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Pacific Basin Economic CouncilJapan Member Committee

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Foreword

Profile of PBEC

PBEC Area

Guide to Statistics

Contents

Editorial Staff

Sponsor List

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FOREWORD

As we embark upon our journey into the 21st century, we see that a growing wave of economic liberalization is sweeping the world on the regional and global levels. Within this context, private business people are playing an increasingly important role in promoting trade, investment, and other practical economic activities that take advantage of a free market economy. The Pacific Basin Economic Council - a cooperative organization of private business people in the Asia Pacific region - is dedicated to maintaining and strengthening an economic system based on free trade, while working to further expand economic activity in the private sector. In responding to the changing conditions in the Asia Pacific and the rest of the world, we are called upon to adopt a new perspective - one that is tailored to the new realities of the new century - while contributing in a meaningful way to the sustained growth of our region and to the economic development of the world. Recognizing that mandate, and with the aim of

achieving balanced economic development throughout the Asia Pacific region, the Japan Member Committee of the PBEC has engaged in sustained and energetic efforts in conjunction with business people from all over the Asia Pacific.

As part of those efforts, we began publishing the PBEC Statistics in 1982. A quick and easy guide for those who are interested in economic trends in the Asia Pacific region, this publication has become a favorite of government agencies, economic organizations, universities, and many other entities both in Japan and abroad. To commemorate PBEC's 34th International General Meeting in Tokyo, we have published a new edition of the Statistics in CD-ROM format. It is the first Handbook to be published in five years, and it is our sincere hope that you will find it useful. We would like to take this opportunity to express our deepest appreciation to the members of the PBEC statistical editorial committee for their assistance in preparing the data for publication, and to the many corporations who provided the financial support that made this project possible.

Japan Member Committee, the Pacific Basin Economic Council

Kosaku Inaba, Chairman

On the Publication of the 2001 PBEC Statistics

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PACIFIC BASIN ECONOMIC COUNCIL (PROFILE OF PBEC)

The Pacific Basin: A Dynamic RegionThe Pacific Basin region contains the world's largest economies, including China, Japan, and the United States. This dynamic region has the world's greatest pool of savings, its most advanced technologies, its fastest-growing and largest potential markets, and its greatest centers of production for key transnational industries. Who can doubt that the Pacific Basin region will continue to set the pace of global economic and technological development into the next century?

PBEC: Organization -- A Dynamic ForceThe Pacific Basin Economic Council is an association of senior business leaders from throughout the Pacific Basin Region representing more than 1,100 major corporations in 20 economies around the Pacific. PBEC member corporations account for more than US$4 trillion in global sales and employ more than 10 million people.Founded 1967, PBEC serves as the key organization through which regional executives create business relationships, encourage increased trade and investment, support open markets to lower trade barriers, and address emerging issues likely to shape the Pacific and global economies.

PBEC's MissionPBEC's mission is to achieve a business environment in the region that ensures open trade and investment and encourages competitiveness based on the capabilities of individual companies; provide information, networking fora, and services to members that increase their business opportunities; and support cooperative business efforts to address the economic well-being of citizens in the Pacific region.

ObjectivesThe Pacific Basin Economic Council will have an impact on the following key business issues in the region (in no particular order), which will promote an improved business climate in the region for all PBEC members: - advising governments in order to improve their business environment; - generating foreign investment flows to support economic development objectives; - reducing administrative barriers to international trade in the region; - stimulating the development and accelerating the implementation of new technologies; and - balancing economic development with the need for a clean environment.

The Voice of BusinessTo carry out its mission and serve its members' interests, PBEC provides advice and counsel to governments on emerging issues affecting the Pacific region's development. Through meetings with key officials, PBEC provides members with a mechanism for high-level contact with Pacific Basin governments. PBEC provides advice and counsel to governments on major issues effecting the development of the Pacific region. Private sessions between PBEC executives and government ministers and officials are held regularly. PBEC also cooperates with international organizations to ensure that business sector viewpoints are actively considered in government decision-making. PBEC also cooperates with international organizations such as the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the World Bank, and the United Nations to ensure that business sector viewpoints are represented.

PBEC meetings and publications help members to stay informed about cutting-edge trends and developments affecting the Pacific region. These activities and its International General Meeting make PBEC the preeminent voice of business in the Pacific Basin region.

PBEC Member CommitteesEach Member Committee sets its own agenda and conducts a range of programs, including conferences, seminars, and regular sessions with senior government officials. PBEC's nineteen committees also contribute significantly to the international activities of the organization.

PBEC Working CommitteesPBEC acts multilaterally through Working Committees to develop PBEC policy on emerging business issues such as administrative barriers, environment, food products and agriculture, foreign direct investment, services, and technology.

ActivitiesThe International General Meeting (IGM) PBEC hosts the premier business conference in the region each year, the IGM, which brings together more than 700 business leaders, government ministers, and heads of state from more than twenty-five economies around the Pacific, to discuss emerging business opportunities and trade issues facing the region.

Business Symposiums PBEC holds Business Symposiums focusing on improving the business climate in the region, effectively working with the business community toward the common goals of trade and investment liberalization, and increasing economic growth and prosperity. These symposiums are the ideal setting for governments and APEC to receive input from the business sector and conduct a mutually beneficial dialogue among the companies and governments in the region.

Colombia

United States

Canada

Japan

Thailand Philippines

Australia

New Zealand

Chinese Taipei

Malaysia

Korea

Indonesia

China

Russia

Hong Kong-China

SingaporeEcuador

Mexico

Peru

Chile

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PBEC Area

Note on the PBEC areaThese statistics include, in principle, the following countries:ASIA: China, Hong Kong-China, Indonesia, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Russia, Singapore, Chinese Taipei, Thailand (Hong Kong-China is indicated as Hong Kong.)OCEANIA: Australia, New ZealandAMERICAS: Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, United States

ContentsThese statistics include commentaries, graphs, and tables on the following subjects:

Macro DataTradeEnvironment (New Item)Info-communicationAgriculture, Fisheries and ForestryMiningEnergyManufacturingTransportationTourismEducation and CultureInvestment and AssistanceBalance of Payments

Explanation of Symbols( - ) Indicates that data are not available or the subject is not reported as a separate item. The minus sign (-) in front of the numeral indicates the minus value.(...) Indicates that the number/amount is very small.( 0 ) Indicates that the number/amount is nil.A decimal point is indicated as .(period) and a place is indicated as ,(comma).Percentages are calculated by rounding up and down to the first digit after the decimal point, so, the total may not make up 100%.Growth rate is shown as a percentage. Growth rates for the World Total and PBEC Area are calculated from the sum of countries with data available for both referred years.

GUIDE TO STATISTICS

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Guide to Statistics

Macro Data

Trade

Environment

Info-communication

Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry

Mining

Energy

Manufacturing

Transportation

Tourism

Education and Culture

Investment and Assistance

Balance of Payments

Editorial Staff

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CONTENTS

EDITORIAL STAFF

Yujiro Eguchi (Chief Editor)Chairman & C.E.O., Organization of International Environmental Business

Kazuo Furukawa (Editor, Macro Data, Manufacturing) Ishikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.

Etsuko Nakao (Trade)Mitsubishi Corporation

Shinichiro Machida (Environment)EBARA Corporation

Katsutoshi Hanahara (Info-communication)KDDI Corporation

Takashi Yoshinaka (Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry)Marubeni Corporation

Shunjiro Yamashita (Mining)Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.

Seigo Goto (Mining)MITSUBISHI MATERIALS CORPORATION

Satoshi Ishimoto (Energy)ITOCHU Management Consulting Co., Ltd.

Nobuyuki Tatsumi (Manufacturing)Mitsui Global Strategic Studies Institute

Toru Nishikawa (Transportation)Sumitomo Corporation

Mikio Tsuchida (Transportation)Japan Airlines

Yoshio Koteda (Tourism)JTB Corp.

Yo Tachiki (Education and Culture)Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.

Mikihiko Watanabe (Investment and Assistance/ Balance of Payments)Sakura Institute of Research

Tomoaki Oigawa (Coodinator)Japan and Tokyo Chambers of Commerce & Industry

Note: The comments that appear in the text are views of the aforementioned persons in charge and do not necessarily reflect the official comment of the organization they represent.

PBEC STATISTICSMarch 2001Published by PBEC Japan Member Committeec/o The Tokyo Chamber of Commerce & IndustryTelephone: +81 3 3283 7601Fax: +81 3 3216 6497 2-2, Marunouchi 3-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 100-0005E-mail: [email protected]: www.tokyo-cci.or.jp/pbec-jpn

Produced & Designed by Reprography & Consultants Ltd.Published by Reprography & Consultants Ltd.Copyright 2001 PBEC Japan Member CommitteeAll rights reservedPrinted in Japan

c

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SPONSOR LIST

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General Motors Asia PacificGoldman Sachs (Japan) Ltd.HSBCIshikawajima-Harima Heavy Industries Co., Ltd.NEC CorporationNTT DoCoMo, Inc.

ARTHUR ANDERSENCARGILL JAPAN LIMITEDCoca-Cola (Japan) Company, LimitedITOCHU CorporationJapan Australia LNG (MIMI) Pty Ltd.Proudfoot (Japan) Ltd.SOFTBANK INVESTMENT Corp.SOFTBANK FINANCE CORPORATIONSun Microsystems K.K.

ASAHI KASEI CORPORATIONEbara CorporationFuji Xerox Co., Ltd.Honda Motor Co., Ltd.ITO EN, LTD.Japan Airlines Co., Ltd. (Official Airline)JTB Corp.Kajima CorporationKinki Nippon Railway Co., Ltd.KYOCERA CORPORATIONLG AdMarubeni CorporationMitsubishi CorporationMitsui & Co., Ltd.Mitsui Fudosan Co., Ltd.SAGAMI RAILWAY Co., Ltd.SHISEIDO CO., LTD.SMK CorporationTOKYO ELECTRIC POWER COMPANYTokyo Gas Co., Ltd.TOYOTA MOTOR CORPORATIONThe Japan and Tokyo Chambers of Commerce and Industry

AJINOMOTO Co., Inc.All Nippon Airways Co., Ltd.Asahi Breweries, Ltd.BANDAI Co., Ltd.CENTRAL SPORTS CO., LTD.Chubu Electric Power Company, Inc.CHUDENKO CORPORATIONDai Nippon Printing Co., Ltd.Denki Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki KaishaDENTSU INC.DISCO CORPORATIONElectric Power Development Co., Ltd.Fujitsu LimitedHIROSE BUILDING, LTD.Hotel Keikyu Co., Ltd.IBM Japan, Ltd.Itogumi Construction Co., Ltd.JUSCO Co., Ltd.The Kansai Electric Power Co., Inc.Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd.KDDI CorporationKikkoman CorporationKirin Brewery Co., Ltd.KOKUBU & Co., Ltd.LION CORPORATION

Matsukyu Co., LimitedMETOCEAN ENVIRONMENT INC.Mitsubishi Electric CorporationMitsui Marine and Fire Insurance Company LimitedMochida Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.Mori Building Co., Ltd.Namiki Precision Jewel Company, LimitedNichidan Life Insurance Co., Ltd.Nichimen CorporationNifco Inc.Nihon Building Services Co., Ltd.Nihon Unisys, Ltd.THE NIKKAN KOGYO SHIMBUN, LTD.Nippon Systemware Co., Ltd.The Nishi-Nippon Bank, Ltd.The Nomura Securities Co., Ltd.NTT Communications CorporationORIX CorporationOsaka Gas Co., LimitedRinko CorporationRinnai CorporationRyoShoku Ltd.SANKYO CO., LTD.Sanwa Denki Kogyo Co., Ltd.SANWA KIZAI CO., LTD.

Secom Co., Ltd.SHIMAMURA MUSIC CorporationShimizu CorporationShin Kobe Tochi Co., Ltd.THE SHOKO CHUKIN BANKSony CorporationSSP CO., LTD.Sumitomo Chemical Company, LimitedSumitomo CorporationSumitomo Mitsui Banking CorporationSystems International IncorporatedThe Takamatsu-Kotohira Electric Railroad Co., Ltd.TEIKOKU DATA BANK, LTD.TODA CORPORATIONTOEI COMPANY, LTD.TOHO GAS CO., LTD.Tokyo Humania Enterprise Hotel Nikko TokyoTOKYO KAIKAN Co., LTD.Tokyo Ryutsu Center, Inc.Tokyo Stock ExchangeTokyu GroupToppan Printing Co., Ltd.The 77 Bank, Ltd.VACUUM METALLURGICAL CO., LTD.

Platinum Sponsors

Bronze Sponsors

Gold Sponsors

Silver Sponsors

Macro DataMacro Data

Economy in the PBEC area has recovered further due to the recovery of Japanese economy and rapidly recovering Asian economy which was greatly affected by the economic crisis in July 1997, in addition to continued good U.S. economy and European economy that has maintained steady growth. Globalization has progressed also in the PBEC area, and international division of labor has further taken place. Economy of developing nations has expanded with the growth of mutual dependence in areas of investment and trade. World trade has steadily expanded due to its liberalization progress from the Uruguay Round to WTO.Asian economy had grown successfully until 1997 which is expressed as "Asian miracle." However, the currency crisis in Thailand in July 1997 influenced many countries, and economy deteriorated. Since then, economy in the region has rapidly recovered following the recovery of exports and economic stimulus measures. Economic structural reform should be promoted for further recovery. Traditionally, the economic growth in Asia has been supported by abundant capital and injection of labor. In future, against the backdrop that supply of labor and capital are restricted, improvement of productivity by the structural reform is desired. Especially, infrastructure and laws should be improved, human resources development and financial system reform should be carried out.U. S. economy has continued to be in good condition since 1992. Structural change in labor market realized sustainable growth without inflation, which is called the New Economy. Investment in information industry also contributed to improving productivity. Inflation did not accelerate and prices continued to be steady against the background of appreciation of U.S. dollars and drops in energy prices and prices of imported primary products. Economy in Russia and Latin American countries has slowed down, failing to go with the tide of the recovering world economy and affected by Kosovo conflict and currency crisis.

1. Area / Population Density

2. Population / Labor Force

3. GDP (Gross Domestic Product)

4. Prices

5. Money (1) Total Reserves (2) Exchange Rates

6. Government Finances

To Contents

Summary

PBEC Area47.2

Others52.8

WorldTotal

Asia

Americas

PBEC Area

Oceania

10 20 60 70 80 90 10030 40 50

45

39

65

20

3

( 1 ) Area PBEC Share in the World (%) Share of Each Bloc (%)

( 2 ) Population Density

1998 1998

Asia48.0

Oceania12.7

World Total

133,567(1,000km2 )

Americas39.3 PBEC Area

63,005(1,000km2 )

1. AREA/POPULATION DENSITY

1. The PBEC area covers 47.2% of all national territories in the world.

2. In 1998, population density was 45 per square kilometer in the world average, and 39 per square kilometer in the PBEC area.

3. Population density within the PBEC area varies widely from country to country ; with values per square kilometer ranging from 2 for Australia to 5,186 for Singapore and 6,755 for Hong Kong. Other countries with high population density are Chinese Taipei (607), Korea (470) and Japan (336).

(persons/km2)

1998

12.7

(Area:1,000km2, Population Density:persons/km2)

Area Population Density

1998 % 1998

World Total 133,567 (100.0) 45

PBEC Area (47.2)

63,005 100.0 39

Asia 30,235 48.0 65

China 9,597 15.2 133

Hong Kong 1 0.0 6,755

Indonesia 1,905 3.0 112

Japan 378 0.6 336

Korea 99 0.2 470

Malaysia 330 0.5 68

Philippines 300 0.5 252

Russia 17,075 27.1 9

Singapore 1 0.0 5,186

Chinese Taipei 36 0.1 607

Thailand 513 0.8 120

Oceania 8,012 3

Australia 7741 12.3 2

New Zealand 271 0.4 14

Americas 24,758 39.3 20

Canada 9,971 15.8 3

Chile 757 1.2 20

Colombia 1,139 1.8 39

Ecuador 284 0.5 44

Mexico 1,958 3.1 50

Peru 1,285 2.0 19

United States 9,364 14.9 30

Source: "World Development Indicators 2000" (WB)"Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000" (Council for Economic Planning and Development)

AREA / POPULATION DENSITY

PBEC Area41.8

Others58.2

PBEC Area38.9

Others61.1

1998

2015

2000 6000 80004000

5,896.6

2,464.0

7,112.9

2,765.4

World Total

PBEC Area

(3) Population PBEC Share in the World (%) Share of Each Bloc (%)

1998 1998

2015 (estimated) 2015 (estimated)

Asia79.2

Oceania0.9

World Total5,896.6

World Total7,112.9

(million persons )

(million persons )

(million persons )

Americas19.8

Asia78.2

Oceania0.9

Americas20.8

PBEC Area2,464.0

(million persons )

2. POPULATION / LABOR FORCE

1. The total population of the PBEC area is estimated to have been 2,464.0 million in 1998, and by the year 2015 it is forecast to attain 2,765.4 million, marking a further increase of 301.4 million.

2. Of the world total, the PBEC population formed 41.8 % in 1998, and this percentage is forecast to remain largely unchanged in 2015 at 38.9 %.

3. Notable among the forecast population increases between 1998 and 2015 for PBEC area countries are 149.9 million for China, 46.8 million for Indonesia and 34.6 million for US, but Russia and Japan are forecast to decrease their population by 2015.

4. In terms of percentage of the working age in the population in the PBEC countries, Hong Kong led with 74.6%, followed by Korea with 71.1. The working age percentage of PBEC area was higher than that of world total.

5. The rates of growth of the labor force between 1998 and 2010 are forecast to be lower in the PBEC countries than in the World total, especially Japan is forecast to be -0.3%.

PBEC Area2,765.4

(million persons )

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

(Unit: million persons)

PopulationAverage Annual Growth of Population(%)

*Population*Growth of Population

% of Population ofWorking Age (15-64yrs)

Population of Working Age(15-64yrs)

*Average Annual Growth of Labor Force (%)

1998 % (1980~98) 2015(estimated) % (1998~2015) 1998 1998 (1980~1998) *(1998~2010)

5,896.6 (100.0) 1.6 7,112.9 (100.0) 1216.3 62.8 3,701 1.9 1.6

(41.8) (38.9)

2,464.0 100.0 1.3 2,765.4 100.0 301.4 66.6 1,640.0 1.7 0.9

1,952.4 79.2 1.3 2163.9 78.2 211.5 67.1 1,310 1.8 0.9

1,238.6 50.3 1.3 1,388.5 50.2 149.9 67.6 837 1.8 0.8

6.7 0.3 1.6 7.9 0.3 1.2 74.6 5 1.9 1.4

203.7 8.3 1.8 250.5 9.1 46.8 63.8 130 2.9 2.0

126.4 5.1 0.4 124.4 4.5 -- 2.0 68.8 87 1.0 -- 0.3

46.4 1.9 1.1 51.1 1.8 4.7 71.1 33 2.2 1.1

22.2 0.9 2.7 29.2 1.1 7.0 63.1 14 3.1 2.7

75.2 3.1 2.5 100.0 3.6 24.8 58.5 44 2.9 2.4

146.9 6.0 0.3 137.6 5.0 -- 9.3 68.8 101 0.1 0.1

3.2 0.1 1.8 3.7 0.1 0.5 62.5 2 2.3 0.7

21.9 0.9 1.1 - - - 68.5 15 1.9 -

61.2 2.5 1.5 71.0 2.6 9.8 68.6 42 2.3 1.2

22.6 0.9 1.3 26 0.9 3.0 66.4 15 2.3 0.7

18.8 0.8 1.4 21.5 0.8 2.7 69.1 13 1.9 0.9

3.8 0.2 1.1 4.1 0.1 0.3 52.6 2 2.1 0.5

489.0 19.8 1.3 575.9 20.8 86.9 64.4 315 1.9 1.4

30.3 1.2 1.2 33.7 1.2 3.4 69.3 21 1.6 0.6

14.8 0.6 1.6 17.7 0.6 2.9 67.6 10 2.5 2.1

40.8 1.7 2.0 51.4 1.9 10.6 61.3 25 3.5 2.2

12.2 0.5 2.4 15.6 0.6 3.4 57.4 7 3.3 2.8

95.8 3.9 1.9 120.8 4.4 25.0 61.6 59 3.0 2.4

24.8 1.0 2.0 31.8 1.1 7.0 60.5 15 3.0 2.8

270.3 11.0 1.0 304.9 11.0 34.6 65.9 178 1.3 0.9

Source: "World Development Indicators 2000", (World Bank)"Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000" (Council for Economic Planning and Development) (Republic of China)

*: not include Chinese Taipei

POPULATION/LABOR FORCE

195.0

190.0

185.0

180.0

175.0

170.0

165.0

160.0

155.0

150.0

145.0

140.0

135.0

130.0

125.0

120.0

115.0

110.0

105.0

100.0

95.0

90.0

85.0

80.0

75.0

70.0

65.0

60.0

55.01990(1990=100)

1994 1996

3. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

1. Entering into '90, the countries of the PBEC marked high economic growth, except for the so-called advanced countries, Philippines, Mexico and Russia.

2. Between 1990 and 1994, China marked spectacular economic growth 12.4%, although advanced countries, Philippines and Mexico marked 1.5 or 2.6% and Russia recorded -10.3% economic growth.

3. Between 1994 and 1996, the tendency was almost the same. The rate of economic growth in PBEC countries kept steady. Russia & Mexico recorded minus growth rate.

U.S.A.

Australia

Philippines

JapanMexico

Russia

Chile

China

Chinese Taipei

GDP (Average Annual Growth)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

Value in 1990

(Unit: billion US dollars)

1990 1994 1996

Average Annual Growth (%) Per Capita (US dollars)

90~94 94~96 1996

387.8 618.5 750.0 12.4 10.1 609

74.8 93.4 101.9 5.7 4.5 16,175

106.1 138.3 161.3 6.9 8.0 820

2,970.1 3,144.2 3,300.6 1.4 2.5 26,237

253.7 334.0 389.7 7.1 8.0 8,565

42.8 59.2 70.4 8.4 9.0 3,417

44.3 47.1 52.1 1.5 5.2 725

967.3 626.9 565.0 --10.3 -- 5.1 3,825

37.5 51.9 60.4 8.5 7.9 20,133

186.7 247.3 279.3 7.3 6.3 12,990

85.3 118.5 136.8 8.6 7.4 2,280

295.6 334.8 359.9 3.2 3.7 19,667

43.1 48.3 51.0 2.9 2.8 14,167

568.1 598.4 619.8 1.3 1.8 20,660

30.4 40.1 46.7 7.2 7.9 3,243

40.3 47.8 51.8 4.4 4.1 1,455

10.7 12.4 13.0 3.8 2.4 1,111

244.0 270.7 264.7 2.6 --1.1 2,740

36.1 44.0 48.3 5.1 4.8 2,021

5,554.1 6,097.8 6,392.7 2.4 2.4 23,979

Source: Statistical Yearbook,1996 (UN)"Taiwan Statistical Data Book, 2000" (Council for Economic Planning and Development)

*: value in 1996

*

230

220

210

200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

-10

1992(1995=100)

1994 1995 1996 1998

4. PRICES

During the period covered, price fluctuations varied widely from country to country in PBEC area. In Latin America, such as Colombia, Ecuador and Mexico price rose 3 to 4 times during the period. As for ASEAN countries, 1997 economic crisis gave a big price rise. While in China and Russia conspicuous deflation took place.

