PACKAGE – II FEASIBILITY REPORT - NHAI Report...646/238 and deviates on RHS for bypassing Kottaram...

NATIONAL HIGHWAYS AUTHORITY OF INDIA(MINISTRY OF SHIPPING, ROAD TRANSPORT & HIGHWAYS)

G-5 & 6, SECTOR-10

DWARKA, NEW DELHI – 110 075

Consultancy Services for Feasibility Study and Detailed

Project Report for four / six Laning of Trivandrum to

Kanyakumari Section of NH-47 including Nagercoil to

Kavalkinaru Section of NH-47B in the States of

TamilNadu and Kerala under 10,000km (NHDP-III Phase)

Programme (Package No. NN/DL/12)

SECON PRIVATE LIMITED

#147, 7B Road,EPIP, Whitefield,

Bangalore – 560 066

PACKAGE – II

(KM 43.000 TO KM 96.714 OF NH 47 &

KM 00.000 TO KM 16.376 OF NH 47B)

FEASIBILITY REPORT

Design Consultancy for Upgradation of NH 47 Feasibility Report From Thiruvananthapuram to Kanyakumari and Package - II NH 47B From Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru

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LIST OF CONTENTS

1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY....................................................................................................1

1.1 Project Background.............................................................................................................1

1.2 Stage Construction .............................................................................................................2

1.3 Socio-Economic Profile.......................................................................................................3

1.4 Alignment and Engineering ................................................................................................3

1.5 Geometrics..........................................................................................................................4

1.6 Service Roads.....................................................................................................................4

1.7 Drainage..............................................................................................................................4

1.8 Cross Drainage Structures .................................................................................................4

1.9 Pavement Design................................................................................................................5

1.10 At-Grade and Grade Separated Intersections....................................................................6

1.11 Project Facilities..................................................................................................................6

2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND ...............................................................................................7

2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................7

2.2 Slope protection by RE wall and Soil Nailing .....................................................................8

2.3 Demography........................................................................................................................8

2.3.1 Tamil Nadu State Profile.................................................................................................8 2.3.2 State Economy of Tamil Nadu......................................................................................10 2.3.3 Kanyakumari District Profile .........................................................................................17

2.4 Social Analysis of the Project ...........................................................................................20

2.4.1 Employment and Poverty Alleviation............................................................................20 2.4.2 Agriculture and Rural Social Classes ...........................................................................21 2.4.3 Industry, Trade, Commerce and Other Services .........................................................21 2.4.4 Literacy, Health and Human Resource Development..................................................21 2.4.5 Gender ..........................................................................................................................21 2.4.6 Scheduled Castes.........................................................................................................21

2.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................22

3.0 SUMMARY OF SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS ........................................................23

3.1 Topographical and Cadastral Surveys .............................................................................23

3.1.1 Topographical Survey...................................................................................................23 3.1.2 Methodology for Topographical Survey........................................................................23

3.2 Cadastral Survey ..............................................................................................................24

3.3 Investigation Data .............................................................................................................24

3.3.1 Inventory for Structures ................................................................................................24 3.3.2 Benkelman Beam Deflection Survey............................................................................24 3.3.3 Bump Integrator Test ....................................................................................................24 3.3.4 Existing Soil Strata upto 2m below Ground Level........................................................25 3.3.5 Borelog details ..............................................................................................................25

4.0 TRAFFIC STUDY AND ANALYSIS.................................................................................26

4.1 Traffic Surveys ..................................................................................................................26

4.1.1 General .........................................................................................................................26 4.1.2 Motorised Traffic ...........................................................................................................26 4.1.3 Non-Motorised Traffic ...................................................................................................27

4.2 Traffic surveys on NH 47 and NH 47B .............................................................................27

4.2.1 Classified Traffic Volume Counts .................................................................................27 4.2.2 Classified Turning Movement Surveys.........................................................................27


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4.2.3 O-D Survey and Commodity Movement Survey ..........................................................27 4.2.4 Axle Load Surveys........................................................................................................28 4.2.5 Pedestrian / Cattle Surveys ..........................................................................................28 4.2.6 Speed and Delay (Travel Time) Surveys .....................................................................28 4.2.7 Willingness to Pay Surveys ..........................................................................................28

4.3 Traffic Analysis..................................................................................................................28

4.3.1 Historical Traffic ............................................................................................................28 4.3.2 Seasonal Variation........................................................................................................29 4.3.3 Present Traffic Conditions ............................................................................................29 4.3.4 Traffic Flow along the Project Road .............................................................................30 4.3.5 Travel Pattern ...............................................................................................................32 4.3.6 Axle Load Spectrum .....................................................................................................32 4.3.7 Turning Movement Survey............................................................................................32 4.3.8 Cross Pedestrian Traffic ...............................................................................................33 4.3.9 Travel Time Analysis ....................................................................................................33 4.3.10 Willingness to Pay (WTP) Toll ......................................................................................33 4.3.11 Accident Studies for NH 47 Section .............................................................................33

4.4 Traffic Projections for NH 47 ............................................................................................34

4.4.1 Economic Profile - Project Influence Area....................................................................34 4.4.2 Kerala............................................................................................................................34 4.4.3 Tamil Nadu....................................................................................................................35

4.5 Economic Forecasts .........................................................................................................36

4.5.1 Elasticity of Traffic Demand..........................................................................................36 4.5.2 Economic Growth Rate.................................................................................................37 4.5.3 Traffic Growth Rates.....................................................................................................37 4.5.4 Traffic Forecast .............................................................................................................38 4.5.5 Traffic Capacity Analysis ..............................................................................................38 4.5.6 Traffic Forecast for Intersection....................................................................................39

5.0 ALIGNMENT AND ENGINEERING.................................................................................40

5.1 Project Description............................................................................................................40

5.1.1 General .........................................................................................................................40 5.1.2 Location and Terrain Conditions...................................................................................40

5.2 Proposed Alignment .........................................................................................................40

5.2.1 Proposed Alignment for NH 47 Section........................................................................40 5.2.2 Proposed Alignment for NH 47B Section .....................................................................41

5.3 Geometrics........................................................................................................................43

5.4 Structure Design ...............................................................................................................44

5.5 Design Parameters ...........................................................................................................44

5.5.1 Design Standards .........................................................................................................44 5.5.2 Design Loads ................................................................................................................45 5.5.3 Materials........................................................................................................................45 5.5.4 Bearing..........................................................................................................................46 5.5.5 Expansion Joints...........................................................................................................46 5.5.6 Wearing Coat ................................................................................................................46 5.5.7 Approach.......................................................................................................................46 5.5.8 Structure........................................................................................................................46

5.6 Proposed Structures .........................................................................................................46

6.0 SUBGRADE INVESTIGATION FOR PAVEMENT..........................................................53

6.1 General .............................................................................................................................53

6.2 Test Pitting ........................................................................................................................53


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6.3 Planning and Implementation of Test Programme...........................................................53

6.4 Analysis of Test Results ...................................................................................................53

6.5 Implications for pavement designs ...................................................................................53

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN..................54

7.1 Project Area ......................................................................................................................54

7.2 Objectives .........................................................................................................................54

7.3 Major Negative Impacts and their Mitigation ....................................................................54

7.4 Significant Findings...........................................................................................................54

8.0 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN..................................................................................57

8.1 Description of Project........................................................................................................57

8.2 Objectives .........................................................................................................................57

8.3 Socio Economic and Census Surveys .............................................................................57

8.4 Project Affected Persons (PAPs)......................................................................................58

8.5 Category of Project Affected Families ..............................................................................58

8.6 Affected Structures By type ..............................................................................................59

8.7 Loss of Land (Private and Government) ..........................................................................59

8.8 Community Infrastructure and Assets ..............................................................................59

8.9 Resettlement Principles ....................................................................................................60

8.10 Consultation and Disclosures ...........................................................................................60

8.11 Institutional Mechanism and Grievance Redressal..........................................................60

8.12 Monitoring and Evaluation ................................................................................................60


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LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Details of the Construction Packages ...........................................................................1 Table 1.2: Locations of Service Road ............................................................................................4 Table 1.3: List of cross drainage structures ...................................................................................4 Table 1.4: Pavement Layer Thickness for Main Carriageway .......................................................5 Table 1.5: Pavement Layer Thickness for Service Road...............................................................5 Table 1.6: List of Junctions.............................................................................................................6 Table 2.1: Widths of Cross Sectional Elements .............................................................................8 Table 2.2: Populations by Age Groups – (Projected).....................................................................8 Table 2.3: Population by Religion...................................................................................................9 Table 2.4: Population Projection- Tamil Nadu................................................................................9 Table 2.5: Population of Tamil Nadu – Decennial Growth...........................................................10 Table 2.6: Net State Domestic Product*.......................................................................................11 Table 2.7: Land Utilisation ............................................................................................................12 Table 2.8: Per-Capita Consumption of Electricity ........................................................................13 Table 2.9: Production of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in Tamil Nadu............................................13 Table 2.10: Time Series Data - Transport Development in Tamil Nadu......................................14 Table 2.11: Railways in Tamil Nadu – 2002-2003 .......................................................................15 Table 2.12: Port Development Vessels Entered and Cargo Handled – 2002-2003....................15 Table 2.13: Performance of all State Transport Undertakings in Tamil Nadu.............................16 Table 2.14: Select Indicators of Performance of State Transport Corporations 2002-2003.......16 Table 4.1: Traffic Volume Count Location....................................................................................27 Table 4.2: Turning Movement Traffic Volume Count Locations ..................................................27 Table 4.3: Origin-Destination Survey Locations...........................................................................27 Table 4.4: Willingness to Pay Survey Locations ..........................................................................28 Table 4.5(a): Vehicle registration data for Kanyakumari District. ................................................28 Table 4.5(b): Vehicle registration data for Tamil Nadu State.......................................................29 Table 4.6: PCU Values Adopted...................................................................................................29 Table 4.7: Present Traffic Count Result .......................................................................................30 Table 4.8: Average Compositions of Vehicles at each Location .................................................31 Table 4.9: Directional Split (in percentages) ................................................................................31 Table 4.10: VDF for Different Category of Vehicles.....................................................................32 Table 4.11: Present Peak Hour Traffic Flow ................................................................................33 Table 4.12(a): Accident Data for Kanyakumari District for NH 47 Section..................................34 Table 4.12(b): Accident Data for NH 47 B Section ......................................................................34 Table 4.13: Growth of Population, Kerala and India: 1971-2001 (in Millions) .............................34 Table 4.14: Growth Rate of Urban Population in Kerala, 1981-1991 ..........................................35 Table 4.15: Growths in NSDP and Per Capita Income in Kerala State.......................................35 Table 4.16: Growths in NSDP and Per Capita Income in Tamil Nadu State...............................36 Table 4.17: Elasticity values .........................................................................................................37 Table 4.18 (a): Estimated traffic growth rates for Low Scenario..................................................37 Table 4.18 (b): Estimated traffic growth rates for Medium Scenario ...........................................37 Table 4.18 (c): Estimated traffic growth rates for High Scenario .................................................38 Table 4.19: Future Projected Volume for existing Road Based on Medium Growth rates .........38 Table 4.20: Projected Volume for the existing Road Based on the 5% growth...........................38 Table 4.21(a): Volume-Capacity Ratio (Existing Road) ...............................................................39 Table 4.21(b): Volume-Capacity Ratio (New Road).....................................................................39 Table 4.22: Projected Traffic at Intersections by Medium Growth Rates ....................................39 Table 5.1: Proposed Road Widening or Alignment Details..........................................................43 Table 5.2: List of New Major Bridges ...........................................................................................46 Table 5.3: List of New Minor Bridges ...........................................................................................47 Table 5.4: List of Box Culverts Proposed for New Construction..................................................48 Table 5.5: List of Pipe Culverts Proposed for New Construction.................................................49 Table 5.6: List of Culverts Proposed for Widening.......................................................................51 Table 5.7: Details of Underpasses/Overpasses...........................................................................51


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Table 5.8: Details of Proposed ROBs ..........................................................................................52 Table 6.1: Sub-Soil Stratification upto Excavated Depth .............................................................53 Table 7.1: Negative Impacts and their Mitigation Measures........................................................54 Table 7.2: ‘Hot Spots’ identified during Environmental / Social Screening Analysis...................55 Table 8.1: Project Affected Families & Persons In Terms of Project Impact..............................58 Table 8.2: Category of Project Affected Families in Terms of Project Impacts ...........................58 Table 8.3: Details of Structures ....................................................................................................59 Table 8.4: Land Acquisition within Project ROW .........................................................................59 Table 8.5: Details of Community Structures, Assets and Religious structures ...........................59


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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1.1 Project Background

The existing NH 47 from Thiruvananthapuram to Kanyakumari is 2-Lane carriageway and presently the traffic on this road is much more than the capacity. Most of the road length has continuous built-up area very close to the road. The existing NH 47B from Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru is also 2-Lane carriageway. Geometrics of both the road sections are not up to the standards as per IRC for National Highways. In order to decongest the existing NH 47 within Thiruvananthapuram city, bypass for a length of 22.6km has already been constructed. Beyond the city limits, widening of the existing NH was investigated in detail, but ruled out due to large-scale demolition involved. Hence, it was decided to adopt a new alignment for about 95% of road length except existing Thiruvananthapuram Bypass. The project road starts at Kazhakkottam, about 10 km North of Thiruvananthapuram city, on existing NH 47 (km 552/00) which is reckoned as km 00/000 for the project. The road further continues on the existing Thiruvananthapuram Bypass up to km 22/600 and traverses through cross country crossing Kerala/Tamilnadu Border at Karode village at design Chainage of km 43/000. It is aligned cross country in Tamilnadu state and rejoins the existing NH 47 at km 626/100 (existing chainage) and again deviates at 627/000 (existing chainage) bypassing Chungankadai, Nagercoil and Suchindram rejoining the existing NH 47 at km 642/800. From km 642/800 it follows the existing road up to km 646/238 and deviates on RHS for bypassing Kottaram built-up area and joins NH 7 at Kanyakumari Bypass (km 231/653 of NH7). NH 47B from Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru where it joins NH 7 has been provided with a new alignment except for an initial length of 600m. It starts near the junction of Nagercoil Bypass (km 82/181 of NH 47) and existing NH 47B. M/s. SECON Pvt. Ltd has been entrusted for preparation of Detailed Project Report for both stretches as a combined project.

The above mentioned project road has been divided into two construction packages based on the state boundaries. The details of the packages are given in Table 1.1 below.

Table 1.1: Details of the Construction Packages

Sl. No

Package Chainage Length

(km) Remarks

1.

Package I km 0/000 to Km 43/000 of NH 47 (Kazhakkoottam to Kerala/Tamilnadu Border)

43.00

Includes existing Thiruvananthapuram Bypass (length 22.60 km) from Kazhakkoottam to Kovalam

2.

Package II (km 43/000 to km 96/714 of NH 47, from Kerala/Tamilnadu Border to Kanyakumari )and km 0/000 to km 16/376 of NH 47B from Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru)

70.36 Includes 4.0 km of existing NH 47

Total Length 113.36

Present Report is pertaining to the Package II i.e. from Kerala/Tamilnadu Border to Kanyakumari of NH 47 and Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru of NH 47B. The scope of the project is to conduct feasibility study 4/6 laning of NH 47 and NH 47B.


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1.2 Stage Construction

The project is proposed to be constructed in 2 Stages. Details are given below

(i) Stage-I: Sl. No

Item Scope of Work / Cross Sections

1 Strengthening of existing Two-Lane road

Along the existing road (Centre Line / FRLs as per existing road). The strengthening is to be designed as per site requirements based on IRC Guidelines. The Cross Section is same as existing.

2 Construction of new Two-lane road

Along the new alignment by keeping the Centre Line at 6 m left of Centre Line of ROW / FRLs as per new 4 lane road with or without service road, which is to be developed in Stage-II with the following salient features of Cross Section to be designed as per 4 lane divided carriageway: (i) Carriageway – 7m, Paved Shoulder - 1.50

m (on both sides) & Earthen Shoulder 1.50 m (on both sides). RCC lined(1.0 m inside width) /earthen/other type of drain (on both sides) of minimum 1.0m shall be provided

(ii) Reinforced Earth wall / RCC Retaining Wall/RCC Dwarf wall shall be provided in high fill reaches.

(iii) Cut slope stabilization with soil nailing shall be provided in high cut reaches.

3 Strengthening of existing Two-Lane road and widening to Four-Lane where the proposed alignment merges with the existing NH 47 with or without service roads

Along the existing alignment, the cross section shall be developed with or without service road. RCC lined/drain of 1.0 m (inside width) shall be provided on both sides of carriageway and on road boundary side of service road.

(ii) Stage-II:

Sl. No

Item Scope of Work / Cross Sections

1 Construction of new Four-lane road in 65.9 km

The new Two-Lane developed in Stage-I shall be widened to Four-lane with or without service road. RCC lined / earthen/other type of drain of 1.0m (inside width) shall be provided. Reinforced Earth wall / RCC Retaining Wall/RCC Dwarf Wall and Cut slope stabilization with soil nailing shall be provided at the locations where these are provided for Two-lane with paved shoulders in Stage-I.

The present report is pertaining to the provisions in Stage-II.

(Note: All the chainages mentioned hereafter in the report refer to Design project chainages, unless otherwise mentioned.)


