system configuration to thewaste characteristics. The major deficiencies associated with the system aredescribed in the following sections (Kumar and Gaikwad, 2004).
Rapidly Increasing Areas to be Served and Quantity of Waste
The solid waste quantities generated in urban centres are increasing due to rise
in the population and increase in the per capita waste generation rate. Theincreasing solid waste quantities and the areas to be served strain the existingSWM system.
Inadequate Resources
While allocating resources including finance, SWM is assigned with a lowpriority resulting in inadequate provision of funds. Often there is a commonbudget for collection and treatment of sewage and SWM and the later receives a
minor share of the funds. The inadequacy of human resource is mainly due tothe absence of suitably trained staff.
Inappropriate Technology
The equipment and machinery presently used in the system are usually thatwhich have been developed for general purpose or that which have been adopted
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Disproportionately High Cost of Manpower
Mostly out of the total expenditure, around 90% is accounted for manpower ofwhich major portion is utilized for collection. Since citizens tend to throw thewaste on the adjoining road and outside the bin, the work of the collection staffis increased. Hence, the cost of collection increases considerably.
Societal and Management Apathy
The operational efficiency of SWM depends on the active participation of boththe municipal agency and the citizens. Since the social status of SWM is low,
there is a strong apathy towards it, which can be seen from the uncollectedwaste in many areas and the deterioration of aesthetic and environmental qualityat the uncontrolled disposal sites.
Low Efficiency of the System
The SWM system is unplanned and is operated in an unscientific way. Neitherthe work norms are specified nor the work of collection staff appropriatelysupervised. The vehicles are poorly maintained and no schedule is observed forpreventive maintenance. Due to shortage of financial resources, the vehicles areoften used beyond their economical life resulting in inefficient operation.Further, there is no co-ordination of activities between different components ofthe system. The cumulative effect of all these factors is an inefficient SWMsystem.
Benefits of the change
Solid waste management is crucial, because people will continue to creategarbage and trash. In this sense municipal solid waste is a renewable form ofalternative energy, one which is much more environmentally friendly than usingfossil fuels. If the waste was not removed and taken care of, cities wouldbecome overrun with waste, rodents, insects, and germs. Waste to energy takesthings that are already discarded, and turns these into electricity and energy thatis much needed. This benefits society and the world twice, once when thegarbage is removed and does not end up in a landfill polluting the earth andtaking up space, and the second benefit is a source of energy that is cleaner and
more eco-friendly than fossil fuels, with less pollution and contribution to globalwarming and greenhouse gas emissions. Solid waste energy is the future of bothmunicipal solid waste management and alternative energy sources which are ecofriendly and meet the energy needs of the world. This source of alternativeenergy may very well be the main energy source of the future.
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1.9 Legal considerations
Statutory/legal requirements
1. MSW Rules 2000
2. JNNRUM
Company Registration
Under the Companies Act, 1956 a new company by the name Zero Waste
Private Limited will be incorporated.
Environmental permit
1. State Pollution Control Board
2. Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) guidelines
OthersAll other required approvals and permissions will be taken by DehradunMunicipal Authority.
Note: Required permits attached in schedules.
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Chapter 2 : Project Background
2.1 IntroductionGovernment of India has initiated a major urban infrastructure developmentproject from December, 2005 to improve essential urban infrastructure in 35one million plus cities, state capitals and certain other important cities ofIndia.
The Government of India has come forward to extend financial support
linked with reforms to selected 63 cities of India under Jawaharlal NehruNational Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM). The cities of Dehradun,Haridwar and Nainital of Uttarakhand State are included in this list of 63 cities.
Dehradun, the state capital of Uttarakhand is one of the 63 towns listedunder the JNNURM. The city is facing a challenge of providing essentialinfrastructure to keep pace with population growth. Due to urban populationgrowth and large tourist influx Solid waste management is one of the majorchallenges faced by this city.
2.2 Project OverviewThe existing Nagar Nigam Solid Waste Management system in Dehradun isdeficient in all components i.e. source segregation, primary collection,treatment, scientific disposal of waste.
The existing Solid Waste Management system lacks adequate infrastructure
facilities to meet the norms stipulated in the Solid Waste (Management andHandling) Rules 2000. The city of Dehradun needs to immediately augmentits Solid Waste management systems to comply with MSW Rules 2000.Dehradun Nagar Nigam proposes to set up an integrated solid wastemanagement system by way of awareness campaign, segregation, collection,transportation, storage, treatment and land fill of municipal waste.
2.3 Project Financing
The proposed project is covered under JNNURM and Uttarakhand having specialstate status, the project is entitled to get 80% of the capital cost as grant fromGovernment of India and remaining 20% from the State.
The part of Operations &Maintenance cost would be recovered from usercharges sale of compost & RDF advertisement rights etc to ensure project
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also one of the most beautiful resort centres in India, it is well known for itsscenic natural beauty, beautiful forests, waterfalls and surroundings. It is also animportant educational centre of the country. India's some of the best public
schools and convents are located here. The Indian Military Academy, ForestResearch Institute, ONGC and many more offices of Central and State Govt arelocated here. Dehradun is well linked with rail, road and air routes to all the partsof the state and the country.
2.5 Project Components
The various components of proposed project of Integrated Solid Waste
Management system are based on the assessment of the existing deficiencies andmandatory requirement as per MSW Rules 2000.
a) Door-to-door collection of solid waste from household, industrial units
and institutions.
b) Providing separate bins, at point of collection for biodegradable/non
degradable waste
c) Procurement and operation of equipments, vehicles and tools for
door-to-door collection.d) Secondary storage of wastes
e) Waste transfer from primary collection equipments to light motor
vehicles.
f) Collection of waste generated from daily sweeping of streets.
g) Transportation of wastes to treatment facilities.
h) Build, Operate & Maintain workshop for maintenance of vehicle/
equipmentsi) Build, Operate and Maintain Integrated solid waste treatment facility
with all necessary tools and equipments as under:
S No Description Unit Value
1 Composting Plant MT/day 150
2 Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) MT/day -----
3 Inert Processing Plant MT/day ------
4 Engineered Land Fill MT/day 50
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Larger capacity of containers 4 cubic meters with lid for vegetableand fruit market.
Larger capacity of containers 4.0 cubic meters for fish and meat
markets
b) Door-to-door collection of waste
The city of Dehradun being the capital of Uttarakhand, it is proposed to makea beginning of turning the city into a binless city in a phased manner. To beginwith the system of direct collection of waste into transport vehicles may beadopted in 15 out of 60 wards doing away with street bins and that area may
be designated as binless area.
The PPP partner would procure and deploy adequate numbers ofcontainerised tricycles/wheelbarrows to collect household waste. It is estimatedthat one wheel barrow/tricycle would cover 150 household and thus anestimated 840 wheel barrow/tricycles would be required for 45 wards.
The PPP partner would install containerized tricycles having detachable
containers (preferably 6-8 in number) of 40litre/30litre capacity each for 45wards.
c) Collection of waste from street sweepingThe PPP partner would deploy suitable equipments to collect waste from streetsweeping. Out of the total metaled road lengths, 117 km high density roads and218 km medium density roads and identified in the city. Remaining 167 km low
density roads may be further classified into development and non developmentareas. The approximately 1049 sanitation workers are required to cover theentire length of streets.
Each sweeper may be given containerized handcart having 6 detachablecontainers, so 140 handcarts would need to be procured. As street sweepingsfrom 15 wards is to be directly collected through motorized vehicles, onevehicle may be allotted for 2 wards, where 4 to 5 collection points may be
identified for transfer of waste from handcarts would be made into the vehicledirectly. The vehicle may shuttle between these points at an interval of 30minutes each. The requirement of pick up vans for street sweepings in 15 wardswould be 8 and one spare vehicle may be procured for replacement duringbreakdown/repairs, etc.
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conditions around the bins.
It is proposed to introduce pairs of green and black colour containers of
4.00cmt and 3.00cmt respectively for secondary storage of biodegradable wasteand inert street sweeping respectively.
Dehradun Nagar Nigam though has 183 metal containers of 4.5 cubic metercapacity but most of them are in a bad shape and need replacement. Theprivate partner is, therefore, required to procure 203 green containers of 4.0cubic metre and 203 black containers of 3.0 cubic metre capacities to meet therequirementof the city.
e) Transportation of wasteThe PPP partner would procure adequate number and types ofvehicles for transporting different categories of waste to treatment plants andland fill sites.
f) Work shop for maintenance
The PPP partner would set up a workshop for maintenance of vehiclesand equipments.
g) Processing of waste
The PPP partner would set up waste treatment plant and land fill facilities. ThePPP partner would select appropriate technology for treatment of waste.