Consumer Price Index

Ecuador

Australia

Colombia

Japan

MexicoIndonesia

China

Russia

Thailand

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

PRICES(1995=100)

Wholesale Price Index Consumer Price Index

1992 1994 1996 1998 1992 1994 1996 1998

- - - - 37.3 143.2 49.1 -- 4.7

94.7 97.3 99.9 97.9 78.5 91.7 106.3 115.7

82.1*1 89.8*1 107.9*1 237.2*1 76.8 91.4 108.0 181.7

107.1 100.9 100.1 100.0 98.2 100.1 100.1 102.5

91.6 95.5 103.2 120.3 86.0 95.7 104.9 117.8

91.1 96.1 102.3 116.3 88.4 95.0 103.5 111.8

90.5 96.8 109.1 122.5 79.9 92.6 109.0 126.7

- 142.5 21.7 3.0 - 155.7 24.1 14.1

105.0 100.0 100.1 96.0 93.2 98.3 101.4 103.1

- 101.1*2 107.7*2 107.5*2 - 116.0 124.0 127.2

89.3 92.4 104.7 123.8 87.1 94.5 105.8 120.8

93.4 96.0 100.3 102.2 92.1 95.6 102.6 103.7

95.5 99.2 100.5 101.6 93.2 96.8 101.7 104.2

84.7 93.1 100.4 101.2 95.9 97.9 101.6 104.2

80.0 93.0 106.0 110.0 74.0 92.0 107.0 120.0

63.3 84.7 115.0 155.8 54.4 82.7 120.2 172.0

228.9*2 376.4*2 - - 44.0 81.4 124.4 221.1

61.8 71.9 136.3 184.0 63.1 74.1 134.4 187.9

52.0 90.5 109.4 126.1 48.9 90.0 111.5 129.9

93.9 96.5 102.3 99.7 92.1 97.3 102.9 107.0

Source: "International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1999"(IMF) "Financial Statistics,Taiwan District,the Republic of China"(The Central Bank of China)

*1: Wholesale Prices incl.Petroleum *2: Wholesale Prices(1990=100)

16.0

15.0

14.0

13.0

12.0

11.0

10.0

9.0

8.0

7.0

6.0

5.0

4.0

3.0

2.0

1.0

0.01990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

5. MONEY

(1) Total Reserves 1.The ratio of total foreign currency reserves to the total value of imports is an effective indicator of a country's economic position. 2.Among the PBEC area countries,Colombia recorded in 1991 the highest value of 15.5 for this indicator. 3.Chinese Taipei is the highest in average.

Chinese Taipei

Australia

Colombia

Japan

Korea

Indonesia

China

Russia

Thailand

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TOTAL RESERVES

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

6.8 8.3 3.2 2.7 5.6 7.1 9.3 12.1 12.8

3.6 3.5 3.4 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.9 5.3 5.8

4.7 4.8 5.0 5.2 5.0 4.4 5.4 5.0 10.3

4.1 3.7 3.7 5.0 5.5 6.6 7.5 7.8 9.3

2.5 2.0 2.5 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.7 1.7 6.7

4.0 3.6 5.2 7.2 5.1 3.7 4.2 3.2 5.3

1.9 4.2 4.1 3.8 3.8 3.3 4.1 2.7 4.2

- - - 3.3 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

5.5 6.2 6.6 6.8 6.8 6.6 7.0 6.5 8.6

- - - 15.0 15.2 12.6 12.7 10.7 12.7

5.1 5.9 6.2 6.6 6.7 6.3 6.4 5.1 8.2

5.5 5.6 3.8 3.7 3.2 2.9 3.2 3.2 3.0

5.2 4.2 4.0 4.2 3.7 3.8 4.9 3.7 4.0

1.8 1.6 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.1 1.4 1.1 1.4

10.4 11.2 11.5 11.0 13.9 11.1 10.4 10.9 10.2

9.6 15.5 13.9 9.4 7.9 7.1 8.5 7.5 -

6.5 5.5 5.1 7.2 6.7 5.2 6.2 5.5 3.9

2.7 4.1 3.5 4.4 0.9 2.7 2.5 3.0 2.9

6.1 8.6 8.3 9.5 13.2 11.2 13.8 13.2 -

1.9 1.8 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.1 0.9 1.0

Source: "International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1999" (IMF)"Financial Statistics, Taiwan District, The Republic of China 2000" (The Central Bank of China )

"Quarterly National Economic Trends Taiwan Area, the Republic of China February 2000"

* : Total Reserves Minus Gold + Gold / Imports (CIF) by month

#1: Total Reserves Minus Gold / Imports (CIF) by month

#1

#1

#1

Ratio of Total Reserves to Total Imports (Unit Months)*

5.0

4.5

4.0

3.5

3.0

2.5

2.0

1.5

1.0

0.5

01990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

(2)Exchange Rates 1.In Asia, Indonesia, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand's exchange rate against the US$ fell sharply in 1998. This is due to economic crisis occured in 1997.

2.Latin America saw their exchange rates fall against the US$ from their 1990 levels.

Chinese Taipei

Australia

MexicoJapan

Korea

Indonesia

China

Russia

Thailand

5. MONEY

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

EXCHANGE RATES

Index of Average Exchange Rates to U.S.Dollars (1995=1.00)

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

0.57 0.64 0.66 0.69 1.03 1.00 1.00 0.99 0.99

1.01 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

0.82 0.87 0.9 0.93 0.96 1.00 1.04 1.29 4.45

1.54 1.43 1.35 1.18 1.09 1.00 1.16 1.29 1.39

0.92 0.95 1.01 1.04 1.04 1.00 1.04 1.23 1.82

1.08 1.1 1.02 1.03 1.05 1.00 1.00 1.12 1.57

0.95 1.07 0.99 1.05 1.03 1.00 1.02 1.15 1.59

- - - 0.22 0.48 1.00 1.12 1.27 2.13

1.28 1.22 1.15 1.14 1.08 1.00 0.99 1.05 1.18

- - - 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.04 1.08 1.26

1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 1.02 1.26 1.66

1.05 1.05 0.99 0.92 0.99 1.00 1.06 1.00 0.85

0.91 0.88 0.82 0.82 0.90 1.00 1.05 1.01 0.82

0.85 0.83 0.88 0.84 1.00 1.00 0.99 1.00 1.08

0.77 0.88 0.91 1.02 1.06 1.00 1.04 1.06 1.16

0.55 0.69 0.83 0.95 0.93 1.00 1.14 1.25 1.56

0.30 0.40 0. 60 0.75 0.86 1.00 1.24 1.56 2.12

0.44 0.47 0.48 0.49 0.53 1.00 1.18 1.23 1.42

- 0.34 0.55 0.88 0.97 1.00 1.09 1.18 1.30

- - - - - - - - -

Source: "International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1999" (IMF)"Financial Statistics, Taiwan District, The Republic of China 2000" (The Central Bank of China )

*1: Market Rate(of each year)/Market Rate(of 1995)

2.4

2.3

2.2

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.8

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8

0.71987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

6. GOVERNMENT FINANCES

The number of PBEC area countries that achieved financial balance (i.e. 90% or higher ratio of revenue to expenditure) was 15 out of the 17 member countries for which the relevant statistics were available in 1997, a notable improvement from the corresponding figure of 7 out of 15 in 1987.

Australia

U.S.A.

Korea

Singapore

China

Thailand

Indonesia

Japan

Ecuador

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

GOVERNMENT FINANCES

Ratio of Revenue to Expenditure

1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

0.97 0.95 0.94 0.95 0.93 0.93 0.94 0.90 0.91 0.93 0.94

- - - - - - - - - - -

0.95 0.84 0.89 1.02 1.03 0.97 1.02 1.12 1.21 1.18 1.16

0.80 0.86 0.84 0.92 1.07 0.99 0.89 - - - -

1.10 1.18 1.09 1.11 1.03 1.07 1.13 1.13 1.16 1.16 1.16

0.75 0.87 0.88 0.90 0.93 0.97 1.01 1.10 1.04 1.03 1.11

0.94 0.86 0.91 0.84 0.91 0.91 0.95 1.08 1.05 1.02 1.01

- - - - - - - - 0.76 0.66 0.68

0.83 1.18 1.51 1.43 1.58 1.71 2.06 2.11 2.30 2.30 1.95

- - - - - - 0.93 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.07

0.96 1.16 1.25 1.35 1.28 1.16 1.11 1.17 1.21 1.04 0.97

0.97 1.02 1.07 1.07 1.00 0.89 0.85 0.86 0.90 0.93 0.96

- - - 0.97 0.95 0.93 0.94 1.02 1.10 1.11 1.06

0.88 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.85 0.83 0.82 0.85 - - -

1.02 0.97 1.02 1.02 1.06 1.11 1.09 1.08 1.12 1.11 1.10

- - - - - - - 0.90 0.84 0.77 0.78

0.85 1.00 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.18 1.15 1.02 0.95 0.97 0.92

0.55 0.63 0.78 0.86 0.99 1.10 1.02 0.96 0.95 0.97 0.92

0.60 0.72 0.56 0.61 0.86 0.82 0.83 0.90 0.89 0.98 1.01

0.84 0.87 0.87 0.82 0.80 0.77 0.84 0.87 0.90 0.93 1.00

Source: "International Financial Statistics Yearbook, 1999"(IMF) "Financial Statistics,Taiwan District,the Republic of China"(The Central Bank of China)

*1: Data in fiscal year

*2: Ratio of Total Revenue & Grants to Expenditure

*3: Ratio of Total Revenue & Grants to Exenditure & ( Lending - Repayments )

*1

*1

*1

*1

*1

*1

*2

*3

TradeTrade

1 The PBEC area, which includes the Asian countries that achieved what is known as an "Asian miracle", is one of the regions that underwent the most dramatic change in the 1990s, and its trade has been increasing faster than world trade.2 During this period, Japanese and US companies shifted their production capabilities to the PBEC area in an attempt to move with the changing operational environment, and the AFTA, NAFTA, and other regional trade agreements were concluded with PBEC members; these and other factors helped to further stimulate trade within the PBEC area and forge mutual reliance between different PBEC economies. The form of mutual reliance has recently changed from bilateral to multilateral.

1. Imports

2. Exports

3. Trade Relations within the PBEC Area

to Contents

Summary

PBEC Area44.5

Others55.5

PBEC Share in the World (%) Share of Each Bloc (%)

1998 1998

Asia44.6

Oceania2.9

World Total5,628,800

(million US dollars)

Americas52.5

PBEC Area2,505,979

1. IMPORTS

1. During the eight-year period from 1990 to 1998, the PBEC area's imports grew at an annual rate of 7.0 percent on average,which is higher than the rate for non-PBEC countries (5.4 percent).

2. In the early 1990s, the increase in imports was chiefly underpinned by the Asian nations that achieved astounding economicgrowth. However, the currency crisis of 1997 cooled down the Asian economy rapidly and later the Japanese economybegan to slow down, when the booming U.S. market absorbed imports from these nations and helped sustain the growth ofthe entire PBEC area's imports. There was also a steady increase in imports into the Americas, which have sophisticateddivision-of-labor arrangements with the U.S.

1990

1995

1997

1998

1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000

3,510,900

1,459,543World Total

PBEC Area

(million US dollars )

5,149,600

2,417,206

5,625,9002,703,213

5,628,800

2,505,979


World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

IMPORTS(Unit: million US dollars)

1990 1995 1997 1998

% % % %

3,510,900 (100.0) 5,149,600 (100.0) 5,625,900 (100.0) 5,628,800 (100.0) 6.1

(41.6) (46.9) (48.0) (44.5)

1,459,543 100.0 2,417,206 100.0 2,703,213 100.0 2,505,979 100.0 7.0

726,507 49.8 1,298,180 53.7 1,375,317 50.9 1,116,573 44.6 5.5

53,915 3.7 132,063 5.5 142,163 5.3 140,385 5.6 12.7

82,482 5.7 192,764 8.0 208,623 7.7 184,602 7.4 10.6

22,008 1.5 40,225 1.7 43,016 1.6 29,114 1.2 3.6

235,289 16.1 335,937 13.9 338,646 12.5 281,243 11.2 2.3

69,858 4.8 135,153 5.6 144,548 5.3 93,282 3.7 3.7

29,170 2.0 77,614 3.2 80,263 3.0 58,319 2.3 9.0

12,993 0.9 28,282 1.2 48,433 1.8 31,393 1.3 11.7

59,216 4.1 46,399 1.9 52,129 1.9 42,939 1.7 --3.9

60,954 4.2 124,392 5.1 132,540 4.9 101,606 4.1 6.6

67,214 4.6 111,659 4.6 122,081 4.5 110,582 4.4 6.4

33,408 2.3 73,692 3.0 62,875 2.3 43,108 1.7 3.2

48,701 3.3 71,271 2.9 76,337 2.8 73,316 2.9 5.2

39,137 2.7 57,478 2.4 61,787 2.3 60,746 2.4 5.6

9,564 0.7 13,793 0.6 14,550 0.5 12,570 0.5 3.5

684,335 46.9 1,047,755 43.3 1,251,559 46.3 1,316,090 52.5 8.5

119,673 8.2 163,288 6.8 195,463 7.2 199,227 8.0 6.6

7,283 0.5 15,479 0.6 18,889 0.7 18,234 0.7 12.2

5,589 0.4 13,859 0.6 15,377 0.6 14,994 0.6 13.1

1,874 0.1 4,193 0.2 5,169 0.2 5,875 0.2 15.4

30,014 2.1 72,452 3.0 109,808 4.1 125,190 5.0 19.5

2,884 0.2 7,537 0.3 8,192 0.3 7,926 0.3 13.5

517,018 35.4 770,947 31.9 898,661 33.2 944,644 37.7 7.8

Source: "Direction of Trade," IMF "STATISTICAL YEARBOOK," Executive Yuan, Republic of China

Average AnnualGrowth (90~98)

%

PBEC Area45.3

Others54.7


1998 1998

Asia55.2

Oceania2.7



Americas42.0

PBEC Area2,488,928

2. EXPORTS

1990

1995

1997

1998

1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 5,000,000 6,000,000

3,386,100


PBEC Area

(million US dollars )

5,074,200

2,338,571

5,527,9002,597,791

5,495,700

2,488,928


1. During the eight-year period from 1990 to 1998, exports from the PBEC area expanded at an annual rate of 7.9 percent onaverage (as compared with a 5.0-percent annual growth rate for exports from non-PBEC countries).

2. In particular, exports from Asian NIEs, ASEAN members, and Mexico have been increasing rapidly due to the rapidsophistication of intra-regional division-of-labor systems and improvement in competitiveness. Exports from the U.S. and Japan, on the other hand, have recently been on the decline due to a shift overseas of productionfacilities and due to a sharp drop in exports to Asian countries and currency exchange fluctuations, respectively.

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

EXPORTS(Unit: million US dollars)

1990 1995 1997 1998

% % % %

3,386,100 (100.0) 5,074,200 (100.0) 5,527,900 (100.0) 5,495,700 (100.0) 6.2

(40.0) (46.1) (47.0) (45.3)

1,354,524 100.0 2,338,571 100.0 2,597,791 100.0 2,488,928 100.0 7.9

738,035 54.5 1,382,415 59.1 1,468,803 56.5 1,375,008 55.2 8.1

62,876 4.6 148,892 6.4 182,917 7.0 183,744 7.4 14.3

82,143 6.1 173,546 7.4 187,870 7.2 173,693 7.0 9.8

25,681 1.9 43,982 1.9 52,179 2.0 53,965 2.2 9.7

287,664 21.2 443,005 18.9 421,067 16.2 387,955 15.6 3.8

65,027 4.8 125,365 5.4 136,111 5.2 132,256 5.3 9.3

29,420 2.2 73,722 3.2 78,750 3.0 73,470 3.0 12.1

8,194 0.6 17,371 0.7 28,510 1.1 29,496 1.2 17.4

46,489 3.4 77,595 3.3 84,154 3.2 71,389 2.9 5.5

52,753 3.9 118,187 5.1 125,302 4.8 109,886 4.4 9.6

54,716 4.0 103,550 4.4 114,425 4.4 104,665 4.2 8.4

23,072 1.7 57,200 2.4 57,518 2.2 54,489 2.2 11.3

48,395 3.6 66,709 2.9 77,094 3.0 67,346 2.7 4.2

38,965 2.9 52,977 2.3 63,097 2.4 55,900 2.2 4.6

9,430 0.7 13,732 0.6 13,997 0.5 11,446 0.5 2.5

568,094 41.9 889,447 38.0 1,051,894 40.5 1,046,574 42.0 7.9

126,447 9.3 190,187 8.1 213,020 8.2 211,355 8.5 6.6

8,631 0.6 16,538 0.7 17,025 0.7 15,192 0.6 7.3

6,753 0.5 9,859 0.4 11,672 0.4 11,583 0.5 7.0

2,714 0.2 4,358 0.2 5,459 0.2 4,909 0.2 7.7

27,167 2.0 79,541 3.4 110,431 4.3 117,494 4.7 20.1

3,276 0.2 5,513 0.2 6,706 0.3 5,635 0.2 7.0

393,106 29.0 583,451 24.9 687,581 26.5 680,406 27.3 7.1

Source: "Direction of Trade," IMF "STATISTICAL YEARBOOK," Executive Yuan, Republic of China


%

3. TRADE RELATIONS WITHIN THE PBEC AREA

1. Owing to the amazing growth of the Asian economy, the PBEC area's trade increased faster than world trade, and its sharein world trade jumped up from 37.4 percent in 1990 to 45.3 percent in 1998.

2. At the same time, the accelerated shift overseas of production facilities within the PBEC area and greater mutual reliancebetween PBEC economies pushed up the share of PBEC intra-regional exports in worldwide exports from 65.5 percent in1990 to 69.8 percent in 1998.

ASIA

AMERICAS

OCEANIA

within ASIA

5,547

within OCEANIA

59

within AMERICAS

5,5125,407

231604

1998 (Unit: 100 million US dollars)

Advanced Countries

Australia

Canada

Japan

New Zealand

United States

Asian NIEs

ASEAN Countries

Island Countries

Latin America

China

Russia

TRADE MATRIX 1990

IMPORTS

EXPORTS

(Unit: million U.S. dollars)

JapanAustralia NewZealand

Canada United States

PBECAREA

WORLD TOTAL

PBEC AREA

WORLD TOTAL

AdvancedCountries

AsianNIEs

ASEANCountries

IslandCountries

LatinAmerica

China Russia

362,411

17,118

93,404

105,994

4,616

141,279

95,429

59,452

1,007

31,693

15,487

4,302

569,781

926,799

18,001

0

746

6,926

1,727

8,602

3,473

2,706

424

85

468

31

25,188

42,263

90,501

651

0

6,737

154

82,959

4,818

1,248

15

527

443

140

97,692

122,665

67,445

10,232

7,135

0

1,493

48,585

25,656

26,921

416

3,754

9,210

3,064

136,466

235,289

4,430

1,952

135

1,210

0

1,133

473

591

75

22

52

5

5,648

9,564

182,034

4,283

85,388

91,121

1,242

0

61,009

27,986

77

27,305

5,314

1,062

304,787

517,018

86,645

4,554

2,526

46,066

699

32,800

20,167

15,075

149

993

27,916

145

151,090

207,056

58,338

4,376

1,406

33,066

546

18,944

17,753

25,604

100

256

3,854

408

106,313

159,533

1,761

886

21

406

283

165

120

273

5

1

24

0

2,184

3,313

45,296

145

977

6,648

178

37,348

3,359

943

0

3,450

319

103

53,470

57,733

13,322

959

1,320

6,145

91

4,807

20,332

2,586

5

151

_

2,012

38,408

53,915

7,071

282

965

2,563

173

3,088

172

518

0

124

2,048

_

9,933

59,216

574,844

28,320

100,619

200,888

6,586

238,431

157,332

104,451

1,266

36,668

49,648

6,970

931,179

1,354,434

855,612

38,965

126,447

287,664

9,430

393,106

214,384

141,332

1,958

53,697

62,876

46,489

1,376,348

3,383,200

Source: IMF "Direction of Trade," Republic of China "Monthly Statistics of Exports and Imports"

Advanced Countries

Australia

Canada

Japan

New Zealand

United States

Asian NIEs

ASEAN Countries

Island Countries

Latin America

China

Russia

TRADE MATRIX 1994

IMPORTS

EXPORTS

(Unit: million U.S. dollars)

JapanAustralia NewZealand

Canada United States

PBECAREA

WORLD TOTAL

PBEC AREA

WORLD TOTAL

AdvancedCountries

AsianNIEs

ASEANCountries

IslandCountries

LatinAmerica

China Russia

479,367

18,882

140,682

134,858

5,920

179,025

123,138

95,757

2,079

66,043

45,984

6,083

818,451

1,184,285

21,651

0

620

8,720

2,530

9,781

4,993

4,741

946

162

1,488

39

34,020

53,607

121,167

800

0

5,906

206

114,255

5,225

2,311

23

3,709

1,397

184

134,016

155,311

73,824

11,613

6,857

0

1,873

53,481

32,180

36,110

800

4,350

21,490

2,165

170,919

274,123

6,288

3,148

93

1,539

0

1,508

671

745

105

36

188

1

8,034

11,934

256,437

3,321

133,112

118,693

1,311

0

80,069

51,850

205

57,786

21,421

3,694

471,462

689,310

132,236

7,388

3,172

73,894

1,231

46,551

39,852

31,762

61

2,190

38,983

837

245,921

349,467

101,149

6,926

1,158

60,370

772

31,923

31,559

51,563

216

788

6,384

1,005

192,664

272,354

2,013

1,097

4

343

305

264

106

366

27

5

40

0

2,557

3,388

82,116

312

1,459

13,197

231

66,917

7,808

1,942

1

5,880

1,343

260

99,350

124,095

31,944

2,050

1,584

18,687

336

9,287

56,004

5,901

129

525

_

2,833

97,336

115,629

4,141

198

121

1,167

76

2,579

1,429

194

0

153

1,578

_

7,495

38,397

832,966

36,853

148,180

302,516

8,871

336,546

259,896

187,485

2,513

75,584

94,312

11,018

1,463,774

1,933,589

1,128,261

47,440

161,269

395,201

11,954

512,397

340,482

250,477

3,263

95,272

120,822

62,640

2,001,217

4,184,600

Source: IMF "Direction of Trade," Republic of China "Monthly Statistics of Exports and Imports"

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TRADE MATRIX 1998

IMPORTS

EXPORTS

(Unit: million US dollars)

Asia China Hong Kong

Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Russia Singapore ChineseTaipei

Thailand Oceania Australia NewZealand

Americas Canada Chile Colombia Ecuador Mexico Peru United States

PBECAREA

WORLD TOTAL

554,737 105,589 111,182 14,687 98,831 33,661 39,384 20,295 4,832 54,870 48,015 23,391 28,212 25,216 2,996 358,348 17,018 3,182 1,615 826 9,360 927 325,420 941,297 1,375,008

85,935 0 38,782 1,172 29,718 6,266 1,594 1,499 1,833 3,901 - 1,170 2,615 2,340 275 41,714 2,124 619 93 81 689 107 38,001 130,264 183,744

81,988 59,841 0 521 9,122 1,782 1,364 1,688 275 3,970 1,952 1,473 2,618 2,327 291 44,827 2,766 553 87 50 638 33 40,700 129,433 173,693

27,525 2,306 1,837 0 9,600 2,838 1,443 655 49 5,865 2,101 831 2,211 2,090 121 9,597 573 89 34 14 290 14 8,583 39,333 53,965

131,034 20,182 22,454 4,299 0 15,400 9,330 7,267 970 14,780 27,000 9,352 9,194 8,020 1,174 132,929 6,336 904 961 449 4,209 353 119,717 273,157 387,955

53,959 11,944 9,261 1,784 12,238 0 3,602 2,832 1,114 4,065 5,669 1,450 3,000 2,791 209 27,132 1,551 567 272 110 1,405 240 22,987 84,091 132,256

32,550 1,994 532 1,009 7,716 1,672 0 1,157 86 12,444 3,623 2,317 1,904 1,693 211 16,908 548 91 12 61 296 15 15,885 51,362 73,470

11,964 344 1,326 111 4,234 509 1,142 0 9 1,832 1,823 634 186 170 16 10,478 234 27 2 1 67 2 10,145 22,628 29,496

7,409 3,144 144 13 2,171 516 117 33 0 56 1,183 32 13 7 6 6,370 140 17 38 19 79 82 5,995 13,792 71,389

53,270 4,065 9,220 3,743 7,226 2,566 16,726 2,463 359 0 2,696 4,206 3,534 3,167 367 23,019 557 59 17 8 511 11 21,856 79,823 109,886

46,219 - 24,841 1,049 9,331 1,486 2,286 1,934 107 3,259 0 1,926 1,836 1,631 205 32,225 1,573 199 79 33 905 60 29,376 80,280 104,665

22,884 1,769 2,785 986 7,475 626 1,780 767 30 4,698 1,968 0 1,101 980 121 13,149 616 57 20 - 271 10 12,175 37,134 54,489

32,150 2,707 2,525 1,421 12,437 4,208 1,345 828 249 2,234 3,274 922 5,919 2,395 3,524 8,365 997 148 13 19 314 94 6,780 46,434 67,346

28,424 2,373 2,219 1,342 10,909 3,852 1,140 685 133 2,060 2,913 798 3,524 0 3,524 6,537 849 148 13 12 179 44 5,292 38,485 55,900

3,726 334 306 79 1,528 356 205 143 116 174 361 124 2,395 2,395 0 1,828 148 - - 7 135 50 1,488 7,949 11,446

0

182,304 16,357 14,106 2,739 66,322 18,361 9,353 6,925 4,000 16,456 22,072 5,613 14,704 12,669 2,035 551,227 156,348 5,340 6,240 2,666 80,732 3,065 296,837 748,235 1,046,574

10,407 1,297 733 324 4,788 1,123 276 102 175 254 1,160 175 675 562 113 184,285 0 226 236 63 858 100 182,802 195,367 211,355

4,050 389 174 100 2,109 442 69 38 16 65 599 49 40 40 - 4,069 191 0 218 177 505 385 2,593 8,159 15,192

425 7 11 2 284 47 1 3 38 7 20 5 12 12 - 5,813 227 171 0 517 151 256 4,491 6,250 11,583

473 67 6 6 179 96 1 1 96 0 22 - 30 2 28 2,654 131 195 378 0 70 72 1,809 3,157 4,909

2,460 106 217 12 856 73 32 23 77 449 489 126 117 110 7 106,219 1,521 625 448 123 0 196 103,306 108,796 117,494

730 233 41 5 217 42 20 22 13 8 103 25 16 14 2 2,480 126 138 143 99 138 0 1,836 3,225 5,635

163,759 14,258 12,924 2,291 57,888 16,538 8,954 6,736 3,585 15,673 19,679 5,233 13,815 11,930 1,885 245,707 154,152 3,985 4,817 1,687 79,010 2,056 0 423,281 680,406

PBEC AREA 769,191 124,653 127,813 18,847 177,590 56,230 50,082 28,048 9,081 73,560 73,361 29,926 48,835 40,280 8,555 917,940 174,363 8,670 7,868 3,511 90,406 4,086 629,037 1,735,966 2,488,928

WORLD TOTAL 1,116,573 140,385 184,602 29,114 281,243 93,282 58,319 31,393 42,939 101,606 110,582 43,108 73,316 60,746 12,570 1,316,090 199,227 18,234 14,994 5,875 125,190 7,926 944,644 2,505,979 5,495,700

Source: "Direction of Trade," IMF "STATISTICAL YEARBOOK," Executive Yuan, Republic of China "Preliminary Statistics of Export & Import Taiwan Area," Department of Statistics, Ministry of Finance, The Republic of China

EnvironmentEnvironment

Environmental issues have become more serious globally as the amount of carbon dioxide increased, forest land decreased and the number of endangered species increased. 1.In 1998, the emission of carbon dioxide in the PBEC area accounts for more than half of the world total, and thus the PBEC area has big impact on such environmental problems. Over the term 1990-1998, per capita carbon dioxide emission decreased slightly in the world total, while it increased in the PBEC area.2.In many countries, forest areas are shrinking over the term 1990-1995 and there are many species of threatened animals and plants in many countries in 1990s, which suggests we have to care for the living environment continuously all over the world.3.There is dispersion in amount of fresh water resources and withdrawals among the PBEC countries. Per capita fresh water withdrawals do not depend on difference in industry or economy of each country, which suggests that it depends on other factors.