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1.3 Socio-Economic Profile

The project road passes through Kanyakumari District of Tamil Nadu state for the entire length. Kanyakumari is one of the smallest districts in Tamil Nadu having an area of 1685 sq km. The district is bounded by Tirunelveli in the northeast, Kerala in the northwest and confluence of Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean in the west and south. The length of coastal line is 58 km. Soil is mostly red earth and gravel. The rainfall is moderate and climate is pleasant. Main crops raised in this district are paddy, banana and coconut and rubber to certain extent. Fishing industry is well developed in the district and around 50000 people are engaged in fishing. Population is 16, 76,034 as per the latest censes. The study region is located in the southeast part of Tamil Nadu state. Sample survey was done by way of questionnaire to get feedback of local people and also field test conducted on Air, Soil, water and sound to study the impact on environment. Further survey was conducted to identify building structures, religious places, and other features within the road width. The project corridor has mixed rural and urban populations. The major settlements that come in these sections are Kuzhithurai, Marthandam, Swamiyarmadam, Thakkalai, Parvathipuram, Nagercoil, Suchindram, Kottaram, Kanyakumari on NH 47 and Vadassery, Vellamadam, Viswasapuram, Tovala and Arulvoimozhi on NH 47B. General impact of this project is that it will affect shops, houses, schools, agricultural land, which is coming within the ROW. But it will not affect any historical monuments and forest land. The above issues can be sorted out by mitigative measures and co operations of PAPs.

1.4 Alignment and Engineering

The proposed alignment for Package-I will end at Karode village near Kerala / Tamil Nadu border. Further, the alignment of Package II follows a cross country alignment bypassing the built up areas of existing highway for the rest of NH 47 section till it bypasses the Nagercoil town. The new alignment utilizes the existing road partially and connects NH 47 with NH7 at two points viz. Kanyakumari and Kavalkinaru with bifurcation near Nagercoil.

Package-II comprises of NH 47 from Kerala Border (km 43/000) to Kanyakumari Bypass of NH 7 after Kottaram bypass, and NH 47B from Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru. Right of Way (ROW) is kept as 60m generally in the entire stretch. However, extra land is required for junction improvements, high embankments etc. depending on site conditions.

Though the terrain is termed as rolling, most of the alignment passes through hillocks and deep valleys especially in the cross – country portion from km 43/000 to km 71/250 (existing km 626/100). The alignment crosses Thiruvananthapuram-Kanyakumari railway line at Pallyadi km 58.445. From km 71/250 (existing km 626/100) to km71/700 (existing km-627/000) the existing NH 47 alignment is utilized. Thereafter the alignment deviates from the existing NH 47 towards left side of Chungankadai, Nagercoil and Suchindram built up area and cuts across NH 47B at km-82/181 and rejoins the existing NH 47 at km 88/600(existing km 642/800). From km 88/600 the alignment follows existing NH 47 up to km 92/150 (existing km 646/238) where Kottaram built up area starts and alignment deviates on RHS of existing road bypassing Kottaram village and joins the proposed NH 7 bypass for Kanyakumari immediately after Kottaram village at km 231/653 of NH 7 at chainage of km 96/714 of NH 47. The alignment crosses Nagercoil - Tirunelveli railway line at km-83/495 (Railway Chainage km 292/700).


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The proposed alignment of NH 47B utilizes small length of 600m of existing NH 47B and further it is proposed to bypass the heavily builtup areas of Thovalai, Vishwasapuram and Arulvaimozhi to follow a cross-country alignment. The route crosses Nagercoil-Thirunelveli railway line and joins NH-7 at Kavalkinaru. Ruling gradients as applicable to plain and rolling terrain is provided in the design of vertical alignment.

1.5 Geometrics

Beyond km 43/000 the proposal alignment involves new construction of four-lane highway. As per the design adopted, design speed of 100 km per hour is considered for geometric designs. Minimum radius of horizontal curves provided is 400 m. The minimum radius has been provided at very few locations and in general considerably larger radii are adopted in order to achieve a smooth and safe road alignment. However, in the initial stretches of NH47B, horizontal radius of 200 m has been provided to adhere to the existing alignment. Maximum super elevation of 7% and maximum gradient of 3.3% is provided.

1.6 Service Roads

Service Roads have been provided at the following locations Table 1.2: Locations of Service Road

Design Chainage (km) S. No. From To

Length (km)

Width (m)

Side

For NH 47 from km 43.000 to km 96.714 1. 43.800 46.450 2.650 5.500 Left & Right 2. 47.200 47.900 0.700 5.500 Left & Right

3. 49.150 49.750 0.600 5.500 Left & Right 4. 51.820 52.570 0.750 5.500 Left & Right


Equation: Revised chainage km 75/293.99 = Design chainage km 75/315.34

7. 75.315 75.600 0.285 5.500 Left & Right Equation: Revised chainage km 82/580.76 = Design chainage km

82/550.00


1.7 Drainage

The drain along the road where the existing road has been used does not have proper maintenance due to which most of these are observed to be in non operational condition. Since the poor drainage system causes the road damage, adequate provision for drainage of surface water is made by providing proper roadside drains with required longitudinal slope.

1.8 Cross Drainage Structures

Condition of the structures of the road portion where it is being utilized for widening and the new cross drainage structures requirements have been carefully studied and proposed accordingly for the project roads. The details of the proposed cross drainage structures are given in Table 1.3 below.

Table 1.3: List of cross drainage structures


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Sl. No.

Type of Structures Existing Structures to be Widened or Reconstructed

New Structures proposed

1 Major Bridges - 01

2 Minor Bridges - 25 3 Box Culverts 8 56 4 Pipe Culverts 7 70

1.9 Pavement Design

Main Carriageway For the proposed alignment, a flexible pavement has been proposed for entire section based on the commercial vehicles on the road section. Average Commercial Vehicles per day = 1478CVPD Expected Traffic on New Alignment = 65% of CVPD Design Period = 15 years. Sub-Grade CBR = 8%. Vehicle Damage Factor = 4.5 Lane Distribution Factor = 0.75 Traffic Movement in each direction = 50% Traffic Growth per annum = 7% Design Traffic loading for 15 years = 19 msa From Plate 2 of IRC: 37-2001, for CBR of 8% the following pavement thickness has been arrived and is presented in Table 1.4 below.

Table 1.4: Pavement Layer Thickness for Main Carriageway

Sl. No. Type of Layer Layer Thickness (mm)

1 Bituminous Concrete (BC) 40

2 Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) 85

3 Wet-Mix Macadam (WMM) 250

4 Granular Sub-Base (GSB) 200

5 Total 575

The overlay has not been considered separately as only very small length of existing road is being utilised in this package. Hence the same new pavement design has been proposed at such locations. Service Road For the service roads, traffic loading of 5msa is adopted and the pavement design has been arrived from Plate 1 of IRC: 37-2001 for CBR of 8% as presented in Table 1.5 below. Table 1.5: Pavement Layer Thickness for Service Road

Sl. No.

Type of Layer Layer Thickness (mm)

1 Semi-Dense Bituminous Concrete (SDBC) 25

2 Dense Bituminous Macadam (DBM) 50

3 Wet-Mix Macadam (WMM) 250

4 Granular Sub-Base (GSB) 150

Total 475


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1.10 At-Grade and Grade Separated Intersections

The details of at grade and grade separated intersections for the entire stretch has been summarised in Table 1.6 below. Table 1.6: List of Junctions

Sl. No

Description Nos.

1 Major Junctions 19 2 Minor Junctions 18

3 Vehicular Underpasses 05 4 Vehicular Overpasses 02

5 Pedestrian Underpasses 05 6 ROBs 03

1.11 Project Facilities

For the convenience of the passengers bus bays with bus shelters have been provided at 27 locations including both directions on main carriageway and bus shelters have been provided at 17 locations including both directions on service roads.


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2.0 PROJECT BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction

National Highways Authority of India (NHAI) has taken up the development of National Highways under the Golden Quadrilateral (GQ) and North-South/East-West (NSEW) Corridor projects under National Highway Development Project (NHDP) Scheme Phase I and II. Also NHAI has been entrusted with development of 10000 km of selected stretches of National Highways under NHDP Phase-III. Since the State Capital of Kerala is not connected either by the GQ or NSEW corridors, the present project of

connecting Thiruvananthapuram with NH 7 is included in the NHDP Phase-III Programme. The original scope of the consultancy is to prepare feasibility study to establish the technical, economical and financial viability of the project and prepare detailed project report for the re-habilitation and upgrading or providing alternate alignment for the existing 2-lane National Highway NH 47 to 4 lane divided carriageway. Further, preparation of the Detailed Project Report (DPR) for developing NH 47B from Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru to 4-lane divided carriageway configuration was taken up as an addition to the original scope of the project under instructions from NHAI.

The entire stretch of the project road is divided into two packages. This report pertains to Package-II, which contains the Tamilnadu portion of the road. The proposed road will follow a new alignment on the western side of existing NH 47, thus bypassing the heavily built up areas of Kuzhithurai, Marthandam, Takkalai etc and join NH 47 at km 626/100 (Design chainage km 71/250). Thereafter the existing road will be widened upto km km 627/000 (Design Chainage km 71/700).

The alignment will again deviate to the left bypassing the built up areas such as Chungankadai, Nagercoil and Suchindram and join NH47 again at km 642/800 (Design Chainage km 88/600). From km 88/600 to km 92/150 the existing road will be widened. At km 92/150 the alignment deviates to the right side bypassing Kottaram village and terminates at the proposed NH 7 bypass for Kanyakumari at km 231/643. As decided by the Competent Authority, the stretch from crossing point of Kanyakumari Byapass to Vivekanadapuaram Junction i.e. up to km 653/000 (approximately 2.2km) is not proposed for widening as the proposed bypass will serve the purpose for the traffic leading or going out from Kanyakumari to Nagercoil side. The alignment generally runs from rolling to plain in nature. However in the initial portion i.e. from km 43/000 to km 66/000 the terrain is little undulating and rolling. The alignment of NH 47-B starts just before the junction of NH 47 with NH 47B on the proposed Nagercoil bypass i.e. at Ozhukanassery (km 82/181 of NH 47) in Kanyakumari District and terminates at km 211/6 of NH 7, at Kavalkinaru in Tirunelvali District. The total length of the project road is 16/376km. This is aligned through less built up areas avoiding religious structures, tanks etc. 60 m Right of Way (ROW) is proposed keeping the future expansion of project road in mind. The new 4-lane highway will be aligned through the centre of the acquired land, and will be improved to 6-lane carriageway later as and when increase in traffic warrants. Possibility of widening of existing NH 47B was explored in detail. Due to ribbon development on either side of existing road additional Land Acquisition is very difficult and costly, and will involve huge Resettlement and Rehabilitation. Therefore a new alignment has been proposed for the entire road, in which only a short length of 0.6km of the existing road will be widened and the remaining 15.8km is to be newly constructed, bypassing Viswasapura, Thovalai, Vellaimadam, MGR Nagar, etc. The alignment generally runs through plain terrain. A number of wind mills belonging to private companies are located between km 11/000 and km 15/000. The alignment is


SECON 8

taken in such a way that there is no disturbance to the wind mills and also without affecting, settlements.

The details of the proposed Typical Cross Section Elements are furnished in Table below

Table 2.1: Widths of Cross Sectional Elements

Elements Width for each

Lane (m) Total Width

(m)

Main Carriage way 2 X 7.000 14.000

Paved shoulder 2 X 1.500 3.000

Gravel Shoulder 2 X 1.500 3.000

Space for Future reserve/Slope

Drain 2 X 1.000 2.000

Service Roads 2 X 5.500 11.000

Utility corridor 2 X 2.000 4.000

Median 1 X 4.500 4.500

Shy off distance 2 x 0.250 0.500

Total 60.000

Wherever there is a change in the widening from concentric to eccentric or vice versa proper flaring will be used for introducing the transition so that the change is gradual.

2.2 Slope protection by RE wall and Soil Nailing

The proposed ROW is 60 m at all locations. Undulating terrain and codal requirements for 100 kmph design speed has necessitated the provision of high fills and cuts. At such locations, the slope has been reduced to 1:1.5 to accommodate the cross section. Based on the availability of space and height of cut or fill, suitable retaining structures, such as Reinforced Earth Wall for high fills and Soil Nailing for high cuts, have been provided in locations where a slope of 1:1.5 cannot be provided.

2.3 Demography

2.3.1 Tamil Nadu State Profile

According to the 1991 census, the population of Tamil Nadu State was recorded as 55858946, which constitutes 6.6% of the population of the country as a whole. The population of the state in the year 2001 is estimated to be around 62405674. The density of population in Tamil Nadu in the year 2001 was 480 persons per sq. km,

Table 2.2: Populations by Age Groups – (Projected) Persons in Tamil Nadu

(in ‘000’) Percentage to Total in

Tamil Nadu Age

Groups 1999 2000 2001 1999 2000 2001

0-14 17470 17021 16531 28.52 27.55 26.55 15-29 17564 17780 17980 28.67 28.78 28.88

30-44 12858 13168 13483 20.99 21.32 21.66 45-59 8452 8704 8960 13.80 14.09 14.39

60 & above

4911 5100 5302 8.02 8.26 8.52

Total 61255 61773 62256 100.00 100.00 100.00


SECON 9

Table 2.3: Population by Religion

Percentage Sl. No.

Religion Persons in Tamil Nadu

Variation since

(1981-1991) Tamil Nadu All India

1 Hindus 49532052 6515506 88.67 82.41 2 Muslims 3052717 532770 5.47 11.67 3 Christians 3179410 381362 5.69 2.32

4 Sikhs 5449 1054 0.01 1.99 5 Buddhist 2128 1393 Nil 0.77 6 Jain 66900 17336 0.12 0.41

7 Other Religions

2620 ----- 0.01 0.38

8 Religion not stated

17670 15800 0.03 0.05

Total Population 55858946 100 100

Table 2.4: Population Projection- Tamil Nadu

Population Year Region

Persons Male Female Total 62698000 31694000 31004000 Rural 40868517 20604172 20264344 2002

Urban 21829483 11089828 10739656 Total 63201000 31937000 31264000

Rural 41158058 20744569 20413489 2003

Urban 22042942 11192431 10850511 Total 63755000 32206000 31549000

Rural 41480135 20901562 20578574 2004

Urban 22274865 11304438 10970426

Total 64350000 32496000 31854000 Rural 41828154 21071865 20756290 2005

Urban 22521846 11424135 11097711

Total 64976000 32712000 32264000 Rural 42225060 21271815 20953245 2006

Urban 22751940 11440185 11310755 Total 65548000 32937000 32611000 Rural 42596777 21459000 21137777 2007

Urban 22951223 11478000 11473223 Urban population in Tamil Nadu State as per 1991 census is estimated as 12.7% of country’s urban population and projected population for the year 1996 is 6.53% of the country’s population. In respect of urbanisation, Tamil Nadu state ranks third amongst all the states of India with a proportion of urban population at 44.03% and that of Kanyakumari is 65.2%. The decennial growth of population in Tamil Nadu has been decreasing from 15.34% in 1991 to 11.72% during 2001. The decennial population growth rate is given below.


SECON 10

Table 2.5: Population of Tamil Nadu – Decennial Growth

Period Region Population Percentage

variation since previous Census

1 2 3 4 1911 Total 20902616 +8.57

Rural 17753479 +7.41

Urban 3149137 +15.57 1921 Total 21628518 +3.47

Rural 18200439 +2.52 Urban 3428079 +8.86

1931 Total 23472099 +8.52 Rural 19241717 +5.72 Urban 4230382 +23.40


1951 Total 30119047 +14.66

Rural 22785522 +8.02 Urban 7333525 +41.75


1971 Total 41199168 +22.30 Rural 28734334 +16.35

Urban 12464834 +38.64 1981 Total 48408077 +17.54

Rural 32456202 +12.95

Urban 15951875 +27.98 1991 Total 55858946 +15.39

Rural 36781354 +13.32 Urban 19077592 +19.59

2001 Total 62405679 +11.72 Rural 34921681 -5.06 Urban 27483998 +44.06

Tamil Nadu state has a literacy rate of 7.6% in the census year 1901 and 73.51% in the census year of 2001. Literacy rate in the year 2001 in Tamil Nadu state is 73.5% compared to 71% at National level and in case of Kanyakumari the literacy rate is as high as 87.55% and it tops all Districts of Tamil Nadu. The literacy rate in the state (excluding children in the age group of 0-6 years) has increased from 54.4% in 1981 to 73.50% in 2001.

2.3.2 State Economy of Tamil Nadu

2.3.2.1 Net State Domestic Product Tamil Nadu state income at constant prices in 2002-03 was Rs. 8181770 (in lakhs) and at current prices it is Rs. 13678087 (in Lakhs). Per capita income at constant prices was Rs. 13003 and at current prices it is Rs. 21738, Net State Domestic Product at current prices is Rs. 13678087 (in Lakhs). Tamil Nadu state is one of the few states of India whose economy is a mixed one both agrarian and industrial – and above all, is presently experiencing a rapid industrial and


SECON 11

economic growth. The economic structure of Tamil Nadu is having good shape in the country and is always a favourite with Indian industrialists and more recently with foreign investors, Tamil Nadu is one of the more solid and fastest growing economies in the country. The momentum it had picked up in the 1970s, has naturally accelerated the pace in the post-liberalisation era. Today, as it puts the final touches on some major infrastructural investments, the state is poised to take another quantum leap in its developmental process in both the traditional economy sectors of chemicals, textiles, petrochemicals, food productions, and consumer goods, as well as new economy areas of pharmaceuticals, leisure, telecommunications and information technology. Tamil Nadu state is having very good transportation facilities for passenger and commodities by Road, Railway, Airways and Ports. The growing sectors in the Tamil Nadu state are fisheries, Dairy development, Khadi and village industries etc. In the year 1998-99 small scale industries recorded as 324627 units. In the Khadi industry, cotton and silk production is recorded as Rs. 44.64 (crores) and Rs. 61.02 (crores) and village industries Rs. 451.62 crores. The per capita income (Per capita Net State Domestic Product) at constant (1993-94) prices is estimated as Rs. 13003 for 2002-03 as against Rs. 13,105 for 2001-02. Table 2.6: Net State Domestic Product*

Sl. No.

Industry 1999-2000

2000-01 (R.E.)

2001-02 (Q.E.)

2002-03 (A.E.)