In the proposed project, the following facilities would be set up by the PPPpartner.
S No Description Unit Value
1 Composting Plant MT/day 150
2 Refused Derived Fuel (RDF) MT/day
3 Inert Processing Plant MT/day
4 Engineered Land Fill MT/day 50
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2.6 Estimates of waste and category according to Population
As Dehradun started with a low population base of 4.48 lakhs only (2001) itspopulation growth rate in terms of percentage is expected to be faster in thecoming decades as a result of its economic factors mentioned above. On thebasis of this understanding, it is assumed that the population of Dehradun willgrow at the rate of 4 % per annum for 5 years following 2009, 3.5 % from 2010to 2014, and 3.0 % from 2015 to 2019. As the base (population) expands, therate of growth in terms of percentage will gradually slow down although inabsolute numbers population will keep increasing. It is presumed that population
growth rate will stabilize at 2.5 to 2.0 % per annum for the next few decades.Annex 3.1.1 provides year-wise projected population over the next thirty years.The number of daily commuters to the town is believed to be quite high but noestimate of it is available. In the absence of any other basis, the commuterpopulation has been taken as 5% of the permanent population.
Table 1: The estimated waste collection from various sources is:
Year 2007 2011
Projected Population including
equivalent floating population789699 905409
Total waste from residentialareas/day in
MT/da
161.89 185.61
Commercial waste in MT/day 46.67 58.86Street Sweepings (better SWMsystems will 48.13 48.13
Total waste generation per day in 256.69 292.6
Per capita waste generation Kgs/perday
0.357 0.323
Table 2: The category wise waste is estimated :
Items/Year 2007 - Waste in
MT/day
Percentages
Biodegradable waste 139 54
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2.7 Site
The following sites have been earmarked for setting up treatment plants andlandfill.
Table 3: The Site Details :
S No Facility Hectares Location
1 Engineered Land Fill &
Composting Plant
8.323 Sherpur
2 Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)
3 Inert Processing Plant
The sites for secondary storage have been earmarked and notified to thesuccessful bidder.
2.8 Revenue Sources
a) The Nagar Palika Parishad, Dehradun is contemplating the imposition
of suitable user charges from households and industries towards
waste collection through amendment in the Bye-laws.
b) The user charges as approved by Dehradun Nagar Nigam for various
categories of user are attached as Appendix 1 of this document.
c) The Concessionaire is expected to generate revenue from sale of
compost, RDF or through any other source as per MSW Rules andadvertisement in the vehicles, collection containers etc.
2.9 Vehicles and Equipments
Table 4: Equipments for Primary collection of WasteSr No. Item of expenditure Qty Required
1 Two containers for storage of waste at source in
separate manner (Two container for Low income
groups and one for Low middle income groups)
89021
2 Motorised pick up tipper vehicles for door to 35
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Table 5: Equipments for Secondary collection of Waste
Sr No. Item of expenditure Qty Required14 cubic metre green containers liftable by twin
bin lifter machine
203
23 cubic metre black containers liftable by twin
bin lifter machine
203
Table 6: Transportation for Waste
Sr No. Item of expenditure Qty Required
1Dumper Placer Vehicles having twin bin lifting device
with hyraulic cylinders and high pressure
12
2Front end Loaders 2
3Large hauling vehicles for transporting
biodegradable waste and inert waste to
composting and landfill site respectively
10
4Asphalt/Concrete flooring under the bins 185
5Compost plant of 150 M.T. /day with compund wall
(Govt. contribution)
1
6Construction of Sanitary Landfill site of 50
MT/Day capacity alongwith Equipments
1
7Construction of Ramp Model Transfer station with
compactors and washing facility
1
8Shifting and Upgradation of Maintainence
Workshop for repair and maintenance of
Vehicles
1
2.10.1 Quantity and Characteristics of waste generation in the city
Based on DPR data, initially 100 samples were drawn from selectedhouseholds from high income, middle income and low income groups and aset of two bags were distributed to each household and they were asked tostore biodegradable and non biodegradable wastes separately in those bags.These bags were collected from the door step on a day to day basis and thecomposition as well as quantity of this waste was assessed. The preliminary
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Having carried out a random sampling as above, larger samples were drawn fromthe same area:
Table 8: Higher Income Group - Vasant Vihar
DatesTotal No. of
HouseholdsTotal Waste
Average Quanitity of
waste per
household/Day15-07-2010 508 577 1.14
15-07-2010 508 546 1.07
16-07-2010 508 573 1.13
16-07-2010 508 590 1.16
17-07-2010 508 672 1.32
17-07-2010 508 517 1.02
18-07-2010 508 569 1.12
Average 1.14
Table 9: Middle Income Group - Chaman Vihar
DatesTotal No. of
HouseholdsTotal Waste
Average Quanitity of
waste per household/Day
15-07-2010 532 561 1.05
15-07-2010 532 474 0.89
16-07-2010 532 515 0.97
16-07-2010 532 562 1.06
17-07-2010 532 571 1.07
17-07-2010 532 568 1.07
18-07-2010 532 534 1.00
Average 1.02
Table 10: Chaman Puri Basti-Lower Income Group
DatesTotal No. of
HouseholdsTotal Waste
Average Quantity of
waste per
household/Day
15 07 2010 430 320 0 74
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Table 11: Average quantity of waste generated by different income group
householdsIncome Group
Average waste in Kgs/Day
High Income Group 1.14
Middle Income Group 1.02
Low Income Group 0.86
As per CDP, more than 54.4 percent of population falls in the category of BPLand poor income group, 28% falls in lower middle income group and rest17.6% falls in the higher income bracket. Mean per capita income of thefamilies is Rs.2372 and mean household income is Rs.10461. as could be seenfrom the table below.
Table 12: Characterization of waste collected from residential wards(%):
Waste Components
High Income
(Vasant Vihar)Middle Income
(Chaman Vihar)
Low Income
(Chamanpuri)
Wooden Pieces 0.28 0.24 3.55
Paper 5.47 0.85 5.57
Textile 7.21 1.00 4.78
Thermocole 0.67 0.21 0.15
Glass 4.00 2.6 3.62
Rubber/ Leather 1.35 2.10 2.85Polythene Bags 11.6 8.7 6.78
Plastic 2.45 0.57 0.601
School Bags 0 0 0
Metals 0.35 4.70 2.08
Human Hair 0 0 0
Flower 0.85 0.21 0.62
Green Leaves 2 0.85 1.85
Green Matter 3.14 9.42 7.17
Vegetables 30.5 30.7 38.41
Kitchen Waste 28.1 25.2 19.2
D d A i l 0 0 0
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Quantity of Biodegradable Waste (assuming 70% biodegradable in
nature)
32.66
MT/day
Quantity of Recyclable Waste (assuming 30 % Recyclable in nature) 14.01MT/day
2.11.3 Composition of mix waste transported to dumpsite
Net weight, Density of total and kitchen waste was as under:-
Table 16: Density of waste
S.No Types of Waste Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4
1 Net weight (Kg) 2691 3502 2389 3122
2 Density of TotalWaste (Kg/m3)
378 405 378 405
3 Density of Kitchen
Waste (Kg/m3)
405 432 405 432
Table 17: Recyclables
S.No Types of Waste Results (% by Mass)
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Average
1 Wooden Pieces 0.60 0.45 0.40 0.35 0.45
2 Paper 4.57 6.80 5.20 3.17 4.94
3 Textiles 6.72 7.85 8.54 8.74 7.96
4 Thermocole 0.15 0.06 0.12 0.35 0.17
6 Glass 0.11 0.11 0.20 0.20 0.16
7 Rubber/Leather 0.85 0.26 0.63 0.40 0.54
8 Polythene bags 5.53 6.51 5.98 8.906.73
9 Plastics 0.96 1.63 1.17 1.06 1.21
10 School Bags 0.37 0.74 - 0.510 41
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Table18: Biodegradable Waste
S.No Types of Waste Results (% by Mass)
Sample 1 Sample
2
Sample 3 Sample
4
Average
1 Flowers 0.22 0.11 0.30 0.20 0.21
2 Green Leaves 7.24 5.48 7.16 4.67 6.14
3 Green Matter - - - - 0.00
4 Vegetables 1.37 1.31 2.97 1.02 1.67
5 Kitchen Waste 38.20 35.75 34.70 38.56 36.80
6 Dead Animals 0.30 - - 0.50 0.207 Dry Leaves /Dry
Matter
2.94 5.25 3.60 2.98
3.69
5 Straw/Hay 3.97 4.11 4.06 0.83 3.24
Total 51.95
Table 19: Inert Materials
S.No Types of Waste Results (% by Mass)
Sample 1 Sample
2
Sample 3 Sample
4
Average
1 Sand/ Earth/ Soil 23.29 21.67 21.93 24.95 22.96
Table 20: Construction Waste
S.No Types of Waste Results (% by Mass)
Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Average
1 Stone 0.96 0.63 1.08 0.96 0.91
2 Brick 0.74 - - - 0.19
3 Ceramics 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.07
4 Lime 0.70 1.20 1.84 1.47 1.30
Total 2.46
2 11 4 Ch i l C i i
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Table 21: Chemical test Methods and Results
Samples/itemsMoisture Content
(% by mass)
Organic
Matter (% by
mass)
C/N Ratio
Calorific
Value (K
Cal/Kg)
Testing
Method usedIS : 9235-1979
USDA,
GuidelineBy Calculation
Bomb
Calorimeter
Sample 1 36.9 11 14.88 1947
Sample 2 38.2 9.3 20 2124
Sample 3 40.8 10.8 21.72 1828
Sample 4 36.6 9.4 17.18 2242
Average 38.125 10.125 18.445 2035.25
Note: - Calorific value of the waste seems to be high. It has to be separately
checked for biodegrdabale waste only.