1. CO2 Emissions

2. CO2 Emissions/Population

3. Change in Forest Cover

4. Threatened Animals and Plants of the World

5. Freshwater Resources and Withdrawals

Summary

to Contents

PBEC Area58.9

Others41.1


1998 1998

Asia49.6

Oceania2.5

World Total22,726

(million tonsof CO2)

Americas 47.9

PBEC Area13,387

1. CO2 EMISSIONS

1. Worldwide carbon dioxide emission rose slightly by 0.8 percent (over the 1990-1998 period).

2. Carbon dioxide emission in the PBEC area increased more, by 3.5 percent.

3. The largest carbon dioxide emitting PBEC countries in 1998 were the United States (5,410 million tons of carbon dioxideequivalents), China (2,893 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents), and Russia (1,416 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalents).

4. The increase of emission during the 1990-1998 period was largest in Malaysia (8.8 percent), Thailand (8.3 percent), andSingapore (7.7 percent) and smallest in Japan (0.9 percent), the United States (1.4 percent), and Canada (1.6 percent)among all PBEC countries.

1990

1995

1997

1998

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000

21,290

10,132 World Total

PBEC Area

(million tons of CO2 )

22,114

13,129

23,05713,823

22,726

13,387

(million tonsof CO2)

World Total *

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CO2 EMISSIONS(Unit: million tons of CO2)

1990 1995 1997 1998 Average AnnualGrowth (90~98)

% % % % %

21,290 100.0 22,114 100.0 23,057 100.0 22,726 100.0 0.8

(47.6) (59.4) (59.9) (58.9)

10,132 100.0 13,129 100.0 13,823 100.0 13,387 100.0 3.5

4,175 41.2 6,796 51.8 7,032 50.9 6,637 49.6 6.0

2,389 23.6 3,030 23.1 3,144 22.7 2,893 21.6 2.4

31 0.3 35 0.3 31 0.2 40 0.3 3.3

152 1.5 196 1.5 208 1.5 208 1.6 4.0

1,049 10.3 1,134 8.6 1,160 8.4 1,128 8.4 0.9

232 2.3 360 2.7 423 3.1 370 2.8 6.0

53 0.5 91 0.7 114 0.8 105 0.8 8.8

39 0.4 55 0.4 65 0.5 63 0.5 6.2

- - 1,532 11.7 1,462 10.6 1,416 10.6 -

35 0.3 58 0.4 73 0.5 63 0.5 7.7

113 1.1 162 1.2 185 1.3 197 1.5 7.1

81 0.8 143 1.1 167 1.2 153 1.1 8.3

283 2.8 305 2.3 343 2.5 341 2.5 2.4

259 2.6 277 2.1 311 2.3 311 2.3 2.3

24 0.2 28 0.2 31 0.2 31 0.2 3.0

5,674 56.0 6,028 45.9 6,448 46.6 6,409 47.9 1.5

421 4.2 452 3.4 479 3.5 477 3.6 1.6

32 0.3 41 0.3 54 0.4 54 0.4 6.8

49 0.5 58 0.4 64 0.5 65 0.5 3.7

14 0.1 17 0.1 18 0.1 21 0.2 5.6

297 2.9 314 2.4 339 2.5 356 2.7 2.3

18 0.2 23 0.2 27 0.2 25 0.2 4.5

4,844 47.8 5,123 39.0 5,468 39.6 5,410 40.4 1.4

* Total World includes Non-OECD Total, OECD Total as well as international marine and aviation bunkers.

Source: International Energy Agency"CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2000 Edition)"

China

Japan

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Australia

Peru

United States

5 10 15 20 25 (tons of CO2 / capita)

2. CO2 EMISSIONS / POPULATION

1. The world's per capita carbon dioxide emission decreased slightly by 0.6 percent (over the 1990-1998 period).

2. Per capita carbon dioxide emission for the PBEC area rose by 1.5 percent (over the 1990-1998 period).

3. In 1998, per capita emission was largest in the United States (20.1 tons per person), Singapore (19.9 tons per person), andAustralia (16.6 tons per person) among all PBEC countries.

4. Over the 1990-1998 period, per capita emission increased most in Thailand (7.0 percent), Chinese Taipei (6.2 percent), and Malaysia (6.2 percent) and least in Mexico (0.4 percent), the United States (0.5 percent), and Canada (0.5 percent)among all PBEC countries.

1990

1995

1998

8.489.038.92

0.630.780.84

2.092.512.32

12.8519.5519.88

19.3819.4620.10

0.831.001.03

15.1415.3516.57

10.349.64

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CO2 EMISSIONS / POPULATION(Unit: tons of CO2 / capita)

1990 1995 1997 1998Average AnnualGrowth (90~98)

%

* 4.07 3.93 3.99 3.87 --0.6

4.80 5.48 5.65 5.42 1.5

2.53 3.57 3.62 3.39 3.7

2.09 2.51 2.55 2.32 1.3

5.48 5.69 4.84 6.05 1.2

0.85 1.01 1.04 1.02 2.3

8.48 9.03 9.20 8.92 0.6

5.42 7.98 9.20 7.97 4.9

2.92 4.42 5.27 4.72 6.2

0.63 0.78 0.89 0.84 3.7

- 10.34 9.92 9.64 -

12.85 19.55 23.49 19.88 5.6

5.56 7.60 8.53 8.99 6.2

1.45 2.42 2.75 2.50 7.0

13.83 14.03 15.39 15.14 1.1

15.14 15.35 16.81 16.57 1.1

7.16 7.51 8.35 8.05 1.5

12.89 12.81 13.39 13.14 0.2

15.16 15.27 15.97 15.75 0.5

2.44 2.89 3.67 3.64 5.1

1.39 1.51 1.60 1.60 1.8

1.32 1.49 1.49 1.72 3.4

3.60 3.48 3.61 3.72 0.4

0.83 1.00 1.11 1.03 2.7

19.38 19.46 20.49 20.10 0.5

* The ratio for the world has been calculated to include emissions from international marine and aviation bunkers. The ratios for individual countries and regions do not include these emissions. For information, the world ratio excluding international marine and aviation bunkers is 3.75t CO2 per capita in 1998.

Source: International Energy Agency "CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion (2000 Edition)"

1990

1,000,000 2,000,000 3,000,000 4,000,000 (thousand ha )

1995

PBEC Area51.4

Others48.6


1995 1995

Asia60.5

Oceania2.8


(1000 ha)

Americas 36.8

PBEC Area1,774,101

3. CHANGE IN FOREST COVER 1990-1995

1. "Forest areas are shrinking in many countries around the world; in the aggregate, as much as 56,346,000 hectares of forestdisappeared from the world during the 1990-1995 period".

2. Forest areas decreased most in Indonesia (by 5,422,000 hectares), Mexico (by 2,540,000 hectares), and Malaysia (by 2,001,000 hectares) among all PBEC countries.

3. New Zealand, the United States, and Canada saw a slight expansion of forest areas.

3,510,728

1,786,955 World Total

PBEC Area3,454,382

1,774,101

(1000 ha)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CHANGE IN FOREST COVER, 1990-1995

Total Forest 1990

(Thousand ha)

Total Forest 1995

(Thousand ha)

Total Change1995-1990

(Thousand ha)

AnnualChange

(Thousand ha)

AnnualChange Rate

%% %

3,510,728 100.0 3,454,382 100.0 -- 56,346 -- 11,269 --0.3

(50.9) (51.4)

1,786,955 100.0 1,774,101 100.0 -- 12,854 -- 2,569 --0.1

--0.1

133,756 7.5

-

-

-

-

133,323 7.5 -- 433 -- 87 --0.1

- - - - -

115,213 6.4 109,791 6.2 -- 5,422 -- 1,084 --1.0

25,212 1.4 25,146 1.4 -- 66 -- 13 --0.1

7,691 0.4 7,626 0.4 -- 65 -- 13 --0.2

17,472 1.0 15,471 0.9 -- 2,001 -- 400 --2.4

8,078 0.5 6,766 0.4 -- 1,312 -- 262 --3.5

763,500 42.7 763,500 43.0 - - -

4 0.0 4 0.0 0 0 0.0

- - - - -

13,277 0.7 11,630 0.7 -- 1,647 -- 329 --2.6

40,823 2.3 40,908 2.3 85 17 0.0

7,667 0.4 7,884 0.4 217 43 0.6

243,698 13.6 244,571 13.8 873 175 0.1

8,038 0.4 7,892 0.4 -- 146 -- 29 --0.4

54,299 3.0 52,988 3.0 -- 1,311 -- 262 --0.5

12,082 0.7 11,137 0.6 -- 945 -- 189 --1.6

57,927 3.2 55,387 3.1 -- 2,540 -- 508 --0.9

68,646 3.8 67,562 3.8 -- 1,084 -- 217 --0.3

209,572 11.7 212,515 12.0 2,943 589 0.3

Source: FAO"State of the World's Forests 1999"

60.71,084,203 60.51,073,257 -- 10,946 -- 2,188

0.12.748,490 2.848,792 302 60

--0.136.6654,262 36.8652,052 -- 2,210 -- 441

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia**

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

THREATENED ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF THE WORLD (1990s)

Animals PlantsTotal

no. species*No. threatened

speciesNo. extinct

speciesTotal

no. speciesNo. threatened

speciesNo. extinct

species

- 213 3 32,200 312 2

- 16 0 1,984 9 0

- 340 5 29,375 264 1

- 132 13 5,565 707 5

- 26 0 2,898 66 1

- 107 0 15,500 490 3

- 188 2 8,931 360 0

- 113 3 - 214 1

- 18 0 2,168 29 1

- 33 0 3,568 325 0

- 110 2 11,625 385 0

- 483 35 15,638 2,245 71

- 82 21 2,382 211 7

- 40 5 3,270 278 2

- 42 0 5,284 329 6

- 119 3 51,220 712 3

- 117 4 19,362 824 4

- 247 28 26,071 1,593 11

- 122 0 18,245 906 3

- 854 180 19,473 4,669 22

*Total no. species are not available.** Figures for the former USSR and former Yugoslavia have only been partially rationalised to bring them in line with current political boundaries.Source: The World Conservation Monitoring Centre

"1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals" "1997 IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants"

4. THREATENED ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF THE WORLD (1990s)1. Many species are endangered in many countries, which suggests that the living environment for animals and plants is

getting worse everywhere in the world.

2. The number of animals that were endangered or became extinct in the nineties was highest in the United States (854 speciesand 180 species respectively).

3. In the nineties, the number of endangered plants was highest in the United States (4,669 species), while the number ofextinct plants was largest in Australia (71 species).

China

Indonesia

Japan

Australia

Chile

Colombia

United State

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 (cubic km)3,000

China

Indonesia

Japan

Australia

Chile

Colombia

United State

100 200 300 400 500 (cubic km)

5. FRESHWATER RESOURCES AND WITHDRAWALS

1. More than one half of the world's freshwater resources is retained by the PBEC countries.

2. The amount of freshwater resource per head of population is especially large in Canada and New Zealand.

3. Per capita water intake does not differ from country to country as widely as retained freshwater resources.

2,812

2,838

430

352

928

2,133

2,460

525

74

91

15

20

9

469

Annual Internal Renewable Water Resources

Annual Withdrawals

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

FRESHWATER RESOURCES AND WITHDRAWALS

Annual Internal RenewableWater Resources Annual Withdrawals

%(Year of

Data)Percentage of

Water ResourcesTotal

(cubic km)Total

(cubic km)2000 Per Capita(cubic meters)

Per Capita *(cubic meters)

42,655 100.0 7,045 3,760 (1995) 8.8 664

(54.5)

23,264 100.0 9,318 1,567 6.7 658

11,727 50.4 5,953 893 7.6 474

2,812 12.1 2,201 525 (1993) 18.7 439

- - - - - - -

2,838 12.2 13,380 74 (1990) 2.6 407

430 1.8 3,393 91 (1992) 21.3 735

65 0.3 1,384 24 (1994) 36.5 531

580 2.5 26,074 13 (1995) 2.2 633

479 2.1 6,305 55 (1995) 11.6 811

4,313 18.5 29,351 77 (1994) 1.8 520

- - - - - - -

- - - - - - -

210 0.9 3,420 33 (1990) 15.8 596

679 2.9 29,849 17 2.5 789

352 1.5 18,638 15 (1995) 4.3 839

327 1.4 84,673 2 (1995) 0.6 545

10,858 46.7 21,534 657 6.0 1,381

2,740 11.8 87,971 45 (1990) 1.6 1,623

928 4.0 61,007 20 (1987) 2.2 1,629

2,133 9.2 50,400 9 (1996) 0.4 228

442 1.9 34,952 17 (1997) 3.8 1,423

409 1.8 4,136 78 (1998) 19.0 812

1,746 7.5 68,039 19 (1992) 1.1 849

2,460 10.6 8,838 469 (1990) 19.0 1,844

* Per capita reflects the date of the data.** Reference data calculated on 1995 population data of the United Nations

Source: World Resources Institute "World Resources 2000-2001"The United Nations "World Population Prospects, 1950-2050 (The 1998 Revision)"

**

**

**

**

Info-communicationInfo-communication

1The WTO's Agreement on Basic Telecommunications that was reached in February 1997 and came into effect in February 1998 has accelerated the liberalization in the area of telecommunications at the global level. The move promoted new entry in Southeast Asia and Latin America, which had the tendency of relatively strict regulations against such entry. In addition to this new entry, foreign business establishments have entered such markets. Under this new environment, competition has gradually become tough. As a result, the role of the PBEC area should play in the telecommunications field has relatively increased. There seems few influence of currency crisis in the field. 2The liberalization has also influenced international organizations. The framework and order of telecommunications, which had long been maintained between two nations, collapsed rapidly, and it is in a transitional phase to a new order where market principle prevails. Mobile phones and IP based services such as the Internet, new technology originated in advanced countries, has began spreading rapidly in Southeast Asia and Latin America, while, on the other hand, the growth of traditional phones has began to saturate globally.3When telecommunications were carried out between two nations, telecommunications facilities such as satellites and submarine cables was built and placed relatively evenly throughout the world. However, there appears a clear trend that investment concentrates in areas with big demand, due to liberalization and expansion of market. In this regard, the demand of optic submarine cables in the Atlantic has particularly increased, taking into effect the needs for the large-volume data transmission brought by the spread of ICT (Information Communication Technology) in this region. For the growth in the demand of large-volume network in the Pacific, Southeast Asia and Latin America are expected to further liberalize their market and have tougher competition.

1. Minutes of Outgoing International Telephone Calls

2. Number of Main Telephone Lines

3. Number of Subscribers to Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems

4. Optical Fiber Cable System

5. Satellite Communications

6. Internet Host

7. Internet User

8. International Telephone traffic

Summary

to Contents

1990

1995

1997

1998

20,000,000 40,000,000 60,000,000 80,000,000 (1,000 minutes)

PBEC Area50.4

Others49.6


1998 1998

Asia24.7

Oceania3.3

World Total86,346,090(1,000 minutes)

Americas72.0

PBEC Area43,479,916

1. MINUTES OF OUTGOING INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CALLS

1. The year 1990 saw an explosion in international telephone traffic mainly in North America and East Asia. The traffic also burgeoned rapidly in South America and Southeast Asia in later years, but the pace of overall growth is slowing down partly as a consequence of the economic crisis in the late 1990s.

2. Growth in the traffic of international telephone calls has been greater in the PBEC area than in other regions. Recently, about one half of the world's international telephone calls have been generated from the PBEC region.

33,372,203


PBEC Area

63,659,958

30,021,346

79,355,319

40,560,267

86,346,090

43,479,916

(1,000 minutes)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

MINUTES OF OUTGOING INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE CALLS(Unit: 1,000 minutes)

1990 1995 1997 1998 Average Annual Growth (90~98)

1,000 Minutes % 1,000 Minutes % 1,000 Minutes % 1,000 Minutes % %

33,372,203 (100.0) 63,659,958 (100.0) 79,355,319 (100.0) 86,346,090 (100.0) 12.6

(43.2) (47.2) (51.1) (50.4)

14,413,360 100.0 30,021,346 100.0 40,560,267 100.0 43,479,916 100.0 14.8

3,258,717 22.6 8,460,551 28.2 10,336,672 25.5 10,734,717 24.7 16.1

350,000 2.4 1,339,106 4.5 1,631,780 4.0 1,711,544 3.9 21.9

729,358 5.1 1,691,830 5.6 1,717,974 4.2 1,879,770 4.3 12.6

78,244 0.5 206,581 0.7 298,000 0.7 323,800 0.7 19.4

937,000 6.5 1,631,000 5.4 1,771,700 4.4 1,816,200 4.2 8.6

182,405 1.3 557,331 1.9 901,430 2.2 604,500 1.4 16.2

140,000 1.0 369,200 1.2 588,500 1.5 685,000 1.6 22.0

107,014 0.7 180,000 0.6 249,469 0.6 286,444 0.7 13.1

72,208 0.5 897,538 3.0 957,500 2.4 1,038,238 2.4 39.5

325,000 2.3 773,000 2.6 1,161,200 2.9 1,235,000 2.8 18.2

241,928 1.7 593,023 2.0 789,061 1.9 860,878 2.0 17.2

95,560 0.7 221,943 0.7 270,059 0.7 293,343 0.7 15.1

682,453 4.7 1,237,000 4.1 1,382,000 3.4 1,418,400 3.3 9.6

536,600 3.7 925,000 3.1 977,000 2.4 979,000 2.3 7.8

145,853 1.0 312,000 1.0 405,000 1.0 439,400 1.0 14.8

10,472,190 72.7 20,323,795 67.7 28,841,595 71.1 31,326,799 72.0 14.7

1,863,388 12.9 2,958,900 9.9 4,286,300 10.6 4,805,000 11.1 12.6

46,293 0.3 136,000 0.5 239,500 0.6 259,070 0.6 24.0

72,034 0.5 127,000 0.4 154,000 0.4 204,228 0.5 13.9

20,683 0.1 37,241 0.1 51,801 0.1 61,972 0.1 14.7

415,000 2.9 945,000 3.1 1,213,614 3.0 1,307,567 3.0 15.4

25,053 0.2 62,585 0.2 84,510 0.2 95,522 0.2 18.2

8,029,739 55.7 16,057,070 53.5 22,811,870 56.2 24,593,440 56.6 15.0

Source: Telecommunications Indicatiors (ITU)

1990

1995

1997

1998

200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 (1,000 lines)

PBEC Area55.3

Others44.7


1998 1998

Asia50.1

Oceania2.5

World Total843,432(1,000 lines)

Americas47.4

PBEC Area466,230

2. NUMBER OF MAIN TELEPHONE LINES

1. The year 1990 saw a staggering increase in the number of subscriber lines mainly in North America and East Asia. The number also burgeoned rapidly in South America and Southeast Asia in later years, but the pace of overall growth is slowing down partly as a consequence of the economic crisis in the late 1990s.

2. In fact, subscriber lines have been installed in almost all houses and offices. And a trend toward mobile communication has become visible in some countries, including Japan and South Korea, which saw a drop in the number of subscriber lines.

3. The PBEC area has accounted for more than half of the world's telephone lines.

519,959

280,121World Total

PBEC Area

690,414

375,243

790,928

436,017

843,432

466,230

(1,000 lines)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

NUMBER OF MAIN TELEPHONE LINES(Unit: 1,000 lines)


1,000 Lines % 1,000 Lines % 1,000 Lines % 1,000 Lines % %

519,959 (100.0) 690,414 (100.0) 790,928 (100.0) 843,432 (100.0) 6.2

(53.8) (54.4) (55.1) (55.3)

280,121 100.0 375,243 100.0 436,017 100.0 466,230 100.0 6.6

109,771 39.2 170,827 45.5 214,067 49.1 233,604 50.1 9.9

6,850 2.4 40,706 10.8 70,310 16.1 87,421 18.8 37.5

2,475 0.9 3,278 0.9 3,647 0.8 3,729 0.8 5.3

1,066 0.4 3,291 0.9 4,982 1.1 5,572 1.2 23.0

54,528 19.5 61,106 16.3 62,781 14.4 62,550 13.4 1.7

13,276 4.7 18,600 5.0 20,422 4.7 20,089 4.3 5.3

1,586 0.6 3,332 0.9 4,223 1.0 4,384 0.9 13.6

610 0.2 1,410 0.4 2,078 0.5 2,512 0.5 19.4

20,700 7.4 25,019 6.7 28,250 6.5 29,031 6.2 4.3

1,054 0.4 1,429 0.4 1,685 0.4 1,778 0.4 6.8

6,301 2.2 9,175 2.4 10,862 2.5 11,500 2.5 7.8

1,325 0.5 3,482 0.9 4,827 1.1 5,038 1.1 18.2

9,256 3.3 10,619 2.8 11,338 2.6 11,712 2.5 3.0

7,787 2.8 8,900 2.4 9,498 2.2 9,844 2.1 3.0

1,469 0.5 1,719 0.5 1,840 0.4 1,868 0.4 3.0

161,094 57.5 193,797 51.6 210,612 48.3 220,914 47.4 4.0

15,296 5.5 17,763 4.7 18,353 4.2 19,206 4.1 2.9

860 0.3 1,818 0.5 2,693 0.6 3,046 0.7 17.1

2,415 0.9 3,873 1.0 5,395 1.2 6,367 1.4 12.9

491 0.2 698 0.2 819 0.2 991 0.2 9.2

5,355 1.9 8,801 2.3 9,254 2.1 9,927 2.1 8.0

565 0.2 1,109 0.3 1,646 0.4 1,555 0.3 13.5

136,114 48.6 159,735 42.6 172,453 39.6 179,822 38.6 3.5


1990

1995

1997

1998

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 (1,000 subscribers)

PBEC Area59.5

Others40.5


1998 1998

Asia53.7

Oceania3.2

World Total318,703

(1,000 subscribers)


189,650

3. NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS TO CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEMS1. In 1990, the US had about 70 percent of all mobile communication subscribers in the world. But Asia outstripped North and South Americas in the number of those subscribers in 1997 due to the mushroom growth of the markets in Japan, South Korea, and China.