1 2 3 4 5 6 I. Primary (1+2) 2065946 2231340 2212614 1980870

1. Agriculture Forestry and Fishing (1.1 +1.2 + 1.3)

2024541 2169171 2141627 1909527

1.1 Agriculture and Allied Activities 1788686 1938678 1903427 1667729 1.2 Forestry and Logging 81713 64372 65430 66522

1.3 Fishing 154142 166121 172770 175276 2. Mining and Quarrying 41405 62169 70087 71343

II. Secondary (3+4+5) 3317462 3670174 3744409 3870118 3. Manufacturing (3.1+3.2) 2231945 2501311 2560890 2643867 3.1 Registered 1352568 1497527 1542453 1604150

3.2 Un-Registered 879377 1003784 1018437 1039717 4. Electricity, Gas and Water Supply 227385 292932 316237 346827

5 Others 858132 875931 867282 879424

* By Industry of origin at Factor cost at Current prices (base Year: 1993-94) The state of Tamil Nadu has been presently divided in to 249 revenue districts and 358 panchayat unions and 12618 village panchayats and 611 town panchayats. In Kanyakumari there are 9 panchayat unions, 99 village panchayats and 56 town panchayats.

2.3.2.2 Agriculture Cultivated area in the state of Tamil Nadu in 2002-03 extends over an area (in Hectare) 51, 91,108. Agriculture is having good irrigation facilities with Govt. and Private Canals, Tanks and various other sources. Some land continues to be rain fed. Irrigation potential is under utilised. Agriculture production includes Paddy, Millets and other cereals, Cash crops like Cotton, Ground nuts, Pulses, Sugarcanes etc. Drinking water scarcity is there in some part of urban areas.


SECON 12

Table 2.7: Land Utilisation Area (Hectare) Sl.

No. Classification

2001-2002 2002-2003

Total Geographical Area A By Professional Survey 12991322 12991322 By Village Papers 12991322 12991322 B 1. Forests 2131726 2131604 2. Barren and Unculturable land 477381 478237 3. Land put to Non-agricultural uses 1998296 2012025

4. Culturable Waste 386806 389289 5. Permanent Pastures and other

grazing lands 118463 118313

6. Land under misc. tree crops and grooves not included in the net area sown

271363 277596

7. Current fallow lands 1025851 1502616

8. Other fallow lands 1408944 1491311 9. Net area sown 5172492 4590331

Area sown more than once 1053965 600777 Total Cropped Area 6226457 5191108

2.3.2.3 Forests

Forests in Tamil Nadu extend over an area of 22876.6 sq. kms and constitute 17.58% of the total geographical area of the State. Out of this, 19388 sq. km is Reserved Forest and 2183 sq km reserved land and 1306 sq. km is unclassified forests. The ecological factors have a special relevance in Tamil Nadu State. Soil erosion and salinity are serious problems. The state is frequently affected by drought. Therefore, measures for safeguarding the ecologically fragile production systems are necessary in the state. During the year 2000-01, reserved forests covers over 19388 sq. km. The percentage of forest area to land area is 17.58. The major forest products are sandalwood (sapwood), Wattle bark, bamboo and cashew nut. Forest based industries are paper & board, Rayon & Staple Fibre and Tanning etc. Plantation in the year 2000-01 achieved is 88548 hectares and seeding 49.75 Lakhs. Plantations rate is growing @18% and 20.7% in the year 1997-98, 1998-99 compared to 1996-97.

2.3.2.4 Industries The State of Tamil Nadu is one of the most highly industrialised and developed States of India. The state ranked eighth in ranking on an all India basis with respect to industrial development and is now fast competing for the top rank. The state is occupying 14.5% in respect of factory sector (No. of factories). The economic reforms process has further aided the state in their efforts to increase the pace of industrialisation. This resulted in the state topping the list of States in 1994 with respect to new investment and second in terms of industrial production. The state has also a large number of incentive schemes for backward regions for furthering the growth of industries. According to the Annual Survey of Industries in the entire registered factory sector of Tamil Nadu and conducted in 1996-97, the fixed capital employed by the factory sector


SECON 13

was about Rs. 352089 million in 1996-97, as against Rs. 283933 million in 1995-96, showing a net increase of around 24%. The value of total output of all registered factories covered by the survey has increased to Rs. 742124.7 million in 1996-97 from Rs. 674783.6 million in 1995-96, thereby revealing an increase of about 10%. It is worthwhile mentioning that Tamil Nadu ranks third only to Maharashtra and Gujarat in respect of the state wise share in Net Value Added by manufacture generated by the factory sector of the country.

2.3.2.5 Irrigation Irrigation facility is a key factor in increasing agricultural production. The ultimate irrigation potentials are surface water as well as subsurface sources. During the year 2001-02 gross irrigated area was 800707 hec. through canals and 536700 hec. through tanks. There are 9632km of canals and 1652008 used for Irrigation. In Kanyakumari District there are 53 canals for a length of 540 km. In the District, 11364 Hectares are irrigated by canals and 15444 hectares through tanks and there is no tubewell. The ground water resources are relatively limited and some of the ground water resources are fully exploited in different parts of the state to the point of ecological degradation. There is an urgent need to curb the over exploitation of water and the only alternative left is augmentation of water resources through surface water.

2.3.2.6 Power During the year 2002-03, generation of electricity by hydro and all other means and purchases is 24927 million units. The per capita consumption of electricity during the year 1998-99 has been increased to 452 units as against 430 units in 1997-98. In the state 439 towns, 15822 villages, 47830 hamlets and 1640615 agricultural pump sets were electrified. Table 2.8: Per-Capita Consumption of Electricity

Year

19

87

-19

88

19

88

-19

89

19

89

-19

90

19

90

-19

91

19

91

-19

92

19

92

-19

93

19

93

-19

94

19

94

-19

95

19

95

-19

96

19

96

-19

97

19

97

-19

98

19

98

-19

99

Per Capita Consumption

248 268 295 332 360 370 380 390 410 420 430 452

2.3.2.7 Industrial Production

Minerals like Bauxite, Granite, Limestone, Lignite, Quartz etc were produced to a value of Rs.18483 millions. Production of sugar was 16.43 lakh tonnes and cement production was 111.39 million tonnes. The production of crude oil and natural gas are given below.

Table 2.9: Production of Crude Oil and Natural Gas in Tamil Nadu


SECON 14

Crude Oil Production Natural Gas Sales

(in Million Cubic Metres) Year

ONCG Joint

Venture Total ONGC

Joint Venture

Total

1999-2000 0.3766 0.274 0.6506 85.91 - 85.91 2000-2001 0.4365 0.199 0.6355 125.56 - 125.56 2001-2002 0.4407 0.224 0.6647 249.03 - 249.03

2002-2003 0.3950 0.207 0.6020 376.92 - 376.92

2.3.2.8 Roads Over the year, the state has developed a comprehensive road network which is capable of promoting industrial growth in the region. More than 90% of the villages are connected by roads. Category wise road share is as given below: National Highways accounts for 3880km, SH 55488km, Corporation Roads 11426km and Panchayat Roads 102155km. The growth of road lengths is given in the table. Table 2.10: Time Series Data - Transport Development in Tamil Nadu

Road Length (km.) Registered Motor

Vehicles (nos.)

Sl. No.

Year

Nati

on

al

Hig

hw

ays

Sta

te

Hig

hw

ays

Co

rpo

rati

on

s

&

Mu

nic

ipaliti

es

To

wn

P

an

ch

ayats

an

d

Pan

ch

ayat

Un

ion

s

Co

mm

erc

ial

No

n-

Co

mm

erc

ial

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 1987-88 1884 45181 8940 114868 160639 844601

2 1988-89 2002 41343 9190 112965 186525 962359

3 1989-90 2003 47582 9361 112164 195392 1216028

4 1990-91 2003 48955 9788 110055 208391 1330350

5 1991-92 2002 50109 9806 107990 221673 1503127

6 1992-93 2002 51144 10521 110078 238990 1682450

7 1993-94 2002 52615 12327 94850 258109 1894835

8 1994-95 2002 53868 12554 108482 280512 2142936

9 1995-96 2003 54972 12579 109227 283404 2488442

10 1996-97 2003 53417 13340 109801 309817 2872002

11 1997-98 2582 56822 13721 109686 344244 3270004

12 1998-99 3773 56391 13978 84722 368922 3701812

13 1999-2000 3789 55352 14294 95465 399300 4207928

14 2000-2001 3865 55397 14612 98407 421365 4740717

15 2001-2002 3850 55488 11426 102155 432106 5225991

In Kanyakumari district the total length of road is 3827 km, out of which 382 km is cement concrete road, 2996 km is Bituminous Road and 748 km is Water Bound Mecadam (WBM) road.


SECON 15

Surface wise details of roads in the state are given below: Cement concrete Road : 4297 km Bituminous Road : 106795 km WBM Road : 21443 km Other Surface : 40414 km

2.3.2.9 Railways The total length of railway lines in the state of Tamil Nadu in 2002-03 was 4177 km comprising 2071 km of Broad Gauge (BG), 2106 km of Metre Gauge (MG) lines. Table 2.11: Railways in Tamil Nadu – 2002-2003

Sl. No.

Item Unit Length/Nos.

1 2 3 4

1 Route Length (A+B) km 4176.63

A. Broad Gauge km 2071.02

(a) Electrified km 902.41

(b) Non Electrified km 1168.61

B. Metre Gauge km 2105.61


(b) Non Electrified km 1945.78 2. Track Length (B.G. & M.G.) (A+B) km 6286.22

A. Broad Gauge km 3876.63


(b) Non Electrified km 1749.04

B. Metre Gauge km 2409.59


(b) Non Electrified km 2165.23 3. Railway Stations (A+B+C) km 543

A. Broad Gauge No. 242

B. Metre Gauge No. 234

C. Broad Guage and Metre Gauge Combined No. 67

2.3.2.10 Ports

In the State of Tamil Nadu there are 3 Nos. of major ports and 15 Nos. of minor ports. Chennai and Toothukudi, major ports have handled cargo of 33687106 tonnes and 13293526 tonnes respectively during the year 2002-2003.

Table 2.12: Port Development Vessels Entered and Cargo Handled – 2002-2003

Sl. No

Name of the Port Vessels entered

(Nos.) Cargo handled (t)

1 2 3 4

A. Major Ports 1. Chennai 2079 33687106

2. Thoothukudi 1458 13293526

3. Ennore Port Limited N.A. N.A. B. Minor Ports

1. Cuddalore - - 2. Nagapattinam 15 79884

3. Rameswaram - - 4. Pamban - - 5. Colachel - -

6. Kanyakumari - - 7. Valinokkam - -


SECON 16

Sl. No

Name of the Port Vessels entered

(Nos.) Cargo handled (t)

8. Ennore Minor Port 8 43275

9. PY-3 Oil Field 10 198958 10. Thirukkadaiyur 22 280739 11. Kattupalli - - 12. Thiruchopuram - - 13. Punnakkayal - - 14. Madappad - -

15. Kudankulam - - 2.3.2.11 Vehicle Fleet

The number of registered motor vehicles of commercial type is 432106 and the Non-commercial type was recorded as 5225991 during the period of 2001-02. The fleet strength, effective kms (in Lakhs), Number of villages benefited has increased to 16670, 22437 and 39 respectively.

Table 2.13: Performance of all State Transport Undertakings in Tamil Nadu Sl. No

Particulars 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000

2000-2001

2001-2002

2002-2003

1. Fleet Strength 17284 17008 17035 16969 16797 16670 2. Distance Operated

per day (km in lakhs)

22243 23072 22991 22902 22358 22937

3. No. of Routes 8704 8866 8997 8893 8252 8349 4. No. of new routes

introduced 631 451 106 117 27 63

5. No. of villages benefited

336 183 72 104 76 39

6. Population benefited (in lakhs)

2.95 1.77 0.55 0.69 0.66 0.41

7. No. of Employees 124899 126024 126239 127055 124211 120380

2.3.2.12 Road Transport

The entire Road Transport sector in the state of Tamil Nadu is managed by the Various Corporations. The average number of vehicles operated by the State Transport Corporations during the year 2003 was 16770 as the average number of passengers travelled per day is 156.23 lakhs. The total earnings of the Corporation is Rs. 323131.80 lakhs. Incidentally, the kilometers per litre of diesel consumption was 4.37 in the 2003. Table 2.14: Select Indicators of Performance of State Transport Corporations 2002-2003

Sl. No.

Item Unit Performance

1. No. of Transport Corporations Nos. 18

2. Fleet Strength Nos. 16670 3. Distance operated per day In Lakh kms 22937.28 4. Passengers carried per day In Lakhs 156.23

5. Fleet utilization Percentage 91.72 6. Kilometre Efficiency Overall Percentage 100.88

7. Distance run per litre of Diesel Kilometre 4.37


SECON 17

Sl. No.

Item Unit Performance

8. Number of Routes Nos. 8349

9. New routes introduced during the year Nos. 63 10. New villages benefited during the year Nos. 39 11. Benefited village population In Lakh Nos. 0.41 12. Staff strength Nos. 120380 13. New Buses introduced during the year Nos. 1031 14. Total Revenue Rs. In Lakhs 323131.81

15. Total Expenditure Rs. in Lakhs 323552.86

2.3.3 Kanyakumari District Profile

2.3.3.1 Geographical Position

North Latitude between - 08º - 03’ to 08º - 35’ East Longitude between - 77º - 05’ to 77º - 36’

2.3.3.2 Area and population (2001 Census)

1. Area (Sq. Km) - 1685 2. Population - 1676034 a. Male Population - 832269 b. Female population - 843765 c. Rural population - 582107 d. Urban population - 1093927 3. Density - 999 4. Literate - 1,30,8322 5. Workers a. Main workers - 450067 b. Marginal workers - 95538 c. Total workers - 545605 d. Male workers - 442871 e. Female workers - 102734 f. Rural workers - 195256 g. Urban workers - 350349 h. Cultivators - 16067 i. Agricultural labourers - 81999 j. Household industries - 38514 k. Other workers - 409025 6. Non workers - 1124158 7. Language spoken in district - Tamil, Malayalam

2.3.3.3 Vital Statistics 2003-2004

1. Birth - 29217 2. Death - 11460 3. Infant death - 5025 4. Birth Rate (per 1000 population) a. Rural - 18 b. Urban - 17 c. Combined - 17 5. Death Rate (per 1000 population) a. Rural - 13 b. Urban - 3


SECON 18

c. Combined - 7 6. Infant Mortality rate (per 1000 live birth)

a. Rural - 17 b. Urban - 17 c. Combined - 17 7. Expectation of life at birth (per 1000) a. Male - 991 b. Female - 991 2.3.3.4 Temperature (In Degree Celsius)

1. Plains a. Maximum - 33.2 b. Minimum - 24.0 2. Hill station a. Maximum - N.A b. Minimum - N.A 2.3.3.5 Rainfall (in mm)

1. Normal a. North East Monsoon - 526.0 b. South West Monsoon - 559.1 2. Actual a. North East Monsoon - 486.19 b. South West Monsoon - 230.90 2.3.3.6 Agriculture Seasonal Crop Report

1. Total cultivated area (Hect.) - 87804 2. Net area sown (Hect.) - 78829 3. Area sown more than once (Hect.) - 8975 4. Area and population of principal crops Area (Hect.) Production in Tonnes a. Rice 26502 98469 b. Millets & other Cereals Nil Nil c. Pulses 128 0.164 d. Sugarcane Nil Nil e. Groundnut 42 44 f. Gingelly 9 3.0 g. Cotton Nil Nil 5. Agricultural Land Holdings (1995-96) a. Holdings (Numbers) - 288029 b. Area (Hect.) - 81545.56.0 c. Average size of holdings (Hect.) - 0.28.0 d. Important food crops - Paddy, Tapioca, Plantain e. Important Non food crops - Coconut, Rubber 2.3.3.7 Irrigation

1. Net Area irrigated by (Hect.) - 26851 a. Government Canals - 540Km b. Private Canals - Nil c. Tanks - 2623 d. Tube wells - e. other wells - 2554


SECON 19

f. Roserveirs - 5 Total Net area irrigated - 28391 2. Gross area irrigated - 40442 3. Name of the Rivers - Mullaiyar, Paraliyar,

Pazhayar and Thamaraparani 4. Name of the lakes - Nil

2.3.3.8 Animal Husbandry

1. Veterinary Institutions

a. Veterinary hospitals - 2 b. Vetarinary Dispensaries - 23 c. Cinical Centres - 1 d. Sub-Centres - 35 e. Mobile unit - 1

2. Poultry Development a. Chicks produced in hatcheries - Nil b. Birds sold for breeding - Nil c. Birds sold for table (food in lakh nos.) - Nil

3. Live Stock and poultry population (16th Live stock Census) a. Cattle - 91423 b. Buffaloes - 15001 c. Sheep - 1570 d. Goat - 62484 e. Poultry - 675783

2.3.3.9 Dairy Development

1. Dairies - 1 2. Milk chilling Plants - 1 3. No. of Milk Co-Op. Societies - 78 4. Milk production (Lakh liters) 5. Flush Season - 4.7 Lean Season

2.3.3.10 Fisheries

1. Length of coastal line (km.) - 68 2. No. of coastal blocks - 5 3. No. of coastal centres (landing) - 42 4. Marine fish production (Tonne) - 41019 5. Inland fish production (Tonne) - 4266

2.3.3.11 Forest

1. Forest area a. Reserved forests (Hect.) - 42762 b. Reserved lands (Hect.) - 16.78.0 c. Un-classed forests - Nil

2. Out turn of Forest produce

a. Timber (Cum) - 39.325 b. Fuel wood (MT) - 16.5 c. Pulp wood (MT) - Nil

d. Sandal wood - Nil e. Rubber (MT) - Nil


SECON 20

f. Bamboo - Nil g. Tea Green leaves (Tonne) - Nil h. Cashew (Tonne) - Nil

2.3.3.12 Electricity

1. Generation of electricity (in M.U) a. Hydro - 151385 b. wind Mill Generation - 23.270 c. Thermal - Nil d. Power purchased

2.4 Social Analysis of the Project

As outlined in the economic justification of the project major benefits of the proposed highway project are:

� Savings in the Vehicle Operating Cost (VOC) � Savings in Travel Time (Time) � Improved Riding Quality (RQs) � Improved Services and Facilities along the Highway

All these benefits are obviously aimed at various categories of vehicles/ road users using the road facility. However being an important infrastructure facility providing movement of goods and persons direct as well as indirect, impacts are also likely to be experienced by various sections of the population and economic activities in the areas through which the highway traverses. Analogous experience suggests that by providing means of relatively easy and rapid access to higher levels of cultural social and economic infrastructure, improved road facility can possibly become a catalyst for furthering social and economic development objectives. Following paragraphs analyze the possible impacts of the proposed project on various sections of the population economic sectors/ production systems and defined social objectives. Given the existing socio-economic processes in the project region, besides outlining potential benefits, analysis also focuses on issues of equitable distribution of project benefits in terms of gender and vulnerable section of the society.