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Chapter 3 : Design and Construction Requirements of The
Project3.1 Design and Construction Requirements for Landfill Site
3.1.1 Landfill Design FacilitiesThe landfill design will have to be based on geological and hydro
geological conditions, projected waste generation, and volume along with
procedures to reduce potential impacts to the existing natural and socialenvironment of the site.
The basic steps essential for the landfill designs are:
1. Landfill sizing
2. Site layout
3. Landfill layout
4. Leachate management
5. Landfill gas management
3.1.2 Landfill SizingThe volume of waste to be land filled is worked out for the active period
of landfill taking into account (1) the current waste generation per annum and
(2) the expected increase in waste generation rate based on population
growth and influx of floating population. The life of the landfill siteproposed should at least be 10 - 15 years considering the hilly terrain.
The current waste generation rate is about 200 metric tonnes for 2007 of
which about 50 TPD waste would be going to the landfill.
It is also assumed that the waste generation rate would increase by 3.9% perannum for 20 years period. This is basically due to the change in life styles ofthe people. The current identified site will not last for 15 years and hence theDNN should look for additional site for disposal of rejects into sanitary landfill.
3.1.3 Site Layout
The infrastructure facilities to be created at the proposed landfill site are as
follows:
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The waste coming to the landfill will be weighed and then brought to the site for
disposal.
3.1.4 Landfill LayoutThe site allocated for sanitary landfill for MSW disposal at Dehradun is at
Sherpur, having an area of about 8.323 Ha, beyond the IMA. The site is a flat
land. The river is about 300 400 m away from the site.
3.1.5 Leachate Management
A proper leachate collection system will be provided to carry the leachate into theleachate collection tank. The leachate will travel through the gravel into the
lateral pipes. These will carry the leachate to the header pipes from where it will
be taken to the tank.
3.1.6 Landfill Gas Management
The proposed system of Solid Waste Management at Dehradun will consist of
segregation of waste at source, transporting the same to composting yards forprocessing. The organic waste would be converted into manure while the rejects
would go to landfill. The recyclable material would be collected separately and
given to the recycling route. The inert material collected at source mainly
comprising of soil from road sweeping would come to landfill.
With the provision of composting, only inert material will be deposited in the
landfill. Some quantity of rejects of large size organics from the compost plantwill also get into the landfill. It is expected that not more than 5 % of the waste in
the landfill would be biodegradable. As the particle size of organic rejects of
compost plant is large, its degradation will be very slow and will continue for a
long time in the Dry Tomb Landfill.
It would thus be necessary to provide passive gas vents instead of proper gas
collection system. The design of passive vents for release of landfill gas has to bedesigned keeping this in mind.
3.1.7 Landfill Construction
a. Landfill Base Liner Preparation
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b. Supply and Installation of Geosynthetic Clay LinerA Geosynthetic Clay Liner is suggested on top of the finished soil layer at the
bottom. This is important as the base liner of the landfill must be
constructed in such a way that it should take about 25 years for any
percolated leachate to pass through it. Technical specifications are
separately mentioned.
c. Subgrade Preparationi. Subgrade surfaces consisting of granular soils or gravel may not be
acceptable due to their large void fraction and puncture potential. In
high head (greater than one foot) applications, subgrade soils should
possess a particle size distribution such that at least 80 percent of the soil
is finer than a #60 sieve (0.250 mm).
ii. When the GCL is placed over an earthen subgrade, the subgrade surface
must be in accordance with the project specifications. Engineer's
approval of the subgrade must be obtained prior to installation. The
finished surface should be firm and unyielding, without abrupt elevation
changes, voids, cracks, or standing water.
iii. The Subgrade surface must be smooth and free of vegetation, sharp-
edged rocks, stones, sticks, construction debris, and other foreign matter that
could contact the GCL. The subgrade should be rolled with a smooth-
drum compactor to remove any wheel ruts, footprints, or other abrupt
grade changes. Furthermore, all protrusions extending more than
0.5 inch (12 mm) from the subgrade surface shall be removed, crushed, or
pushed into the surface with a smooth-drum compactor.
d. Installationi. GCL rolls should be taken to the working area of the site in their
original packaging. Prior to deployment, the packaging should becarefully removed without damaging the GCL. The orientation of the GCL
(i.e., which side faces up) may be important if the GCL has two different
geotextiles. Unless otherwise specified, however, the GCL should be
installed such that the product name printed on one side of the GCL faces up.
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iii. If sufficient access is available; GCL may be deployed by suspending the roll
at the top of the hill with a group of laborers pulling the material off of the
roll and down the slope.
iv. GCL rolls should not be released on the slope
and allowed to unroll freely by gravity.
v. Care must be taken to minimize the extent to which the GCL is dragged
across the sub grade in order to avoid damage to the bottom surface of the
GCL. A temporary geosynthetic subgrade covering commonly known as a
slip sheet or rub sheet may be used to reduce friction damage during
placement.
vi. The GCL should be placed so that seams are parallel to the direction of the
slope. End-of-roll seams should also be Located at least 3 ft. (1 m) from the
toe and crest of slopes steeper than 3H: 1V.
vii. All GCL panels should lie flat on the underlying surface, with no wrinkles or
folds, especially at the exposed edges of the panels.
viii. The GCL should not be installed in standing water or during rainy weather.
Only as much GCL shall be deployed as can be covered at the end of the
working day with soil, a geomembrane, or a temporary waterproof tarpaulin.
The GCL shall not be left uncovered overnight. If the GCL is hydrated when
no confining stress is present, it may be necessary to remove and replace the
hydrated material. The project engineer and CQA inspector should be
consulted for specific guidance if premature hydration occurs.
e. AnchorageThe end of the GCL roll should be placed in an anchor trench at the top of a
slope. The front edge of the trench should be rounded to eliminate any sharp
corners that could cause excessive stress on the GCL. Loose soil should be
removed or compacted into the floor of the trench.
Anchorage should be as per the project drawings and specifications.
i. In case of difficulty, the Project Manager should be contacted for his
instructions.
ii If a trench is used for anchoring the end of the GCL soil backfill should
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or other debris. In some types of GCL's supplemental bentonite in granular
form may be required for seaming. This should be provided as per the
manufacturer's recommendations. Unless otherwise specified the
minimum dimension of the longitudinal overlap should be 6 inches (150mm). End-of-roll overlapped seams should be similarly constructed, but the
minimum overlap should measure 24 inches (600 mm).
ii. Seams at the ends of the panels should be constructed such that they are
shingled in the direction of the grade to prevent the potential for runoff flow
to enter the overlap zone. End panel overlap seams on slopes are not
permissible.
iii.End of panel seams are constructed first by overlapping the adjacent panels,
exposing the underlying edge, and then applying a continuous bead or fillet
of granular sodium bentonite (supplied with the GCL) along a zone defined
by the edge of the underlying panel and the 12- inch (300 mm) Line. The
minimum application rate at which the ben-tonite is applied is one-quarter
pound per linear foot (0.4 kg/m).
g. Seaming Around Penetrations & Structuresi. Cutting the GCL should be performed using a sharp utility knife.
ii. Frequent blade changes are recommended to avoid irregular tearing of the
geotextile components of the GCL during the cutting process.
iii. The GCL should be sealed around penetrations and structures
embedded in the subgrade. Granular bentonite or bentonite mastic shall be
used liberally (approx. 2 Lbs./ln ft. or 3 kg/m) to seal the GCL to thesestructures.
iv. When the GCL is placed over an earthen subgrade, a "notch" should be
excavated into the sub-grade around the penetration. The notch should
then be backfilled with granular benthick tonite or bentonite mastic.
v. A secondary GCL layer of 300 mm overlap should also be placed to
avoid any leakages. The g r a n u l a r bentonite should be applied
between the 1st and the 2nd GCL layers.
vi. When the GCL is terminated at a structure or wall that is embedded into
the subgrade on the floor of the containment area, the subgrade should be
notched as described above. The notch is filled with bentonite, and
the GCL should be placed over the notch and up against the structure.
