Paedophilia, Paraphilias & the Psychology of the...
Transcript of Paedophilia, Paraphilias & the Psychology of the...
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Paedophilia, Paraphilias & the
Psychology of the Offender
Peter Collins
Ontario Provincial Police/ Centre for Addiction and Mental
Health & University of Toronto
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Paedophilia
• Problems with the accepted DSM
definition.
• DSM criteria are virtually ignored by most
practitioners and researchers (Marshall,
1997).
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American Psychological Assoc
• Paedophilia is a paraphilia in which sexual
acts or fantasies with prepubescent children
are persistently preferred method of
achieving sexual excitement.
• Sexual activity may consist of looking or
touching, but sometimes includes
intercourse, even with very young children.
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Paedophilia
• the target choice, for the paedophile, is a
prepubescent child.
• age at puberty for girls can range, on a
continuum, from 10 to 15.
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Paedophilia
• Hebephilia - adolescents
• Infantaphilia – under age 5
• nepiophilia – sexual interest in infants
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Paedophilia - DSM-IV
• sexually attracted to males.
• sexually attracted to females.
• sexually attracted to both.
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Paedophilia - DSM-IV
• exclusive type.
• nonexclusive type.
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“Paedophilia”
• Fantasising
• reading
• talking and listening
• watching and video taping
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“Paedophilia”
• using props or dolls
• social interaction on the internet.
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Child Molesters and Paedophiles
• Men who sexually abuse children are often
referred to as “pedophiles”, particularly in
the U.S.
• It is important to make the distinction
between child molesters who are not
paedophiles.
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Paedophilia & Child Cues
• The majority of men who preferred boys attracted to feminine features (Wilson & Cox, 1983)
• Child sexual abuse victims tended to be lighter and smaller then age-matched comparison children (Lang et al, 1988)
• Soft and smooth skin, a slim body, lack of body hair, appearance of genitals and appearance of buttocks (multiple studies).
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Child Molestation
• preferential.
• opportunistic, situational, surrogate.
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Situational Child Molesters –
Lanning, 1992
• Regressed
• Morally indiscriminate
• Sexually indiscriminate
• Inadequate
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Regressed Child Molester
• low self esteem and poor coping skills.
• substitutes child for preferred sex partner.
• selection may be due to availability.
• tend to use coercion.
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Morally Indiscriminate
• user of all people.
• motivation…”why not”.
• very opportunistic.
• lure, force, manipulate.
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Morally Indiscriminate
• most frequently overlooked.
• sexual abuse of children is part of a general
pattern of abuse in his life.
• frequently collects sadomasochistic adult
porn but can possess child porn.
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Sexually Indiscriminate
• most difficult to define.
• sexual experimentation.
• involved because it’s new and different.
• often collects a variety of pornography.
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Inadequate Molester
• loner, social misfit, withdrawn.
• motivated by insecurity and impulsivity.
• will offend against children or elderly.
• likely a collector of adult porn
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Paedophile
• non-cohabiting
• multiple victims.
• male victims.
• multiple paraphilias.
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Sex Travelers – Sullivan and
Gerrish (2004)
1. Opportunity instigation
• Taking advantage of a holiday
environment to abuse children.
2. Self-Contained Abuse
• Traveling abroad in the company of
intended child victims.
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Sex Travelers
3. Speculative exploring
• Traveling abroad to locations where
children are reported to be available for
sex.
4. Informed Networking
• Arranging, through others, to meet and
abuse children, at a specific location.
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Sex Travelers
5. Resident foreigner
• Abuse by foreign nationals resident in
countries where primarily due to poverty,
children are vulnerable to abuse.
6. Pseudo care-work abuse
• Abusing children met in the course of
voluntary, non-government organizations
or statutory work in a foreign country.
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Sex Travelers
• These typologies refer to behaviours rather
than to the perpetrator as some will engage
in more than offending typology.
Joe Sullivan (2004)
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Paedophiles and Abuse Images
• fuels their sexual fantasies.
• serves as a masturbatory aid.
• enhances their cognitive distortions –
“compliant” children, numbers on the
Internet.
• used as a trophy.