2.4.1 Employment and Poverty Alleviation

In terms of rural population dependent on the net area sown, the pressure on agriculture land appears to be quite high. Due to constraints of availability of water, further intensification of agriculture in the project area may be a difficult proposition in the near future suggesting the need to further accelerate the pace of non-agrarian economic development. Enhanced road capacity by removing a critical infrastructure bottleneck can possibly facilitate rapid industrial development (and employment) along the project corridor. However under the existing socio-economic process, project’s potential contribution to poverty alleviation and providing non-agrarian employment for resource poor Scheduled Caste population in the region appears to be rather limited. For equitable distribution of non agrarian employment and thus exploiting economic development potential created by the proposed project, there is a need to devise and implement innovative non-agrarian employment programs for socially vulnerable and resource poor sections of the local population.


SECON 21

2.4.2 Agriculture and Rural Social Classes

Given the strong market orientation of agricultural activities in the region, reduction in transportation costs and through deeper integration of the project area with the major markets, agriculture is going to be positively affected by the proposed project. Further proliferation of cash crops will definitely improve farm incomes. Transportation times saving is likely to have a highly beneficial impact on allied agrarian activities such as horticulture fishing, poultry development and animal husbandry. Producing high-value commodities with short shelf-life, facility of rapid evacuation of perishable agro-products is going to provide a strong impetus to these activities and thus enhance rural incomes and employment opportunities in the rural areas. The proposed project provides a strong potential for providing self-employment and poverty aleviation opportunities for vulnerable and resource poor section of the society. By providing them with necessary technical know-how, needed resources and organization logistics to encourage them to engage in activities such as small scale floriculture poultry development and animal husbandry, substantial reduction in poverty levels can be achieved.

2.4.3 Industry, Trade, Commerce and Other Services

Apparently clubbing these together may not sound very appropriate. But in Indian conditions, there exists strong linkage between trade, commerce and industrial activity with lot of mobility of capital and educated workforce employed in these sectors. Integration of markets with production centres through easing of transport cost barriers is anticipated to have direct benefits that are likely to be fairly evenly distributed across these sectors.

2.4.4 Literacy, Health and Human Resource Development

By facilitating increased household incomes and providing convenient access to higher levels of educational and health infrastructure, the proposed project has the potential to play a catalytic role in enhancing educational and health status of rural communities in the project region. However, given the existing patterns of distribution of economic resources and cultural constraints such benefits may not be evenly distributed across various social classes and communities.

2.4.5 Gender

Contrary to commonly held notions, the generalized impacts of the anticipated project benefits on women in the project area are anticipated to be only indirect. In terms of Women’s employment given the existing scenario of non-agrarian employment where project areas women in general and SC woman in particular find themselves in relatively disadvantageous position vis-a-vis their male counterparts expansion of non-agrarian employment due to the proposed project may not result in any substantial gains. However women’s education and health may experience positive gains due to speedy and convenient access to higher-level educational and health facilities located in urban centres of the region.

2.4.6 Scheduled Castes

Being a socially discriminated section of the society, Constitution of India has several provisions for safeguarding their dignity, positive access to developmental opportunities and other benefits. Generally belonging to extremely poor sections of the society, most


SECON 22

of them being agricultural labourers, affordable mobility can definitely facilitate their attempts to improve incomes and access to various development opportunities and facilities. However under existing socio-development processes in terms of access to employment in non-agrarian sectors of the economy, resource- poor SC communities in the region appear to find themselves in a relatively disadvantageous position vis-a-vis other communities. To enable SC communities in the project region to take advantage of enhanced development potential likely to be generated by the proposed project appropriate skill, development training and other program need to be implemented by concerned State Government agencies.

2.5 Conclusion

The project road area comprising of Kanyakumari District in Tamil Nadu is densely populated, with all religious groups and variation in economic status is high. Unemployment is rampant and there is a large scale migration of educated and skilled labourers to other states and nations. The literacy rate is high among both males and females and awareness of the people is more. Even though the area is littered with rare earth, minerals and water, coastal line and tourist spots, no big industries are coming up. The proposed project will pave the way for industrial growth of the area, enhance employment potential and facilitate fast and safe transportation to other parts of the country.


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3.0 SUMMARY OF SURVEY AND INVESTIGATIONS

3.1 Topographical and Cadastral Surveys

3.1.1 Topographical Survey

Topographical survey was conducted for the purpose of creating a digital terrain model (in order to design the road and structures) for the stretch of the road from km 43/000 to km 96/714 of NH 47 (Karode to Kanayakumari) and from km 0/000 to km-16/376 of NH 47B (Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru).

3.1.2 Methodology for Topographical Survey

The survey was carried out as follows: 3.1.2.1 Basic plan control

The coordinates of the basic plan control points were established with the use of differential GPS equipment (Leica-SR 530) providing accurate and homogeneous control all along the length of the road stretch. There are 27 GPS stations established during the survey, most of which are on rock-out-crop / sheet rocks situated along the proposed alignment. For each GPS station there is a reference point situated at about 200m away, which has also been fixed by differential GPS method and on similar object as for the GPS station, to serve the purpose of providing starting and closing bearing for Total Station traverse as well as for providing extra primary control point. The co-ordinates were obtained on WGS – 84 system on Transverse Mercator’s Projection with the central meridian of projection passing through the center of the stretch, thereby having practically no scale error for the coordinates.

3.1.2.2 Extension of Planimetric control

In between GPS stations, Total Station traverses were run providing planimetric positions at about 250m apart. Since Bench Marks are established at about 250m apart along the road length, these points were connected during the Total Station traverse for control. Total Stations of 1 second accuracy (Leica TC 1800L and Topcon GTS 710) were used, providing both plan and height control for the pillars / other control points.

3.1.2.3 Height Control

Double tertiary leveling was done along the entire stretch with precision automatic levels connecting the existing G.T.S. BM at Balaramapuram. The DT leveling was started from this GTS BM and closed on another G.T.S. BM at Thakkalai and further from Thakkalai to Kanyakumari.

The misclosures were seen to be below the tolerant limit of 12 k mm, where k is the length of the leveling line in km. The misclosures were adjusted and heights given to all Bench Marks established at about 250m apart all along the alignment on RCC pillars (as specified by NHAI vide Terms of Reference). Thus, all the Bench Marks established along the stretch are in terms of GTS Bench Marks established by Survey of India.

3.1.2.4 Detailed Survey

All the details / features along the road within the survey boundary were picked up by conducting a detailed Total Station Survey in between the planimetric control points. X, Y and Z coordinates of relevant points were captured by this Total Station survey, such as electric / telephone pole, tree with type, statue, wells and points on string lines (i.e.,


SECON 24

points on the same linear feature such as centerline of road, left / right edge of carriageway, left / right edge embankment top, left / right embankment toe line, break points on ground, visible property lines, streams, building etc., within the limit of survey).

3.1.2.5 Creation of Digital Terrain Model

The survey data were down loaded and converted to graphic files using Automap and Nova Point software. With the help of x, y, z coordinates of the several points picked up in the field, digital terrain models were created in which the road design is done.

3.2 Cadastral Survey

The cadastral survey has been carried out along the proposed alignment from km 43/000 to km 96/714 of NH 47 and from km 0/000 to km 16/4000 of NH 47B for package-II. The ROW was limited to 60m in Tamil Nadu region. While carrying out cadastral survey the same has been taken into consideration and details of ownership have been collected accordingly.

The draft Gazette Notification No.3 for details of land to be acquired village wise and mandal wise are prepared for submission to NHAI authorities for necessary notification and acquisition of additional land.

3.3 Investigation Data

3.3.1 Inventory for Structures

Detailed condition survey of the existing structures was carried out simultaneously along with the detailed inventory survey. Visual examination of the structures using conventional standard tools mentioned in QAP is considered / recommended for the assessment of the condition of the structure. Signs of degradation and deterioration of the structures such as cracks, exposure of reinforcement, rust stains, corrosion, deflection, if any, condition of expansion joints, bearings, condition of the drain were noted. Details of Condition of Bridges are provided.

3.3.2 Benkelman Beam Deflection Survey

The design of pavement overlays for the existing pavements requires an evaluation of the available strength in the pavement. The Benkelman Beam (BB) allows an estimate of this available strength to be made by recording of the deflection of the pavement surface at a point when a standard load moves past that point. Because of the inherent variability in the pavement structure it is found that the characteristic value of the pavement deflection is best taken as function of the mean of a series of readings rather than a single reading. To generate the required coverage without generating an excessive number of tests the routine BBD testing was specified at 100m intervals. All testing was carried out in accordance with the requirements of IRC 81-1997.

3.3.3 Bump Integrator Test

The roughness surveys along the existing road stretch of NH 47 have been carried out by using Bump Integrator equipment developed by Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi. The road roughness is measured for every 200m intervals along the stretch by towing the bump integrator on each lane. Two runs have been made for each lane. The collected data has been processed to find out the roughness value.


SECON 25

3.3.4 Existing Soil Strata upto 2m below Ground Level

The existing soil strata for about 2m depth from the ground level have been studied by detailed soil classification from the samples collected at site.

3.3.5 Borelog details

The goe-technical investigations have been carried out at all the major and minor bridge locations and other structures locations. The details of the Borelogs have been presented in Design Report.


SECON 26

4.0 TRAFFIC STUDY AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Traffic Surveys

4.1.1 General

Information about traffic is essential for the highway project since it forms the basis for deciding the number of lanes, design of intersections, design of pavement as well as economic appraisal of the project. Traffic studies require collection of basic information regarding the current level of traffic and its characteristics viz., volume, composition, origin and destination studies, axle load spectrum, speed and delay studies, turning movements, vehicle occupancy etc. These studies generally consist of mode wise traffic estimates, travel patterns of passenger and freight (goods) etc.

The locations for traffic studies were finalised on the basis of a reconnaissance survey undertaken for the project road and in consultation with the NHAI. The project road is a section of the national highway NH 47 connecting Kanyakumari and Thiruvananthapuram and a section NH 47B connecting Nagercoil and Kavalkinaru. NH 47 connects the industrial belts in its influence area to Cochin Port, which falls in its (NH 47) alignment. Proforma designed for traffic surveys are submitted in QAP.

The traffic surveys undertaken for the purpose include:

� Classified 7-day continuous traffic volume counts. � Intersection turning movement surveys � Origin-Destination surveys � Willingness to Pay toll surveys � Pedestrian/Cattle movement surveys � Axle Load surveys � Travel time surveys

In addition to the above, data on traffic accidents on the project road stretch was collected to identify black spot locations to suggest suitable remedial measures. Traffic on the Project Road is characterised by a high degree of motorised vehicles, which consist of passenger vehicles such as cars, two wheelers (scooters/motor cycles), buses; and commercial vehicles such as light commercial vehicles (LCVs) and trucks. Non-motorised vehicles, in the traffic stream, consist mostly of bicycles with negligible number of animal drawn vehicles. The classification system specified in the TOR (Terms of Reference) and detailed hereinafter was adopted for the counts.

4.1.2 Motorised Traffic

� 2-wheeler (Scooter/motor Cycle) � 3-Wheeler (Autorickshaw) � Passenger car � Utility Vehicle (Jeep, Van etc.) � Bus (Standard) � Mini Bus � Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) Passenger � Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) Freight � Truck - MCV – 2 Axle Rigid Chassis � Truck - HCV – 3 Axle Rigid Chassis � Truck - MAV – Semi Articulated � Truck - MAV – Articulated


SECON 27

4.1.3 Non-Motorised Traffic

� Bicycle � Animal Drawn Vehicle � Others

4.2 Traffic surveys on NH 47 and NH 47B

4.2.1 Classified Traffic Volume Counts

Classified Traffic Volume Counts for 7 continuous days is conducted at three locations, which provides the information about the traffic along the project road. The survey locations are given in Table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1: Traffic Volume Count Location

S. No. Volume Count Location Location 1 VC-1 NH 47 km 626/000 2 VC-2 NH 47 km 646/400 3 VC-3 NH 47B km 11/000

The survey locations approximately coincide with the regular (historical) traffic count station of the National Highways. The classified traffic counts at station VC1 and VC2 were conducted between 15th October 2004 to 21st October 2004 and at VC5 between 16th November to 22nd November 2004 and VC-5 between 16th Nov to 22nd Nov 2004. The number of vehicles in either direction was noted at 15-minute intervals in accordance with their classification by observers specially trained for this purpose.

4.2.2 Classified Turning Movement Surveys

On the basis of the reconnaissance survey, four intersections along the project road were identified for conducting detailed turning movement surveys. The intersection details are as detailed in Table 4.2 below:

Table 4.2: Turning Movement Traffic Volume Count Locations Sl. No Count Location Location Details

1 IC-1 NH 47 km 630/400

2 IC-2 NH 47 km 641/600 3 IC-3 NH 47 km 653/000

4 IC-4 NH 47B km 0/000

4.2.3 O-D Survey and Commodity Movement Survey

An Origin-Destination (O-D) and Commodity Movement Survey were carried out adopting Road Side Interviews (RSI) method at two stations for a continuous period of 24 hours. The random sampling method was adopted for this survey. The local police assistance was available to stop the vehicles for interviewing the road users. The RSI was carried out through pre-planned and structured questionnaires suitable for computer analysis. Table 4.3 shows the locations adopted for the O-D surveys are as follows:

Table 4.3: Origin-Destination Survey Locations

Sl. No Number Location Details 1 OD-1 NH 47 km 646/400 2 OD-2 NH 47B km 11/00


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The information collected during these surveys for passenger vehicles included the origin and destination; purpose, occupancy and frequency of the trip and income of the main passenger in the vehicle. In the case of freight vehicles the information sought included type and quantity of commodity being transported, in addition to origin and destination, and frequency of travel on the route.

4.2.4 Axle Load Surveys

Axle load surveys were conducted for a period of 24 hours at km 10/600 on NH 47B on 16th / 17th November 2004. Light commercial vehicles; two-axle, three-axle and multi-axle trucks (both loaded and empty) were selected at random and their individual axle weights were determined using axle load weighing pads. A certain number of buses were also weighed.

4.2.5 Pedestrian / Cattle Surveys

Uncontrolled pedestrian or cattle movement across the highway results in traffic hazards and accidents. While there are no significant cattle crossing across the project road, appreciable pedestrian crossing activity is observed at location km 629/000 on NH 47. Pedestrian surveys were organised for 12 hours on a representative working day between 8.00 AM to 8.00 PM. The number of pedestrians walking across the road at 15-minute intervals was observed at the above location.

4.2.6 Speed and Delay (Travel Time) Surveys

Travel Time survey was carried out using “Moving Car Observer Method” on the entire project road on 22nd and 23rd November 2004 on NH 47. The survey was carried out during peak as well as off peak periods. Information on journey time, number of vehicles in opposite direction, number of vehicles overtaken by the test car, vehicles overtaking the test car and any delays occurring en-route were recorded during the survey. Two runs were made in each direction.

4.2.7 Willingness to Pay Surveys

The willingness to pay survey was conducted at the following locations. The surveys were conducted at the locations of the OD surveys as given in Table 4.4 below:

Table 4.4: Willingness to Pay Survey Locations

Sl. No Number Location Details 1 WPS-1 NH 47 km 646/400

2 WPS-2 NH 47B km 11/00 4.3 Traffic Analysis

4.3.1 Historical Traffic

The historical data of total and classified number of registered vehicles available with departments have been collected at Kanyakumari for Kanyakumari district and Tamil Nadu State tabulated in Table 4.5(a) below:

Table 4.5(a): Vehicle registration data for Kanyakumari District.

Year Cars TW Auto Bus LCV Trucks 2 axle

Trucks 3 axle

Trucks Multi-axle

Any Other

Total

2001 723 7615 690 05 344 02 36 05 189 9609

2002 780 8303 435 0 108 56 100 91 25 9898


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Year Cars TW Auto Bus LCV Trucks 2 axle

Trucks 3 axle

Trucks Multi-axle

Any Other

Total

2003 688 7155 278 8 265 11 37 24 76 8542

2004 711 11546 36 02 181 20 31 5 35 12567

Table 4.5(b): Vehicle registration data for Tamil Nadu State

Year 2Wheelers Cars Bus Auto Trucks Others 1993 1586412 301082 31952 61644 160142 11717

1994 1815233 319589 34155 66987 174807 12677

1995 2101787 342326 35956 79172 199572 13033

1996 2454061 370095 37806 93121 213037 13069

1997 2849949 389857 38223 100502 224261 14582 1998 3221037 418380 40641 114633 261484 16667

1999 3629525 453023 42058 128764 285708 18150

2000 4126908 419263 44957 150084 318982 18760

2001 4560290 535503 46056 161996 347077 18991

2002 4997673 579743 49255 181626 380761 19979

4.3.2 Seasonal Variation

Traffic levels along a study stretch vary during different periods of time i.e., in different months/seasons. Information on this aspect is necessary to estimate the AADT (Average Annual Daily Traffic). This is best understood by studying monthly historical traffic volumes on the project road. Since past traffic volume data along the project road was not available, the commercial vehicle data obtained at Amaravila Check post near Thiruvananthapuram for the last four years was considered. It has been found that the maximum vehicles were recorded in the month of January followed by May. The factors were compared with the factors mentioned in the Kerala State Highway Project, wherein the monthly sales of motor fuel have been used to derive the seasonal correction factors. The survey factors corresponding to the survey period were in the range of 0.95 to 0.98 and so, the traffic volumes of passenger and freight vehicles observed in September and October are to be factored by 0.95 and 0.98 respectively to determine the Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) considering the fact that the traffic volume during the study period is closer to the peak season volume.