The connection to the structure can be accomplished by placement of
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density for clay or amended soil). It must not contain any particles greater
than 1.25 cm in order to prevent damage to the geomembrane. An organic
herbicide should be used on the sub base below the synthetic membrane to
inhibit vegetative growth. The liner will be laid according to the phasing planelaborated in the drawing. The geomembrane supplier will be responsible for
laying the liner and welding the liner as and where required making it an
impervious barrier. Under no circumstances vehicles will be allowed to
operate on the liner directly. Only the seaming equipment, seam testing
equipment and necessary minimum number of personnel should be allowed on
the liner. The geomembrane should be covered with soils, or select waste,
and tarpaulin, to prevent any damage. Technical specifications are separately
mentioned.
i. Leachate ManagementWhen water comes in contact with the waste material and the product of
waste decomposition in the landfill, leachate production takes place. It gets
generated due to the permeation of rainwater and surface water into the
landfill and percolation of this water through the waste layers. Thecompaction and degradation of waste over a period of time also results in
leachate production. It is a polluted liquid that contains a number of
dissolved and suspended materials. Leachate quality depends on the waste
composition, temperature, moisture and availability of oxygen.
j. Leachate Collection SystemThe leachate collection system (LCS) consists of three main components; adrainage layer, a series of collector pipes, and a non-woven geotextile
separator layer. These components are discussed in more detail below.
The leachate collection system and its components will be laid over the
HDPE geomembrane. The LCS layer consists of a 30 cm thick gravel drainage
layer of 12-25 mm sized rounded gravel and perforated HDPE pipes
embedded in this gravel layer. The HDPE pipes will collect the leachate and
are connected to a LCS tank. The leachate collected should be transported tothe Sewage treatment plant for treatment.
In the proposed landfill, it has been suggested that 2 header pipes of OD 160
mm size and OD 110 mm laterals be provided for the removal of leachate
formed The leachate collection pipes must be wrapped in Non-woven
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without damaging the lower system. Care should be taken while placing
this material in place, as heavy vehicles are not allowed to move on the
geotextile directly. This has to be done manually and need not be
compacted. The waste of 1m is placed on this protective layer and thencompacted with compactors.
In order to dump subsequent layers of waste, soil should be pushed gently
by a light dozer to make a path. Dumping of soil directly on the
geotextile should be avoided as much as possible. One or two main
routes with 60-90 cm of soil should be created for use by heavier
equipment for the purposes of soil moving. Damage to the membrane
due to traffic can be severe and undetectable and hence should be avoided
at all times. The first lift of waste should be spread and compacted with
light vehicles. It is preferable not to compact the first foot of waste. No
bulky items should be dumped in the first lift.
If the water enters through closure, the geonets, would drain out the water
and not allow it to come into the landfill. The Geocomposite would
be provided on the slopes prepared with geotextile for strengthening.
This would act as a protective layer to the liner and also help in
draining the leachate formed to the main pipe.
l. Waste PlacementThe objective is to emplace the waste into its final position within the
landfill in accordance with the design objectives without compromising
safety, environment or the local amenity. Areas where waste is to be placed
should be set out for line and level in advance of tipping, so that the waste is
placed in accordance with the detailed construction plan.
The waste deposition in the landfill will be started at the lower end
proceeding upwards. The profile of waste will be as shown in the details.
The average height of waste is assumed as 14m with which the landfill capacity
has been worked out. The landfill capacity mentioned above has been worked
out taking into consideration the loss of volume due to daily cover as well
as temporary cover before onset of monsoonA designated operator should visually inspect every discharged load into the
tipping area. This could be a machine driver or the landfill operator
depending upon the traffic density. Working area personnel should be
trained and competent at waste identification in order that they can
recognize waste which may be non confirming In event of reasonable doubt as
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m.Waste CompactionIt is a conventional practice to level and compact the waste as soon as it is
discharged at the working areas. Compaction offers many benefits including,enabling the maximum amount of waste to be emplaced within the space
available, reducing the impact from litter, flies, vermin, birds and fires and
minimizing short-term settlement. The waste should be compacted to a
density of about 1 tonnes/m3 is the optimum.
n. Daily coverThe daily soil cover required would have to be stored at site in a demarcatedarea. If the soil is not available from the site itself it will have to be brought
from outside and stacked. The soil of 4 to 6 inches should be applied on the
waste coming in. The advantages of using daily cover are primarily in
preventing wind blow and odours, deterrence to scavengers, birds and
vermin and in improving the site's visual appearance. Soils will give a
pleasing uniform appearance from the site boundary.
o. Intermediate CoverWaste should be covered at the end of each working day with a daily cover. If
a stretch of waste is not to be filled over in the immediate future (for example
- for one week), it should be covered with a thicker interim cover. Prior to the
commencement of monsoon season, an intermediate cover of 40-
65 cm thickness of soil should be placed on the landfill with proper
compaction and grading to prevent infiltration during monsoon. The
intermediate cover will follow the slopes and grading of the underlying
waste. Placement of tarpaulin covers may be required at locations where
either stagnation is observed or at locations where there is a possibility of
erosion of the interim cover.
p. Landfill ClosureThe landfill cover system will extend above the bunds to the top of the waste.
The Landfill will be capped as per the MSW 2000 Rules. The waste will haveto be graded to the necessary stable slopes. The various layers that will be
placed on the waste are gravel of 300 mm thick for the gas to be released to the
gas vents. Passive Gas vents will be suitably placed in this layer so that the
small quantity of gas that is formed would be released into air. The possibility
f h i l i f l dfill i l h i i h
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be placed on the geotextile for vegetation. The
150 mm thick gravel layer would help in draining of the excessive water
entering the topsoil layer.
The Final Closure work would have to be carried out in all cells with thequantum of Closure differing at each phase. It is important to note that with the
final Closure in place, there would be an advantage of reducing your Leachate
substantially.
q. Gas Collection layerThe first layer to be placed over the waste is a 300 mm thick gas-venting layer
constituting 12- 25 mm sized rounded gravel. In this gravel areembedded gas-venting pipes. The position of gas venting pipes is shown in
drawing enclosed. A gas-venting pipe has been provided for every 2500 m2 of
top cover. This is so done, as the waste going into the landfill are the rejects of
the composting process and the inert material collected from the system.
Very little gas is expected from the landfill because of its inert nature. Care is
to be taken to embed the gas collection pipes in the gravel layer
r. Placement of GeotextileA geotextile cover will be placed over the gas-venting layer, which will act as a
barrier between the overlying soil layer and the gravel layer of the gas
collection layer. At the periphery of the landfill, this geotextile is tucked into
the peripheral trench.
s. Compacted Clay LayerA 600 mm. compacted clay liner will be laid over the geotextile. This layer will
act as a primary barrier to prevent the infiltration of runoff water into the
sanitary landfill. The clay liner should have a permeability less than or equal to
5 X 10-7 cm/s.
The placement of clay liner must meet the following requirements:
Modified proctor density: 95% Moisture content: 5-7%
While clay is being compacted, measures should be taken to avoid the
formation of cracks and fissures. A thick layer will help to maintain the
integrity of the liner against desiccation cracks. It is advisable to compact the
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can fully penetrate a loose lift of clay. If the protruding rods or feet of a
sheep foot roller are sufficient in length to penetrate the top lift and knead the
previous lift, good bonding may be achieved. Another method includes
scarifying (roughening), and possibly wetting, the top inch or so of the lastlift before placing the next lift. The maximum lift thickness and number of
lifts is intended to promote uniformity within each lift and reduce the
probability that preferential flow paths may align and adversely impact on the
hydraulic conductivity of the overall liner.
If it is necessary to tie in new sections of a clay liner into an existing liner,
lateral extension should be made about 3-6 m into the existing liner in a stair
stepped manner following the individual lifts of the existing liner. Materialsforming the existing liner must be scarified over a minimum horizontal
distance of 1 m to maximize bonding.