• used for blackmail.
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Paedophiles on the Internet
• send and receive child abuse images
• locate children to molest.
• engage in inappropriate sexual
communication with children.
• communicate with other paedophiles.
• obtain fetish items.
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Viewing and Offending
• 53% of a sample of child molesters used
pornographic material as planned
preparation for offending. (Marshall 1988)
• Molesters more likely to use pornography,
prior to offending, but could be satiated by
relieving the impulse to offend. (Carter et al
1997)
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Viewing and Offending
• Marshall (2000) suggested there is not a
causal link between viewing pornography &
sexually offending behaviour but it can
accelerate psychological processes,
enhancing cognitive distortions.
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Viewing & Offending
• Seto, Maric & Barbaree (2001) also felt that
the evidence for a causal link between
pornography use and sexual offending is
equivocal, and concluded that people who
are already predisposed to offended are
more likely to show an effect of
pornography exposure.
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Viewing and Offending
• Where there is a pre-disposition to offend,
pornography may exacerbate an offender.
(Seto 2001)
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Viewing & Offending
• Sullivan (2005) – within an Internet sample,
the number of offenders who committed
sexual offences was greater than that found
in the general population.
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Viewing & Offending
• Wolak, Finklehor & Mitchell (2005) study
of CP possessors arrested in Internet-related
crimes indicated that 40% of their sample
were “dual offenders” who sexually
victimized children and possessed child
pornography.
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Child Porn and Risk
• National Crime Squad of England and
Wales
• U.S. Postal Inspection
• Butner Study
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National Crime Squad
Project Ore
• 7272 suspects
• 4700 searches conducted
• 3744 arrests
• 2202 prosecuted
• Rescued 120 children.
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U.S. Postal Inspection – July
2009
• 3075 individuals arrested
• 968 had contact offences
• 1185 children rescued from abuse.
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Bourke and Hernandez (2009)
• 155 offenders in an 18 month voluntary
treatment program.
• At time of sentencing 115 (74%) had no
documented contact offences.
• 40 (26%) had known histories of contact
offences.
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Bourke and Hernandez (2009)
• The total number of victims, at sentencing
was 75, or 1.88 victims per offender.
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Bourke and Hernandez (2009)
• By the end of treatment 24 (15%) denied
contact offences and 131 subjects (85%)
admitted to at least 1 hands-on offence. An
increase of 59%.
• The number of reported victims, at the end
of treatment, was 1,777 for an average of
13.56 victims per offender.
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Bourke & Hernandez (2009)
High % of crossover:
• 70% had both paedophilic and hebephilic victims
• Apx. 40% had both male and female victims
• 68.7% had no prior conviction for a sex offence.
• 30.1% had participated in acts of bestiality.
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Diagnostic Indicator– Seto et al,
(2006)
Sample of 685 male patients:
• 100 Child Pornography Offenders – (57 had
no known sexual offenses against children
and 43 had one or more sexual offenses
against children.
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Diagnostic Indicator– Seto et al,
(2006)
• 178 Offenders Against Children - men who had no hx for CP but had hx of one or more sexual offences against victims under the age of 14.
• 191 General Sexology Patients –men who had no history of CP or sexual offences.
• 216 Sex Offenders Against Adults.
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Diagnostic Indicator– Seto et al,
(2006)
• Based on phallometric test scores the results
suggest that child pornography offending is
a stronger diagnostic indicator of
paedophilia than sexually offending against
child victims.
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Previous Abuse
• despite obvious motivation to distort the
facts, a disproportionate number of child
molesters experienced sexual abuse in their
childhood.
• anywhere from 0% to 67% reported being
victimised. Hanson & Slater (1988)
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Hindman (1988)
• “Pseudo-victimization” or “over-
victimization”
• After they were told they were going to be
subject to a polygraph test, the percentage
of those claiming sexual victimization
dropped from 67% to 29%.
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St-Yves and Pellerin (2003)
Vampire Syndrome vs. Pinocchio Syndrome
• Some offenders invent sexual victimization
scenarios or magnify or transform traumatic
events in their lives to excuse or justify the
crime.