4.3.3 Present Traffic Conditions

Classified traffic volumes obtained during the traffic surveys were analysed both in terms of vehicles and PCUs. PCU factors adopted for the study are as per the recommendations of IRC-64:1990. The Average Day Traffic (ADT) on the study stretch was estimated from the 7-day observed counts. Average Annual Daily Traffic (AADT) at each location was assessed using the estimated ADT and Seasonal Factors (SF). The estimated AADT is the basis for the estimates of future traffic volumes on the project road. Table 4.6 below gives tentative equivalency factors considered for presenting the traffic in PCU.

Table 4.6: PCU Values Adopted

Sl. No.

Vehicle Type PCU Factors

1. Two Wheeler 0.50 2. Auto–rickshaw 1.00

3. New Technology Car/Jeep 1.00

4. Old Technology Car/Jeep 1.00

5. Van/Tempo 1.00


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Sl. No.

Vehicle Type PCU Factors

6. Mini Bus 1.50

7. Bus 3.00

8. Light Commercial Vehicle (LCV) 1.50

9. Two Axle Truck 3.00

10. Three Axle Truck 3.00

11. Multi Axle Truck 4.50

12. Agriculture Tractor/Trailer 4.50

13. Animal Drawn 8.00

14. Cycle 0.50

4.3.4 Traffic Flow along the Project Road

4.3.4.1 Traffic Volumes and Characteristics The traffic volume study is used in planning, traffic operations and control of existing facility and also planning and designs of the new facilities. Hence the volume count survey is the main factor in deciding the number of lanes required and the type & composition of pavement. The results of the traffic counts undertaken for the project are summarized in Table 4.7. The results from the different sites show that the average traffic volumes are in the range of 6000 to 15000 vehicles per day (ADT). Each count

included all traffic during one week, resulting in possible random errors of ±1% only. The uncertainty regarding seasonal variations is larger but the total error margins are still no

more than a few percent of ADT, or say ±200 VPD.

Table 4.7: Present Traffic Count Result

NH 47 NH 47 NH 47B

km 626/000 km 646/400 km 11/000 Sl. No. Vehicle Type

VC-1 VC-2 VC-3

1 Two-Wheeler 4487 2635 2420

2 Auto/Three-Wheeler 583 391 443

3 Car-Jeep-Taxi 3150 1418 1596

4 Mini-Bus 319 93 261

5 Bus 1503 664 1140

6 LCV 1103 497 877

7 2-Axle 1225 101 1359

8 3-Axle 163 5 174

9 MAV 7 0 56

10 Tractors 16 2 14

11 Total Motarised Traffic 12558 5806 8341

12 Cycle 792 612 314

13 Cycle Rickshaw 17 7 4

14 Animal Drawn Vehicles 0 1 2

15 Hand Cart 0 0 0

16 Total Non-Motarised Traffic 809 620 320

17 Total Traffic 13367 6425 8661

18 Total PCU 17322 6654 13456


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4.3.4.2 Hourly Variation of Traffic Generally peak flow occurs during 7 PM to 8 PM in evening at VC-1, 1 PM to 2 PM hours in afternoon at VC-2 and 12 noon to 1PM at VC-3.

4.3.4.3 Daily Variation of Traffic Volume

The daily variation of traffic with respect to ADT is generally not perceptible, with most of the daily volume being near to ADT volumes except on Saturday and Sunday.

4.3.4.4 Composition of Traffic

From the analysis it is found that Two Wheelers contributes to the major percentage, followed by Car/Jeep and then other commercial rates. The compositions of the vehicles at each location for the project are summarized in Table 4.8.

Table 4.8: Average Compositions of Vehicles at each Location

NH 47 NH 47 NH 47B

km-626/000 km-646/400 km-11/000 Sl. No. Vehicle Type

VC-1 VC-2 VC-3

1 Two-Wheeler 33.57% 41.01% 27.94%

2 Auto/Three-Wheeler 4.36% 6.08% 5.12%

3 Car-Jeep-Taxi 23.57% 22.06% 18.43%

4 Mini-Bus 2.39% 1.45% 3.01%

5 Bus 11.25% 10.33% 13.16%

6 LCV 8.25% 7.74% 10.13%

7 2-Axle 9.17% 1.58% 15.70%

8 3-Axle 1.22% 0.08% 2.01%

9 MAV 0.05% 0.01% 0.65%

10 Tractors 0.12% 0.03% 0.16%

11 Cycle 5.92% 9.52% 3.63%

12 Cycle Rickshaw 0.13% 0.10% 0.05%

13

Animal Drawn Vehicles 0.00% 0.02% 0.02%

14 Hand Cart 0.00% 0.00% 0.00%

15 Total Traffic 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 4.3.4.5 Directional Distribution of Traffic

The directional split from the analysis is in the range of 48 to 52%. Directional split at each of the location is shown in Table 4.9. This is a useful input for capacity analysis and pavement design. Hence it can be concluded that directional split for up and down traffic is nearly equal. Table 4.9: Directional Split (in percentages)

Sl. No. Location Thiruvananthapuram to Kanyakumari

Kanyakumari to Thiruvananthapuram

1 VC-1 50.40 % 49.60 % 2 VC-2 52.91 % 47.09 % Nagercoil-Kavalkinaru Kavalkinaru-Nagercoil 3 VC-3 49.23 % 50.77 %


SECON 32

4.3.5 Travel Pattern

The origin and destination study is carried out mainly to plan the road network & other facilities for vehicular traffic and to plan the schedule of different modes of transportation for trip demand of commuters. The O-D survey helps in assessing the adequacy of the existing road network. A comprehensive 36-Zone System was adopted for the study to understand the travel pattern of the traffic using the project road. The entire length of the project road is located in Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari Districts. O-D surveys were carried out for all the vehicle types but at the time of further analysis, it was necessary to group them, especially vehicle type such as cars (sum of new and old technology vehicles) and Jeeps including vans. State Road Transport Corporation buses were not stopped and no O-D for such vehicles was obtained. Thus the sample size for bus is low. The sample size for two wheelers and autos is low primarily because they are local traffic and many road users were unwilling to state further details. Additionally these vehicles will not be tolled. The sample size for cars is over 5 percent at Station-OD1, about 2.5 percent at Staion-OD2. The sample size is reasonable considering the level of traffic moving on the project road. The survey was conducted such that no major inconvenience is caused to the road users due to stoppage and resulting queue of large number of vehicles. The sample size of freight vehicles at the two stations is about 19 percent. Trucks with two and three axle configuration constitute the major share of such vehicles.

4.3.6 Axle Load Spectrum

For design of pavements, the intensity of traffic loading is an important parameter. The intensity of traffic loading is defined in terms of cumulative number of standard axle load repetitions in a given period of time. IRC 37/2001 provides a scientific method for design of flexible pavements based on the concept of Equivalent Standard Axle (ESA) and Vehicle Damage Factor (VDF).

Vehicle Damage Factors (VDF) was estimated from the observed axle loads on the project roads for each class of vehicles at different locations. Table 4.10 gives the VDF calculated for each class of vehicle. Since the VDF obtained for all class of vehicles is found to be low, the VDF value of 4.5 as a national average is adopted for the calculations of msa.

Table 4.10: VDF for Different Category of Vehicles Vehicle Type VDF for NH 47B LCV 0.53

BUS 0.93 2-Axle Trucks 5.32 3-Axle-Trucks 4.55

4.3.7 Turning Movement Survey

The turning movement survey is used in design of intersections, in planning signal timings, channelisation and other control devices. The main aim of turning movement survey is to determine the directional movement of the traffic in order to assess the traffic engineering measures required to improve their capacity and to regulate the traffic flow. Table 4.11 gives the Present peak hour Traffic flow at intersections on the project road.


SECON 33

Table 4.11: Present Peak Hour Traffic Flow

Peak Hour Flow Sl. No Location Details

Vehicles/ Hour PCU / Hour

1 NH 47 km 630/400 (IC-3) 1346 1658

2 NH 47 km 641/600 (IC-4) 1780 1697

3 NH 47 km 653/000 (IC-5) 1604 1571

4 NH 47B km 0/000 (IC-6) 6178 6445

4.3.8 Cross Pedestrian Traffic

The pedestrian movement survey is used for planning pedestrian facilities such as sidewalks, cross walks, sub-ways, over-bridge and pedestrian signals. From the survey it is observed that peak flow of traffic was found during 9am to 10am in morning and 5pm to 6pm in the evening.

4.3.9 Travel Time Analysis

The purpose of the speed and delay study is to assess the running speed, overall speed, fluctuations in speed and the delay between the two selected locations on a road. The study also gives information such as the amount, location, duration, frequency and causes of the delay along the road. The results of the speed and delay studies help in identifying the congestion spots along the road stretch.

4.3.9.1 Speed and Delay Studies for NH 47 Section

The traffic flows fairly uninterrupted with marginal delays along the project road. Traffic experiences an average delay of about 706 seconds while moving in Thiruvanthapuram to Nagercoil direction and about 871 seconds in the other direction. The locations with major delays are observed at Marthandam, Nagercoil, and Neyyatinkara. Journey speeds along the project road varies in different sections and ranges between 20.7 km/h to 85.4 km/h. Average speed along the project road is 41km/h with very little variation in the two directions.

4.3.9.2 Speed and Delay Studies for NH 47B Section

Traffic experiences an average delay of about 180 seconds while moving in Kavalkinaru to Nagercoil direction and about 144 seconds in the other direction. The major delays are observed at Thovalai and Arulvaimozhi. Journey speeds along the project road varies in different sections and ranges between 16.0 km/h to 80.0 km/h. Average speed along the project road is 48.0 km/h with very little variation in the two directions.

4.3.10 Willingness to Pay (WTP) Toll

The willingness to pay survey is done to know the opinion of the road users about the existing road condition and the requirement and assessing the willingness to pay the toll for the improved facilities. The introduction of tolls on the project road is likely to divert traffic to alternate routes and in turn have an impact on the project revenue from tolls. Thus, willingness to pay toll and its level are to be assessed from the data obtained for the purpose.

4.3.11 Accident Studies for NH 47 Section

The Traffic accident data along the project road received from District Police Officials of Kanyakumari / Nagarcoil are shown in Table 4.12(a) and (b) below


SECON 34

Table 4.12(a): Accident Data for Kanyakumari District for NH 47 Section

Year District Total No. of Accidents

Total No. Injured

No. of Person Killed

2002 Kanyakumari 909 926 165

Table 4.12(b): Accident Data for NH 47 B Section

Year Fatal Non-fatal 2000 7 29 2001 11 42 2002 9 47 2003 11 44 2004 14 65

4.4 Traffic Projections for NH 47

4.4.1 Economic Profile - Project Influence Area

The thirty-six traffic zones of the study can be grouped into the following economic zones as listed hereinafter.

� Kerala � Tamil Nadu � Karnataka � Andhra Pradesh � Maharashtra � North India � East India

4.4.2 Kerala

Kerala’s population has grown from 6.4 million to 31 million from 1901 to 2001, a five-fold increase in the last Century (Table 4.13 below). Kerala recorded a consistently higher growth rates than that of India’s average from 1931 to 1971. The decline in growth rate since 1971 is perhaps due to large-scale migration to other States and abroad, particularly Gulf countries. The other reasons may also include increasing levels of literacy and per capita income.

Table 4.13: Growth of Population, Kerala and India: 1971-2001 (in Millions)

Kerala India Year

Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total

1971 17.88 3.47 21.35 439.05 109.11 548.16

1981 20.68 4.77 25.45 (19.24%) 523.87 159.46 683.33 (24.66%)

1991 21.42 7.68 29.10 (14.32%) 628.69 217.61 846.30 (23.86%)

2001 23.57 8.26 31.84 (9.42%) 741.66 285.35 1027.02 (21.35%) Source: Census of India, 1991 and 2001; Note: Figures in brackets indicate Growth Rates in %.

4.4.2.1 State Profile

Kerala has witnessed a steady growth in urban population in the past two decades. While the percentage of urban population to the total population in 1981 was only 18% it increased to 26% in 1991 registering a growth rate of 60%. The decennial growth rate for the same between 1971-1981 was only 38%.

In the year 1991, Kerala had 197 urban centers and while there were 106 towns in 1981. Moreover, a study by the Department of Town Planning shows that there are 113 more settlements in the State, which satisfy the ‘near-urban’ criteria of the census. The urban


SECON 35

sector in Kerala comprise of five Municipal Corporations, 53 Municipalities and 6 Development Authorities.

Table 4.14: Growth Rate of Urban Population in Kerala, 1981-1991

Item 1981 1991

Total Population 25453680 29032828

Urban Population 4771275 7676371

% Urban Population 18.74 26.44

Share of Urban population to Total (%) 2.99 3.54

Decennial Growth Rate of Urban Population (%) 37.64 60.89 Source: Census of India, 1991

4.4.2.2 General Economic Profile

The state of Kerala had been very progressive since its formation in 1958. Kerala ranks twelfth amongst the other states, in terms of income. The state economy, over the last five years has been experiencing a growth of 2 to 7% per annum, as against an all India average of 5.8% per annum.

4.4.2.3 State Income The annual growth rate of NSDP from 1997-98 to 2002-03 has been observed to be 5.29%, where as Per Capita Income (PCI) grew at 4.64% per annum over the same period. The growth rates of NSDP and PCI by years are presented in Table 4.15 below:

Table 4.15: Growths in NSDP and Per Capita Income in Kerala State

At current prices At constant (1993-94) prices

To

tal

NS

DP

To

tal

NS

DP

Year

(Rs Lakhs)

Gro

wth

in

N

SD

P o

ver

pre

vio

us y

ear

(%)

Per

cap

ita

NS

DP

(i

n

Rs

.)

Gro

wth

in

N

SD

P o

ver

pre

vio

us y

ear

(%)

(Rs Lakhs)

Gro

wth

in

N

SD

P o

ver

pre

vio

us y

ear

(%)

Per

cap

ita

NS

DP

(

in R

s.)

Gro

wth

in

N

SD

P o

ver

pre

vio

us y

ear

(%)

1997-98 4488347 14231 2863315 9079

1998-99 5106096 13.76% 16029 12.63% 3064366 7.02% 9619 5.95%

1999-00 5692604 11.49% 17709 10.48% 3271615 6.76% 10178 5.81%

2000-01 6371511 11.93% 19951 12.66% 3356516 2.60% 10510 3.26%

2001-02 7304895 14.65% 22668 13.62% 3490599 3.99% 10832 3.06%

2002-03 8378201 14.69% 25764 13.66% 3703133 6.09% 11388 5.13%

Average 13.30% 12.61% 5.29% 4.64% Source: Department of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Kerala

4.4.3 Tamil Nadu

It is observed that the economy in terms of NSDP of the state has increased from Rs. 5164330Lakhs in 1993-94 to Rs. 8181770 Lakhs in 2002-03 resulting in a growth of economy of about 5.30 percent per annum during the period. An average of of 4.28% growth rate was observed in per capita income considering the NSDP. Table 4.16 gives the growth rates of NSDP and PCI by years.


SECON 36

Table 4.16: Growths in NSDP and Per Capita Income in Tamil Nadu State

At current prices At constant (1993-94) prices

To

tal

NS

DP

To

tal

NS

DP

Year

(Rs Lakhs)

Gro

wth

in

N

SD

P o

ver

pre

vio

us y

ear

(%)

Per

cap

ita

NS

DP

(i

n

Rs.)

Gro

wth

in

N

SD

P o

ver

pre

vio

us y

ear

(%)

(Rs Lakhs) Gro

wth

in

N

SD

P o

ver

pre

vio

us y

ear

(%)

Per

cap

ita

NS

DP

(

in R

s.)

Gro

wth

in

N

SD

P o

ver

pre

vio

us y

ear

(%)

1993-94 5164330 8955 5164330 8955

1994-95 6127581 18.65% 10503 17.29% 5793555 12.18% 9931 10.90%

1995-96 6971916 13.78% 11818 12.52% 5985425 3.31% 10146 2.16%

1996-97 7912106 13.49% 13270 12.29% 6231974 4.12% 10452 3.02%

1997-98 9268985 17.15% 15388 15.96% 6755934 8.41% 11216 7.31%

1998-99 10579315 14.14% 17394 13.04% 7059878 4.50% 11608 3.50%

1999-00 11274064 6.57% 18367 5.59% 7454344 5.59% 12144 4.62%

2000-01 12609957 11.85% 20367 10.89% 8013892 7.51% 12944 6.59%

2001-02 13256719 5.13% 21239 4.28% 8181253 2.09% 13108 1.27%

2002-03 13678087 3.18% 21738 2.35% 8181770 0.01% 13003 -0.80%

Average 11.55% 10.47% 5.30% 4.28% Source: Department of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Tamil Nadu

4.5 Economic Forecasts

Traffic growth rates needed to assess the likely future traffic levels on the project road are a product of the economic growth rate and the elasticity of the traffic demand vis-à-vis economic growth. This can be expressed by the following equation.