A minimum horizontal overlap of 1m between successive layers must be
achieved to have confidence that a preferential pathway for leachate flow is not
being created. It is important to assess the integrity of the bond between different
layers of liner construction at a similar elevation.
The method used to place the clay liner on side slopes depends on the angle
and length of the slope. Gradual inclines from the toe of the slope enable
continuous placement of clay layers up the slopes and provide better
continuity between the bottom and sidewalls of the clay liner. When steep
slopes are encountered, however, the clay may need to be placed and
compacted horizontally due to the difficulties of operating heavy compaction
equipment on steeper slopes. At the side slopes, the clay liner should be laidin swaths which are approximately 10 metres in width and the compaction of
the clay should be accomplished by running the roller up the slope, instead of
across the slope - on the grade.
3.1.8 Surface Water Monitoring
A long-term monitoring programme should be established to monitor any
impact from the landfill on the quality of surface water. Monitoring should
commence prior to and early in the construction period to establish the
baseline conditions.
Monitoring surface water chemistry at the site will be valuable for ongoing
monitoring of any environmental impacts associated with landfill operations
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10 Store Room
11 Machinery Shed
12 D.G Room (With Dg Set Of 50 Kv)
13 High Roof Shed (4 Nos)14 Processing Machineries
15 Equipments
16 Parking (Ls)
17 Compound Wall (L/S)
18 Electrical Poles With Sodium Lights & Transformer
19 Power Supply of 50hp
20 Inventory
Table 2: Equipments
Sr.
No. EQUIPMENT NO.
1 Hydraulic Excavator 1
2 Heavy Duty Loader 1
3 Medium Sized Loader 2
4 Tipper 1
5 Tractor 1
Total 6
Table 3: Abstract estimate of the processing machineries
Sl.No Particulars No
1 Apron feeder 1
2 Inclined Belt Conveyor 5
3 Rotary Screen - Without Centre Shaft 1
4 Collecting Conveyor 45 Inclined stacking conveyor 1
6 Rejects conveyor 4
7 Rotary Screen - With Centre Shaft 3
TOTAL 19
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3.3 Design and Construction Requirements for Transfer Station
3.3.1 Design of Transfer StationThe design of transfer station is based on a simple ramp model transfer station
with the facility for computerized weigh bridge and compactors. The design of
the transfer station is prepared in such a way that dumper placer machines and
small hopper vehicles can go over a ramp to a higher level and directly tip in a
large tipping truck of 27M3 capacity kept at a lower level so that multiple
handling of waste can be avoided and time also can be saved in transfer of wastefrom the city to the disposal site.
3.3.2 Direct transfer of waste from small vehicle to a large vehicle
It is proposed to have an office at each transfer station to maintain the records of
the waste brought by each vehicle and shifted to the treatment/disposal site.
It is also proposed to have a computerized weighbridge at each transfer station to
maintain up to date records of the waste received from various wards and the
quantity of waste brought by each vehicle.
3.3.3 Civil Work for Tar Road
Width of Road 17.00 M
Length of Road 348.00 M
3.4 Design and Construction Requirements for Workshop
3.4.1 Workshop Facility for Vehicle MaintenanceThe workshop is the backbone of solid waste management system. If fleet ofvehicles and equipment are not properly maintained, the solid waste
management services would suffer substantially. The Municipal Corporation
should therefore have an efficient workshop facility where all minor repairs and
maintenance could be carried out departmentally and major works could be
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Table 4: Details and costs of equipments and machinery proposed for up
gradation of workshop facility
S.
No.
Details Approx. Qty.
1 Repairing sheds (engine / road running rep. / auto
Electric / hydraulic / tyre mntc. etc.)
Lot
2 Washing / servicing ram with water tank of 10000 ltr. Capacity /
necessary structure & high pr. Water jet machine
One Unit
3 Maintenance equipments:
A Welding Machines 3 Phase. 02
B Vehicle Washing Machine (Nozzle type) 01C Battery Charger Machine ( 10 Batteries) 01
D Battery testing & other auto electric testing machine / equipment
E Misc. Smithy shop Machines Lot
F Lathe / Radial Drill / Hexo cutter Machines One Each
G Unit handling cranes. 3 Nos.
H Gear box, Differential mounting trolley. 4 o 5 No. 4to5 No.
I Overhead crane 2/3 ton capacity with structure One
J Engine cleaning machine One Unit
K Other misc. handy machines / tools like drill, grinder, cutter, riveter,
bench vice, etc.Lot
L Air compressor 3 No. (1. of approx. 5 HP for tyre room / 1 of 2 HP
for hydraulic repair room/ 1 of 2 HP for schedule checking / paint facility)
with required attachment of Air pr./ spray / greasing/ gauges etc.
Total 3
Units
M Tube vulcanizing machine & related facilitiesN Automatic tyre changer machine One
O Smoke testing machine (diesel) One
P Trolley jacks Hydraulic operated for vehicle lifting 10 /5/2 ton 3 Nos.
Capacity
4 Other necessary infrastructures & back up support facilities like
administration wing/ time recorder office / security office / data
maintenance office Fuel filling station etc. is also required
depending upon the work load & manpower strength.
Total
3 4 2 Regular/washing of containers and trucks
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Chapter 4 : Plant Technology and Operations
Efforts have been made worldwide to develop a unique Bio catalysis technology thattreats all types of organic waste and converts it into useful bio fuel products that shall
replace fossil based products. A multi-product and feedstock-flexible technology
platform helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contributes to a greener
economy. The proposed technology shall allow effective management of all kinds of
organic solid wastes and produce bio fuels as by-product.
4.1 Key stages of Waste to Biofuel Multi-Phase Process:
There are following key biological and chemical stages in treatment and
conversion of waste to biogas:
a. Hydrolysis
b. Acidogenesis
c. Acetogenesis
d. Methanogenesise. Aerobic enrichment
In most cases biomass is made up of large organic polymers. In order for
the bacteria in Bio digesters to access the energy potential of the material,
these chains must first be broken down into their smaller constituent parts.
These constituent parts or monomers such as sugars are readily available
by other bacteria. The process of breaking these chains and dissolving the
smaller molecules into solution is called hydrolysis. Therefore hydrolysisof these high molecular weight polymeric components is the necessary
first step in WTG1XG process. Through hydrolysis the complex organic
molecules are broken own into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids.
Acetate and hydrogen produced in the first stages can be used directly by
methanogens. Other molecules such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) with a
chain length that is greater than acetate must first be catabolised intocompounds that can be directly utilized by methanogens. The biological
process of acidogenesis is where there is further breakdown of the
remaining components by acidogenic (fermentative) bacteria. Here VFAs
are created along with ammonia, carbon dioxide as well as other by-
products The process of acidogenesis is similar to the way that milk
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of methanogenesis. Here methanogens utilize the intermediate products of
the preceding stages and convert them into methane, carbon dioxide and
water. It is these components that makes up the majority of the gas emitted
from the system. Methanogenesis is sensitive to both high and low pH andoccurs between pH 6.5 and pH 8. The remaining, non-digestable material
which the microbes cannot feed upon, along with any dead bacterial
remains constitutes the digestate. The digestate undergoes aerobic
enrichment and is converted to high quality soil conditioner.
A simplified generic chemical equation for the overall processes outlined
above is as follows:
C6H12O6 3CO2 + 3CH4
The process is set to change the dynamics of the waste management by
making waste (that would otherwise be rotting & creating foul smell) a
resource to generate cooking gas & rich garden manure using an odourless
process. By installing such a system the organization earns the satisfaction
of being a green organization.
4.2 Type of wastes treated (Waste to Biofuel Multi-Phase Process):
Solid Wastes:
All types of organic solid waste including cattle waste, poultry
waste, human waste
All types of agro waste including coffee/sugar/natural rubber/pulpetc
Dairy & food processing plant effluent
All kind of biological waste oils, trap grease and used cooking oil
Used flowers, leafs etc
Agro/Gardening waste including farm waste
Vegetable leftover & mandi waste
Non-vegetarian food/Slaughterhouse waste Sewage sludge, waste water
Office waste (including shredded paper)
Liquid Wastes
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4.3 Valuable Products (Waste to Biofuel Multi-Phase Process):
The principle goal of the project is to safely treat the waste with zero discharge.
However WTG1XG generate useful by-products as follows:
Bio-CNG/PNG/Cooking Gas-GCG is a premium gaseous enriched
biofuel consisting of high grade methane.GCG burns with a clean blue
flame and is an excellent replacement of Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) in
kitchens. The gas can be filled in cylinders & transported like LPG fuel.