2. Annual growth in the number of fixed telephone subscriber lines from 1990 is 6.2 percent for the world and 6.6 percent for the PBEC region (see the table on the preceding page), whereas mobile communication subscribers increased annually by as much as 52.0 and 49.5 percent respectively, during the same period.

3. In Japan, mobile communication subscribers exceeded fixed telephone subscriber lines in number in 2000.

11,180

7,589World Total

PBEC Area

90,684

62,226

214,475

138,584

318,703

189,650

(1,000 subscribers)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS TO CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEMS (Unit: 1,000 subscribers)


1,000 Subscribers 1,000 Subscribers 1,000 Subscribers 1,000 Subscribers% %% % %

11,180 (100.0) 90,684 (100.0) 214,475 (100.0) 318,703 (100.0) 52.0

(67.9) (68.6) (64.6) (59.5)

7,589 100.0 62,226 100.0 138,584 100.0 189,650 100.0 49.5

1,403 18.5 21,955 35.3 69,884 50.4 101,889 53.7 70.9

18 0.2 3,629 5.8 13,233 9.5 23,863 12.6 145.1

134 1.8 798 1.3 2,230 1.6 3,174 1.7 48.5

18 0.2 211 0.3 916 0.7 1,066 0.6 66.4

868 11.4 11,712 18.8 38,254 27.6 47,308 24.9 64.8

80 1.1 1,641 2.6 6,879 5.0 14,019 7.4 90.7

87 1.1 1,005 1.6 2,000 1.4 2,200 1.2 49.8

-

-

-

-

0 0.0 494 0.8 1,344 1.0 1,734 0.9

0 0.0 89 0.1 485 0.3 747 0.4

52 0.7 306 0.5 849 0.6 1,095 0.6 46.5

83 1.1 772 1.2 1,492 1.1 4,727 2.5 65.6

63 0.8 1,298 2.1 2,204 1.6 1,957 1.0 53.6

239 3.1 2,607 4.2 5,144 3.7 6,132 3.2 50.0

185 2.4 2,242 3.6 4,578 3.3 5,342 2.8 52.3

54 0.7 365 0.6 566 0.4 790 0.4 39.8

5,946 78.4 37,664 60.5 63,556 45.9 81,629 43.0 38.7

584 7.7 2,590 4.2 4,266 3.1 5,320 2.8 31.8

14 0.2 197 0.3 410 0.3 964 0.5 69.8

0 0.0 275 0.4 1,265 0.9 1,800 0.9

0 0.0 54 0.1 127 0.1 243 0.1

64 0.8 689 1.1 1,741 1.3 3,349 1.8 64.0

2 0.0 74 0.1 436 0.3 743 0.4 114.6

5,283 69.6 33,786 54.3 55,312 39.9 69,209 36.5 37.9

Source:Telecommunications Indicatiors (ITU)

1997

2000

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 (Gbps)

2000

World Total5,933(Gbps)

4. OPTICAL FIBER CABLE SYSTEM

1. The increasingly widespread use of data communications, such as Internet and visual image distribution, has spurred demand for high-capacity submarine optical cables, and advances in multiplexing technologies have resulted in an increase of Giga-bit-class cables over the past several years.

2. With the installation of a Tera-bit-class cable in the Atlantic Ocean, the total capacity in this region has skyrocketed.

20056

World Total

PBEC Area

5,933

689

The Pacific Ocean

The Sea of Japan

The East China Sea

The South China Sea

The Indian Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean

The Caribbean Sea

The Sargasso Sea

The North Sea

The Baltic Sea

The English Channel

The Mediterranean Sea

Cable Capacity (%)

11.6

88.3

0.1

OPTICAL FIBER CABLE SYSTEM

1997 2000

Region Cable Capacity (Gbps) % Cable Capacity (Gbps) %

World Total 200 100.0 5,933 100.0

The Pacific Ocean

The Sea of Japan

The East China Sea 56 27.7 689 11.6

The South China Sea

The Indian Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean

The Caribbean Sea

The Sargasso Sea 142 70.6 5,240 88.3

The North Sea

The Baltic Sea

The English Channel

The Mediterranean Sea 3 1.7 4 0.1

Source: KDDI

C-Band

Ku-Band

Others

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500

C-Band(%)

World Total2,331

5. SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

World Total

Pacific Ocean Region

2,419

1,110

10347

2,331

1,309


Indian Ocean Region

Atlantic Ocean Region

23.7

56.220.2

Ku-Band(%)

World Total2,419


Indian Ocean Region


42.545.9

11.7

Others(%)

World Total103


Indian Ocean Region


40.8

45.6

13.6

Figures of satellites (as of August 2000)

1. The PBEC statistics covered only the INTELSAT and the INMARSAT until 1996; however, with the increasingly widespread use of other satellite systems such as PanAmSat and local satellites such as the UTELSAT, all commercial communication satellites are covered in this year's and any later versions.

2. In order to improve operational efficiency and survive competition with an increasing number of other commercial satellites, the INMARSAT went private in April 1999 and the INTELSAT will be 100% privatized in the spring of 2000 after a division is spun off as a private company NSS (New Sky Satellites).

3. About a half of the world's satellite capacity is for the Pacific Ocean Region. This is because under the Atlantic Ocean are laid a large number of high-capacity cables and because the Asian and Pacific Ocean Region is still highly dependent on satellites for communication.

SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

(as of August 2000)

Figures of satellitesRegion Parcentage (%)

C-Band Ku-Band Others

World Total 2,331 2,419 103 100.0

Pacific Ocean Region 1,309 1,110 47 50.8

Indian Ocean Region 470 282 14 15.8

Atlantic Ocean Region 552 1,027 42 33.4

Source: KDDI

Notes:(1) The number of satellites as shown in the table includes satellites owned by the INTELSAT, the INMARSAT, and other state-run or private satellite operating enterprises.(2) For the ease of reference, the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, and Atlantic Ocean Regions are defined as regions lying between 90 degrees of east longitude and 100 degrees (60 degrees for South America) of west longitude, between 100 degrees (60 degrees for South America) of west longitude and 30 degrees of east longitude, and between 30 degrees and 90 degrees of east longitude, respectively.

1995

1996

1997

1998

10,000,000 20,000,000 30,000,000 40,000,000 (hosts)

PBEC Area81.2

Others18.8


1998 1998

Asia7.4

Oceania2.6


(hosts)

Americas89.9

PBEC Area35,328,918

6. INTERNET HOST

1. Internet hosts are rapidly increasing all over the world.

2. The U.S., the leader in the Internet, has accounted for around 85 percent of the share.

(hosts)

9,485,918


PBEC Area

16,249,919

12,414,934

30,118,060

24,194,659

43,531,034

35,328,918

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

INTERNET HOST(Unit: hosts)


Hosts % Hosts % Hosts % Hosts % %

9,485,918 (100.0) 16,249,919 (100.0) 30,118,060 (100.0) 43,531,034 (100.0) 66.2

(76.1) (76.4) (80.3) (81.2)

7,218,690 100.0 12,414,934 100.0 24,194,659 100.0 35,328,918 100.0 69.8

401,275 5.6 1,038,866 8.4 1,822,747 7.5 2,625,423 7.4 87.0

2,146 0.0 19,739 0.2 16,322 0.1 17,255 0.1 100.3

17,693 0.3 49,162 0.4 67,914 0.3 82,773 0.2 67.2

2,351 0.0 9,591 0.1 9,603 0.0 15,448 0.0 87.3

269,327 3.7 734,406 5.9 1,168,956 4.8 1,687,534 4.8 84.4

29,306 0.4 66,262 0.5 121,932 0.5 186,414 0.5 85.3

4,194 0.1 25,200 0.2 32,269 0.1 47,852 0.1 125.1

1,771 0.0 3,628 0.0 4,313 0.0 9,204 0.0 73.2

21,940 0.3 58,091 0.5 152,619 0.6 182,680 0.5 102.7

22,769 0.3 28,892 0.2 57,605 0.2 67,060 0.2 43.3

25,723 0.4 34,650 0.3 176,836 0.7 308,676 0.9 128.9

4,055 0.1 9,245 0.1 14,378 0.1 20,527 0.1 71.7

363,172 5.0 599,292 4.8 834,667 3.4 929,598 2.6 36.8

309,562 4.3 514,760 4.2 665,403 2.8 792,351 2.2 36.8

53,610 0.7 84,532 0.7 169,264 0.7 137,247 0.4 36.8

6,454,243 89.4 10,776,776 86.8 21,537,245 89.0 31,773,897 89.9 70.1

372,891 5.2 603,325 4.9 839,141 3.5 1,119,172 3.2 44.2

9,027 0.1 15,885 0.1 17,821 0.1 30,103 0.1 49.4

2,262 0.0 9,054 0.1 10,173 0.0 16,200 0.1 92.8

504 0.0 590 0.0 1,036 0.0 1,548 0.0 45.4

13,787 0.2 29,840 0.2 41,659 0.2 112,620 0.3 101.4

813 0.0 5,192 0.0 3,415 0.0 4,794 0.0 80.7

6,054,959 83.9 10,112,890 81.5 20,624,000 85.2 30,489,460 86.3 71.4


1997

1998

50,000 100,000 150,000 (1,000 users)

PBEC Area70.5

Others29.5


1998 1998

Asia28.4

Oceania3.5

World Total144,801

(1,000 users)

Americas68.1

PBEC Area102,089

7. INTERNET USER

1. Data on the number of the Internet users are only estimates as it is difficult to ascertain. Some countries even withhold the data for this reason.

2. The Internet users are more widely distributed around the world than the Internet hosts; but yet, there is a heavy concentration in the U.S.

85,531

61,595World Total

PBEC Area

144,801

102,089

(1,000 users)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

INTERNET USER(Unit: 1,000 users)

1997 1998Average AnnualGrowth (97~98)

1,000 Users % 1,000 Users % %

85,531 (100.0) 144,801 (100.0) 69.3

(72.0) (70.5)

61,595 100.0 102,089 100.0 65.7

14,175 23.0 28,954 28.4 104.3

400 0.6 2,100 2.1 425.0

675 1.1 1,000 1.0 48.1

250 0.4 300 0.3 20.0

8,500 13.8 16,740 16.4 96.9

800 1.3 3,103 3.0 287.9

600 1.0 800 0.8 33.3

100 0.2 150 0.1 50.0

700 1.1 1,000 1.0 42.9

500 0.8 550 0.5 10.0

1,500 2.4 3,011 2.9 100.7

150 0.2 200 0.2 33.3

2,150 3.5 3,600 3.5 67.4

1,600 2.6 3,000 2.9 87.5

550 0.9 600 0.6 9.1

45,270 73.5 69,535 68.1 53.6

4,500 7.3 7,500 7.3 66.7

250 0.4 300 0.3 20.0

0.0 170 0.2

0.0 15 0.0

520 0.8 1,350 1.3 159.6

0.0 200 0.2

40,000 64.9 60,000 58.8 50.0


-

-

-

-

-

-

INTER-REGIONAL TELEPHONE TRAFFICE-Asia SE-Asia Oceania N-America S-America Total Incoming

E-Asia 3,655 544 202 2,954 10 7,365

SE-Asia 756 1,148 212 975 0 3,092

Oceania 146 137 360 521 2 1,166

N-America 969 238 259 10,935 227 12,627

S-America 15 0 0 710 49 774

Total Outgoing 5,541 2,067 1,033 16,096 287 25,025

Source: Telecommunications Indicatiors (ITU)TeleGeography 2000KDDI

8. INTERNATIONAL TELEPHONE TRAFFIC

withinE-Asia3,655

withinN-America

10,935

withinS-America

49

East Asia North America

withinSE-Asia

1,148

South EastAsia

withinOceania

360

Oceania

South America

(Unit: million minutes)as of 1997

1,300

25

780

3,923

348

1,213

1

350 2

936

Agriculture, Fisheriesand ForestryAgriculture, Fisheriesand Forestry

1. Agriculture (1) Wheat (2) Rice (3) Corn (4) Cattle (5) Hogs

2. Fisheries

3. Forestry

Summary

(2) Livestock1 During the 1990s, the number of cattle and hogs owned in the PBEC region has been increasing at an annual rate of 0.6 percent and 0.9 percent on average, respectively. The area has accounted for just less than 30 percent of all cattle raised around the world since 1990, whereas its share in the world's hog population has remained high at around 65 percent.2 China was the third largest cattle holder in 1998 after India and Brazil, accounting for 7.7 percent of the world's cattle. In the same year, China owned more hogs than any other countries, responsible for 46.2 percent of the world hog population.

2 FISHERIES The PBEC region's share of the world fishery catch has been quite high, around 70 percent throughout the 1990s. A notable recent trend is the considerable growth of China's fishing industry, which increased its share in the PBEC area's fishery production from 22.0 percent in 1990 to 41.8 percent in 1997. Average annual fishery growth during this period was 4.0 percent for the entire PBEC area, but it stood at 13.9 percent for China.

3 FORESTRYThe PBEC area's forestry production remained almost unchanged throughout the 1990s, accounting for just less than 50 percent of the world production. Recent years have seen a significant drop in Russia's production: the country's share in the PBEC area's output went down sharply from 14.1 percent in 1992 to 8.4 percent in 1997, at an annual rate of 10.0 percent on average.

1 AGRICULTURE(1) Grain1 Since 1990, the PBEC area's share in the worldwide production of wheat, rice, and corn has remained at the same level or has increased slightly. In 1998, however, the area accounted for as much as 43.5 percent, 55.1 percent, and 70.3 percent of the world's wheat, rice, and corn production, respectively.2 China was the largest wheat and rice producer in the world in 1998, responsible for 18.5 percent and 34.7 percent, respectively. The U.S. harvested more corn than any other countries in 1998, accounting for more than 40 percent of the world production.

to Contents

PBEC Area43.5

Others56.5


1998 1998

Asia53.4

Oceania8.3

World Total591,632

(1,000 metric tons)


257,226

1. AGRICULTURE

(1) Wheat

1. The PBEC region produced between 250 million and 290 million metric tons of wheat a year in the 1990s, accounting forroughly 45 percent of world production.

2. In 1998, almost 98 percent of the PBEC area's total output was accounted for by five nations, China (42.7 percent),the U.S. (27.0 percent), Russia (10.5 percent), Canada (9.4 percent), and Australia (8.2 percent).

3. China's wheat production approximated 110 million metric tons in 1998, making the nation the largest producer in the worldwith an 18.5 percent share.

1990

1995

1997

1998

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000

592,341

272,873World Total

PBEC Area

(1,000M.T. )

550,597

246,777

613,342285,005

591,632

257,226

(1,000 metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

WHEAT(Unit: 1,000 metric tons)


Production % Production % Production % Production % %

592,341 (100.0) 550,597 (100.0) 613,342 (100.0) 591,632 (100.0) --0.0

(46.1) (44.8) (46.5) (43.5)

272,873 100.0 246,777 100.0 285,005 100.0 257,226 100.0 --0.7

145,355 53.3 132,789 53.8 168,129 59.0 137,314 53.4 --0.7

98,232 36.0 102,211 41.4 123,290 43.3 109,726 42.7 1.4

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

952 0.3 444 0.2 573 0.2 570 0.2 --6.2

1 0.0 10 0.0 7 0.0 5 0.0 22.3

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

46,167*1 16.9 30,119 12.2 44,258 15.5 27,012 10.5 --8.5*2

- - - - - - - - -

3 0.0 4 0.0 0 0.0 ... ... --100.0*3

0 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0 0.0

15,254 5.6 16,811 6.8 19,545 6.9 21,387 8.3 4.3

15,066 5.5 16,566 6.7 19,224 6.7 21,122 8.2 4.3

188 0.1 245 0.1 321 0.1 265 0.1 4.4

112,264 41.1 97,177 39.4 97,331 34.2 98,525 38.3 --1.6

32,098 11.8 24,989 10.1 24,280 8.5 24,076 9.4 --3.5

1,718 0.6 1,384 0.6 1,677 0.6 1,682 0.7 --0.3

105 0.0 74 0.0 50 0.0 39 0.0 --11.6

30 0.0 20 0.0 20 0.0 20 0.0 --4.9

3,931 1.4 3,468 1.4 3,657 1.3 3,235 1.3 --2.4

88 0.0 125 0.1 124 0.0 146 0.1 6.5

74,294 27.2 67,117 27.2 67,523 23.7 69,327 27.0 --0.9

Source: FAO "FAO Statistical Databases" (http://apps.fao.org/)Taiwan Provincial Government Department of Agriculture and Forestry "Taiwan Agricultural Yearbook 1998 Edition"

*1:Figure in 1992

*2:Figure in 1992 - 1998

*3:Figure in 1990 - 1997

PBEC Area55.1

Others44.9


1998 1998

Asia95.3

Oceania0.4

World Total577,350

(1,000 metric tons)

Americas4.3

PBEC Area318,068

1. AGRICULTURE

(2) Rice1. The total yearly yield of rice in the PBEC area gradually increased from 302 million metric tons in 1990 to 318 million metric

tons in 1998, at an annual rate of 0.7 percent on average. The region's share in the world rice production, however, droppedfrom 58.0 percent to 55.1 percent over the same period.

2. In 1998, about 85 percent of the PBEC area's total production was accounted for by three nations, China (63.1 percent),Indonesia (15.5 percent), and Thailand (7.2 percent).

3. In 1998, China's rice production reached about 200 million metric tons, making the nation the largest producer in the worldwith a 34.7 percent share.

1990

1995

1997

1998

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000

520,053

301,695World Total

PBEC Area

(1,000M.T. )

547,086

307,289

580,841325,426

577,350

318,068

(1,000 metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

RICE(Unit: 1,000 metric tons)



520,053 (100.0) 547,086 (100.0) 580,841 (100.0) 577,350 (100.0) 1.3

(58.0) (56.2) (56.0) (55.1)

301,695 100.0 307,289 100.0 325,426 100.0 318,068 100.0 0.7

289,238 95.9 293,697 95.6 310,952 95.6 303,155 95.3 0.6

191,615 63.5 187,298 61.0 202,772 62.3 200,572 63.1 0.6

0 0.0 - - - - - - -

45,179 15.0 49,744 16.2 49,377 15.2 49,237 15.5 1.1

13,124 4.4 13,435 4.4 12,531 3.9 11,200 3.5 --2.0

7,722 2.6 6,387 2.1 7,312 2.2 6,779 2.1 --1.6

1,960 0.6 2,127 0.7 2,120 0.7 1,934 0.6 --0.2

9,885 3.3 10,541 3.4 11,269 3.5 10,236 3.2 0.4

754 0.2 462 0.2 328 0.1 413 0.1 --9.5*2

- - - - - - - - -

1,806 0.6 1,687 0.5 1,663 0.5 ... ... --1.2*3

17,193 5.7 22,016 7.2 23,580 7.2 22,784 7.2 3.6

924 0.3 1,016 0.3 1,255 0.4 1,331 0.4 4.7

924 0.3 1,016 0.3 1,255 0.4 1,331 0.4 4.7

- - - - - - - - -

11,533 3.8 12,576 4.1 13,219 4.1 13,582 4.3 2.1

- - - - - - - - -

136 0.0 146 0.0 88 0.0 104 0.0 --3.3

2,117 0.7 1,743 0.6 1,830 0.6 1,898 0.6 --1.4

840 0.3 1,291 0.4 1,072 0.3 1,043 0.3 2.7

394 0.1 367 0.1 469 0.1 458 0.1 1.9

966 0.3 1,142 0.4 1,460 0.4 1,549 0.5 6.1

7,080 2.3 7,887 2.6 8,300 2.6 8,530 2.7 2.4

Source: FAO "FAO Statistical Databases" (http://apps.fao.org/)Taiwan Provincial Government Department of Agriculture and Forestry

"Taiwan Agricultural Yearbook 1998 Edition"

*1: Figure in 1992

*2: Figure in 1992 - 1998

*3: Figure in 1990 - 1997

*1

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 (1,000M.T. )

1990

1995

1997

1998

PBEC Area70.3

Others29.7


1998 1998

Asia35.5

Oceania0.1

World Total614,003

(1,000 metric tons) Americas

64.4

PBEC Area431,925

1. AGRICULTURE

(3) Corn1. Corn production in the PBEC area rose from 342 million metric tons in 1990 to 432 million metric tons in 1998, at an annual

rate of 3.0 percent on average. The region's share in the world production remained around 70 percent throughout the 1990s.

2. In 1998, almost 88 percent of the region's total output was accounted for by only two nations, the U.S. (57.4 percent) andChina (30.8 percent).

3. The U.S. produced about 248 million metric tons of corn in 1998, giving it the largest share of world production, at 40 percent plus.

483,177

341,901World Total

PBEC Area

516,579

348,340

586,410

387,341

614,003

431,925

(1,000 metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CORN(Unit: 1,000 metric tons)



483,177 (100.0) 516,579 (100.0) 586,410 (100.0) 614,003 (100.0) 3.0

(70.8) (67.4) (66.1) (70.3)

341,901 100.0 348,340 100.0 387,341 100.0 431,925 100.0 3.0

115,154 33.7 131,100 37.6 124,672 32.2 153,127 35.5 3.6

97,214 28.4 112,362 32.3 104,648 27.0 133,198 30.8 4.0

- - - - - - - - -

6,734 2.0 8,246 2.4 8,771 2.3 10,169 2.4 5.3

1 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 --100.0

120 0.0 74 0.0 87 0.0 80 0.0 --4.9

35 0.0 43 0.0 48 0.0 50 0.0 4.6

4,854 1.4 4,161 1.2 4,332 1.1 3,823 0.9 --2.9

2,135 0.6 1,739 0.5 2,675 0.7 821 0.2 --14.7*2*1

- - - - - - - - -

339 0.1 320 0.1 279 0.1 ... ... --2.7*3

3,722 1.1 4,155 1.2 3,832 1.0 4,986 1.2 3.7

381 0.1 403 0.1 592 0.2 536 0.1 4.4

219 0.1 242 0.1 398 0.1 360 0.1 6.4

162 0.0 161 0.0 194 0.1 176 0.0 1.0

226,366 66.2 216,837 62.2 262,077 67.7 278,262 64.4 2.6

7,066 2.1 7,281 2.1 7,180 1.9 8,912 2.1 2.9

823 0.2 942 0.3 881 0.2 943 0.2 1.7

1,213 0.4 1,020 0.3 978 0.3 755 0.2 --5.8

465 0.1 557 0.2 688 0.2 382 0.1 --2.4

14,635 4.3 18,353 5.3 17,656 4.6 18,455 4.3 2.9

632 0.2 715 0.2 827 0.2 933 0.2 5.0

201,532 58.9 187,969 54.0 233,867 60.4 247,882 57.4 2.6

Source: FAO "FAO Statistical Databases" (http://apps.fao.org/)Taiwan Provincial Government Department of Agriculture and Forestry

"Taiwan Agricultural Yearbook 1998 Edition"

*1: Figure in 1992

*2: Figure in 1992 - 1998*3: Figure in 1990 - 1997

PBEC Area28.7

Others71.3


1998 1998

Asia42.9

Oceania 9.3

World Total1,334,611(1,000 heads)

Americas 47.9

PBEC Area383,038

1. AGRICULTURE

(4) Cattle1. The PBEC region's cattle population remained at just less than 400 million head throughout the 1990s, accounting for less

than 30 percent of the world population.