Tg = e x Eg Where Tg = Traffic Growth Rate e = Elasticity of Traffic Demand Eg = Economic Growth Rate

4.5.1 Elasticity of Traffic Demand

Elasticity of traffic demand – e – can be computed considering the historic traffic volumes and economic trends and are detailed in a latter section. Future economic growth rates in the influence area necessary for estimating the traffic growth rates were based on the national economic forecasts by Planning Commission (PC), Govt of India. The state level economic forecasts and that of Primary/Secondary sectors are based on the regression models developed for the purpose in relation to the national level economic information.

For the present study the past vehicle registration data for Tamil Nadu for a period of past 10years (i.e. from Year 1993 - 2002) has been presented in Table 4.5(a) and 4.5(b). Regression analysis has been carried out using vehicle registration data and economic indicators like NSDP. The elasticity values obtained for passenger and goods vehicles are shown in Table 4.17. The Elasticity values are reduced by 5% every five year, as there will be increase in the total traffic and which ultimately leads to the congestion of the road.


SECON 37

Table 4.17: Elasticity values Year 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 2020-2024 2025-2029

Vehicle Type

2Wheelers 2.44 2.32 2.20 2.09 1.99

Car 1.23 1.17 1.11 1.05 1.00

Bus 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.87 0.83

Auto 2.28 2.17 2.06 1.95 1.86

Commercial Vehicles 1.80 1.71 1.62 1.54 1.47

Others 1.21 1.15 1.09 1.04 0.99

4.5.2 Economic Growth Rate

The performance of the Indian economy was analysed by international funding agencies, credit rating agencies and industries bodies in the country. The economic growth will be in three different scenarios like Low, Medium and High.

The model adopted is based on the IRC: 108-1996 Guidelines. It has suggested relating traffic with GDP of country. But for predicting traffic growth rates instead of using GDP, traffic has been co-related with NSDP of Kerala as well as Tamil Nadu. Considering the past growth in the NSDP of the both states, the economic growth remains at the rate of minimum of 5.30% every year. Hence an economic growth rate of 5.30% is considered for the traffic projection purpose for medium scenario. A growth rate of 5% is assumed for low growth scenario and 6% for high growth scenario.

4.5.3 Traffic Growth Rates

Traffic growth rates necessary to estimate the traffic levels in future on the project road are a product of economic factors of the influence area and elasticity of traffic demand. Traffic growth rates for various categories of vehicle types were estimated based on the economic forecasts in the influence area, the corresponding elasticity of traffic demand and the weights of each economic zone (represented by the percentage of traffic generation in each zone) defined earlier. Table 4.18 gives the combined Traffic Growth Rates for Low, medium and high growth scenario.

Table 4.18 (a): Estimated traffic growth rates for Low Scenario

Year 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 2020-2024 2025-2029 Vehicle Type (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

2Wheelers 12.20 11.59 11.01 10.46 9.94 Car 6.15 5.84 5.55 5.27 5.01

Bus 5.10 4.85 4.60 4.37 4.15

Auto 11.40 10.83 10.29 9.77 9.29


Others 6.05 5.75 5.46 5.19 4.93

Table 4.18 (b): Estimated traffic growth rates for Medium Scenario

Year 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 2020-2024 2025-2029 Vehicle Type (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

2Wheelers 12.93 12.29 11.67 11.09 10.53 Car 6.52 6.19 5.88 5.59 5.31

Bus 5.41 5.14 4.88 4.63 4.40 Auto 12.08 11.48 10.91 10.36 9.84

Commercial Vehicles 9.54 9.06 8.61 8.18 7.77 Others 6.41 6.09 5.79 5.50 5.22


SECON 38

Table 4.18 (c): Estimated traffic growth rates for High Scenario

Year 2005-2009 2010-2014 2015-2019 2020-2024 2025-2029

Vehicle Type (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)

2Wheelers 14.64 13.91 13.21 12.55 11.92

Car 7.38 7.01 6.66 6.33 6.01

Bus 6.12 5.81 5.52 5.25 4.98 Auto 13.68 13.00 12.35 11.73 11.14


Others 7.26 6.90 6.55 6.22 5.91

4.5.4 Traffic Forecast

Using the estimated growth rates the future traffic likely to be using the project road is estimated. Table 4.19 shows the projected traffic volume at the two locations for medium growth scenario.

Table 4.19: Future Projected Volume for existing Road Based on Medium Growth rates

NH 47 NH 47 NH 47B

km-626/000 km-646/400 km-11/000 Year

Vehicles Per Day

PCU Per Day

Vehicles Per Day

PCU Per Day

Vehicles Per Day

PCU Per Day

2005 14008 18028 6745 6894 9089 14073

2010 22018 26922 10757 10320 14242 21100

2015 34455 39985 17089 15429 22183 31385

2020 53575 59018 26974 23013 34288 46280

2025 82616 86500 42197 34189 52518 67614

2030 126653 126242 65574 50704 79921 98165

2033 164431 159162 85811 64625 103273 123256

Apart from the above traffic projections based on the econometric method, the projection has been done by considering the conservative traffic growth rate of 5% per annum for all categories of vehicles. The projected traffic with 5% growth is presented in Table 4.20 below. Table 4.20: Projected Volume for the existing Road Based on the 5% growth

km-626/000 of NH 47 km-11/000 of NH 47B km-646/400 of NH 47 Year

Vehicles Per Day

PCU Per Day

Vehicles Per Day

PCU Per Day

Vehicles Per Day

PCU Per Day

2005 12460 16323 8111 12777 5971 6225

2006 13083 17139 8517 13415 6270 6536

2010 15903 20833 10352 16306 7621 7945

2015 20297 26589 13212 20812 9726 10140

2020 25904 33935 16863 26562 12414 12941

2025 33061 43310 21522 33900 15843 16516

2030 25904 33935 27468 43266 20221 21080

2035 53853 70548 35057 55219 25807 26903

4.5.5 Traffic Capacity Analysis

As per the guidelines given in IRC-64: 1990 the capacity of a four lane divided carriageway is 35000 PCU per day but it can be increased up to 40000 PCU per day by


SECON 39

providing a paved shoulder. However, presently it is proposed to provide an alternate route for the existing road as it is not possible to widen, it is assumed that around 65% of traffic is likely to use the new road. Hence, considering 10% of the total traffic as peak hour traffic based on the traffic projections and conservative growth rate, the volume to capacity ratio for the existing road (if new road is not proposed) and after the implementation of the new road is determined and summarized in Table 4.21.

Table 4.21(a): Volume-Capacity Ratio (Existing Road)


PCU Per Day V/C Ratio PCU Per Day V/C Ratio PCU Per Day V/C Ratio

2005 16323 1.09 12777 0.85 6225 0.41

2006 17139 1.14 13415 0.89 6536 0.44

2010 20833 1.39 16306 1.09 7945 0.53

2015 26589 1.77 20812 1.39 10140 0.68

2020 33935 2.26 26562 1.77 12941 0.86

2025 43310 2.89 33900 2.26 16516 1.10

2030 55276 3.69 43266 2.88 21080 1.41

2035 70548 4.70 55219 3.68 26903 1.79

Table 4.21(b): Volume-Capacity Ratio (New Road)


PCU Per Day V/C Ratio PCU Per Day V/C Ratio PCU Per Day V/C Ratio

2005 10610 0.27 8305 0.21 4046 0.10

2006 11141 0.28 8720 0.22 4248 0.11

2010 13541 0.34 10599 0.26 5164 0.13

2015 17283 0.43 13528 0.34 6591 0.16

2020 22058 0.55 17265 0.43 8412 0.21

2025 28152 0.70 22035 0.55 10736 0.27

2030 35929 0.90 28123 0.70 13702 0.34

2035 45856 1.15 35893 0.90 17487 0.44

4.5.6 Traffic Forecast for Intersection

Using the estimated medium growth rates the future traffic is projected for the intersections. Table 4.22 shows the projected traffic volume at the Intersection locations.

Table 4.22: Projected Traffic at Intersections by Medium Growth Rates

Traffic Projection for Intersection Considering the Peak Hour Traffic

NH 47 NH 47 NH 47 NH 47B Takeoff

point From NH 47

km-630/400 km-641/600 km-653/000 km-000/000

Year Vehicles/

Day PCU / Day

Vehicles/ Day

PCU / Day

Vehicles/ Day

PCU / Day

Vehicles/ Day

PCU / Day

2005 1468 1786 1961 1847 1762 1711 6787 7000

2010 2293 2604 3212 2846 2846 2642 10944 10652

2015 3574 3790 5222 4376 4564 4060 17551 16165

2020 5551 5504 8407 6699 7253 6205 27920 24426

2025 8568 7970 13373 10191 11401 9411 43954 36687

2030 13167 11537 21075 15441 17769 14203 68647 54904

2033 17130 14498 27784 19918 23278 18269 90060 70305


SECON 40

5.0 ALIGNMENT AND ENGINEERING

5.1 Project Description

5.1.1 General

The project stretch of Package-II consists of 2 parts (i) NH 47 from Kerala - Tamil Nadu Border to Nagercoil and further it joins the

proposed NH 7 bypass for Kanyakumari and (ii) Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru of NH 47B falling under NHDP Phase III. The package starts at km 43/000 of proposed NH 47 (Karode-Design Chainage km 43/000) and cuts across NH 47B on Nagercoil bypass at (Design Chainage km 82/181). From km 82/200, the alignment crosses Nagercoil-Tirunelveli railway line and after bypassing heavily builtup area of Kottaram village it joins the NH 7 bypass. Further it includes the proposed alignment of NH 47B from km 0/000 to km 16/376 where it joins km 211/600 of NH-7. The entire stretch comes under the administrative jurisdiction of Kanyakumari district.

5.1.2 Location and Terrain Conditions

The road section of NH 47 between Thiruvananthapuram and Kanyakumari traverses from latitude 8o 41’ N to 8o 11’ N and longitude 76o 51’ E to 77o 30’ E. The alignment generally runs through rolling and highly undulating terrain requiring heavy cutting and filling at several locations, especially in the new alignment portion upto km-71/250. There after the alignment runs through paddy fields and wet lands. The alignment of NH 47 crosses southern railway broad gauge main line from Thiruvananthapuram to Kanyakumari at km 58/445 (Railway chainage 265/365). Also the alignment crosses the Nagercoil - Tirunelveli railway line at km 83/495 (Railway chainage 292/700). Along NH 47B Nagercoil - Tirunelveli railway line crosses at km-05/420.

5.2 Proposed Alignment

5.2.1 Proposed Alignment for NH 47 Section

km 43/000 to km 49/000 The alignment after crossing the Kerala border at km 43/000 at Manjamkuzhi proceeds through areas of Adakkakuzhi, Pirakode, Kuluvilai and finally crosses Tamraparani river at km 48/183. The alignment is taken through less built up areas and through low contour avoiding high cutting. The alignment cuts some of the local roads and it passes mainly through rubber estates and paddy fields. km 49/000 to km 58/450 The alignment passes through Mayapuram, Tamarakulam, Kappukkadu, and Mulamkuzhi villages through banana plantations, coconut gardens and rubber plantations. The alignment is taken through low contour avoiding hill cutting, but it cuts several local roads which is unavoidable. Beyond km 56/000 the alignment passes near Palliyadi and crosses railway line at km 58/445 (Railway chainage 265/365). At the proposed ROB location the railway line passes through cutting avoiding very high embankment for approach.


SECON 41

km 58/450 to km 65/000 After crossing Thiruvananthapuram – Kanyakumari railway line at Palliyadi, the alignment runs through villages of Vadavila, Pukkadai, Kozhiporuvila and Paruthikattuvilai and through coconut gardens, rubber and banana plantations. The alignment cuts Kozhiporuvila-Pukkadai road and Eranil branch canal and passes through residential areas and Pandaravilai village. It also cuts a tank and Thiruvankode - Milady road. km 65/000 to km 71/250 The alignment passes through banana plantation and cuts Aluvarcoil – Manjanuvila road connecting existing NH 47 at km 620 at Thackalai. Then it crosses river Valliyar at km 66/860 and runs through less built up areas of Pandaravilai, Puchikad and cuts Villukuri canal and joins the existing NH 47 at km 626/100. The major length of the alignment is generally passing through banana and coconut plantations. km 71/250 to km 71/700 (Old NH : km 626/100 to 627/000) After joining the existing NH, the alignment follows the existing NH up to km 71/700 and then deviates to left before Chungankadai village. km 71/700 to km 82/181 The alignment runs through paddy fields and foothills of Chungankadai, after the alignment crosses Puthery – Vadaserry road. Further it crosses Palayar River (km 79/800) and Teraikkalpudur road and joins NH 47 B at km 82/181 at Ozhukinsseri. km 82/181 to km 88/600 After crossing NH 47B the alignment of proposed NH 47 goes through paddy fields and crosses Nagercoil – Tirunelveli railway line at km 83/495 and runs through Karuppukottai, Therur villages. This portion of alignment runs north of Nagercoil and Suchindram and joins NH 47, at km 88/600 (km 642/800) near Manavila junction. km 88/600 to 92/150 (Old NH: km 642/800 to 646/238) It is proposed to widen the existing highway in this stretch on right side as there is a canal, buildings and shops on left side and the alignment deviates from NH at km 92/150. km 92/150 to km 96/714 From km 92/150 the alignment deviates towards the south bypassing heavily built up Kottaram village and meets at km 231/653 of NH 7 Kanyakumari Bypass terminating the NH 47 chainage at km 96/714. The alignment generally runs through paddy fields.

5.2.2 Proposed Alignment for NH 47B Section

The proposed alignment of NH 47B starts just before proposed Nagercoil bypass in Kanyakumari District and terminates at km 211/600 of NH-7, in Kavalkinaru of Tirunelveli district. The total length of project road is 16/376km and is aligned through less built up areas avoiding religious structures, ponds, etc. 60m Right of Way is proposed keeping provision for future expansion of project road. The new four lane highway will be aligned through the centre of the acquired land. Considering the large number of structures affected while using the existing NH47B, totally new alignment is


SECON 42

proposed bypassing built up areas like Viswasapuram, Thovalai, Vellamadam, MGR Nagar, Arvalmozhai etc. km 0/000 to km 2/000 The alignment of NH 47B cuts the proposed Nagercoil bypass of NH47 at km 82/181. the alignment starts at 0.205km before the junction of NH 47B and NH 47 (new alignment) and continues up to 0.6 km of existing NH 47B. Further it deviates towards left crossing paddy fields and cuts Teraikkalpudur-Thirupathisaram road, and proceeds further to cross existing NH47B at km 2/000 .The alignment runs through paddy fields and less built up areas. The existing road for a length of 600m is used by widening towards right. km 2/000 to km 5/000 The entire alignment runs through paddy fields and coconut plantation and crosses Puttanar canal at km 3/500 and passes through paddy fields, crosses a small stream and proceeds through open lands near Viramartandanpuram. km 5/0 to km 6/0 The alignment cuts Viramartandanpuram-Sivagnanapuram road at km 5/150, then a pond and proceeds further to cross Thirunelveli-Nagarcoil railway line at km 5/470. Generally the alignment is going through open land. km 6/0 to km 7/0 It runs through cultivated land on the left side and the foothills of Tekkumalai Reserve Forest on the right side carefully avoiding the Forest Land. Then it crosses Murungur -Thirumalipuram road at km 6/100 and Thovalai channel at km 6/250. km 7/0 to km 8/0 The alignment passes through barren land close to the foot of the hills (avoiding Tekkumalai West Reserved Forest) and it runs through dry land and garden lands almost parallel to railway line cutting some streams nearby. The alignment is going away from the built up area at Thovala. km 8/0 to km 9/0 The alignment runs through coconut and banana plantations. Then It crosses asphalted road leading to Thovala railway station. km 9/0 to km 11/0 It runs through coconut, mango and banana plantations, and crosses a BT road at km 10/500 leading to Muthunagar. It crosses the Devasagai Malai- Arulvaimozhi -.road at km 11/0.A Number of brick kilns are located on either side of the alignment. km 11/0 to km 12/0 The alignment runs through coconut plantations, babool bushes, flower gardens and dry lands avoiding windmills on either side.


SECON 43

km 12/0 to km 14/0 It passes through coconut and cashew plantations and dry lands and crosses a BT road at km 13/200 leading to MGR Nagar. It also passes through wind mill farms. km 14/0 to km 15/0 It passes through dry lands and babool bushes and crosses Muppandal-Kumarapuram road at km 14/900 and runs through wind farms area avoiding wind mills, avoiding the windmill structures. km 15/000 to km 16/376 It passes through wind mill farm area and proceeds to meet NH 7 at km 211/600. Great care has been taken while fixing the alignment to avoid major built up areas, religious structures, tanks etc. Over and above suggestion by peoples representatives and other public figures has been critically examined and changes effected wherever possible without compromising geometrics of the alignment. In brief, the alignment is feasible, economical and technically sound. Also adequate access to local public has been provided with service roads / underpasses, pedestrian, cattle crossings, etc. The summary of the proposed widening or new alignment details are presented in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1: Proposed Road Widening or Alignment Details

Design Chainage (km) Widening Side Remarks

NH 47 43/000 71/250 New Formation

71/250 71/700 Left

71/700 75/293.99 New Formation Avoiding the

builtup area of Chungankadai

Revised chainage km 75/293.990 = Design chainage km 75/315.172 75/315.34 82/580 New Formation

Revised chainage km 82/580.702 = Design chainage km 82/550.00

82/550 88/600 New Formation 88/600 89/200 Right

89/200 89/450 Curve improvement on RHS 89/450 91/450 Right 91/450 91/550 Curve improvement on RHS 91/550 91/750 Right 91/750 91/900 Curve improvement on RHS

91/900 92/150 Right 92/150 96/713.59 New Formation

NH 47B 0/000 1/159 New Formation

Revised chainage km 1/159.883 = Design chainage km 0/900.00 0/900 16/376 New Formation

5.3 Geometrics

The proposal involves new construction of four-lane highway for entire length except for small length where the existing road will be improved to Four lane standards. As per the design adopted in FDPR, design speed of 100km per hour is considered for geometric


SECON 44

designs. Minimum radius of horizontal curves provided is 400m. Maximum super elevation of 7% and maximum gradient of 3.3% is provided

5.4 Structure Design

1. All the culverts and bridges on the existing road are of two lane. 2. The existing culverts and medium bridges are proposed to be widened to 4-lane

road way width in accordance with the cross sections of the road.