Alternately, it can be used as a replacement of petrol in transportation
just like CNG. The complete equipment to enrich, compress & bottle the
gas is supplied with the main equipments.
Natural Soil-Conditioner-GNS is a premium soil conditioner
consisting of up to 30% stable & solid carbon. GNS has following
features and benefits:
GNSs presence in the soil improves microbial activities, nitrogen
fixation, water retention and soil fertility.
i. GNS is excellent manure for gardens & potted
plants. It is extensively used for landscaping purpose
around the globe.
ii. GNS can be effectively used for land restoration
and remediation.
iii. GNS has a potential to turn waste lands to
cultivable lands thus increasing land availability for
food production.
iv. GNS reduces soil emissions of GHG, leaching of
nutrients and soil acidity.
v. GNS when applied to soil can considerably reduce
irrigation and fertilizer requirements.
vi. GNS contains up to 30% solid carbon that shall
enhance soil organic carbon sequestration
contributing toward significant reduction inatmospheric GHG levels.
Due to its unique soil conditioning properties, GNS is in great demand
across the world. Production of GNS from the project can make the
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from all major taxes including excise-duty.
100% Environment friendly: The food waste is presently disposed off
via MSW route. This leads to natural degradation & production ofmethane that escapes to atmosphere. Methane is 21 times more lethal than
CO2. With the process, methane is captured & used as cooking gas as a
replacement of LPG.
100% safe waste disposal-ZERO% health risks: Food/organic waste
acts as a breeding ground for viruses, bacteria, mosquitoes etc. that are
responsible for most of the urban diseases. Safe processing of this waste
can now reduce rising menace of waste related health hazards.
100% aesthetic-ZERO% waste dumping yards: Smelly waste dumping
yards can now be transformed to Bio fuel production factories paving way
for decentralized waste processing.
100% Energy Independence-ZERO % crude mports: Converting
all kind of urban & rural waste to valuable bio fuels can createenergy independence for the country & reduce crude oil imports
considerably.
Help Govt. to combat global warming & earn carbon
credits: The biggest threat of present times is global
warming. Organizations can NOW play a constructive role in
helping the Govt. to combat global warming. Organizations also
generate additional revenue by converting waste to cooking gas &
enriched soil conditioner besides earning valuable carbon credits.
Towards sustainable energy sources: The process is designed to
mimic natural systems; hence it is a sustainable process with an
element of serving & repaying natures debts.
Project with a purpose: It is designed to achieve the purpose ofpromoting waste recycling, carbon-sequestration, energy
independence & sustainable development. An investment in the
project shows intent to serve mother earth as a socially responsible
organization.
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Chapter 5 : Market Competition and SWOT Analysis
5.1 Opportunity Abroad
According to a report by Credit Suisse, the total market size for solid waste
management in the US was $46.5 billion in 2007 and the industry comprised of
publicly owned corporations, privately held companies, and individual
municipalities handling their own respective waste was growing at 4.5%.
Collection of garbage brought in half of the industrys revenue, while around
29% came from disposal services with close to two-third of that coming from
landfills. Recycling, waste-to-energy plants and other methods of disposal
brought in about 12% of the total. These figures vary region-wise. Waste
management companies like Allied Waste Industries are listed on the New York
Stock Exchange. The industry has seen mergers and acquisition in the90s and
the period of consolidation is more or less over.
Salient Features:
Total market for solid waste management in 2005: $46.5 billion
Growth rate: 4.5%
Share of listed companies: 48% in 2005
Big players : Waste Management Inc, Allied Waste, and Republic Services
No of listed players in top 25: 14
Highlight: Waste Management Inc has 50,000 employees. The Texas
headquartered company posted revenues of $13.36 billion in 2006
5.2 Opportunity in IndiaSolid waste management is a relatively new concept in India, compared to the
west where it is a highly organized business. The typical business model involves
collection, transportation, segregation, treatment and disposal of waste. And there
is opportunity hidden in each step. So, while planning a business in wastemanagement, an entrepreneur may consider either offering end-to-end solution or
focusing on one segment.
Unfortunately, in most developing countries including India, waste management
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Table 1: Oppurtunity across the country
Taking Delhi as a sample, estimates show that collection of the 6,000 ton every
day alone could rake in Rs 365 Crore. Out of these 6,000 tons, 60% is organic
waste, 25% is recyclable material and 15% is inert. Making compost out of
biodegradables and selling it in the open market is another Rs 657 Crore
opportunity. Selling recyclables could fetch in another Rs 274 crore. This totals
to a whopping Rs 1,022 Crore every year, waiting to be tapped!
Table 2: Opportunity in Delhi
Opportunity space across the country
METROS tons / day; opportunity per year
Revenue from collection
Mumbai 5,800 tons
Bangalore 2,800 tons
Chennai 2,675 tons
Kolkata 4,000 tons
TOTAL 15,275 tons
Delhi solid waste generatedper day Delhi size of opportunity
6,000 tonsRs 1,022 Crore
Size of opportunity in Delhi +
Metros
Rs 3,624 Crore
OTHER BIG CITIES 12 Cities
Average solid waste generated per
day, per city
600 tons
Waste generated in next 12 big cities 7,200 tonsSize of opportunity in next 12 big
cities
Rs 1,226 Crore
Other cities 25 cities
Average solid waste generated
per day, per city
300 tons
Waste generated in next 25 cities 7,500 tons
Opportunity in next 25 cities Rs 1,278 Crore
Total size of opportunity in 42cities
Rs. 6128 Crore
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Ch t 6 M k ti d S l St t
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Chapter 6 : Marketing and Sales Strategy
The city of Dehradun being the capital of Uttarakhand, it is proposed to make a
beginning of turning the city into a binless city in a phased manner. We proposeto divide our marketing plan into 2 parts:
Revenue generation-
By advertising on waste collection trucks, bins, handcarts, uniforms of the
workers we hope to involve companies. By doing this we will promote the
companies name as well as earn profits.
Doing industry advertising for tie ups for selling of our products i.e.
compost, biogas, CNG.
We will also approach the local farmers association as well as associations
near Dehradun for selling of our product i.e. compost.
After doing the area analysis, we found that in Haridwar there are two
plants i.e. Siliguri and Bhilwara power plants where biogas is used in
abundance and we plan to sell our product (Biogas) to these plants at
affordable rates.