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ETOH/Drugs
• abuse of or offence-facilitative use of an
intoxicant.
Langevin & Lang (1990) N 123
• 55.8% scored above the alcoholic cut-off on
the MAST.
• 17.8% had a drug abuse problem.
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Psychopathology
• fewer than 5% thought disordered
• psychopathy is not a common feature.
• inconsistent and contradictory results on
personality testing (MMPI and other tests).
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Grooming
• techniques designed to lower the inhibitions
of children in order to exploit them
sexually.
• prior to the internet the paedophile had to be
in close proximity with children and
actively interact with them.
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Grooming
• not direct evidence of molestation.
• some items, in possession of the molester,
may be collateral material but it is important
to present them to the trier of fact.
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Grooming
targeting stage
• many have a intuition as to who would be
more likely to be victimised.
• targets neglected, needy children many who
come troubled homes.
• can ‘groom’ parents as well.
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Grooming
non-sexual touching stage
• “accidental” touching.
• introduction of pornography.
• introduction of alcohol/drugs.
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Grooming
• gives the child gifts.
• “sleep overs”, trips.
• fulfils an emotional need or non-sexual
need of the victim.
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Grooming
Sexual Touching Stage
• sexually assaultive behaviour ranging on a continuum from touching to anal/vaginal intercourse.
Responsibility Stage
Parental Influence Stage
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Grooming Evidence
• cannot by itself convict the offender but
taken as a whole to explain the theory of the
case, it can explain the process used to
commit the crime.
• using an expert to explain behaviour is
acceptable.
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Paraphilias - DSM-IV TR
• recurrent, intense sexually arousing
fantasies, sexual urges or behaviours
generally involving:
1) nonhuman objects
2) the suffering or humiliation of oneself or
ones partner
3) children or other non-consenting persons
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Paraphilias
• A persistent sexual interest – reflected in
thoughts, urges, fantasies, sexual arousal, -
in a particular target or activity.
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Paraphilias
• Exhibitionism
• Fetishism
• Frotteurism
• Pedophilia
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Paraphilias
• Sexual Masochism
• Sexual Sadism
• Transvestic Fetishism
• Voyeurism
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Paraphilias
• telephone scatologia
• necrophilia
• toucherism
• partialism
• zoophilia (bestiality)
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Paraphilia
• coprophila
• urophilia
• klismiphilia
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Exhibitionism
• 17/55 subjects exposed to children.
• 57% of a sample British nurses exposed to
before age 16.
• 66 % of female college students exposed to
before age 16.
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Exhibitionism
• Incidence and prevalence unknown but felt
to be high.
• 44% of nurses in one study were exposed to
outside of work. (Gittleson, 1978)
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Exhibitionism
• Freund (1990) on 241 exhibitionists:
voyeurism - 32%
toucherism or frottage - 30%
rape - 15%
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Fetishism
• panties
• diapers
• bras
• pantyhose
• silk stockings
• slips
• rubber/plastic
• rubber raincoat
• galoshes
• wet suits
• leather clothing
• feathers
• catheters
• shoes/boots/sandals
• balloons
• jockstraps
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Fetish behaviour
• wearing
• looking at, fondling or
spanking someone
wearing
• fondling the item
• collecting hoarding
• lying on
• inserting up rectum
• rubbing up against
• sucking
• sleeping with
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Partialism
• feet/toes
• legs
• amputees
• hair
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Internet
• Increasing variety of goods and services
available to “fetters”.
• alt. sex forums
• females and males willing to sell worn
underwear.
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Voyeurism
• sexual arousal to viewing some form of
nudity or sexual activity.
• to be characterised as a sexual disorder the
victims have to be not aware of the viewer
and usually strangers.
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Voyeurism
• exclusive form of sexual activity.
• preferred but not obligatory.
• fantasies and urges became intense during
periods of stress and acting out is episodic.
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Voyeurism
• 50 % start before age of 15.
• 20 % of women have been victimised.
• hidden statistic - some of those arrested are
charged with trespassing or prowl by night.
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Voyeurism
• covert taping of women and children -
washrooms, change rooms, locker rooms.
• 20 % of rapists have engaged in voyeurism
- ? part of hunting pattern.