3. The vent height and span length of the existing bridge are maintained in the proposed bridges.

4. Pile/Open foundation, Bank Seat abutments and circular piers are conceived for

the proposed bridges.

5. The bank seat abutment walls are continuous in the median portion to retain earth and for safety.

6. New Six Lane major bridge is proposed at Thamprapani river location

7. Underpass/Overpass for vehicles/pedestrians have been provided in the cross

roads along the highway. The underpasses are provided with RCC box structure with approach ramp to retain earth. The vent height for the vehicular underpass is considered as 5m and for pedestrian underpass as 3.5m and width considered as per existing cross road width but not less than 4.5m. The Overpasses are provided with precast PSC girder with bank seat abutment and approach ramp to retain earth. Minimum vertical clearance of overpass has been considered as 5m and width of the structure considered as per existing cross road.

8. New Six Lane ROBs are provided at railway line crossings with minimum vertical clearance of 6.525 m keeping the future view of Electrified Railway engines.

5.5 Design Parameters

5.5.1 Design Standards

The design conforms to the following IRC standards i) IRC:05-1985 General Details ii) IRC:06-2000 Loads and Stresses iii) IRC:78-2000 Design of Substructure iv) IRC 18-2000 Design of Prestressed Members v) IRC 21-2000 Design of reinforced members vi) IRC 83-2000 Design of Bearing (Part-I, II and III) vii) IS:1893-2002 Design of Earthquake resistant structures Viii) Railway Codal Recommendation and Practice Southern Central Railway


SECON 45

5.5.2 Design Loads

For the design of major structures, following Design Loads are adopted:

(a) Dead Loads (As per IRC:6) Unit weight of PCC members : 2.4 t/m3

Unit Weight of RCC Members : 2.5 t/m3 Unit Weight of Wearing Coat : 2.2 t/m3

(b) Live Loads (As per IRC:6) For Global Analysis One lane of Class 70R Wheel + One lane of Class A wheel OR

Three lanes of Class A Vehicles whichever governs. For Local Analysis, Class AA Tracked Vehicle has been considered

All the above analysis for the superstructure has been done using STAAD Pro Software.

(c) Wind Loads, Earthquake Loads, braking loads, Temperature Effects, Water

current forces and Buoyancy forces are considered as per relevant clauses of IRC : 6

For Earthquake Design, the structure is considered in Zone III as per IS:1893

(d) Design has been carried out using Moderate conditions of exposure as per IRC:21

5.5.3 Materials

Foundation Concrete Grade : M35(for major bridge/ROB/underpass/ overpass);

M30 (for minor bridge and cross drainage structure) Reinforcement : HYSD of grade Fe415 Abutment/Abutment Cap, Pier /Pier Cap Concrete Grade : M35 (for major bridge/ROB/underpass/ overpass); M30

(for minor bridge and cross drainage structure) Reinforcement : HYSD of grade Fe415 Superstructure Concrete Grade : M40 (PSC girder & RCC Deck slab) M30 (RCC girder & Deck Slab) Reinforcement : HYSD of grade Fe415 Crash Barrier Concrete Grade : M40 Reinforcement : HYSD steel of grade Fe415

Approach Slab Concrete Grade : M30 Reinforcement : HYSD steel of grade Fe415


SECON 46

Clear Cover to any Reinforcements are followed as below: a) Foundation : 75mm b) Pier, Piercap, Abutment, Abutment Cap : 50mm d) RCC Desk Slab : 25mm

5.5.4 Bearing

Neoprene bearing for slab superstructure and Pot-cum- PTFE bearing for girder superstructure has been adopted.

5.5.5 Expansion Joints

Compression seal for slab superstructures and Elastomeric Strip Seal for girder superstructures are used.

5.5.6 Wearing Coat

For minor bridge and cross drainage structure 50mm thick bituminous concrete wearing coat has been proposed. For major bridge and ROB 40mm thick bituminous concrete overlaid with 25mm thick mastic asphalt has been proposed.

5.5.7 Approach

Earth wall Embankment shall be adopted for the approaches.

5.5.8 Structure

All the salient features of the structures are maintained as per the general arrangements drawing accordingly.

5.6 Proposed Structures

After proposing the feasible and technically sound alignment, a detailed study was done to provide the various cross drainage structures and other structures along the alignment. The cross drainage structures include Major Bridges, Minor Bridges, Culverts (Box/Pipe) etc. The other structures include Vehicular Underpass, Vehicular Overpass, ROBs and Pedestrian Underpass etc. The lists of structures proposed along the alignment are presented in Table 5.2 to 5.8 below. 3-lane structures are proposed on the existing road where widening is proposed, only on the proposed widening side. But incase of new formation structures will be 6-lane width.

Table 5.2: List of New Major Bridges

Design Chainage Type of Name of

Bridge (km) crossing Proposed span arrangement

( no x span in m)

Thambraparani 48.186 Square 2 x 28.35 + 4 x 30.10


SECON 47

Table 5.3: List of New Minor Bridges

S No.

Design Chainage

(km)

Type of crossing

Proposed structural

configuration

Proposed Structure type

Proposed span arrangement ( no x dimension/ span

in m)

1 43.234 Skew 24° Twin Cell Box Type RCC Box Type 2 x 5.0


3 62.143 Skew 20° Single Cell Box

Type RCC Box Type 1 x 6.0

4 64.208 Skew 26° Single Cell Box


5 66.853 Square

PSC I Girder, Bank Seat type Abutment.

Psc Girder Type 1 x 28.35

6 68.52 Skew 41° Five Cell Box Type RCC Box Type 5 x 5.3

7 69.64 Skew 13° Three Cell Box


8 73.73 Square Single Cell Box








12 79.6 Square Three Cell Box

Type RCC Box Type 3x 5.0

13 80.706 Skew 15°

PSC I Girder, Twin Pier type

Abutment. PSC Girder

Type 1 x 33.0

14 86.917 Skew 32°

PSC I Girder, Bank Seat Type Abutment.

PSC Girder Type 1 x 26.0

15 93.915 Skew 26°

PSC I Girder, Bank Seat Type Abutment.


16 1.36 Square Three Cell Box



18 3.56 Skew 15°

PSC I Girder, Twin Pier Type

Abutment with pile Foundation.



20 4.284 Square Twin Cell Box


21 6.225 Square Twin Cell Box


22 9.006 Skew 25° Three Cell Box


23 9.227 Square

PSC I Girder, Bank Seat Type Abutment


24 11.991 Skew 25° Twin Cell Box Type RCC Box Type 2 x 5.5 25 15.871 Square Twin Cell Box Type RCC Box Type 2 x 4.5


SECON 48

Table 5.4: List of Box Culverts Proposed for New Construction

Sl. No.

Design Chainage/ Location

Design Chainage

(km) Proposed Structure

Proposed Clear dimension

(m)

NH 47 From km 43/000 to km 96/714

1 44/37 44/37 BC 3 x 3

2 45/91 45/91 BC 3 x 3

3 50/82 50/82 BC 2 x 1.8

4 51/18 51/18 BC 3 x 3

5 52/75 52/75 BC 2 x 1.2

6 53/8 53/8 BC 2.5 x 2.5

7 54/040 54/040 BC 2 x 2

8 55/25 55/25 BC 2.5 x 2.5

9 55/525 55/525 BC 2.5 x 2.5

10 56/396 56/396 BC 5.5 x 2.5

11 57/48 57/48 BC 2.5 x 2.5

12 59/14 59/14 BC 2 x 2

13 60/000 60/000 BC 2.5 x 2.5

14 60/2 60/2 BC 3 x 3

15 60/727 60/727 BC 2 x 2

16 65/75 65/75 BC 3.5 x 2.5

17 67/55 67/55 BC 2 x 1

18 68/03 68/03 BC 2 x 2

19 71/15 71/15 BC 3 x 3

20 72/400 72/400 BC 2 x 1

21 72/505 72/505 BC 3 x 2

22 73/520 73/520 BC 3 x 3

23 73/920 73/920 BC 1.5 x 1.5

24 74/200 74/200 BC 1.5 x 1.5

25 75/404 75/404 BC 2 x 1

26 75/8 75/8 BC 1.5 x 1.5

27 80/25 80/25 BC 2.5 x 2.5

28 84/232 84/232 BC 2 x 2

29 84/452 84/452 BC 2 x 1

30 84/925 84/925 BC 2 x 1

31 85/185 85/185 BC 2 x 1

32 86/000 86/000 BC 2 x 1.5

33 87/500 87/500 BC 2 x 1.5

34 88/008 88/008 BC 2 x 1.5

35 88/273 88/273 BC 2 x 1.5

36 92/245 92/245 BC 2 x 2

37 92/450 92/450 BC 2 x 2

38 93/166 93/166 BC 2 x 2

39 94/206 94/206 BC 2 x 1

40 94/565 94/565 BC 2 x 1

41 96/341 96/341 BC 4.5 x 2


SECON 49

Sl. No.


Design Chainage


Proposed Clear dimension

(m)

NH 47B From km 00/000 to km 16/400

42 0/762 0/762 BC 2 x 2

43 2/190 2/190 BC 3 x 3

44 2/625 2/625 BC 2 x 1.5

45 4/110 4/110 BC 2.5 x 2.5

46 6/700 6/700 BC 3 x 3

47 7/250 7/250 BC 1 x 1

48 7/925 7/925 BC 1 x 1

49 8/066 8/066 BC 1 x 1

50 8/772 8/772 BC 2 x 1.5

51 10/640 10/640 BC 2 x 2

52 11/750 11/750 BC 2 x 2

53 12/250 12/250 BC 2 x 1.5

54 12/736 12/736 BC 2 x 2

55 13/500 13/500 BC 2 x 1

56 14/800 14/800 BC 3 x 3

Table 5.5: List of Pipe Culverts Proposed for New Construction

Sl. No.


Design Chainage


Proposed Clear

dimension (m)

NH 47 From km 43/000 to km 96/714

1 43/383 43/383 HPC 2 x 1.2

2 43/702 43/702 HPC 2 x 1.2

3 43/990 43/990 HPC 2 x 1.2

4 44/189 44/189 HPC 2 x 1.2

5 44/6 44/6 HPC 2 x 1.2

6 45/5 45/5 HPC 2 x 1.2

7 46/24 46/24 HPC 2 x 1.2

8 46/5 46/5 HPC 2 x 1.2

9 47/86 47/86 HPC 2 x 1.2

10 48/7 48/7 HPC 2 x 1.2

11 49/25 49/25 HPC 2 x 1.2

12 49/539 49/539 HPC 2 x 1.2

13 50/95 50/95 HPC 2 x 1.2

14 51/45 51/45 HPC 2 x 1.2

15 51/8 51/8 HPC 2 x 1.2

16 52/275 52/275 HPC 2 x 1.2

17 56/00 56/00 HPC 2 x 1.2

18 56/602 56/602 HPC 2 x 1.2

19 57/759 57/759 HPC 2 x 1.2

20 58/00 58/00 HPC 2 x 1.2

21 58/714 58/714 HPC 2 x 1.2


SECON 50

Sl. No.


Design Chainage


Proposed Clear

dimension (m)

22 58/864 58/864 HPC 2 x 1.2

23 60/5 60/5 HPC 2 x 1.2

24 62/58 62/58 HPC 2 x 1.2

25 63/3 63/3 HPC 2 x 1.2

26 64/5 64/5 HPC 2 x 1.2

27 64/75 64/75 HPC 2 x 1.2

28 65/5 65/5 HPC 2 x 1.2

29 66/265 66/265 HPC 2 x 1.2

30 68/8 68/8 HPC 2 x 0.9

31 69/135 69/135 HPC 1 x 0.9

32 69/540 69/540 HPC 2 x 1.2

33 70/65 70/65 HPC 2 x 0.9

34 72/900 72/900 HPC 1 x 0.9

35 73/200 73/200 HPC 1 x 0.9

36 74/450 74/450 HPC 1 x 1

37 74/600 74/600 HPC 1 x 0.9

38 76/6 76/6 HPC 2 x 1.2

39 77/65 77/65 HPC 2 x 1.2

40 78/25 78/25 HPC 2 x 1.2

41 78/8 78/8 HPC 2 x 1.2

42 79/25 79/25 HPC 2 x 1.2

43 79/75 79/75 HPC 2 x 1.2

44 79/85 79/85 HPC 2 x 1.2

45 79/95 79/95 HPC 2 x 1.2

46 81/000 81/000 HPC 2 x 1.2

47 81/425 81/425 HPC 2 x 1.2

48 81/75 81/75 HPC 2 x 1.2

49 82/574 82/574 HPC 2 x 1.2

50 83/688 83/688 HPC 2 x 1.2

51 84/097 84/097 HPC 2 x 1.2

52 86/625 86/625 HPC 2 x 1.2

53 92/925 92/925 HPC 2 x 1.2

54 93/672 93/672 HPC 2 x 1.2

55 94/800 94/800 HPC 2 x 1.2

56 95/194 95/194 HPC 2 x 1.2

57 95/435 95/435 HPC 2 x 1.2

58 95/777 95/777 HPC 2 x 1.2

59 96/200 96/200 HPC 2 x 1.2

NH 47B From km 00/000 to km 16/376

60 1/050 1/050 HPC 10 x 1.2

61 1/488 1/488 HPC 2 x 1.2

62 1/825 1/825 HPC 2 x 1.2

63 3/390 3/390 HPC 2 x 1.2

64 3/725 3/725 HPC 2 x 1.2


SECON 51

Sl. No.


Design Chainage


Proposed Clear

dimension (m)

65 4/650 4/650 HPC 2 x 1.2

66 5/250 5/250 HPC 2 x 1.2

67 5/850 5/850 HPC 2 x 1.2

68 7/840 7/840 HPC 2 x 1.2

69 8/180 8/180 HPC 2 x 1.2

70 11/130 11/130 HPC 2 x 0.9

Table 5.6: List of Culverts Proposed for Widening

Type of Structure No. x (Span

Arrangement /diameter of pipe)

Sr. No.

Existing CD No.

Existing Chainage

(km)

Design Chainage

(km) Existing Proposed

Existing (m)

Proposed (m)

1 PC 86 626/153 71/260 HPC HPC 1 x 0.9 1 x 0.9

2 PC 87 626/743 71/825 HPC BC 1 x 0.8 2.0 x 2.0

3 PC 106 644/212 90/111 HPC HPC 1 x 0.9 1 x 0.9

4 PC 107 644/257 90/153 HPC HPC 1 x 0.9 1 x 0.9

5 PC 108 644/406 90/301 HPC HPC 1 x 0.9 1 x 0.9

6 PC 109 644/539 90/435 HPC HPC 1 x 0.9 1 x 0.9

7 PC 110 644/672 90/564 HPC HPC 1 x 0.9 1 x 0.9

8 PC 111 644/988 90/883 HPC HPC 1 x 0.9 1 x 0.9

9 C 88 627/122 72/205 SLC BC 1 x 4.0 2.0 x 3.0

10 C 101 643/043 88/964 SLC BC 1 x 0.9 2.0 x 1.0

11 C 102 643/155 89/075 SLC BC 2 x 1.1 2.0 x 1.5

12 C 103 643/589 89/508 SLC BC 1 x 0.9 2.0 x 1.0

13 C 105 643/827 89/729 SLC BC 2 x 1.2 2.0 x 2.0

14 C 112 645/929 91/800 SLC BC 1 x 1.0 2.0 x 2.0

15 C 113 646/083 91/953 SLC BC 1 x 0.9 2.0 x 2.0

SLC – Slab Culvert, HPC – Hume Pipe Culvert, BC – Box Culvert

Table 5.7: Details of Underpasses/Overpasses

S No.

Design Chainage (km)

Name of Intersecting

Roads

Proposed structural

configuration


Proposed span

arrangement ( clear

dimension in m)

NH 47 From km 43/000 to km 96/714

1 44.25 Pirakod &

Tittarganavilai Roads

RCC Box Type Vehicular

Underpass 7.5 x 5.0

2 47.644 Manakkalai - Tayyalumudu

Road RCC Box Type

Vehicular Underpass

7.5 x 5.0

3 49.465 Road towards

Peaikoedkulam RCC Box Type

Vehicular Underpass

7.5 x 5.0


SECON 52

S No.


Name of Intersecting

Roads

Proposed structural

configuration


Proposed span

arrangement ( clear

dimension in m)

4 52.016 Nattam RCC Box Type Pedestrian Underpass

5.5 x 3.5

5 58.27 No.2 Valavacha

Gostham RCC Box Type

Pedestrian Underpass

5.5 x 3.5

6 60.944 Maruthancodu –

Koliponvillai Road Psc Girder Type Vehicular Overpass 1 x 39.87

7 63.675 Mailad-

Tiruvitankad Road

Psc Girder Type Vehicular Overpass 1 x 39.87

8 65.278 No.13 Eraniel RCC Box Type Pedestrian Underpass

5.5 x 3.5

9 68.649 No.13 Eraniel RCC Box Type Pedestrian Underpass

5.5 x 3.5

10 83.218 Nagercoil Bypass RCC Box Type Pedestrian Underpass

5.5 x 3.5

NH 47B From km 00/000 to km 16/376

11 5.161 Teru –

Veilamadam Purma Road


Underpass 7.5 x 5.0

12 6.123 Teru -

Thirumalaipuram Road


Underpass 7.5 x 5.0

Table 5.8: Details of Proposed ROBs

Sl. No.