2. In 1998, almost one half of all cattle in the region was held by only two nations, China (27.0 percent) and the U.S. (26.0 percent).

3. China's cattle population approximated 103 million head in 1998, making the nation the third largest owner in the world afterIndia (about 212 million head) and Brazil (about 160 million head) with a 7.7 percent share of the world cattle population.

1990

1995

1997

1998

200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000

1,296,148

365,870World Total

PBEC Area

(1,000heads)

1,320,299

392,750

1,322,696

377,095

1,334,611

383,038

(1,000 heads)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CATTLE(Unit: 1,000 heads)


Stocks % Stocks % Stocks % Stocks % %

1,296,148 (100.0) 1,320,299 (100.0) 1,322,696 (100.0) 1,334,611 (100.0) 0.4

(28.2) (29.7) (28.5) (28.7)

365,870 100.0 392,750 100.0 377,095 100.0 383,038 100.0 0.6

159,403 43.6 173,189 44.1 155,901 41.3 164,166 42.9 0.4

79,495 21.7 100,554 25.6 90,834 24.1 103,301 27.0 3.3

2 0.0 2 0.0 3 0.0 40 0.0 45.4

10,410 2.8 11,550 2.9 12,031 3.2 12,239 3.2 2.0

4,760 1.3 4,916 1.3 4,750 1.3 4,708 1.2 --0.1

2,126 0.6 3,147 0.8 3,280 0.9 2,922 0.8 4.1

668 0.2 716 0.2 690 0.2 713 0.2 0.8

1,629 0.4 2,021 0.5 2,266 0.6 2,395 0.6 4.9

54,677 14.9 43,296 11.0 35,103 9.3 31,520 8.2 --8.8*2*1

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

154 0.0 165 0.0 166 0.0 ... ... 1.1*3

5,482 1.5 6,822 1.7 6,778 1.8 6,328 1.7 1.8

31,196 8.5 35,003 8.9 35,788 9.5 35,446 9.3 1.6

23,162 6.3 25,731 6.6 26,780 7.1 26,710 7.0 1.8

8,034 2.2 9,272 2.4 9,008 2.4 8,736 2.3 1.1

175,271 47.9 184,558 47.0 185,406 49.2 183,426 47.9 0.6

11,220 3.1 12,709 3.2 13,453 3.6 13,272 3.5 2.1

3,336 0.9 3,814 1.0 4,142 1.1 4,160 1.1 2.8

24,384 6.7 25,551 6.5 25,673 6.8 25,764 6.7 0.7

4,359 1.2 4,995 1.3 5,150 1.4 5,329 1.4 2.5

32,054 8.8 30,191 7.7 30,772 8.2 30,500 8.0 --0.6

4,102 1.1 4,513 1.1 4,560 1.2 4,657 1.2 1.6

95,816 26.2 102,785 26.2 101,656 27.0 99,744 26.0 0.5

Source:FAO "FAO Statistical Databases" (http://apps.fao.org/)Taiwan Provincial Government Department of Agriculture and Forestry "Taiwan Agricultural Yearbook 1998 Edition"

*1:Figure in 1992*2:Figure in 1992 - 1998*3:Figure in 1990 - 1997

PBEC Area65.1

Others34.9


1998 1998

Asia82.4

Oceania 0.5

World Total882,544

(1,000 heads)

Americas 17.0

PBEC Area574,534

1. AGRICULTURE

(5) Hogs1. The PBEC area's hog population has been just less than 600 million head since 1995, accounting for as much as around 65

percent of the world's hog population.

2. In 1998, China was by far the biggest owner of hogs, holding about 408 million head, making up 46.2 percent and 71.1 percentof the hog population of the world and the PBEC area, respectively.

1990

1995

1997

1998

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 800,000 900,000

857,618

534,869World Total

PBEC Area

(1,000heads)

894,988

601,387

841,890

541,859

882,544

574,534

(1,000 heads)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

HOGS(Unit: 1,000 heads)


Stocks % Stocks % Stocks % Stocks % %

857,618 (100.0) 894,988 (100.0) 841,890 (100.0) 882,544 (100.0) 0.4

(62.4) (67.2) (64.4) (65.1)

534,869 100.0 601,387 100.0 541,859 100.0 574,534 100.0 0.9

444,058 83.0 502,342 83.5 446,241 82.4 473,651 82.4 0.8

360,594 67.4 424,681 70.6 373,534 68.9 408,315 71.1 1.6

304 0.1 107 0.0 110 0.0 110 0.0 --11.9

7,136 1.3 7,825 1.3 8,589 1.6 10,069 1.8 4.4

11,817 2.2 10,250 1.7 9,823 1.8 9,904 1.7 --2.2

4,528 0.8 6,461 1.1 7,096 1.3 7,544 1.3 6.6

2,678 0.5 3,150 0.5 3,171 0.6 2,961 0.5 1.3

7,990 1.5 8,941 1.5 9,752 1.8 10,210 1.8 3.1

35,384 6.6 24,859 4.1 19,115 3.5 17,348 3.0 --11.2*2*1

300 0.1 190 0.0 190 0.0 190 0.0 --5.5

8,565 1.6 10,509 1.7 7,967 1.5 ... ... --1.0*3

4,762 0.9 5,369 0.9 6,894 1.3 7,000 1.2 4.9

3,043 0.6 3,084 0.5 2,955 0.5 3,093 0.5 0.2

2,648 0.5 2,653 0.4 2,555 0.5 2,680 0.5 0.2

395 0.1 431 0.1 400 0.1 413 0.1 0.6

87,768 16.4 95,961 16.0 92,663 17.1 97,790 17.0 1.4

10,392 1.9 11,291 1.9 11,480 2.1 11,985 2.1 1.8

1,125 0.2 1,490 0.2 1,655 0.3 1,962 0.3 7.2

2,640 0.5 2,500 0.4 2,480 0.5 2,452 0.4 --0.9

2,220 0.4 2,618 0.4 2,708 0.5 2,708 0.5 2.5

15,203 2.8 15,923 2.6 15,735 2.9 14,994 2.6 --0.2

2,400 0.4 2,401 0.4 2,481 0.5 2,531 0.4 0.7

53,788 10.1 59,738 9.9 56,124 10.4 61,158 10.6 1.6


*1:Figure in 1992*2:Figure in 1992 - 1998*3:Figure in 1990 - 1997

PBEC Area71.1

Others28.9


1997 1997

Asia72.7

Oceania 1.0

World Total122,139(1,000 metric

tons)

Americas 26.3

PBEC Area86,894

2. FISHERIES

1. The total catch in the PBEC region increased from 66 million metric tons in 1990 to 87 million metric tons in 1997, at anannual increase of 4.0 percent on average. The region's share of the world's fishing catch remained around 70 percentthroughout the 1990s.

2. In 1997, China was the largest fishery country in the PBEC region, accounting for 41.8 percent of the total catch in the regionand 72.7 percent in Asia, including China.

3. China's catch increased at an astounding annual rate of 13.9 percent during the 1990-1997 period, from 15 million metrictons to 36 metric tons, whereas the average growth rate for the entire PBEC region during the same period was as low as 4.0percent per year. Accordingly, China's share in the region's total catch jumped up from 22.0 percent in 1990 to 41.8 percentin 1997.

(1,000 metric tons)

1990

1995

1996

1997

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

98,550

66,228World Total

PBEC Area

(1,000M.T. )

116,043

82,323

119,94486,032

122,139

86,894

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

FISHERIES(Unit: 1,000 metric tons)



98,550 (100.0) 116,043 (100.0) 119,944 (100.0) 122,139 (100.0) 3.1

(67.2) (70.9) (71.7) (71.1)

66,228 100.0 82,323 100.0 86,032 100.0 86,894 100.0 4.0

44,144 66.7 56,252 68.3 60,061 69.8 63,155 72.7 5.2

14,581 22.0 29,707 36.1 33,167 38.6 36,334 41.8 13.9

234 0.4 204 0.2 192 0.2 194 0.2 --2.6

3,044 4.6 4,139 5.0 4,291 5.0 4,404 5.1 5.4

10,356 15.6 6,789 8.2 6,767 7.9 6,691 7.7 --6.0

2,843 4.3 2,688 3.3 2,772 3.2 2,596 3.0 --1.3

1,005 1.5 1,245 1.5 1,240 1.4 1,276 1.5 3.5

2,209 3.3 2,222 2.7 2,133 2.5 2,136 2.5 --0.5

5,614 8.5 4,374 5.3 4,730 5.5 4,715 5.4 --3.4*2*1

13 0.0 14 0.0 14 0.0 13 0.0 0.0

1,455 2.2 1,297 1.6 1,240 1.4 1,308 1.5 --1.5

2,790 4.2 3,573 4.3 3,515 4.1 3,488 4.0 3.2

592 0.9 841 1.0 724 0.8 883 1.0 5.9

220 0.3 226 0.3 228 0.3 214 0.2 --0.4

372 0.6 615 0.7 496 0.6 669 0.8 8.7

21,492 32.5 25,230 30.6 25,247 29.3 22,856 26.3 0.9

1,674 2.5 933 1.1 971 1.1 1,031 1.2 --6.7

5,195 7.8 7,591 9.2 6,909 8.0 6,084 7.0 2.3

128 0.2 158 0.2 161 0.2 199 0.2 6.5

367 0.6 612 0.7 794 0.9 688 0.8 9.4

1,383 2.1 1,355 1.6 1,495 1.7 1,529 1.8 1.4

6,874 10.4 8,943 10.9 9,522 11.1 7,877 9.1 2.0

5,871 8.9 5,638 6.8 5,395 6.3 5,448 6.3 --1.1


*1:Figure in 1992*2:Figure in 1992 - 1997

PBEC Area48.5

Others51.5


1997 1997

Asia49.4

Oceania 2.5

World Total3,297,403(1,000 cubic

meter)

Americas 48.1

PBEC Area1,598,068

3. FORESTRY

1. The PBEC region's forestry production was around 1,600 million cubic meters throughout the 1990s, accounting for less than50 percent of the world production.

2. In 1997, almost three quarters of the region's forestry production were accounted for by four nations, the U.S. (30.4 percent),China (19.6 percent), Indonesia (12.6 percent), and Canada (12.0 percent).

3. Russia's production of forestry products, which stood at 228 million cubic meters in 1990, dropped at an annual rate of 10.0percent on average to 135 million cubic meters by 1997. Its share of the PBEC region's total output also fell from 14.1percentin 1990 to 8.4 percent in 1997.

1990

1995

1996

1997

500,000 1,500,0001,000,000 2,000,000 2,500,000 3,000,000

3,326,915

1,616,009

World Total

PBEC Area

(1,000 cubic meter)

3,214,117

1,578,061

3,218,7061,561,193

3,297,403

1,598,068

(1,000 cubic meter)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

FORESTRY(Unit: 1,000 cubic meter)



3,326,915 (100.0) 3,214,117 (100.0) 3,218,706 (100.0) 3,297,403 (100.0) --0.1

(48.6) (49.1) (48.5) (48.5)

1,616,009 100.0 1,578,061 100.0 1,561,193 100.0 1,598,068 100.0 --0.2

837,099 51.8 758,750 48.1 753,655 48.3 789,813 49.4 --0.8

280,015 17.3 305,629 19.4 312,717 20.0 312,717 19.6 1.6

18 0.0 20 0.0 20 0.0 21 0.0 2.2

177,485 11.0 193,473 12.3 199,757 12.8 202,060 12.6 1.9

29,403 1.8 23,397 1.5 23,218 1.5 22,322 1.4 --3.9

3,190 0.2 1,760 0.1 1,589 0.1 1,456 0.1 --10.6

47,579 2.9 42,855 2.7 43,027 2.8 38,918 2.4 --2.8

37,463 2.3 40,085 2.5 40,850 2.6 41,649 2.6 1.5

227,900 14.1 116,210 7.4 96,814 6.2 134,664 8.4 --10.0*2*1

- - - - - - - - -

140 0.0 53 0.0 46 0.0 44 0.0 --15.2

33,906 2.1 35,268 2.2 35,617 2.3 35,962 2.3 0.8

31,910 2.0 39,171 2.5 38,433 2.5 39,717 2.5 3.2

19,913 1.2 22,260 1.4 22,040 1.4 22,608 1.4 1.8

11,997 0.7 16,911 1.1 16,393 1.1 17,109 1.1 5.2

747,000 46.2 780,140 49.4 769,105 49.3 768,538 48.1 0.4

162,127 10.0 188,432 11.9 189,778 12.2 191,178 12.0 2.4

22,085 1.4 34,924 2.2 29,831 1.9 29,977 1.9 4.5

17,034 1.1 18,231 1.2 18,487 1.2 18,762 1.2 1.4

6,644 0.4 10,000 0.6 10,562 0.7 11,340 0.7 7.9

21,419 1.3 21,217 1.3 21,962 1.4 22,991 1.4 1.0

7,591 0.5 8,026 0.5 7,914 0.5 8,410 0.5 1.5

510,100 31.6 499,310 31.6 490,571 31.4 485,880 30.4 --0.7


*1:Figure in 1992*2:Figure in 1992 - 1997

MiningMining

1Described below are the shares of the world total recorded by the PBEC area countries for seven respective mineral resources, and the average annual rate of production growth since 1990, based on the latest available data. Among these minerals, the PBEC, area share exceeded 70% in most of the minerals except crude oil. They are Coal 73.5%, Natural Gas 72.3%, Nickel 71.4%, Tin 85.4% and Copper 79.5%.

2The output of PBEC area increased considerably from the last edition(1996 edition) due to the joining of Russia and China.

1. Coal

2. Crude Oil

3. Natural Gas

4. Iron Ore

5. Nickel

6. Tin

7. Copper

Summary

to Contents

1990

1997

1998

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 (Mt)

PBEC Area73.5

Others26.5


1998 1998

Asia54.1

Oceania8.3

World Total3,656

(Mt)


2,686

1. COAL

1. In an eight year period from 1990, world coal production rose by about 90 million tons (at an annual rate of 0.3 percent onaverage). During the same period, coal production in PBEC areas increased by 490 million tons (at an annual rate of 2.5percent on average).

2. The PBEC area's share in world coal production jumped from 61.6 percent in 1990 to 73.5 percent in 1998. This is becauseAsia's share rose from 50.9 percent to 54.1 percent as a result of a production increase of about 300 million tons. This was brought about mainly by the inclusion of Russia's production in the PBEC area and China's production boost.

(Mt)

3,565

2,196 World Total

PBEC Area3,796

2,792

3,656

2,686

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

COAL(Unit: Mt)

1990 1997 1998 Average AnnualGrowth (90~98)

Production % Production % Production % %

3,565 (100.0) 3,796 (100.0) 3,656 (100.0) 0.3

(61.6) (73.6) (73.5)

2,196 100.0 2,792 100.0 2,686 100.0 2.5

1,118 50.9 1,597 57.2 1,453 54.1 3.3

1,080 49.2 1,373 49.2 1,236 46.0 1.7

- - - - - - -

11 0.5 55 2.0 59.7 2.2 24.3

8 0.4 4 0.2 3 0.1 -- 11.6

17 0.8 5 0.2 4 0.2 -- 15.7

0.1 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.0 9.1

1 0.1 1 0.0 1 0.0 0.0

- - 159 5.7 149 5.5 -

- - - - - - -

0.5 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 -- 18.2

- - - - - -

161 7.3 210 7.5 222 8.3 4.1

159 7.2 207 7.4 219 8.2 4.1

2 0.1 3 0.1 3 0.1 2.4

917 41.8 985 35.3 1,011 37.6 1.2

38 1.7 41 1.5 38 1.4 0.2

2 0.1 1 0.0 1 0.0 -- 9.4

21 0.9 31 1.1 34 1.3 6.4

- - - - - - -

3 0.1 2 0.1 2 0.1 -- 5.5

0.1 0.0 - - 0 0.0 -

854 38.9 910 32.6 936 34.8 1.2

Source: "Coal Information"(International Energy Agency)1998: Estimed Figures

1990

1995

1998

1999

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 (Mt)

PBEC Area37.9

Others62.1


1999 1999

Asia43.8

Oceania2.0

World Total3,452.2

(million tons) Americas54.1

PBEC Area1,310.1

2. CRUDE OIL

1. World crude oil production was about 3.5 billion tons in 1999, which shows it had increased at an annual rate of 1.0 percenton average since 1990. The PBEC area's crude oil output grew at an annual rate of 3.3 percent on average, raising its sharein the worldwide production from 30.8 percent in 1990 to 37.9 percent in 1999.

2. Major factors were the inclusion of Russia's production in the PBEC area and a rise in the crude oil production of Colombia,Thailand, Ecuador, Canada, Malaysia, etc., during the same period. However, annual crude oil output declined in the U.S.,Australia, Chile, and Peru.

3,164.1

975.6 World Total

PBEC Area3,072.0

1,302.9

3,533.1

1,340.6

3,452.2

1,310.1

(million tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CRUDE OIL(Unit: million tons)



3,164.1 (100.0) 3,072.0 (100.0) 3,533.1 (100.0) 3,452.2 (100.0) 1.0

(30.8) (42.4)

975.6 100.0 1,302.9 100.0 1,340.6

243.6 25.0 572.0 43.9 578.0

138.3 14.2 149.0 11.4 159.9

- - - - -

71.9 7.4 73.9 5.7 71.6

0.5 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.7

- - - - -

29.9 3.1 34.0 2.6 36.6

0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 -

- - 310.8 23.9 304.3

- - - - -

0.1 0.0 - - -

2.7 0.3 3.5 0.3 4.9

30.3 3.1 27.0 2.1 29.6

28.4 2.9 25.4 1.9 27.4

1.9 0.2 1.6 0.1 2.2

701.7 71.9 703.9 54.0 733.0

92.3 9.5 111.5 8.6 124.7

1.0 0.1 0.5 0.0 0.4

22.7 2.3 30.2 2.3 39.3

14.9 1.5 20.2 1.6 19.6

147.1 15.1 151.3 11.6 174.4

6.6 0.7 6.2 0.5 6.0

417.1 42.8 384.0 29.5 368.6

Source: "International Petroleum Encyclopedia""BP Amoco statistical review of world energy"

(37.9) (37.9)

100.0 1,310.1 100.0 3.3

43.1 574.4 43.8 10.0

11.9 159.3 12.2 1.6

- - - -

-

5.3 68.2 5.2 -- 0.6

0.1 0.6 0.0 2.0

- - -

2.7 36.6 2.8 2.3

- - - -

22.7 304.8 23.3 -

- - - -

- - - -

0.4 4.9 0.4 6.8

2.2 26.7 2.0 --1.4

2.0 24.5 1.9 --1.6

0.2 2.2 0.2 1.6

54.7 709.0 54.1 0.1

9.3 120.3 9.2 3.0

0.0 0.4 0.0 --9.7

2.9 42.5 3.2 7.2

1.5 19.5 1.5 3.0

13.0 166.1 12.7 1.4

0.4 5.5 0.4 --2.0

27.5 354.7 27.1 --1.8

1990

1995

1997

1998

500 1,000 1,500 2,000 (billion cubic mitres)

PBEC Area72.3

Others27.7


1998 1998

Asia47.1

Oceania2.4

World Total2,046

(billion cubicmetres)

Americas50.5

PBEC Area1,479

3. NATURAL GAS

1. During the 1990-1998 period, worldwide natural gas production increased by 250 billion cubic meters (at an annual rate of1.4 percent on average), while natural gas output in the PBEC area jumped by 72 billion cubic meters (8.7 percent). As aresult, the region's share in natural gas production of the world rose from 42.3 percent to 72.3 percent.

2. Major factors were a production increase in Asian countries, such as Malaysia (10.9 percent annual growth), China (5.6 percent),and Indonesia (4.4 percent), and the inclusion of Russia's production in the PBEC area. High-rate annual production growthwas also observed in Canada (6.2 percent), Colombia (5.5 percent), Australia (5.0 percent), Chile (8.4 percent), and Mexico(4.0 percent).

1,792

758 World Total

PBEC Area1,917

1,433

2,007

1,455

2,046

1,479

(billion cubicmetres)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

NATURAL GAS(Unit: billion cubic metres)



1,792 (100.0) 1,917 (100.0) 2,007 (100.0) 2,046 (100.0) 1.7

(42.3) (74.7) (72.5) (72.3)

758 100.0 1,433 100.0 1,455 100.0 1,479 100.0 8.7

85 11.3 679 47.4 678 46.6 697 47.1 30.0

14 1.9 18 1.2 22 1.5 22 1.5 5.6

- - - - - - - -

45 6.0 64 4.5 68 4.6 64 4.3 4.4

2 0.2 2 0.2 2 0.1 2 0.1 4.1

- - - - - - - - -

18 2.3 29 2.0 38 2.6 41 2.8 10.9

- - 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 -

- - 555 38.8 533 36.6 551 37.3 -

- - - - - - - - -

1 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.1 -1.3

6 0.7 10 0.7 14 1.0 16 1.0 -

25 3.3 35 2.4 35 2.4 35 2.4 4.3

21 2.7 30 2.1 30 2.1 30 2.1 5.0

5 0.6 5 0.3 5 0.3 5 0.3 1.0

647 85.4 719 50.2 742 51.0 747 50.5 1.8

99 13.1 148 10.3 156 10.7 161 10.9 6.2

1 0.1 2 0.1 2 0.1 2 0.1 8.4

4 0.5 4 0.3 6 0.4 6 0.4 5.5

0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0

27 3.5 29 2.0 34 2.3 37 2.5 4.0

1 0.2 1 0.1 1 0.1 1 0.1 -3.2

514 67.9 535 37.3 543 37.3 540 36.5 0.6

Source: "International Petroleum Encyclopedia""BP Amoco statistical review of world energy"

1990

1995

1997

1998

200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area63.1

Others36.9


1998 1998

Asia53.0

Oceania26.6

World Total1,007,586(1,000 metric

tons)

Americas20.4

PBEC Area636,230

4. IRON ORE

1. World production of iron ore exceeded 1,000 million tons in the latter half of 1990s. For example, the figure in 1998 was 1,007million tons.

2 .The PBEC area produced 636 million tons in 1998, accounting for 63.1 percent of world production.

3 .Among the PBEC area, China, Australia and CIS accounted for 32.3 percent, 26.1 percent and 20.6 percent, respectively.

984,447

640,856 World Total

PBEC Area1,060,125

697,404

1,070,477

694,991

1,007,586

636,230

(1,000 metrictons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

IRON ORE(Unit: 1,000 metric tons)


Production % Production % Production % % %Production

984,447 1,060,125 1,070,477 1,007,586 0.3

640,856 100.0

(65.1)

(100.0)

(65.8)

(100.0)

(64.9)

(100.0)

(63.1)

(100.0)

697,404 100.0 694,991 100.0 636,230 100.0 --0.1

416,301 65.0 428,078 61.4 404,433 58.2 337,315 53.0 --2.6

179,344 28.0 261,919 37.6 268,612 38.6 205,541 32.3 1.7

34 0.0 3 0.0 4 0.0 2 0.0 --29.8

375 0.1 351 0.1 474 0.1 460 0.1 2.6

348 0.1 202 0.0 269 0.0 370 0.1 0.8

236,200 36.9 165,603 23.7 135,074 19.4 130,942 20.6 --7.1

111,464 17.4 141,637 20.3 163,389 23.5 169,000 26.6 5.3

109,166 17.0 139,067 19.9 160,889 23.1 166,300 26.1 5.4

2,298 0.4 2,570 0.4 2,500 0.4 2,700 0.4 2.0

113,091 17.6 127,689 18.3 127,169 18.3 129,915 20.4 1.7

36,688 5.7 37,629 5.4 37,313 5.4 38,875 6.1 0.7

7,800 1.2 7,950 1.1 8,090 1.2 8,280 1.3 0.7

629 0.1 580 0.1 755 0.1 670 0.1 0.8

9,209 1.4 12,910 1.9 13,244 1.9 14,500 2.3 5.8

3,307 0.5 5,975 0.9 5,030 0.7 5,000 0.8 5.3

55,458 8.7 62,645 9.0 62,737 9.0 62,590 9.8 1.5

Source: Handbook for Iron and Steel Statistics (Committee on Iron and Steel Statistics)

*: Figure of CIS

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

*

1990

1995

1998

1999

200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 (metric tons)

PBEC Area71.4

Others28.6


1999 1999

Asia54.6

Oceania16.7

World Total1,045,500( metric tons)

Americas28.7

PBEC Area747,000

5. NICKEL

1. In 1999, world production of nickel ore amounted to some 1,046 thousand tons, representing an increase of 18.8% over 1990.