Bundy
Bernardo
Stoney Creek Rapist
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Voyeurism
Langevin et al (1985)
• of 45 men who admitted to peeping, 33 had
engaged in outdoor masturbation, 25 had
exhibited, 22 had engaged in frottage and
20 in toucherism
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Multiple paraphilias
Abel (1988)
• 411 paraphilics.
• 238,711 attempted sex offences.
• 218,000 completed sex offences.
• total number of victims - 138,137.
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Multiple paraphilias
• on average, each offender attempted 581
crimes, completed 533 crimes and had 336
victims.
• the average duration of deviant arousal was
12 years.
• the average paraphilic committed 44 crimes
a year since onset of offending.
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Multiple paraphilias
Abel et al (1990) - 561 paraphilics.
• 10.4% had only 1 diagnosis.
• 19.9% had 2
• 20.6% had 3
• 11.9% had 4
• 37.6% were concomitantly or non-
concomitantly into 5-10 different paraphilic
behaviours.
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Multiple paraphilias
Marshall and Barbaree
• 20% of paedophiles have associated
paraphilic behaviours.
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Assoiciated Paraphilias
• Sadism
• Hyperdominance/bondage
• “sleepy” sex
• Vampirism
• Cannibalism
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Cognitive Distortions
• rationalisations and justifications for
behaviour.
• offence facilitating thinking.
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Cognitive Distortions
• “ a child doesn’t tell anyone about having
sex with an adult because he or she really
enjoys it.”
• “an adult who fondles a child’s genitals is
not really sexually engaging the child, and
so no harm is being done.”
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Cognitive Distortions
• “when a child asks about sex, it means that
the child wants to see the adult’s genitals,
or to have sex with an older person.”
• “the relationship between the child and the
adult is enhanced by having sex.”
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Cognitive Distortions
• “ a child who does not physically resist
really wants sex.”
• “ having sex with a child is a good way to
teach a child about sex.”
• “society will someday condone sex with
children.”
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Cognitive Distortions
• “Looking at child pornography does not
harm children – I am not abusing them.”
• “It’s a victimless crime.”
• “If it was wrong why are there thousand
and thousands of guys out there collecting
and viewing these images.”
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Cognitive Distortions
• “I only look at the images…I don’t touch
kids.”
• “What’s worse…looking at pictures or
touching kids…I look, masturbate and then
I’m satisfied.”
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Neidigh & Krop (1992)
8 primary categories of cognitive distortions:
• She enjoyed it
• This won’t hurt her or effect her in any way
• This is not bad, not really wrong
• I was high on alcohol or drugs at the time
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Neidigh & Krop (1992)
• I wasn’t thinking at all or I wouldn’t have
done it.
• No one will ever find out so I won’t be
caught
• She is flirting with me so she wants me to
do it
• We love each other so that is ok.
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Pollock & Hashmill (1991)
250 paedophiles:
• 30% stated that the child consented to the
behaviour.
• 20% stated the child “made the first move”.
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NAMBLA
• Raises money through donations and selling
books.
On the website:
• mission statement.
• testimonials of children.
• news page.
• prisoner “pen-pal” program.
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NAMBLA
• “Consensual intergenerational experiences
of younger people are often quite positive
and beneficial for the participants regardless
of age.”
• “Non-consensual experiences, when the
wishes of the are disregarded, can be very
damaging.”
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Paedophile Organizations
• Americans for a Society Free from Age
Restrictions. (ASFAR)
• Paedophile Liberation Front (PLF)
• Male Homosexuals Attraction to Minors
Information Center (MHAMic)
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International Boy Love Day
• IBLD.net is not about "pedophilia" as
the word is misused and demonized
today.
• IBLD.net is about consensual sexually
expressed boyhood relationships with
older males.
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International Boy Love Day
• IBLD.net does not harbor or provide
links to boy erotica ("child
pornography").
• IBLD.net does not support or condone
molestation, predation, or other illegal
acts.
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Contact information
Peter Collins, CD, MCA, MD, FRCP(C)
705-329-6351 – direct line
705-329-6950 – Duty Officer