Creating Awareness and Brand Building-
To promote the efficiency of solid waste management, awareness
among the residents of Dehradun about the segregation of waste into
different categories ie biodegradables, inert materials, recyclables and
construction waste; and their usefulness is necessary. We can createthis awareness through
Advertisements on
i. Most heard radio channels
ii. Local news channels and other local channels
iii. Local newspapers like Dainik Jagaran and Amar Ujala
iv. Display through hoardings
Conduct campaigns in each society through active participation of the
people of the society itself on Solid Waste Management
Organizing shows and workshops in schools and college creating
CHAPTER 7 : Financials
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CHAPTER 7 : Financials
7.1 Balance Sheet
Particulars FY12
Assets
Cash and cash equivalents 9,940,589
Accounts receivable -
Inventory -
Portfolio investments -
Property, plant and equipment at cost -
Accumulated depreciation -
Property, plant and equipment net -
Total assets 9,940,589
Liabilities
Trade payables -
Interest payable -
Income taxes payable -
Long term debt -
Total liabilities 0
Shareholders Equity -
Share capital -
Retained earnings 9,940,589
Total shareholders equity -
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7.2 Profit and Loss Statement
Particulars FY12
Gross Sales 228,554,134
Excise Duty 0
Net Sales 228,554,134
Other Operating Income 0
Other Income 3,259,879
Total Income 231,814,014
Total Expenditure 125,224,299
PBIDT 106,589,715
Interest 0
PBDT 106,589,715
Depreciation 0
Tax 0
Fringe Benefit Tax 0
Deferred Tax 0
Reported Profit After Tax 106,589,715
Extra-ordinary Items 0
Adjusted Profit After Extra-ordinary item 106,589,715
7.3 Working Capital Requirements
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7.3 Working Capital Requirements
Receipts FY12
Sale of Biogas 1,595,632
Compost 135,629
User charges 82,881,352
Tipping FEE 0
Carbon Credit sale 3,259,879
Recycled waste sale 143,941,522
Total Receipts 231,814,014
Payments
Sanitation Worker's Salary 75,528,000
Supervisor Salary (Ward) 7,200,000
Sanitation Worker's Maintenance Cost 102,589
Vehicle Maintenance 7,519,505
Transportation Cost 17,442,908
Operation & Maintenance (Landfil) (300 *
50) 185,432
Plant Operation & Maintenance Cost 10,600,564
Other Expenses 6,645,300
Total payments 125,224,299
7.4 Cash Flow
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Heads FY12
Cash Flow from Operating Activities
Cash Reciept from Customers 231,814,014
Cash Expenses from Operating Activities 125,224,299
Cash Generated from Operating Activities 106,589,715
Income Tax paid 0
Net Cash Flow from Operating Activities 106,589,715
Cash Flow from Investing Activities
Sale of Capital Asset
Purchase of Capital Asset
Capital Gains
Net Cash Flow from Investing Activities 0
Cash Flow from Financing Activities
Proceeds from Issuance of Share Capital
Proceeds from Long-term Borrowings
Payment of Finance Lease Liabilities
Dividends paid *
Paid to Promotors -100,000,000
Net Cash Flow from Financing Activities -100,000,000
Cash and Cash Equivalents at Beginning of
Period 3,350,875
7.5 Financial Viability
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y
Capital Outflow -221,312,750
NPV 228,280,144
IRR 69%
Tax Rate 0.35
7.6 Sensitivity Analysis
a. Variation in Capital Cost
Capital Cost NPV@16% IRR
Capital Cost (Base Case) 228,280,144 68
Capital Cost (+5%) 239,345,781 66
Capital Cost (+10%) 250,411,419 63
Capital Cost (-5%) 206,148,869 71
Capital Cost (-10%) 217,214,506 74
b. Variation in Working Capital
Working Capital NPV@16% IRR
Working Capital (Base Case) 228,280,144 68
Working Capital (+5%) 228,613,236 70
Working Capital (+10%) 228,946,329 72
Working Capital (-5%) 227,947,051 66
Working Capital ( 10%) 227 613 958 64
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SCHEDULES
Project Site SCHEDULE 1
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Project Site SCHEDULE 1
(i) Transfer Station Site Map
(ii) Transfer Station Khasara Number
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( )
(iii) Landfill Site
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(iii) Landfill Site
(iv) Workshop Site Map
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( ) p p
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Capital Grant and Tipping Fees/ Royalty Fees SCHEDULE 2
2.1. Capital Grant
DNN shall pay the amount of Capital Grant to the Concessionaire oncompletion of following milestones herein referred to as the ProjectMilestone and as certified by the Project Engineer.
Sr.
No.
Project Milestone Time Elapsed
from the Date of
Signing of
Concession
Agreement
(in months)
Percentage of
Capital Grant to
be Released
a. On Signing of Concession
Agreement
Zero Month 10%
b. On 50% Completion ofConstruction Works in
accordance with the
Construction Requirements as
Certified by the Project
Engineer
Six Months 35%
c. On Completion of remaining
50% Construction Works inaccordance with the
Construction Requirements as
Certified by the Project
Engineer
Twelve Months 25%
d. On Procurement of Project
Vehicle
Eleven Months 15%
e. On Procurement of ProjectEquipment
Eleven Months 15%
2.2 Tipping Fee/ Royalty Fees
sites Composting, land filling, RDF plant etc on daily basis.
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d. Each and every vehicle used for transportation of waste would beweighed at appropriate weigh bridge to determine the gross weight. Thevehicle would again be weighed after emptying the content to arrive at netweight of waste transported.
e. The above activity would be carried out for each and every vehicle. Nopayment would be made to the Concessionaire if any quantity is not verifiedby Project Engineer.
f. The Project Engineer, DNN and the Concessionaire would reconcile therecords at the end of each month before arriving at final amount payable.
2.3 Project Facilities2.3.1 Civil Works
Sr No. Civil Works Quantity
Required
1. Asphalt/Concrete flooring under the bins185
2. Compost plant of 150 M.T. /day with compund
wall 1
3. Construction of Sanitary Landfill site of 50
MT/Day capacity alongwith Equipments1
4. Construction of Ramp Model Transfer station with
compactors and washing facility1
5. Shifting and Upgradation of Maintainence
Workshop for repair and maintenance of Vehicles 1
Technical Specifications of Project Equipments and
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Project VehiclesSCHEDULE 3
3.1 Project Equipments
Sr No. Project Equipments Quantity
Required
1. Two containers for storage of wast at source inseparate manner (Two container for Low income
groups and one for Low middle income groups)89021
2. Litter bins 500
3. 4 cubic metre green containers liftable by twin
bin lifter machine 203
4. 3 cubic metre black containers liftable by twin
bin lifter machine 203
3.2 Project Vehicles
Sr No. Project Vehicles Quantity
Required
1. Motorised pick up tipper vehicles for door to door
collection in 15 wards 35
2. Containerized tricycles for door to door collection of
waste from 45 wards 840
3. Dumper Placer Vehicles having twin bin lifting device
with hydraulic cylinders and high pressure 12
4. Front end Loaders 2
5. Large hauling vehicles for transporting
biodegradable waste and inert waste to
3.3 Project Equipments Technical Specifications
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3.3.1 POLYTHENE CONTAINERS 30 Ltr CAPACITY
Technical Specifications
ITEM : Polythene Containers
REQUIREMENT : Container to be used in wheel barrow for collection,
transportation and disposal of solid waste.
OVERALL SIZE *
*
Top size 325 325 mm
Bottom size 290 290 mm
Overall height 325 mm
Four holes on bottom having a 10 mm wide & 10 mm
deep.
Ribs on bottom side with 10 mm size should beprovided for easy handling.
Handle: 8 mm M.S. Bar with m.s. strip of 1.6 mm
thickness on both the sides of handle with heavy duty
suitable rivets.
Tolerance : +/- 3 mm except wall thickness. Thickness :
All side should be 3 mm thick (+/- 5%) Bottom 4 mmthick.
Embossment. : AMC 2" width on one side of the
container.
MATERIAL : LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYTHENE (virgin) WITH
U.V. STABILISED.
ONLY VERGIN POLYMERS TO BE USED FOR
THE MOULDING OF THE COMPONENT.
COLOUR : Light Green as per approval from the Head of Dept.
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3 3 2 POLYTHENE CONTAINERS FOR TRICYCLE
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3.3.2 POLYTHENE CONTAINERS FOR TRICYCLE
ITEM : Polythene Container
REQUIREMENT : Container to be used in wheel barrow for collection,
transportation and disposal of solid waste.
OVERALL SIZE *
*
Top size 325 325 mm Bottom
size 290 290 mm Overall
height 325 mm
Four holes on bottom having a 10 mm wide & 10 mm
deep.
Ribs on bottom side with 10 mm size should be provided
for ease of handling.
Handle: 8 mm M.S. Bar with M.S. strip of 1.6 mm thickness
on both the sides of handle with heavy duty suitable rivets.
Tolerance : +/- 3 mm except wall thickness. Thickness: All
side should be 3 mm thick (+/- 5%) Bottom 4 mm thick.
Embossment. : AMC 2" width on one side of the container.
Ribs of suitable design may be provided on the outer surface to
enhance the strength
MATERIAL : LINEAR LOW DENSITY POLYTHENE (VIRGIN) WITH U.V.
STABILISED.
ONLY VIRGIN POLYMERS TO BE USED FOR THE
MOULDING OF THE COMPONENT.
COLOUR : Light Green as per approval from the DNN or his
authorised representative.
3.4 5 CU.MT. SKIP CONTAINER
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5 CU.MT.CAPACITY GARBAGE CONTAINERS FOR SKIP LIFTER UNIT
A. All paneling (Side, Bottom etc.) of 5 mm thick M.S. plate.
B. There should be 2 No. longitudinal channels beneath the floor to strengthen
the floor of ISMC-125(125 x 65 MM).
C. There should be 2 No. cross members/ stiffeners along the length of the
container as per drawing with end to end. channel should be ISMC-125 (125
x 65 MM).
D. Container lifting hooks should be provided as shown in the drawing &
should be strong enough to handle the full loaded container.
E. Container locking hook should be fabricated from min 10mm thick
M.S. plate & pin should be of 35 mm.
F. Container outer side shall be colour with first quality paint as per our
instruction.
G. Container should be internally colour with Black anti Corrosive epoxy
paint only & bottom of container also to be colour with black anti
corrosive epoxy paint. prior painting 2 coats of primer/Red oxide shall
be applied as per the paint Mfg. Standard.
H. Colour must be of first class quality of nerolac/asian/berger/ J & N.
I. Logo should be painted by you as per our instruction.
If any suggestion/instruction given by head of dept. or has authorizedrepresentative during the inspection same shall be implemented by the
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p g p p yConcessionaire.