ROB / RUB

Location Existing Chainage/ Design Chainage

(km)

Proposed span arrangement (no x span in

m)

1 ROB 58/443 58.443 1 x 39.04

2 ROB 05/478 05.478 2 x 16.7 + 1 x 20.32 3 ROB 83/493 83.493 2 x 15.39 + 1 x 18.47


SECON 53

6.0 SUBGRADE INVESTIGATION FOR PAVEMENT

6.1 General

The Sub-grade soil samples were collected for testing its characteristics by collecting representative samples along the road for the proposed new alignment and existing road where it is used for widening for both sections of NH 47 and NH 47B accomplished by an extensive test pitting with additional tests.

6.2 Test Pitting

The test pits were made along the proposed alignment as well as at the edge of the existing road where the existing road is being utilized for the widening. Along the existing alignment, edge pits at 500-750m intervals were excavated in the hard shoulders at the edge of the seal of the existing pavement depending upon the direction of widening envisaged (East/ West) for the road. Center pits were excavated on existing NH at 628/100, km 644/300 and 646/800 km. As far as new alignments of NH 47 and NH 47B concerned, trial pits were excavated at intervals of 1.5 to 2 km generally.

Additional tests This was supplemented by in-situ evaluation of Sub-grade using ‘’field density tests’’/ DCPT (dynamic cone penetration test apparatus). Based on field DCPT values recorded, field CBR was calculated using the TRRL formula. Pavement & sub-grade investigation report with relevant details are furnished separately. It is to be noted that CBR values deduced thereof using the formula are merely representative of subgrade conditions at the time of investigations.

6.3 Planning and Implementation of Test Programme

Typical samples collected from the sites (widening, proposed & few center pits) were tested for the package. Initially, extensive visual classification was carried out and tests were planned accordingly. Lab tests conducted includes grain size and hydrometer analysis, Atterberg’s limits, Modified Proctor compaction and CBR tests (both unsoaked and 4 day soaked CBR). For few samples, three trial CBR tests were also carried out. It is observed that soil for almost entire package is more or less similar.

6.4 Analysis of Test Results

Table 6.1: Sub-Soil Stratification upto Excavated Depth Package From (km) To (km) Generalized Soil Profile

42/000 62/000 Clayey sand (stratified)

62/000 64/000 Silty sand with lenses of clay with gravel

NH 47

64/000 82/000 Clayey sand (stratified) 82/000 97/000 Clayey sand (stratified) NH 47B 0/000 16/400 Silty sand with lenses /traces of clay

6.5 Implications for pavement designs

Based on extensive CBR tests that included few three trial CBR tests also, a soaked CBR of 8% is suggested for design purposes. Analysis of test results from the three gravel quarries identified for NH 47 and one for NH 47/B intended for sub-bases indicates a soaked CBR value of above 8. Hence in-situ gravel from these quarries could also be considered for the respective packages.


SECON 54

7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 Project Area

This report is Project Specific and covers the environmental issues within ROW, though their impacts have been assessed up to the aerial distance of 10 km on both sides of road. The project is divided into two packages and the present study deals with Package-II (starting from km 43/000 to km 96/714 along NH 47 and km 0.000 to km 16.376 along NH 47B) in the Tamil Nadu State.

7.2 Objectives

The objectives of the EIA include:

• Collection of baseline data on various components of the environment.

• Determination of magnitude of environmental impacts so that due consideration is given to them during planning, construction and operational phases of the project.

• Assessment of the socio-economic conditions of the project affected persons and suggestions for their improvement.

• Identification of areas and aspects, which are environmentally or socio-economically significant.

• Submission of Environmental Enhancement Plan and Environmental Management Plans for enhancing and mitigating the negative impacts.

• Development of the road alignment in such a way that the environment and settlements are least affected.

• Presentation of public view on various environmental and socio-economic aspects of the project.

7.3 Major Negative Impacts and their Mitigation

The major direct environmental impacts and their mitigation measures required to be implemented are given in Table 7.1 below:

Table 7.1: Negative Impacts and their Mitigation Measures

Negative Impacts Mitigation Measures

Loss of trees

• Two trees to be planted in place of one removed, ensuring their survival rate

• Stretches which are devoid of trees at present, will be developed by planting trees

Loss of properties • Providing relocation sites

• Giving compensation/assistance

• Attempts to generate income restoration

Loss of surface water sources • Since the impact is of low scale, other water

bodies will take care of the loss

Ambient Air/Noise Quality • Plantation of trees, especially those which are

known as pollution sink near market place

• Improving the maintenance of vehicles

Relocation of religious structures • The new sites of relocation will be properly

developed

7.4 Significant Findings

Based on the study and analysis of the environmental parameters, the following important observations have been made:

1. There will be no loss of bio-diversity as no rare endangered plant or animal

species will be affected by the present project.


SECON 55

2. There is no major wildlife migrant route within the study area, which could be affected.

3. No Sanctuary or National Park is located within 10 km radius of the road. 4. The two most significant issues involved are (i) cutting of trees existing in the

corridor of the highway, and (ii) acquisition of land. 5. No historical monument, protected by Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) is

affected due to proposed widening. 6. Soils along the proposed road are red in colour. 7. The most important factors, which need continuous attention and assessment

during the construction phase, are the ambient air quality, the water quality and the noise level. (i) The ambient air quality of the study area is good except SPM/RPM, which

exceeds the permissible limits near intersections. (ii) The quality of the ground water is good for drinking as well as other

household purpose. (iii) Noise levels in the area particularly at crossing points of road exceed the

limits due to heavy vehicular movement. 8. The proposed alignment of the road should be such that built-up area should be

least affected. Based upon this criteria and social screening analysis, hot spots have been identified and represented as under:-

Table 7.2: ‘Hot Spots’ identified during Environmental / Social Screening Analysis

Sl. No.


Remark

NH 47

1 43.000 – 45.000 Coconut plantation, rubber estate

2 45.000 – 50.000 Rubber estate, Tambraparni River at km 48.186, Tambrakulam Pond at km 49.500

3 50.000 – 55.000 Rubber Estate, coconut Plantation, Pudukalam Pond in Nattalm village at km 54.625

4 55.000 – 60.000 Big pond, Nesarpuram, Nattalam at km 55.520, built up area of Palliyadi at km 56.500

5 60.000 – 65.000 Rubber Estate and coconut Plantation, Ponds at km 63.440, 64.250 & 64.550

6 65.000 – 70.000 Coconut Plantation, Valliyar River at km 66.850, Pond at km 68.000 & 68.510

7 70.000 – 75.000 Ponds at km 70.700, 71.300, 71.600, 72.000, 72.300, 73.500 & 73.900

8 75.000 – 82.200 Big Tank at km 77.650, Palayar River at km 80.706

9 82.200 – 90.000 Ponds at km 88.950 & 89.150

10 90.000 – 95.000 Ponds at km 90.120, 91.500, 92.450, 93.550 & 94.800

11 95.000 – 96.714 Ponds at km 95.250 & 96.250

NH 47B

12 0.000 – 5.000 Coconut Plantation, Ponds at km 1.050, 1.500 & 2.200

13 5.000 – 16.376 Pond at km 5.250

The EMP is prepared for avoidance, mitigation and management of the negative impacts of the project. It also covers remedial measures required to be taken for hot spots. EMP includes the list of all the project related activities, their chainage wise impacts at different stages of project during pre-construction phase / design phase, construction phase and operational phase on environment and remedial measures to be undertaken to mitigate these impacts.


SECON 56

The Environmental Monitoring Programs are suggested to provide information on which management decisions may be taken during construction and operational phase. The objectives of these programs are:

(i) To evaluate the efficiency of mitigation and enhancement measures. (ii) Updating the actions & impacts of baseline data and adaptation of additional

mitigation measures (if the present measures are insufficient). (iii) Generation of the data that may be incorporated in the EMP in future projects.


SECON 57

8.0 RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN

8.1 Description of Project

The existing NH 47 from Thiruvananthapuram to Kanyakumari is 2-Lane carriageway and presently the traffic on this road is much more than the capacity. Most of the road length has continuous built-up area very close to the road. The existing NH 47B from Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru is also 2-Lane carriageway. Geometrics of both the road sections are not up to the standards as per IRC for National Highways. In order to decongest the existing NH 47 within Thiruvananthapuram city, bypass for a length of 22.6km has already been constructed. Beyond the city limits, widening of the existing NH was investigated in detail, but ruled out due to large cale demolition involved. Hence, it was decided to adopt a new alignment for about 95% of road length except existing Thiruvananthapuram Bypass. The project road starts at Kazhakkottam, about 10 km North of Thiruvananthapuram city, on existing NH 47 (km 552/00) which is reckoned as km 00/000 for the project. The road further continues on the existing Thiruvananthapuram Bypass up to km 22/600 and traverses through cross country crossing Kerala/Tamil Nadu Border at Karode village at design Chainage of km 43/000. It is aligned cross country in Tamil Nadu state and rejoins the existing NH 47 at km 626/100 (existing chainage) and again deviates at 627/000 (existing chainage) bypassing Chungankadai, Nagercoil and Suchindram rejoining the existing NH 47 at km 642/800. From km 642/800 it follows the existing road up to km 646/238 and deviates on RHS for bypassing Kottaram built-up area and joins NH 7 at Kanyakumari Bypass (km 231/653 of NH7). NH 47B from Nagercoil to Kavalkinaru where it joins NH 7 has been provided with a new alignment except for an initial length of 600m. It starts near the junction of Nagercoil Bypass (km 82/181 of NH 47) and existing NH 47B.

8.2 Objectives

The resettlement plan has been prepared keeping the following broad objectives:-

• The negative impact on persons affected by the project would be avoided or minimized.

• Affected people and the beneficiary population will be informed and consulted about the project and its design where the negative impacts are unavoidable.

• The Project-Affected Persons (PAPs) will be assisted in improving or regaining their standard of living.

• People’s Opinion will be considered in planning and implementation of the project.

• All information related to resettlement plan and implementation will be disclosed to PAP’s.

8.3 Socio Economic and Census Surveys

A survey was conducted to identify the socio economic status of the population along the proposed new alignment of Package-II. The aim of the survey is to establish the impact of the proposed project, number of project-affected persons, type of perceived impacts, people’s concern, ways of mitigation, socioeconomic scenario of the area and the basic situation analysis. It also helped in establishing the types of affected persons and types of loss. Titled structure owners falling within the proposed corridor were captured in the survey. Structures partly or wholly within the corridor were surveyed. Social strip mapping


SECON 58

involved capturing all structures and constructions partly or wholly within the ROW. This helped in discussing alignments with people and design team. Sample socio-economic survey was conducted in the area traversed by the project to understand the conditions of the people. This helped in establishing the monitoring parameters, which would be used to study the project impact on the socio-economic conditions of the people.

8.4 Project Affected Persons (PAPs)

The following section elaborates the type of losses that the people either residing or working on the National Highway would incur by way of the loss of land (agricultural, commercial and residential), loss of structures (commercial and residential), loss of assets (agricultural, commercial and residential), loss of income (squatters, small business enterprise and moving businesses such as kiosks) and community resources. A total of 5358 Project Affected Families (PAFs) and 26790 Project Affected Persons (along Package-II) have been identified. Out of this 5358 Project Affected Families are going to lose their agriculture land, while the people loosing structural property are 558. 1 structure belonging to Small and cottage industries along the ROW are also going to be affected; however there are no major industries falling along the alignment in Package-II. The projected affected families & persons are presented in Table 8.1. Table 8.1: Project Affected Families & Persons In Terms of Project Impact

Type of Loss No. of PAFs No. of PAPs Agricultural land 5358 26790

Structures - Residential and Commercial 558 2790 Structures – Industrial 1 5

Total 5917 29585

8.5 Category of Project Affected Families

Usually the families will be of two types i.e. nuclear and joint or extended. The type of family will also have an impact on the resettlement of the PAFs. The average size of each family in the project area is 5 members. For impact assessment, entitlement and other analysis family is taken as a unit. The details of the PAFs are presented in Table 8.2 below.

Table 8.2: Category of Project Affected Families in Terms of Project Impacts

Category No. of PAFs

Land 5358 Structures 558 Squatters and Encroachers 10

Tenants 4 Kiosk 0

Total 5930

According to the census data structure owners (558 nos.) form the second largest group of the affected persons apart from agricultural landowners (5358 nos.). The encroachers are the residential and commercial structure owners who have extended their structures close to the edge of the road in the project area.

Apart from the families losing agricultural land and structures (residential, residential-cum- commercial, commercial), 10 nos. of squatters & encroachers and 04 nos. of tenants are going to be affected along the proposed alignment. The encroachers are those who have extended their property line onto govt. land; and therefore have been


SECON 59

categorized as non-titleholders. It is only the portion of the property on the Govt. land, which is getting affected.

8.6 Affected Structures By type

Type of structures also indicates about the economic conditions of the residents. Out of the total 558 structures (excluding religious and Govt.), 345 are permanent, 148 structures are semi-permanent and 65 are temporary in nature. The details are presented in the Table 8.3 below.

Table 8.3: Details of Structures

Type Number of Structures Permanent/Pucca 345 Semi Permanent/Semi Pucca 148

Temporary/Kuchha 65 Total 558

8.7 Loss of Land (Private and Government)

The project authorities will acquire agricultural land, dry lands and other land in different sections of the project area. Existing Right of Way (ROW) of the existing NH47 is varying between 12 to 24 m as per the PWD boundary stones and village land maps. It is contemplated to acquire land for a width of 60m ROW in Tamil Nadu. Private land acquisition is more compared to the government land acquisition. The private land to be acquired is mostly agricultural land followed by Dry land. The details of land acquisition within proposed ROW is presented in Table 8.4 below.

Table 8.4: Land Acquisition within Project ROW

Area along NH-47 in Area along NH-47B

in Total Area in Category of

Land sqm Acres-cent sqm Acres-cent sqm Acres-cent

Private Dry land 1876712 463-74.97 702708 173-64.22 2579420 637-39.20

Private Wet Land 901430 222-74.86 127990 31-62.69 1029420 254-37.55 Government Land

498062 123-07.70 168665 41-67.79 666727 164-75.49

Total 3276204 809-57.53 999363 246-94.70 4275567 1056-52.23

The owners of the landholdings to be acquired may have other source of income; but it is likely that this acquisition would cause partial loss of income for these families. The replacement cost/compensation will be paid as per the entitlement matrix by the competent authority.

8.8 Community Infrastructure and Assets

Apart from the demolition of private residential and commercial buildings as described above, some govt. buildings, bridges, culverts, service roads, bore wells and wells, tombs and small temples, police station, bus stops, Clinics, cattle sheds etc. will also be lost. These lost public structures will be replaced, prior to their actual demolition at new sites. Further, NGO will continue the dialogue with Panchayat officials and will procure No Objection Certificate. Details of community structures such as temples, shrines etc and government Structure are shown in the Table 8.5 below

Table 8.5: Details of Community Structures, Assets and Religious structures

Type of Structure Number of Structures Community Structure 16 Religious Structures 10


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8.9 Resettlement Principles

The Resettlement Policy of National Policy for Resettlement and Rehabilitation (NPRR), 2003 and NHAI have been consulted and compared to prepare the Resettlement Principles (RP) for the project. The entitlement policy recognizes all types of affected persons such as squatters, encroachers, titleholders, kiosks etc. Squatters who are present prior to survey are considered for R & R assistance. They will be paid replacement cost of structures, and ex-gratia. The titleholders of structure losers will be paid replacement cost of structure including homestead land and cost of trees. The land losers will be paid replacement costs of land lost and ex-gratia as per the entitlement matrix. All incidental costs will be borne by the project. The project will rebuild the community utilities and infrastructures if any, which is to be dismantled.

8.10 Consultation and Disclosures

A number of public consultations were held with various sections of the project affected population such as farmers, traders, women, village elders, panchayat members and other inhabitants etc. People in general agreed on the need for alternative or upgradation/widening the highway and strengthening the same. The process of information was highly appreciated by the local inhabitants. During public consultation, issues related to safety, compensation, income restoration, employment generation, HIV/AIDS, trafficking of women, information flow, grievance redressal, role of administration etc. were discussed. Issues were also raised about the transparency in the project implementation process. The RP for core sub-project addresses all issues raised during public consultation and recommends institutional strengthening measures as well.

8.11 Institutional Mechanism and Grievance Redressal

The RP for core subproject strongly recommends all efforts shall be made to settle grievances of the PAPs as amicably as possible. Out of court settlement shall be preferred since that expedites dispute settlement on one hand and help timely project implementation on the other hand. Grievance Redressal Committees will be set up at district level to resolve the concerns of the PAPs. Thorough investigations shall be done so that PAPs are satisfied.

The NHAI will establish an R & R Cell under the Project Implementation Unit (PIU). The project Director will head the R & R Cell (PIU), who will be supported by Resettlement and Rehabilitation officer. The NHAI will engage experienced NGOs for implementation of RP activities and to coordinate with other departments, which are stakeholders in the project. The NGOs will also be involved to organize and conduct training programs, awareness campaigns, verification of PAFs and their assets, help in settling the disputes etc. The PIU-R & R Cell will be assisted by committees at district level in resolving issues of disputes and in implementing the Resettlement Plan.

8.12 Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring will be continuous throughout the implementation of the RP. An external M & E agency will be hired by NHAI to monitor the implementation of RP. The PIU will submit periodic monthly progress reports to the NHAI HQ. Monitoring will be carried out for a period of three years from the date of implementation of the RP. The project will be evaluated from time to time from both internal and external mechanism.

PACKAGE – II FEASIBILITY REPORT - NHAI Report...646/238 and deviates on RHS for bypassing Kottaram...

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