2. Production within the PBEC area was 747 thousand tons, which represented a increase of some 20.5% in the 9 years from1990 to 1999.

3. Of the PBEC area total nickel ore production, Russia and Canada together shared some 58.8% in 1999.

880,300

620,096 World Total

PBEC Area973,500

676,100

1,137,800

797,200

1,045,500

747,000

(metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

NICKEL(Unit: metric tons)



880,300 (100.0) 973,500 (100.0) 1,137,800 (100.0) 1,045,500 (100.0)

(70.4) (69.5) (70.1) (71.4)

620,096 100.0 676,100 100.0 797,200 100.0 747,000 100.0

322,369 52.0 369,600 54.7 416,900 52.3 407,600 54.6

26,000 4.2 41,800 6.2 48,700 6.1 50,100 6.7

68,584 11.1 86,600 12.8 74,500 9.3 83,900 11.2

1.9

2.1

2.6

7.6

2.3

3.1

2.0

7.2

7.2

-- 0.8

-- 1.4

4.9

15,785 2.5 17,200 2.5 23,700 3.0 20,700 2.8

212,000 34.2 224,000 33.1 270,000 33.9 252,900 33.9

67,042 10.8 98,500 14.6 144,000 18.1 124,900 16.7

67,042 10.8 98,500 14.6 144,000 18.1 124,900 16.7

230,685 37.2 208,000 30.8 236,300 29.6 214,500 28.7

212,013 34.2 181,800 26.9 208,200 26.1 186,200 24.9

18,400 3.0 24,600 3.6 28,100 3.5 28,300 3.8

272 0.0 1,600 0.2

Source: "World Bureau of Metal Statistics."

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- - - -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

-

-

-

-

-

1990

1995

1998

1999

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 (metric tons)

PBEC Area85.4

Others14.6


1999 1999

Asia78.4

Oceania5.4

World Total215,200

( metric tons)

Americas16.2

PBEC Area183,700

6. TIN

1. In 1999, world production of tin concentrates totaled 215 thousand tons per year, corresponding to some 2.1% increasecompared with 1990.

2. PBEC area countries produced some 184 thousand tons, representing a increase of 31.5% from 1990.

3. Of the PBEC area total tin concentrates production, China shared some 44.6%, and Indonesia some 25.5% of world total tinconcentrate production in 1999.

210,800

139,700 World Total

PBEC Area202,000

153,600

213,700

176,400

215,200

183,700

(metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TIN(Unit: metric tons)



210,800 (100.0) 202,000 (100.0) 213,700 (100.0) 215,200 (100.0)

(66.3) (76.0) (82.5) (85.4)

139,700 100.0 153,600 100.0 176,400 100.0 183,700 100.0

123,600 88.5 125,200 81.5 140,500 79.6 144,000 78.4

0.2

3.1

1.7

9.6

-

4.4

-

-

-- 14.0

-

-- 9.7

-

-

-- 17.1

3.4

3.4

-

14.6

-- 100

-

-

-

-

22.4

-- 100

35,800 25.6 61,900 40.3 70,100 39.7 81,900 44.6

31,700 22.7 46,100 30.0 55,900 31.7 46,900 25.5

28,500 20.4 6,400 4.2 5,800 3.3 7,300 4.0

13,000 9.3 9,000 5.9 7,000 4.0 5,200 2.8

14,600 10.5 1,800 1.2 1,700 1.0 2,700 1.5

7,400 5.3 6,000 3.9 10,200 5.8 10,000 5.4

7,400 5.3 6,000 3.9 10,200 5.8 10,000 5.4

8,700 6.2 22,400 14.6 25,700 14.6 29,700 16.2

3,800 2.7 0 0.0 0 0.0 0 0.0

4,800 3.4 22,300 14.5 25,700 14.6 29,700 16.2

100 0.1 100 0.1 0 0.0 0 0.0


-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - - - - - - -

-

- - - - - - - -

-

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

1990

1995

1998

1999

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area79.5

Others20.5


1999 1999

Asia18.3

Oceania7.1World Total

12,680(1,000 metric

tons)Americas

74.6

PBEC Area10,080

7. COPPER

1. In 1999, world production of copper ore amounted to some 12,680 thousand tons, representing an increase of some 41.6%in the 9 years from 1990.

2. Production within the PBEC area was some 10,080 thousand tons, representing a share of 79.5% of the world total.

3. Of the PBEC area total copper ore production, U.S. and Chile together shared some 59.4% in 1999; increased production inthese two countries contributed to raise the PBEC aea total production by some 55.3% in the 9 years from 1990 to 1999.

8,957

6,490 World Total

PBEC Area10,180

8,069

12,316

9,604

12,680

10,080

(1,000 metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

COPPER(Unit: 1,000 metric tons)



8,957 (100.0) 10,180 (100.0) 12,316 (100.0) 12,680 (100.0)

(59.1) (79.3) (78.0) (79.5)

6,490 100.0 8,069 100.0 9,604 100.0 10,080 100.0

1,584 24.4 1,884 23.3 1,880 19.6 1,845 18.3

296

-

-

-

-

4.6

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - -

- -

- -

- - - - - -

445 5.5 487 5.1 500 5.0

169 2.6 462 5.7 809 8.4 790 7.8

13 0.2 2 0.0 1 0.0 1 0.0

24 0.4 21 0.3 18 0.2 10 0.1

182 2.8 108 1.3 47 0.5 34 0.3

900 13.9 846 10.5 518 5.4 510 5.1

327 5.0 379 4.7 607 6.3 719 7.1

327 5.0 379 4.7 607 6.3 719 7.1

4,579 70.6 5,806 72.0 7,117 74.1 7,516 74.6

794 12.2 726 9.0 706 7.4 614 6.1

1,588 24.5 2,489 30.8 3,687 38.4 4,383 43.5

3 0.0 2 0.0 2 0.0

291 4.5 334 4.1 379 3.9 381 3.8

318 4.9 405 5.0 483 5.0 536 5.3

1,588 24.5 1,849 22.9 1,860 19.4 1,600 15.9


*1: The figures for "Russia" for 1990 and 1995 are in fact the USSR's total copper production; Russia's contribution was 526,000 metric tons in 1995. The figures for 1998 and 1999 represent annual copper output in Russia as an independent state.

3.9

5.0

1.7

6.0

-

18.7

-- 24.8

-

-- 9.3

-- 17.0

-- 6.1

-

-

-

9.1

9.1

-

5.7

-- 2.8

11.9

-

-

3.0

6.0

0.1

EnergyEnergy

1. Energy production in the PBEC area dropped by 180 million tons (expressed in equivalent tons of petroleum in this paper), 3.5%, in 1998 from 1990, reducing the area's share in world production from 59.7 percent in 1990 to 52.1 percent in 1998.

2. Net energy imports into the PBEC area jumped up by 170 million tons in 1998 from 1990 as imported energy consumption in the USA rose considerably and China, which was once a net energy exporter, became a net importer.

3. Total primary energy supply from the PBEC area increased by 26 million tons in 1998 as compared with 1990, while its share in world supply fell from 62.8 percent in 1990 to 57.3 percent in 1998 mainly due to lower supplies from Russia.

4. The PBEC area's dependence on imports increased from 5.35 percent in 1990 to 9.88 percent in 1998.

5. In 1998, the PBEC area saved 110 million tons of final energy as compared with 1990, and with this its share in world energy consumption went down from 66.3 percent in 1990 to 60.0 percent in 1998.

6. Total power generation in the PBEC area rose by 1,030,000 GWh in 1998 as compared with 1990, but its share in world electricity generation fell from 64.4 percent in 1990 to 60.4 percent in 1998.

7. The consumption of coal as a primary energy source in the PBEC area declined by 1.04 billion tons in 1998 as compared with 1990, and with this the area's share in world coal consumption dropped from 41.5 percent in 1990 to 36.2 percent in 1998.

8. The PBEC area consumed little more petroleum in 1998 than in 1990 for primary energy source, and the slight increase of 39 million tons resulted in a drop in the area's share in world petroleum consumption, from 63.2 percent in 1990 to 58.6 percent in 1998.

9. The PBEC area saved 110 million tons of natural gas as a primary energy source in 1998 as compared with 1990, and its share in world natural gas consumption fell from 71.2 percent in 1990 to 56.0 percent in 1998.

10. The amount of hydro-power used as a primary energy source in the PBEC area rose by 6 million tons in 1998 as compared with 1990, though the area's share in world hydraulic power use dropped from 53.5 percent in 1990 to 47.8 percent in 1998.

11. Nuclear power consumption in the PBEC area for primary energy consumption increased by 48 million tons in 1998 as compared with 1990, while the area's share in world consumption fell from 59.0 percent in 1990 to 56.1 percent in 1998.

1. Primary Energy Supply (1) Indigeneous Production (2) Net Imports (3) Total Primary Energy Supply (4) Degree of Dependence on Imports

2. Total Final Consumption

3. Total Electricity Generated

4. Primary Energy Consumption (1) Coal (2) Oil (3) Gas (4) Hydro (5) Nuclear

Summary

to Contents

PBEC Area52.1

Others47.9


1998 1998

Asia48.1

Oceania4.5

World Total9,741,060(oil equivalent1,000 metric

tons)

Americas47.4

PBEC Area5,073,810

1. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY

(1) Indigeneous ProductionEnergy production in the PBEC area dropped by 180 million tons (expressed in equivalent tons of petroleum in this paper), 3.5%, in 1998 from 1990, reducing the area's share in world production from 59.7 percent in 1990 to 52.1 percent in 1998. However, if we examine the statistics for 1995 and subsequent years disregarding 1990 data for Russia, which represent the former Soviet Union's total output, the PBEC area's energy production rose by 87 million tons (1.7 percent) in 1998 from 1990, though, on this basis, the area's share in world production still shrank slightly from 53.6 percent to 52.1 percent. The major factor is that the PBEC area was outpaced by the rest of the world in energy production; two major producers China and Russia reported a slight output decrease, which was more than increased production in Indonesia and other PBEC countries could offset.

(oil equivalent1,000 metric

tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

INDIGENEOUS PRODUCTION(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)


%%%%%

8,810,920 (100.0) 9,306,820 (100.0) 9,699,630 (100.0) 9,741,060 (100.0) 1.3

5,256,680

(59.7)

4,987,180

(53.6)

5,102,810

(52.6)

5,073,810

(52.1)

-- 0.4100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

-- 2.1

1.7

2.8

3.0

4.8

2.8

5.5

1.4

-

-- 6.7

0.5

5.1

3.7

3.8

1.6

1.1

3.7

0.4

5.5

4.0

2.0

0.1

0.3

Source: ENERGY BALANCES OF OECD COUNTRIES 1997-1998ENERGY BALANCES OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES 1997-1998

Note: The 1990 Russia figures are actually the figures for the former Soviet Union.

2,885,970 54.9 2,470,050 49.5 2,502,040 49.0 2,441,880 48.1

894,040 17.0 1,072,930 21.5 1,097,160 21.5 1,020,270 20.1

40 0.0 50 0.0 50 0.0 50 0.0

167,500 3.2 201,910 4.0 208,670 4.1 211,520 4.2

75,590 1.4 99,060 2.0 107,020 2.1 109,960 2.2

22,250 0.4 21,150 0.4 24,200 0.5 27,740 0.5

48,730 0.9 64,700 1.3 74,150 1.5 74,910 1.5

15,900 0.3 16,770 0.3 16,680 0.3 17,820 0.4

1,624,610 30.9 949,660 19.0 923,250 18.1 928,990 18.3

- - 60 0.0 20 0.0

10,810 0.2 10,940 0.2 11,090 0.2 11,250 0.2

26,500 0.5 32,880 0.7 39,710 0.8 39,350 0.8

169,340 3.2 199,560 4.0 215,730 4.2 225,850 4.5

157,160 3.0 186,690 3.7 200,940 3.9 212,010 4.2

12,180 0.2 12,870 0.3 14,790 0.3 13,840 0.3

2,201,370 41.9 2,317,570 46.5 2,385,040 46.7 2,406,080 47.4

273,680 5.2 348,990 7.0 364,740 7.1 365,670 7.2

7,660 0.1 8,160 0.2 8,090 0.2 7,900 0.2

48,440 0.9 60,750 1.2 68,150 1.3 74,420 1.5

16,400 0.3 21,840 0.4 23,030 0.5 22,510 0.4

194,610 3.7 202,320 4.1 223,200 4.4 228,190 4.5

11,820 0.2 11,950 0.2 11,840 0.2 11,960 0.2

1,648,760 31.4 1,663,560 33.4 1,685,990 33.0 1,695,430 33.4

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

NET IMPORTS(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)


%

-- 1,010 -- 29,720 -- 11,990 -- 6,643 26.5

289,760 396,800 499,480 461,570 6.0

161,560 262,760 318,080 264,680 6.4

-- 31,980 -- 9,870 10,460 5,560 -

11,930 15,710 16,310 19,220 6.1

-- 68,120 -- 83,200 -- 84,710 -- 88,740 3.4

369,350 405,220 419,260 401,010 1.0

69,830 134,360 159,130 141,110 9.2

-- 26,090 -- 26,170 -- 27,930 -- 30,430 1.9

12,530 16,970 21,180 20,680 6.5

-- 259,970 -- 314,250 -- 338,500 -- 345,120 3.6

24,520 32,520 42,600 41,020 6.6

41,780 59,270 65,540 70,140 6.7

17,780 32,200 34,740 30,230 6.9

-- 62,540 -- 85,670 -- 90,860 -- 104,130 6.6

-- 64,890 -- 88,760 -- 93,680 -- 107,750 6.5

2,350 3,090 2,820 3,620 5.5

190,740 219,710 272,260 301,020 5.9

-- 59,650 -- 119,720 -- 121,840 -- 128,440 10.1

6,880 11,080 14,890 16,350 11.4

-- 21,240 -- 29,340 -- 37,780 -- 43,810 9.5

-- 9,920 -- 13,470 -- 14,590 -- 12,970 3.4

-- 69,460 -- 69,080 -- 80,510 -- 80,010 1.8

-- 590 1,640 2,340 2,700 -

344,720 438,600 509,750 547,200 5.9


Notes:(1)The 1990 Russia figures are actually the figures for the former Soviet Union.

(2)The negative figures indicate net exports.

1. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLYNet energy imports into the PBEC area jumped up by 170 million tons in 1998 from 1990 as imported energy consumption in the USA rose considerably and China, which was once a net energy exporter, became a net importer.

(2) Net Imports

PBEC Area57.3

Others42.7


1998 1998

Asia49.2

Oceania2.2


tons)

Americas48.5

PBEC Area5,442,230

1. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY

Total primary energy supply from the PBEC area increased by 26 million tons in 1998 as compared with 1990, while its share in world supply fell from 62.8 percent in 1990 to 57.3 percent in 1998 mainly due to lower supplies from Russia. The slight increase in the absolute terms was a result of larger supplies from Oceania and the Americas, which were sufficient to cover lower supplies from Russia and Asia.


tons)

(3) Total Primary Energy Supply

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TOTAL PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)

1990 1995 1997 1998Average Annual Growth (90~98)

% % % % %

8,623,470 (100.0) 9,155,480 (100.0) 9,531,960 (100.0) 9,490,120 (100.0)

(62.8) (58.1) (58.1) (57.3)

1.2

5,416,700 100.0 5,319,360 100.0 5,542,120 100.0 5,442,230 100.0 0.1

2,999,770 2,684,990 2,782,070 2,678,390 -1.4

856,280 1,059,060 1,096,490 1,031,410 2.4

10,660 13,790 14,200 16,590 5.7

98,850 118,550 123,310 123,070 2.8

438,800 497,690 517,730 510,110 1.9

91,400 148,190 176,500 163,380 7.5

22,470 38,280 45,910 43,620 8.6

28,290 34,560 38,120 38,310 3.9

1,347,800 623,390 596,660 581,770 -10.0

13,360 21,470 26,900 24,300 7.8

48,260 65,290 72,750 76,860 6.0

43,600 64,720 73,500 68,970 5.9

101,300 110,360 122,040 122,170 2.4

87,150 94,520 104,670 105,010 2.4

14,150 15,840 17,370 17,160 2.4

2,315,630 2,524,010 2,638,010 2,641,670 1.7

209,090 231,750 239,490 234,330 1.4

14,080 18,890 22,950 23,630 6.7

25,010 29,830 30,270 30,710 2.6

6,560 7,670 8,000 8,970 4.0

124,190 132,710 141,550 147,830 2.2

11,150 13,440 14,830 14,400 3.2

1,925,550 2,089,720 2,180,920 2,181,800 1.6



55.4

15.8

0.2

1.8

8.1

1.7

0.4

0.5

24.9

0.2

0.9

0.8

1.9

1.6

0.3

42.7

3.9

0.3

0.5

0.1

2.3

0.2

35.5

50.5

19.9

0.3

2.2

9.4

2.8

0.7

0.6

11.7

0.4

1.2

1.2

2.1

1.8

0.3

47.4

4.4

0.4

0.6

0.1

2.5

0.3

39.3

50.2

19.8

0.3

2.2

9.3

3.2

0.8

0.7

10.8

0.5

1.3

1.3

2.2

1.9

0.3

47.6

4.3

0.4

0.5

0.1

2.6

0.3

39.4

49.2

19.0

0.3

2.3

9.4

3.0

0.8

0.7

10.7

0.4

1.4

1.3

2.2

1.9

0.3

48.5

4.3

0.4

0.6

0.2

2.7

0.3

40.1

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

DEGREE OF DEPENDENCE ON IMPORTS

1990 1995 1997 1998

-- 0.01 -- 0.32

%% % %

-- 0.13 -- 0.07

5.35 7.46 9.01 8.48

5.39 9.79 11.43 9.88

-- 3.73 -- 0.93 0.95 0.54

111.91 113.92 114.86 115.85

-- 68.91 -- 70.18 -- 68.70 -- 72.11

84.17 81.42 80.98 78.61

76.40 90.67 90.16 86.37

-- 116.11 -- 68.36 -- 60.84 -- 69.76

44.29 49.10 55.56 53.98

-- 19.29 -- 50.41 -- 56.73 -- 59.32

183.53 151.47 158.36 168.81

86.57 90.78 90.09 91.26

40.78 49.75 47.27 43.83

-- 61.74 -- 77.63 -- 74.45 -- 85.23

-- 74.46 -- 93.91 -- 89.50 -- 102.61

16.61 19.51 16.23 21.10

8.24 8.70 10.32 11.40

-- 28.53 -- 51.66 -- 50.87 -- 54.81

48.86 58.66 64.88 69.19

-- 84.93 -- 98.36 -- 124.81 -- 142.66

-- 151.22 -- 175.62 -- 182.38 -- 144.59

-- 55.93 -- 52.05 -- 56.88 -- 54.12

-- 5.29 12.20 15.78 18.75

17.90 20.99 23.37 25.08

Source: ENERGY BALANCES OF OECD COUNTRIES 1997-1998 ENERGY BALANCES OF NON-OECD COUNTRIES 1997-1998Notes: 1:Negative figures indicate exports in excess of domestic consumption. 2:Figures for Hong Kong and Singapore exceed 100% because of relatively small domestic consumption. Their high degree of dependence on imports is due to stockpiling, marine bunkers, etc. 3.The percentages given to indicate dependence on imports are in reference to the Total Primary Energy Supply of the relevant countries and economies.

1. PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLYThe PBEC area's dependence on imports increased from 5.35 percent in 1990 to 9.88 percent in 1998. While the relative importance of exports rose in Oceania, Asia and the Americas grew more dependent on imports.

(4) Degree of Dependence on Imports

PBEC Area60.0

Others40.0


1998 1998

Asia46.3

Oceania2.4


tons)

Americas51.3

PBEC Area3,421,600

2. TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION

In 1998, the PBEC area saved 110 million tons of final energy as compared with 1990, and with this its share in world energy consumption went down from 66.3 percent in 1990 to 60.0 percent in 1998. Even after 1995, when statistics for Russia as an independent state first became available, the area's final energy consumption is declining slightly in both absolute and percentage terms.


tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TOTAL FINAL CONSUMPTION(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)

1990 1995 1997 1998AverageAnnualGrowth (90~98)

% % % %%

5,325,290 (100.0) 5,597,900 (100.0) 5,735,130 (100.0) 5,703,220 (100.0) 0.9

3,531,100 100.0 3,432,310 100.0 3,484,890 100.0 3,421,600 100.0

(66.3) (61.3) (60.8) (60.0)

-- 0.4

1,874,430 1,651,180 1,639,180 1,583,990 -- 2.1

484,030 570,130 557,900 536,580 1.3

7,120 9,910 10,330 12,240 7.0

36,280 49,010 56,330 55,880 5.5

294,480 330,060 340,140 336,540 1.7

67,450 106,720 122,350 109,700 6.3

13,220 21,860 26,010 25,570 8.6

9,560 13,540 16,180 15,870 6.5

902,490 462,690 412,280 395,220 -- 9.8

6,940 8,660 10,590 11,030 6.0

31,410 41,470 44,920 46,840 5.1

21,450 37,130 42,150 38,520 7.6

67,980 75,910 80,030 81,390 2.3

58,070 64,170 67,750 69,140 2.2

9,910 11,740 12,280 12,250 2.7

1,588,690 1,705,220 1,765,680 1,756,220 1.3

161,320 176,100 185,080 182,540 1.6

7,840 11,320 13,960 13,590 7.1

14,060 18,470 19,800 19,240 4.0

4,580 5,250 5,550 5,500 2.3

88,620 95,920 94,890 97,470 1.2

6,000 7,680 8,220 8,220 4.0

1,306,270 1,390,480 1,438,180 1,429,660 1.1



53.1

13.7

0.2

1.0

8.3

1.9

0.4

0.3

25.6

0.2

0.9

0.6

1.9

1.6

0.3

45.0

4.6

0.2

0.4

0.1

2.5

0.2

37.0

48.1

16.6

0.3

1.4

9.6

3.1

0.6

0.4

13.5

0.3

1.2

1.1

2.2

1.9

0.3

49.7

5.1

0.3

0.5

0.2

2.8

0.2

40.5

47.0

16.0

0.3

1.6

9.8

3.5

0.7

0.5

11.8

0.3

1.3

1.2

2.3

1.9

0.4

50.7

5.3

0.4

0.6

0.2

2.7

0.2

41.3

46.3

15.7

0.4

1.6

9.8

3.2

0.7

0.5

11.6

0.3

1.4

1.1

2.4

2.0

0.4

51.3

5.3

0.4

0.6

0.2

2.8

0.2

41.8

PBEC Area60.4

Others39.6


1998 1998

Asia43.5

Oceania2.7


(GWh)

Americas53.8

PBEC Area8,649,480

3. TOTAL ELECTRICITY GENERATED

Total power generation in the PBEC area rose by 1,030,000 GWh in 1998 as compared with 1990, but its share in world electricity generation fell from 64.4 percent in 1990 to 60.4 percent in 1998. Russia's total generation shrank over the period, while other Asian countries boosted their annual power generation at relatively high rates (6 percent or more) except for Hong Kong and Japan. Chile also increased its power generation considerably, at a rate of 8.6 percent a year.