3.4.1 Design And Specifications Of Litter Bins Litter Bin Appx. 50 Ltr. Capacity
i. Drum should be fabricated from 20 g. CRC sheet. Corrugation as
shown in the drawing should be provided to strengthen the drum
ii. Vertical support frame should be from ISMC - 75406 mm
thick M.S. 'C' Channel.iii. Top curvature should be made from M.S. 'T' section of 403 mm
thick, and it should be joined properly with vertical frame support.
iv. Hinge pin should be of 16 mm and it should be fitted with drum
by proper riveting as per our instruction. & it should rotate in
vertical frame where extra support of 6 mm thick plate should be
provided.
v. A horizontal angle support from 35355 mm, should be
provided between two vertical support as shown in the
drawing.
vi At bottom of vertical support frame 6 mm thick round M S plate
vii. At bottom of Drum total 5 holes of 10 mm each should be provided
for drainage of water.
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viii. Cradle bi n sho uld be fixed by Concessionaire at locations provided by
DNN with required material & labour as per the instruction.
ix. Cradle bin should be colour as per our instruction Prior apply of colour
anti corrosive primer should be applied.
x. Inspection of Cradle bin will be carried out by authorised representative
of DNN, & during inspection if any rectification & / or modification
suggested by DNN the same shall be carried out by the Concessionaire.
3.4.2 Design And Specification Of 4 Cu.M Green And 3 Cu.M Black Containers
CU.MT. GARBAGE CONTAINER
i. The contractor SHALL fabricate container from 3 to 3.15 mm fresh MildSteel sheets with four top doors, and a lockable tailgate with heavy-duty
hinges as per below mentioned techinical specification and drawing.
Material shall be of STANDARD MAKE LIKETATA / SAIL / ESSAR etc.
ii. Technical Specifications :
a. Volumetric capacity of container: 3.0 cubic meters
b. Locking arrangement: On rear door.
iii. Dimensiona. Length (Top): 2200 mm
b. Width: 1400 mm
c. Overall Height: 1100 mm.
d L di H i ht 850
h. Top lids: 1.6 mm CRCA sheet with stopper, Handle and locking
arrangement and with 3 Nos. of heavy duty hinges on each lid.
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i. Rear door (Tail Gate): 2.5 mm CRCA sheet with 75 40 3mm
fabricated channel framing as shown in drawing.A lifting hook mechanism as shown with container and locking
mechanism should be provided. No garbage should come out during
transportation on locking of rear door. Rear door should be mounted on
heavy duty hinges. Party has to submit detail drawing along with tender for
approval.
iv. Painting:
The container should be painted inside with Epoxy paint with two
coatings. The outside surface shall be coated twice with primer and painted
with two coats of ICI / Asian / Nerolac / Burger make synthetic enamel
paint. Name, Logo, Numbers should be painted as directed by us.
General Engineering practice should be used in fabrication of the
container. Inspection of the container will be done by our authorised
representative & any suggestion / correction if suggested; same is to be
incorporated.
CU.MT. GARBAGE CONTAINER
i. The contractor SHALL fabricate container from 3 to 3.15 mm fresh
Mild Steel sheets with four top doors, and a lockable tailgate with
heavy-duty hinges as per below mentioned technical specification
and drawing. Material shall be of STANDARD MAKE LIKETATA/ SAIL / ESSAR etc.
ii. Technical Specifications
a. Volumetric capacity of container: 4.0 cubic meters.
b. Locking arrangement: On rear door.
iii. Dimension
a. Length (Top): 2500 mm
b. Width: 1400 mm
c. Overall Height: 1250 mm.
i. 9 Rear door (Tail Gate): 2.5 mm CRCA sheet with 75 40
3mm fabricated channel framing as shown in drawing.
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A lifting hook mechanism as shown with container and locking mechanism
should be provided. No garbage should come out during transportation onlocking of rear door. Rear door should be mounted on heavy duty hinges.
Party has to submit detail drawing along with tender for approval.
iv. Painting : The container should be painted inside with Epoxy paint withtwo coatings. The outside surface shall be coated twice with primer andpainted with two coats of ICI / Asian / Nerolac / Burger make synthetic
enamel paint. Name, Logo, Numbers should be painted as directed by us.General Engineering practice should be used in fabrication of the container.Inspection of the container will be done by our authorised representative &any suggestion / correction if suggested; same is to be incorporated.
3.5 Project Vehicles Technical Specifications3.5.1 Containerized Tricycle
Technical Description
The equipment shall be rugged and durable with 6 industrial use quality sturdy
plastic containers of about 50 liters each.
(a) Type : Tricycle with sturdy bar frame, with the rider to the front. Big hubs
with sealed bearings, two standard brakes and brake with lever reaching next
to the seat to lock vehicle in position. Axle capacity of minimum 400 Kg.
(b) Cart : Dimensions about 1.35 .710 0.45 m (1bh) to accommodate
6 bins, four at one level, made from sturdy tubular / angular frame. The rear
door on hinges, falling downwards with simple pin
arrangement for locking. the frame next to the rider raised to a hight of 0.6 m.
A closed hook of 16 mm rod for securing the tricycle.
(c) Containers : 6 Nos of bins per tricycle, rectangular in shape. Plastics,
industrial quality with necessary ribs and adequate thickness. 50 liters capacity
and adequate strength to handle 50 kg weight.
(f) Painting : Superior quality; anti corrosive primer such as Zinc
chromate etc., with painting each in two coats to ensure long lasting structure
it bl f f h dli f d i diti d
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suitable for use for handling raw refuse under corrosive conditions and
coastal climate. Color shade as per standard colors approved by the
purchaser and message on body as specified.
(g) Accessories : A bell in the front.
3.5.2 Design Specification for M.S.HAND CARTS SPECIFICATIONS:-
SR
NOMATERIAL SIZE DETAILS FOR NO QUANTITY
1 M.S.ANGLE 25X25X5 mm Top Frame ---- 332 CM
2 M.S.ANGLE 25X25X5 mm Bottom Frame ------ 330 CM
3 M.S.ANGLE 25X25X5 mm. Standing
support
4 100 CM.
4 M.S.ANGLE 25X25X5 mm. Bottom Framesect.
1+2 230 CM.
5 M.S.Tee 40x40x6 mm Banding wheel 2 314 CM.
6 M.S.Flat 40x6 mm Support wheel &hub
12 240 CM.
7 M.S.Flat 20x5mm For Axle Bracket 2 70 CM
8 M.S.Flat 20x5 mm Barrow SectionFlat
---- 710 CM
9 M.S.Square bar 25x25 mm Axle 1 100 CM
10 Round Headrivet
32x10 mm Riveting 2wheel
12 NO
11 Round Head 25x8 mm Riveting 2 12 NO
14 M.S.Washer 21x46mm-16GThick
Inside and out
side hub2 Side 4 NO
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15 Cotter Pin 6x50 mm Length To Joint 2 Side 2 NO
16 C.I.Hub Complete with axleHole 6 NO with
tuming etc..the
weight of each hub
3.5 K.G.
Each Side 2 Side 2 NO
17 HDPE Wheel 8"X3"X1" Red
Colour
Front side 1 Side 1 NO
18 Bearing SKF 6204 ZZ For wheels 2 Side 4 NO
19 Galvanise
Tube
20 mm B Grade For Handle ------- 66 CM
20 Black Anti
corrosive Paint
Barrow should be
painted with two
coats in side & outside
------- ---
21 M.S.Bush ID=21 mm wall
Thickness- 3 mm
For two sides of
the wheel
2 Side 2 NO
22 M.S.Angle 25x25x05 mm For Handle 2 NO 114 CM
23 M.S.FLAT 50X6 mm Front wheelClamp
1 NO
24 M..S.Pin with
washer 16 g.Pin-1" 5"Length
Washer ID 27 mm
OD 50 mm
For Front wheel
Fixing one side
pin
1NO
2NO
25 Cotter Pin 6x50 mm length Fixing pin other
side
1 NO
26 Hard Rubber
lining
40x3 mm Hard Rubber
lining should be
fixed on MS
2 nos.
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3.5.3 Design Specification For Skip Container And Lifter Hydraulic Skip LifterUnit
The equipment shall be mounted and integrated to the recommended truck
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The equipment shall be mounted and integrated to the recommended truck
chassis having EURO III ( BS- III ) norms & matching allrequirements of various govt. agencies / RTO rules/ norms & the
following technical specification as the minimum requirement.