(GWh)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TOTAL ELECTRICITY GENERATED(Unit: GWh)


% % % %%

11,825,360 (100.0) 13,261,227 (100.0) 13,977,149 (100.0) 14,330,767 (100.0) 2.4

7,617,974 100.0 8,028,390 100.0 8,460,639 100.0 8,649,480 100.0

(64.4) (60.5) (60.5) (60.4)

1.6

3,571,125 3,452,132 3,715,865 3,759,905 0.6

621,200 1,007,726 1,134,471 1,166,200 8.2

28,938 27,916 28,945 31,417 1.0

36,951 59,282 76,620 77,903 9.8

850,753 980,782 1,027,278 1,036,220 2.5

107,670 200,856 244,035 235,328 10.3

23,000 45,431 57,844 60,671 12.9

25,245 33,531 40,053 41,192 6.3

1,727,000 859,026 833,174 826,169 -8.8

15,714 22,244 26,898 28,557 7.8

90,479 135,277 153,294 166,179 7.9

44,175 80,061 93,253 90,069 9.3

186,611 208,417 219,664 231,890 2.8

154,345 173,030 182,674 194,324 2.9

32,266 35,387 36,990 37,566 1.9

3,860,238 4,367,841 4,525,110 4,657,685 2.4

481,943 559,870 573,462 561,694 1.9

18,372 28,027 33,292 35,509 8.6

36,157 43,616 46,115 45,946 3.0

6,373 8,526 9,595 9,897 5.7

122,681 152,548 175,149 182,346 5.1

13,163 16,880 17,954 18,583 4.4

3,181,549 3,558,374 3,669,543 3,803,710 2.3



46.9

8.2

0.4

0.5

11.2

1.4

0.3

0.3

22.7

0.2

1.2

0.6

2.4

2.0

0.4

50.7

6.3

0.2

0.5

0.1

1.6

0.2

41.8

43.0

12.6

0.3

0.7

12.2

2.5

0.6

0.4

10.7

0.3

1.7

1.0

2.6

2.2

0.4

54.4

7.0

0.3

0.5

0.1

1.9

0.2

44.3

43.9

13.4

0.3

0.9

12.1

2.9

0.7

0.5

9.8

0.3

1.8

1.1

2.6

2.2

0.4

53.5

6.8

0.4

0.5

0.1

2.1

0.2

43.4

43.5

13.5

0.4

0.9

12.0

2.7

0.7

0.5

9.6

0.3

1.9

1.0

2.7

2.2

0.4

53.8

6.5

0.4

0.5

0.1

2.1

0.2

44.0

PBEC Area36.2

Others63.8


1998 1998

Asia91.8

Oceania0.6


tons)

Americas7.6

PBEC Area8,022,323

4. PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The consumption of coal as a primary energy source in the PBEC area declined by 1.04 billion tons in 1998 as compared with 1990, and with this the area's share in world coal consumption dropped from 41.5 percent in 1990 to 36.2 percent in 1998. In the PBEC area, coal consumption is heavily concentrated in Asia, especially in China. However, analysis of data for China for 1995 and subsequent years shows that it is trying to reduce its dependence on coal in favor of alternative (more environmentally-friendly) energy sources.

(1) Coal


tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

COAL(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)


% % % % %

21,849,350 (100.0) 22,597,170 (100.0) 23,160,310 (100.0) 22,134,370 (100.0) 0.2

9,063,230 100.0 8,714,564 100.0 8,761,102 100.0 8,022,323 100.0

(41.5) (38.6) (37.8) (36.2)

-- 1.5

8,484,780 8,106,054 8,071,592 7,363,643 -- 1.8

5,154,860 6,585,070 6,553,470 5,871,190 1.6

54,920 56,030 35,120 43,680 -- 2.8

39,520 63,580 82,430 94,540 11.5

74,000 82,590 86,530 84,600 1.7

24,310 26,850 32,430 33,610 4.1

85,550 10,230 10,260 10,670 -- 22.9

12,970 11,640 26,520 24,230 8.1

2,887,950 1,090,940 1,013,990 953,400 -- 12.9

210 240 0 0 -- 100.0

112,320 171,990 222,230 240,750 10.0

38,170 6,894 8,612 6,973 -- 19.1

36,100 38,730 46,570 46,430 3.2

34,970 37,540 45,290 45,220 3.3

1,130 1,190 1,280 1,210 0.9

542,350 569,780 642,940 612,250 1.5

24,270 25,320 27,530 28,970 2.2

25,840

30,790

23,960 42,400 37,470 4.8

- - - - -

35,880 33,440 26,780 -- 1.7

3,180 5,430 6,580 690 -- 17.4

1,610 3,850 3,510 4,350 13.2

456,660 475,340 529,480 513,990 1.5



93.6

56.9

0.6

0.4

0.8

0.3

0.9

0.1

31.9

0.0

1.2

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.0

6.0

0.3

0.3

0.3

-

0.0

0.0

5.0

93.0

75.6

0.6

0.7

0.9

0.3

0.1

0.1

12.5

0.0

2.0

0.1

0.4

0.4

0.0

6.5

0.3

0.3

0.4

-

0.1

0.0

5.5

92.1

74.8

0.4

0.9

1.0

0.4

0.1

0.3

11.6

0.0

2.5

0.1

0.5

0.5

0.0

7.3

0.3

0.5

0.4

-

0.1

0.0

6.0

91.8

73.2

0.5

1.2

1.1

0.4

0.1

0.3

11.9

0.0

3.0

0.1

0.6

0.6

0.0

7.6

0.4

0.5

0.3

-

0.0

0.1

6.4

PBEC Area58.6

Others41.4


1998 1998

Asia43.2

Oceania2.1


tons)

Americas54.7

PBEC Area1,983,610


The PBEC area consumed little more petroleum in 1998 than in 1990 for primary energy source, and the slight increase of 39 million tons resulted in a drop in the area's share in world petroleum consumption, from 63.2 percent in 1990 to 58.6 percent in 1998. This is largely attributable to economic stagnation in Asian countries that followed the economic crisis in 1997 and 1998 as well as to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the resultant redefinition of the PBEC area.

(2) Oil


tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

OIL(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)

1990 1995 1997 1998




%%%%%

3,076,400 (100.0) 3,208,280 (100.0) 3,374,170 (100.0) 3,386,190 (100.0) 1.2

1,944,440

(63.2)

1,893,660

(59.0)

1,989,286

(59.0)

1,983,610

(58.6)

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.2

949,710 48.8 848,980 44.8 881,816 44.3 857,470 43.2 --1.3

116,530 6.0 158,520 8.4 194,050 9.8 194,460 9.8 6.6

5,270 0.3 7,590 0.4 7,700 0.4 9,390 0.5 7.5

32,780 1.7 41,830 2.2 41,180 2.1 39,980 2.0 2.5

252,920 13.0 270,230 14.3 272,100 13.7 260,770 13.1 0.4

50,030 2.6 94,440 5.0 109,050 5.5 91,890 4.6 7.9

13,040 0.7 23,270 1.2 26,680 1.3 24,040 1.2 7.9

11,930 0.6 17,320 0.9 1,926 0.1 18,590 0.9 5.7

408,310 21.0 146,980 7.8 130,020 6.5 124,140 6.3 --13.8

13,340 0.7 19,970 1.1 25,540 1.3 22,850 1.2 7.0

26,000 1.3 34,470 1.8 35,960 1.8 37,050 1.9 4.5

19,560 1.0 34,360 1.8 37,610 1.9 34,310 1.7 7.3

36,490 1.9 40,090 2.1 42,130 2.1 41,870 2.1 1.7

32,140 1.7 34,350 1.8 35,690 1.8 35,270 1.8 1.2

4,350 0.2 5,740 0.3 6,440 0.3 6,600 0.3 5.3

958,240 49.3 1,004,590 53.1 1,065,340 53.6 1,084,270 54.7 1.6

77,060 4.0 77,970 4.1 82,280 4.1 82,080 4.1 0.8

6,440 0.3 9,840 0.5 11,240 0.6 11,380 0.6 7.4

10,360 0.5 12,840 0.7 14,110 0.7 14,710 0.7 4.5

5,060 0.3 6,000 0.3 6,310 0.3 7,260 0.4 4.6

83,340 4.3 84,730 4.5 88,210 4.4 92,020 4.6 1.2

5,770 0.3 7,410 0.4 8,680 0.4 7,930 0.4 4.1

770,210 39.6 805,800 42.6 854,510 43.0 868,890 43.8 1.5

PBEC Area56.7

Others43.3


1998 1998

Asia42.6

Oceania2.0


tons)

Americas55.4

PBEC Area1,092,830


The PBEC area saved 110 million tons of natural gas as a primary energy source in 1998 as compared with 1990, and its share in world natural gas consumption fell from 71.2 percent in 1990 to 56.0 percent in 1998. Except for 1990, when the statistics for Russia represent total consumption in the former Soviet Union, consumption in Asia and Oceania increased nearly as rapidly as world consumption. The Americas' share has been on the decline since 1995 and 1997 due to depressed consumption in the United States in 1998.

(3) Gas


tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

GAS(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)

1990 1995 1997 1998

% % % %

1,673,290 (100.0) 1,811,210 (100.0) 1,910,730 (100.0) 1,927,900 (100.0) 1.8

1,192,160 100.0 1,064,720 100.0 1,099,670 100.0 1,092,830 100.0

(71.2) (58.8) (57.6) (56.7)

-- 1.1

651,040 437,510 462,680 465,980 -- 4.1

12,800

-

-

-

16,680 18,820 19,500 5.4

- 20 2,310 2,170

19,860 23,870 25,800 25,160 3.0

43,260 52,020 57,240 59,570 4.1

2,720 8,320 13,330 12,490 21.0

6,120 11,110 15,480 15,700 12.5

-

-- - - -

10 0 10

559,440 311,500 311,480 310,880 -- 7.1

- 1,480 1,300 1,420

1,740 3,640 4,280 5,290 14.9

5,100 8,860 12,640 13,790 13.2

18,660 20,570 21,630 21,900 2.0

14,790 16,740 16,920 17,750 2.3

3,870 3,830 4,710 4,150 0.9

522,460 606,640 615,360 604,950 1.8

54,730 67,360 71,240 68,310 2.8

1,490 1,450 2,170 3,130 9.7

3,370 3,620 4,810 5,580 6.5

23,120 25,350 28,820 31,450 3.9

400 360 340 480 2.3

439,350 508,500 507,980 496,000 1.5




%

54.6

1.1

-

1.7

3.6

0.2

0.5

-

46.9

-

0.1

0.4

1.6

1.2

0.3

43.8

4.6

0.1

0.3

-

1.9

0.0

36.9

41.1

1.6

0.0

2.2

4.9

0.8

1.0

0.0

29.3

0.1

0.3

0.8

1.9

1.6

0.4

57.0

6.3

0.1

0.3

-

2.4

0.0

47.8

42.1

1.7

0.2

2.3

5.2

1.2

1.4

0.0

28.3

0.1

0.4

1.1

2.0

1.5

0.4

56.0

6.5

0.2

0.4

-

2.6

0.0

46.2

42.6

1.8

0.2

2.3

5.5

1.1

1.4

0.0

28.4

0.1

0.5

1.3

2.0

1.6

0.4

55.4

6.3

0.3

0.5

-

2.9

0.0

45.4

PBEC Area47.8

Others52.2


1998 1998

Asia40.6

Oceania3.3

World Total221,090


tons)

Americas56.1

PBEC Area105,650


The amount of hydro-power used as a primary energy source in the PBEC area rose by 6 million tons in 1998 as compared with 1990, though the area's share in world hydraulic power use dropped from 53.5 percent in 1990 to 47.8 percent in 1998.

(4) Hydro


tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

HYDRO(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)

1990 1995 1997 1998

% % % %

186,080 (100.0) 214,320 (100.0) 219,880 (100.0) 221,090 (100.0) 2.2

99,640 100.0 108,800 100.0 110,300 100.0 105,650 100.0

(53.5) (50.8) (50.2) (47.8)

0.7

41,720 41,900 41,080 42,890 0.3

10,900 16,390 16,850 17,890 6.4

- - - - -

- - - - -

- - - - -

560 650 440 830 5.0

7,680 7,060 7,720 7,960 0.4

550 240 240 360 -- 5.2

340 530 330 420 2.7

520 530 520 440 -- 2.1

20,040 15,160 13,540 13,630 -- 4.7

700 760 820 910 3.3

430 580 620 450 0.6

3,230 3,710 3,490 3,460 0.9

1,220 1,370 1,440 1,360 1.4

2,010 2,340 2,050 2,100 0.5

54,690 63,190 65,730 59,300 1.0

25,520 28,890 30,160 28,540 1.4

870 1,700 1,630 1,430 6.4

2,360 2,770 2,730 1,430 -- 6.1

430 450 550 560 3.4

2,020 2,370 2,270 2,120 0.6

23,490 27,010 28,390 25,220 0.9




%

41.9

10.9

-

0.6

7.7

0.6

0.3

0.5

20.1

-

0.7

0.4

3.2

1.2

2.0

54.9

25.6

0.9

2.4

0.4

2.0

-

23.6

38.5

15.1

-

0.6

6.5

0.2

0.5

0.5

13.9

-

0.7

0.5

3.4

1.3

2.2

58.1

26.6

1.6

2.5

0.4

2.2

-

24.8

37.2

15.3

-

0.4

7.0

0.2

0.3

0.5

12.3

-

0.7

0.6

3.2

1.3

1.9

59.6

27.3

1.5

2.5

0.5

2.1

-

25.7

40.6

16.9

-

0.8

7.5

0.3

0.4

0.4

12.9

-

0.9

0.4

3.3

1.3

2.0

56.1

27.0

1.4

1.4

0.5

2.0

-

23.9

PBEC Area56.1

Others43.9


1998 1998

Asia42.1World Total

637,260(oil equivalent1,000 metric

tons)

Americas57.9

PBEC Area357,690


Nuclear power consumption in the PBEC area for primary energy consumption increased by 48 million tons in 1998 as compared with 1990, while the area's share in world consumption fell from 59.0 percent in 1990 to 56.1 percent in 1998.

(5) Nuclear


tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

NUCLEAR(Unit: oil equivalent 1,000 metric tons)

1990 1995 1997 1998

% % % %

525,080 (100.0) 608,180 (100.0) 624,060 (100.0) 637,260 (100.0) 2.4

309,730 100.0 346,010 100.0 343,030 100.0 357,690 100.0

(59.0) (56.9) (55.0) (56.1)

1.8

130,180

- -

-

132,230 145,110 150,530 1.8

-

-- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

--- -- -- --

3,340 3,760 3,670

52,710 75,900 83,180 86,610 6.4

13,780 17,470 20,090 23,370 6.8

55,120 26,320 28,630 27,360 -- 8.4

8,570 9,200 9,450 9,520 1.3

0 0 0 0

179,550 213,780 197,920 207,160 1.8

19,400 25,560 21,540 18,640 -- 0.5

770 2,200 2,720 2,410 15.3

159,380 186,020 173,660 186,110 2.0




%

42.0

17.0

4.4

17.8

2.8

0.0

58.0

6.3

0.2

51.5

38.2

1.0

21.9

5.0

7.6

2.7

0.0

61.8

7.4

0.6

53.8

42.3

1.1

24.2

5.9

8.3

2.8

0.0

57.7

6.3

0.8

50.6

42.1

1.0

24.2

6.5

7.6

2.7

0.0

57.9

5.2

0.7

52.0

ManufacturingManufacturing

1The share in the world total marked by the PBEC area countries for eleven manufacturing sectors were as follows:Cotton Yarn 39.1%Cement 54.2%Newsprint 60.0%Motor Vehicles 56.8% Synthetic Rubber 67.5%Crude Steel 61.1%Aluminum 57.3%Refined Copper 68.2%Television Sets 55.7%Merchant Vessel 83.8%Electrical Machinery 62.9% 2The dynamic growth of the Asian countries contributed to increases of production recorded in all of the above items. The ASEAN countries, China and Korea marked particularly notable production increases in many of the sectors.

1. Cotton Yarn

2. Cement

3. Newsprint

4. Motor Vehicles

5. Synthetic Rubber

6. Crude Steel

7. Aluminum

8. Refined Copper

9. Television Sets

10. Merchant Vessels

11. Electrical Machinery

Summary

to Contents

1990

1995

1996

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area39.1

Others60.9


1996 1996

Asia99.0

Oceania0.6

World Total15,246

(1,000 metric tons)

Americas0.3

PBEC Area5,960

1. COTTON YARN

1. During the 6-year period from 1990 to 1996, the annual growth rate of cotton yarn averaged -0.6% in the world as a whole,and also it showed -1.6% in the PBEC area countries. In the world total in 1996, PBEC's share of cotton yarn was 39.1%.

2. Of the PBEC area total cotton yarn in 1998, China showed a particularly high share of 84.0%. US marks extream decreasefrom 1995.

15,842

8,828 World Total

PBEC Area15,469

6,770

15,246

5,960

(1,000 metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

COTTON YARN


%

(Unit: 1,000 metric tons)

1990 1995 1996 1998

Production % Production % Production % Production %

15,842 15,469 15,246 --0.6

(55.7) (43.8) (39.1)

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

8,828 100.0 6,770 100.0 5,960 100.0 6,077

-

100.0 --1.6

7,440 84 6,693 98.9 5,902 99.0 6,077 100.0 --1.7

4,626 52.4 5,422 80.1 5,122 85.9 5,102 84.0 1.7

- - - - -

- - - - -

- -- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

- -- -- - - - -

- -- -- - - -

- -

-

- -- -- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

-

- -- - - - -

- -- - - - -

- - - - -

- - - - -

- -- -- - - - -

- -- - - - -

-

217 2.5 148 2.2

219 2.5

426 4.8 215 3.2 196 3.3 *2 184 3.0 --12.1

330 3.7 302 4.5 252 4.1

38 0.4 71 1.1 81 1.4 13.5

*1 1,118 12.7 199 2.9 147 2.5 *2 175 2.9 --28.7

334 3.8 336 5.0 356 6.0 364 6.0 1.1

133 1.5

22 0 38 0.6 39 0.6 10.0

22 0.2 38 0.6 39 0.6 10.0

1,366 15 39 0.6 19 0.3 12.5

10 0.1 15 0.2 19 0.3 12.5

15 0.2

8 0.1

15 0.2

1,342 15.2

Source: Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook 1996(U.N.)

Monthly Bulletin of Statistics (U.N.)Taiwan statistical Data Book (Council for Economic Planning and Development, ROC)

*1: figure in 1991*2: figure in 1997

1990

1995

200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area60.2

Others39.8


1995 1995

Asia83.2

Oceania0.9

World Total1,374,661(1,000 metric

tons)

Americas15.9

PBEC Area826,989

2. CEMENT

During the 1990-1995 period, the production of cement in the PBEC area grew from 45.8 percent to 60.2 percent of the world production. Cement production grew especially in Asia, which is mainly because of the boost of cement production in China.

1,144,088

523,491 World Total

PBEC Area1,374,661

826,989

(1,000 metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CEMENT


%%%Production Production

1990 1995

1,144,088 1,374,661 3.7

(45.8)

(100.0) (100.0)

(60.2)

523,491 100 826,989 100 8.6

396,451 75.7 688,418 83.2 10.5

209,711 40.1 400,680 48.5 13.8

1,808 0.3 1,908 0.2 1.1

15,972 3.1 23,136 2.8 7.7

84,445 16.1 90,474 10.9 1.4

33,914 6.5 56,101 6.8 10.6

5,881 1.1 10,713 1.3 12.7

6,360 1.2 10,566 1.3 10.7

-- - 36,466 4.4

1,848 0.4 1,900 0.2 0.6

18,458 3.5 22,478 2.7 4.0

18,054 3.4 33,996 4.1 13.5

7,216 1.4 7,306 0.9 0.2

6,535 1.2 6,606 0.8 0.2

681 0.1 700 0.1 0.6

119,824 22.9 131,265 15.9 1.8

11,745 2.2 10,440 1.3 -2.3

2,115 0.4 3,304 0.4 9.3

6,360 1.2 9,228 1.1 7.7

1,792 0.3 2,300 0.3 5.1

24,683 4.7 25,295 3.1 0.5

2,185 0.4 3,792 0.5 11.7

70,944 13.6 76,906 9.3 1.6

Source: "Statistical Yearbook "(United Nations)"Taiwan Statistical Data Book"(Republic of China)

(Unit:t1,000 metric tons)

1990

1995

1996

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area60.0

Others40.0


1996 1996

Asia24.3

Oceania2.0

World Total36,296

(1,000 metric tons)

Americas73.7

PBEC Area21,780

3. NEWSPRINT

1. During the 6-year period from 1990 to 1996, the annual growth rate of newsprint production averaged 1.8% in the worldas a whole. The PBEC area countries marked 0.6%.

2. Of PBEC area countries in 1998, Canada and United States marked high share with 37.1% and 28.1%.

32,522

22,168 World Total

PBEC Area34,814

22,710

36,296

21,780

(1,000 metric tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

NEWSPRINT


%


1990 1995 1996 1998

commodity % commodity % commodity commodity% %

32,522 34,814 36,296 1.8

(68.2) (65.2) (60.0)

22,168 100.0

(100.0) (100.0) (100.0)

22,710 100.0 21,780 100.0 23,251 100.0 0.6

6,089 27.5 6,367 28.0 5,286 24.3 7,012 30.2 --0.4

400 1.8 783 3.4 901 4.1 850 3.7 14.5

77 0.3 71 0.3

3,479 15.7 3,098 13.6 3,140 14.4 3,264 14.0 --1.7

532 2.4 957 4.2 1,700 7.3

52 0.2

*1 1,549 7.0 1,458 6.4 1,245 5.7 *2 1,198 5.2 --3.6

681 3.1 449 2.0 438 2.0 407 1.7 2.1

386 1.7 449 2.0 438 2.0 407 1.7 2.1

295 1.3

15,398 69.5 15,894 70.0 16,056 73.7 15,833 68.1 0.9

9,068 40.9 9,226 40.6 9,580 44.0 8,623 37.1 0.9

170 0.8 201 0.9 172 0.8 138 0.6 0.2

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - -

- -

- - -

-

- - - - - - -

- - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - -

-

- -

- - - - - -

- -

- - -

-160 0.7 115 0.5 528 2.3

6,000 27.1 6,352 28.0 6,304 28.9 *2 6,544 28.1 0.8

Source: Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook 1996

Monthly Bulletin of Statistics (U.N.)

*1: figure in 1991*2: figure in 1997

1990

1995

1997

1998

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 (1,000 units)

PBEC Area56.8

Others43.2


1998 1998

Asia46.6

Oceania1.2

World Total54,382.8(1,000 units)

Americas52.2

PBEC Area30,901

4. MOTOR VEHICLES

1. During the period 1990-1998, the annual growth rate of motor vehicle production averaged 0.8% in the world as a whole and 1.4% in the PBEC area countries.

2. During the same period, China marked notable increase of 16.7%, while Indonesia markedly lowered by -17.5% its share.

50,947.5

29,070 World Total

PBEC Area53,039.4

30,268

56,408.5

33,427

54,382.8

30,901

(1,000 units)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

MOTOR VEHICLE


%

(Unit: 1,000 units)

1990 1995 1997 1998


50,947.5 (100.0) 53,039.4 (100.0) 56,408.5 (100.0) 54,382.8 (100.0) 0.8

(57.1) (57.1) (59.3) (56.8)

29,070 100.0 30,268 100.0 33,427 100.0 30,901 100.0 0.8

16,095.6 55.4 14,492.2 47.9 16,912.6 50.6 14,405.1 46.6 --1.4

473.5 0.9 143.5 0.3 1,579.7 2.8 1,627.8 3.0 16.7

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - -

- -

- -

- -

- - - - -

-

- - - - -

- - - - -

270.5 0.5 387.5 0.7 388.9 0.7 58.1 0.1 --17.5

13,486.8 26.5 10,195.5 19.2 10,975.1 19.5 10,049.8 18.5 --3.6

1,321.6 2.6 2,526.4 4.8 2,818.3 5.0 1,954.5 3.6 5.0

191.6 0.4 306.8 0.6 409.2 0.7 152.3 0.3 --2.8

351.6 0.7 406.5 0.8 381.1 0.7 404.5 0.7 1.8

305.1* 0.6 526.0 1.0 360.3 0.6 158.1 0.3 --7.9

383.7 1.3 319.0 1.1 371.9 1.1 373.1 1.2 --0.7

383.7 0.8 319.0 0.6 347.4 0.6 362.7 0.7 --0.7

24.5 0.0 10.4 0.0

12,591.0 43.3 15,456.7 51.1 16,142.0 48.3 16,122.9 52.2 3.1

1,926.4 3.8 2,407.2 4.5 2,570.4 4.6 2,570.3 4.7 3.7

11.0 0.0 21.6 0.0 26.4 0.0 23.5 0.0 9.9

49.1 0.1 79.8 0.2 88.1 0.2 66.5 0.1 3.9

26.2 0.0

820.6 1.6 936.4 1.8 1,333.2 2.4 1,459.9 2.7 7.5

3.6 0.0 1.5* 0.0

9,780.2 19.2 11,985.5 22.6 12,123.9 21.5 12,002.7 22.1 2.6

Source: "Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association Statistic"(JAMA)

*: "Monthly Bulletin of Statistics 1996"(UN)

1990

1995

1996

2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area67.5

Others32.5


1996 1996

Asia54.5

Oceania0.7

World Total9,332.0

(1,000 metrictons)


6,301.5

5. SYNTHETIC RUBBER

1. During the period 1990-1996, the annual growth rate of synthetic rubber averaged -0.9% in the world as a whole and 3.5% in the PBEC area countries.

2. The PBEC area countries marked an aggregate share on synthetic rubber in the world total as high as 67.5% in 1996.

9,824.0

4,490.9 World Total

PBEC Area9,338.0

6,171.7

9,332.0

6,301.5

(1,000 metrictons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

SYNTHETIC RUBBER


%


1990 1995 1996 1998


9,824.0 (100.0) 9,338.0 (100.0) 9,332.0 (100.0) --0.9

(45.7) (66.1) (67.5)

4,490.9 100.0

-

6,171.7 100.0 6,301.5 100.0 5,736.1

-

100.0

-

-

-

3.5

2,021.1 3,304.5 53.5 3,431.2 54.5 2,746.3 4.5

317.6 7.1 585.6 9.5 599.7 9.5 679.0 11.2

-- - - - - - - -

-

-

-

- - - - - - - -

-- - - - - - - -

-- -

- -

- - - - - -

-- - - - - - - -

-- - - - - - - -

-- - - - - - - -

-

-

-

- - - - - - - -

-

-

- - - - - - - -

-- - - - - - - -

-- - - - - - - -

-

-

-

- - - - - - - -

-- -

1,425.8 31.7 1,497.6 24.3 1,519.9 24.1 1,520.0 1.1

277.7 6.2 384.4 6.2 515.6 8.2 547.3 10.9

836.9 13.6 796.0 12.6

40.8 0.9 48.2 0.8 41.5 0.7 38.0 0.3

40.8 0.9 48.2 0.8 41.5 0.7 38.0 0.3

2,429.0 54.1 2,819.0 45.7 2,828.8 44.9 2,951.8 2.6

195.0 4.3 175.0 2.8 220.0 3.5 191.0 2.0

119.5 2.7 104.0 1.7 122.8 1.9 150.7 0.4

2,114.5 47.1 2,540.0 41.2 2,486.0 39.5 2,610.0 2.7

Source: "Industrial commodity statistics 1996" "Monthly Bulletin of Statistics -June 2000"(U.N.)

1990

1995

200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area60.7

Others39.3


1995 1995

Asia70.7

Oceania1.9

World Total743,491

(1,000 metrictons)

Americas27.4

PBEC Area451,426

6. CRUDE STEEL

During the period 1990-1995, the production of crude steel in the PBEC area grew from 45.4 percent to 60.7 percent of the world production. The growth in Asia is especially significant, which is mainly caused by the boost of production in China.

773,587

350,938 World Total

PBEC Area743,491

451,426

(1,000 metrictons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CRUDE STEEL


%%%


1990 1995

Production Production

773,587 743,491 -- 0.8

(45.4)

(100.0) (100.0)

(60.7)

350,938 100 451,426 100 2.8

230,610 65.7 319,138 70.7 3.3

68,858 19.6 95,360 21.1 6.7

-

-

-

-

-

- - - -

2,890 0.8 - -

110,339 31.4 101,640 22.5 -- 1.6

23,247 6.6 36,911 8.2 9.7

- - - -

600 0.2 500 0.1 -3.6

- - 51,590 11.4

- - - -

23,991 6.8 31,003 6.9 5.3

685 0.2 2,134 0.5 25.5

8,295 2.4 8,793 1.9 1.2

7,576 2.2 7,951 1.8 1.0

719 0.2 842 0.2 3.2

112,033 31.9 123,495 27.4 2.0

12,281 3.5 14,415 3.2 3.3

768 0.2 948 0.2 4.3

733 0.2 288 *1 0.1 -- 17.0

20 0.0 29 0.0 7.7

8,221 2.3 12,128 2.7 8.1

284 0.1 515 0.1 12.6

89,726 25.6 95,172 21.1 1.2


*1: Ingots only

1990

1995

10,0005,000 15,000 20,000 25.000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area61.4

Others38.6


1995 1995

Asia23.9

Oceania11.6

World Total22,706

(1,000 metrictons)

Americas64.5

PBEC Area13,942

7. ALUMINUM

During the 1990-1995 period, the production of aluminum in the PBEC area grew from 51.0 percent to 61.4 percent of the world production.

23,403

11,926 World Total

PBEC Area22,706

13,942

(1,000 metrictons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

ALUMINUM


%%%


1990 1995


23,403 22,706 -- 0.6

(51.0)

(100.0) (100.0)

(61.4)

11,926 100 13,942 100 3.2

2,200 18.4 3,325 23.9 8.7

854 7.2 1,870 13.4 17.0

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - - -

192 1.6 228 1.6 3.5

1,141 9.6 1,227 8.8 1.5

13 0.1 - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

1,533 12.9 1,622 11.6 1.1

1,268 10.6 1,340 9.6 1.1

265 2.2 282 2.0 1.3

8,193 68.7 8,996 64.5 1.9

1,635 13.7 2,269 16.3 6.8

- - - -

- - - -

- - - -

117 1.0 162 1.2 6.7

- - - -

6,441 54.0 6,565 47.1 0.4


1990

1995

1996

4,0002,000 6,000 8,000 10.000 (1,000 metric tons)

PBEC Area68.2

Others31.8


1996 1996

Asia22.0

Oceania4.7

World Total10,007

(1,000 metrictons)

Americas73.4

PBEC Area6,826.2

8. REFINED COPPER

1. During the period 1990-1996, average annual growth rate of refined copper was 2.9% in the world total ; the corresponding figure in the PBEC area was 4.3%.

2. The PBEC area countries maintained a share of refined copper production in the world of 68.2%, contributed in large part byU.S., Japan, Canada, and Chile

8,435

5,301.4 World Total

PBEC Area9,316

6,327.3

10,007

6,826.2

(1,000 metrictons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

REFINED COPPER


%


1990 1995 1996 1998


8,435 (100.0) 9,316 (100.0) 10,007 (100.0) - (100.0) 2.9

(62.9) (67.9) (68.2) -

5,301.4 100.0 6,327.3 100.0 6,826.2 100.0 7,574.4 100.0 4.3

1,193.6 22.5 1420.8 22.5 1499.7 22.0 1645.2 21.7 3.9

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

1008 19.0 1,188 18.8 1,251.4 18.3 1,276.8 16.9 3.7

185.6 3.5 232.8 3.7 248.3 3.6 368.4 4.9 5.0

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

244.9 4.6 273.6 4.3 318 4.7 279.6 3.7 4.4

244.9 4.6 273.6 4.3 318 4.7 279.6 3.7 4.4

- - - - - - - - -

3862.9 72.9 4632.9 73.2 5008.5 73.4 5649.6 74.6 4.4

515.8 9.7 572.6 9.0 559.2 8.2 562.8 7.4 1.4

990.8 18.7 1288.8 20.4 1518 22.2 2335.2 30.8 7.4

- - - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

157.1 3.0 207.5 3.3 246.3 3.6 445.2 5.9 7.8

181.8 3.4 282 4.5 342 5.0 166.8 2.2 11.1

2017.4 38.1 2282 36.1 2343 34.3 2139.6 28.2 2.5

Source: "Industrial Commodity Statistics Yearbook 1996"(UN)"Monthly Bulletin of Statistics 2000"(UN)

1990

1995

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000 (thousand)

PBEC Area67.8

Others32.2


1995 1995

Asia84.1

World Total130,715(thoussand)

Americas15.9

PBEC Area88,657

9. TELEVISION SETS

During the 1990-1995 period, the production of television set in the PBEC area maintained about 70 percent of the world production, without any significant move.

127,762

88,390 World Total

PBEC Area130,715

88,657

(thousand)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TELEVISION SETS


%%%

(Unit: thousand)

1990 1995


127,762 130,715 0.5

(69.2) (67.8)

88,390 100.0

(100.0) (100.0)

88,657 100.0 1.0

73,411 83.0 74,595 84.1 1.4

26,847 30.4 34,962 39.4 5.4

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

683 0.8 - -

700 0.8 - -

15,132 17.1 9,022 -- 9.8

16,201 18.3 18,722 21.1 2.9

3,238 3.7 9,461 10.7 23.9

- - - -

4,717 5.3 1,005 1.1 -- 26.6

- - - -

3,542 4.0 1,423 1.6 -- 16.7

2,351 2.7 - -

158 0.2 - -

158 0.2 - -

- - - -

14,821 16.8 14,062 15.9 -- 0.8

- - - -

- - - -

135 0.2 - -

- - - -

633 0.7 181 0.2 -- 22.2

71 0.1 - -

13,982 15.8 13,881*1 18.6 -- 0.1


*1: Figures in 1994

1990

1995

1998

1999

5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 (thousand)

PBEC Area83.8

Others16.2


1999 1999

Asia99.4

Oceania0.2

World Total26,537

(1,000 tons)

Americas0.4

PBEC Area22,250.3

10. MERCHANT VESSELS

1. During the period 1990-1999, an annual growth rate of 5.9% was marked by the shipbuilding industry in the world as a whole; the PBEC area countries marked a higher figure of 7.7%.

2. The share of the PBEC area countries in the world total reamined as high as 83.8%. Particularly high growth rate were marked by China, Korea, Philippines, Canada, and United States.

15,885

11,476.3 World Total

PBEC Area22,220

16,972.2

24,543

19,665.4

26,537

22,250.3

(1,000 tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

MERCHANT VESSELS


%

(Unit: 1,000 tons)

1990 1995 1998 1999


15,885 (100.0) 22,220 (100.0) 24,543 (100.0) 26,537 (100.0) 5.9

(72.2) (76.4) (80.1) (83.8)

11,476.3 100.0 16,972.2 100.0 19,665.4 100.0 22,250.3 100.0 7.7

11,399 99.3 16,947 99.9 19,494.4 99.1 22,119.3 99.4 7.6

367 3.2 760 4.5 1,431 7.3 1,408 6.3 16.1

- - - - 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 -

19 0.2 17 0.1 63 0.3 37 0.2 7.7

6,824 59.5 9,234 54.4 10,154 51.6 11,034 49.6 5.5

3,460 30.1 6,260 36.9 7,094 36.1 8,977 40.3 11.2

21 0.2 13 0.1 23 0.1 17 0.1 --2.3

2 0.0 3 0.0 62 0.3 73 0.3 49.1

- - 83 0.5 60 0.3 62 0.3 -

39 0.3 92 0.5 163 0.8 66 0.3 6.0

667 5.8 485 2.9 444 2.3 445 2.0 --4.4

- - - - - - - - -

27 0.2 23.9 0.1 38.0 0.2 37.0 0.2 3.6

27 0.2 23 0.1 38 0.2 37 0.2 3.6

- - 0.9 - - - - - -

50.3 0.4 1.3 0.0 133.0 0.7 94.0 0.4 20.2

3 - 0.5 - - - 31 0.1 29.6

7 0.1 - - - - - - -

0.3 0.0 - - - - - - -

- - - - - - - - -

23 0.2 - - - - - - -

2 0.0 - - - - - - -

15 0.1 0.8 0.0 133 0.7 63 0.3 17.3

Source: "WORLD FLEET STATISTICS 1999 "(Lloyd's Register)

1980

1985

1990

1995

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 (million US dollars)

PBEC Area62.9

Others37.1


1995 1995

Asia58.8

Oceania0.8

World Total711,527(million US

dollars)


447,409

11. ELECTRICAL MACHINERY

1. The production of electrical machineries growing increasingly in Asia. With heavy direct investments from foreign countries,Asian nations have become world centers of electrical machinery production.

2. Japan's production, which was just a half of that of the U.S. in 1980, exceeded that of the U.S. in 1995.

3. The growth of other regions in this area has been moderate as compared with Asia. Ecuador, Mexico, and Peru have evenseen a continuous decline.

246,263

131,409 World Total

PBEC Area301,067

199,262

502,905

297,922

711,527

447,409

(million USdollars)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

ELECTRICAL MACHINERY


%

(Unit: million US dollars)

1980 1985 1990 1995

million US$ million US$ million US$ million US$

246,263 301,067 502,905 711,527 7.3

(53.4) (66.2) (59.2) (62.9)

131,409 199,262 297,922 447,409 8.5

48,616 79,896 173,294 262,927 11.9

3,216 6,458 7,445 16,422 11.5

987 752 1,153 1,749 3.9

180 246 403 1,303 14.1

38,868 63,180 133,884 178,557 10.7

1,587 3,621 15,066 31,789 22.1

434 738 1,945 7,219 20.6

260 156 775 1,607 12.9

- - - -1,842

950 1,538 2,707 5,991 13.1

1,794 2,852 8,432 13,398 14.3

340 355 1,484 3,050 15.8

1,590 1,529 2,726 3,445 5.3

1,351 1,329 2,466 3,006 5.5

239 200 260 439 4.1

81,203 117,837 121,902 181,037 5.5

3,849 4,531 7,465 7,939 4.9

90 61 125 171 4.4

244 211 271 372 2.9

59 58 32 40 -2.6

1,900 1,635 1,374 1,678 -0.8

211 111 235 118 -3.8

74,850 111,230 112,400 170,719 5.7

Source: United Nation Industrial Development Organization "Industrial Development Global Report"

TransportationTransportation

1The growth rate of automobile ownership during the 1990-1997 period in the PBEC area greatly exceeded the average growth rate of the whole world. As a result, the automobile ownership of the PBEC area accounts for 57 percent of the world's total ownership.Among the PBEC area, although the automobile ownership in advanced nations dropped, the shares of ownership of South Korea and the ASEAN countries increased. The ownership in South Korea triples in the period.2The growth rate of PBEC's vessel ownership in the 1990-1999 period was much less than that of the world figure. For example, the total tonnage of the PBEC area shrank. Thus, the share of the PBEC area in the world's total vessel ownership greatly dropped.This is because advanced countries, including Japan, which had accounted for a large portion of the ownership, cut the number of their vessels and began to use foreign vessels for sea transportation. Meanwhile, vessel ownership in the ASEAN countries increased as they increased the number of vessels of their own due to activation of economy. Especially, vessel ownership in Singapore doubled in the period.3The PBEC area accounts for more than 50 percent of total passengers-kilometers flown in the world. Remarkable growth is observed especially in Asian member countries, though the economic crisis that blew through Asia in 1997 checked the year-on-year increase in 1997.

1. Land Transportation (1) Motor Vehicle Ownership (Total) (2) Motor Vehicle Ownership (Passenger Car) (3) Motor Vehicle Ownership (Bus and Truck)

2. Sea Transportation (1)-1 Shipping (Unit) (1)-2 Shipping (Tons) (2)-1 Tankers (Unit) (2)-2 Tankers (Tons) (3)-1 Bulk Carriers (Unit) (3)-2 Bulk Carriers (Tons)

3. Air Transportation (1) Kilometers Flown (2) Departures (3) Passengers Carried (4) Passengers-Kilometers Flown (5) Freight Ton-Kilometers Flown (6) Total Ton-Kilometers Flown

Summary

In particular, China and South Korea are growing at high paces. It is expected that Asia as a whole will show as remarkable growth as before upon rebound from economic stagnation. Oceania also experienced slower growth in 1997, but it is expected to make a similar comeback. The Americas grew more slowly than the world growth as the market reached its maturity and the airline business became stagnant in the early nineties, but recent years have seen a recovery from stagnation to steady growth. By country, Chile outpaces other American countries in growth.As regards freight ton-kilometers flown, the PBEC area's share expanded from about 50 percent to about 60 percent over the seven-year period from 1990 to 1997. And this field of activity seems to have been little affected by the 1997 Asian economic crisis, which may be explained by active trade between PBEC countries.

to Contents

1990

1995

1996

1997

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 700,000 (1,000 units)

1. During the 1990-1997 period, total motor vehicle ownership in the PBEC area increased at a rate of 3.6 percent a year onaverage, as compared with 2.7 percent for the world growth.

2. The PBEC area's share in the world's total motor vehicle ownership rose from 53.4 percentage in 1990 to 56.9 percentage in 1997.

3. The share in the motor vehicle ownership in the PBEC area, decreased in the U.S., Japan, Canada, and Australia that have a large number of motor vehicle holders, while South Korea, Thailand, the Philippines, and Malaysia showed a considerableincrease in the ownership of motor vehicles, resulting in larger share. In particular, South Korea's motor vehicle ownershipalmost tripled over the 1990-1997 period.

4. The growth rate for Latin America was significant, but the number of motor vehicles owned is relatively small.

PBEC Area56.9

Others43.1


1997 1997

Asia35.0

Oceania3.4

World Total696,999

(1,000 units)

Americas61.7

PBEC Area396,451

1. LAND TRANSPORTATION

578,382

308,990 World Total

PBEC Area642,095

376,110

671,302

382,443

696,999

396,451

(1,000 units)

(1) Motor Vehicle Ownership (Total)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIP (TOTAL)(Unit: 1,000 units)

1990 1995 1996 1997

Units % Units % Units % Units %

578,382 (100.0) 642,095 (100.0) 671,302 (100.0) 696,999 (100.0) 2.7

(53.4) (58.6) (57.0) (56.9)

308,990 100.0 376,110 100.0 382,443 100.0 100.0 3.6

79,127 25.6 126,759 33.7 8.3

5,836 (1.9) 7,120 (1.9) 3.3

375 (0.1) 490 (0.1) 4.1

2,772 (0.9) 3,550 (0.9) 5.9

57,697 (18.7) 66,854 (17.8) 2.8

3,395 (1.1) 8,469 (2.3) 17.4

2,427 (0.8) 2,998 (0.8) 8.2

604 (0.2) 1,557 (0.4) 14.7

- - 27,500 (7.3) -

427 (0.1) 501 (0.1) 2.0

2,780 (0.9) 4,637 (1.2) 9.5

2,814 (0.9) 3,083 (0.8) 10.7

11,568 3.7 12,643 3.4 2.0

9,776 (3.2) 10,638 (2.8) 1.9

1,792 (0.6) 2,005 (0.5) 2.6

218,295 70.6 236,708 62.9 1.6

16,553 (5.4) 17,545 (4.7) 0.4

957 (0.3) 1,468 (0.4) 7.6

1,380 (0.4) 1,726 (0.5) 4.9

250 (0.1) 372 (0.1) 10.4

9,882 (3.2) 11,888 (3.2) 3.1

617 (0.2) 709 (0.2) 7.0

188,656 (61.1) 203,000 (54.0) 1.6

Source: Figures from Automobile Manufactures Association of each countries


%

396,451

138,623

7,320

496

4,128

70,003

10,413

4,221

1,581

29,000

492

5,238

5,731

13,299

11,157

2,142

244,529

17,078

1,602

1,930

499

12,210

990

210,220

35.0

(1.8)

(0.1)

(1.0)

(17.7)

(2.6)

(1.1)

(0.4)

(7.3)

(0.1)

(1.3)

(1.4)

3.4

(2.8)

(0.5)

61.7

(4.3)

(0.4)

(0.5)

(0.1)

(3.1)

(0.2)

(53.0)

132,052

7,320

490

3,640

68,801

9,553

3,782

1,559

27,500

507

4,700

4,200

12,734

10,651

2,083

237,657

17,545

1,469

1,725

465

12,342

761

203,350

34.5

(1.9)

(0.1)

(1.0)

(18.0)

(2.5)

(1.0)

(0.4)

(7.2)

(0.1)

(1.2)

(1.1)

3.3

(2.8)

(0.5)

62.1

(4.6)

(0.4)

(0.5)

(0.1)

(3.2)

(0.2)

(53.2)

1990

1995

1996

1997

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 500,000 (1,000 units)

1. During the 1990-1997 period, total passenger car ownership in the PBEC area increased at a rate of 1.3 percent a year onaverage, as compared with 2.2 percent for the world growth. The major factor is a decline in passenger car ownership in theU.S., the largest holder.

2. The number of passenger cars owned in Asian nations grew 7.1 percent during the 1990-1997 period, as compared with 2.2percent for the world growth and 1.3 percent for the PBCE area. Accordingly, their share in total passenger car ownership inthe PBEC area jumped up from 20.8 percent in 1990 to 30.5 percent in 1997.

3. The growth in South Korea (20.3 percent), Thailand (12.4 percent), and Chinese Taipei (11.3 percent) was generally high.The number of passenger cars owned in South Korea in 1997 was 3.7 times as large as that in 1990.

PBEC Area47.2

Others52.8


1997 1997

Asia30.5

Oceania4.5

World Total510,901

(1,000 units)

Americas65.0

PBEC Area241,203


438,525

219,755

World Total

PBEC Area

490,863

239,515

493,473

234,430

510,901

241,203

(1,000 units)

(2) Motor Vehicle Ownership (Passenger Car)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIP (PASSENGER CAR)(Unit: 1,000 units)

1990 1995 1996 1997


438,525 (100.0) 490,863 (100.0) 493,473 (100.0) 510,901 (100.0) 2.2

(50.1) (48.8) (47.5) (47.2)

219,755 100.0 239,515 100.0 234,430 100.0 241,203 100.0 1.3

45,650 20.8 65,832 27.5 69,956 29.8 73,631 30.5 7.1

1,664 (0.8) 2,400 (1.0) 2,600 (1.1) 2,600 (1.1) 6.6

238 (0.1) 318 (0.1) 319 (0.1) 333 (0.1) 4.9

1,294 (0.6) 1,800 (0.8) 1,890 (0.8) 2,103 (0.9) 7.2

34,924 (15.9) 44,680 (18.7) 46,868 (20.0) 48,611 (20.2) 4.8

2,075 (0.9) 6,006 (2.5) 6,894 (2.9) 7,585 (3.1) 20.3

1,811 (0.8) 2,532 (1.1) 2,982 (1.3) 3,333 (1.4) 9.1

455 (0.2) 532 (0.2) 533 (0.2) 546 (0.2) 2.6

- - 1,800 (0.8) 1,800 (0.8) 1,900 (0.8) -

285 (0.1) 363 (0.2) 370 (0.2) 339 (0.1) 2.5

2,077 (0.9) 3,839 (1.6) 3,900 (1.7) 4,404 (1.8) 11.3

827 (0.4) 1,562 (0.7) 1,800 (0.8) 1,877 (0.8) 12.4

9,161 4.2 10,043 4.2 10,348 4.4 10,771 4.5 2.3

7,672 (3.5) 8,391 (3.5) 8,629 (3.7) 9,000 (3.7) 2.3

1,489 (0.7) 1,652 (0.7) 1,719 (0.7) 1,771 (0.7) 2.5

164,944 75.1 163,640 68.3 154,126 65.7 156,801 65.0 -- 0.7

12,622 (5.7) 13,800 (5.8) 13,800 (5.9) 13,487 (5.6) 1.0

707 (0.3) 1,239 (0.5) 1,240 (0.5) 1,242 (0.5) 8.4

715 (0.3) 921 (0.4) 921 (0.4) 1,040 (0.4) 5.5

144 (0.1) 202 (0.1) 220 (0.1) 294 (0.1) 10.7

6,819 (3.1) 8,059 (3.4) 8,500 (3.6) 8,437 (3.5) 3.1

387 (0.2) 419 (0.2) 445 (0.2) 801 (0.3) 11.0

143,550 (65.3) 139,000 (58.0) 129,000 (55.0) 131,500 (54.5) -1.2



%

1990

1995

1996

1997

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 (1,000 units)

1. During the 1990-1997 period, total bus and truck ownership in the PBEC area increased at a rate of 6.5 percent a year onaverage, as compared with 4.2 percent for the world growth.

2. In Asia, South Korea and Thailand showed marked increase of 11.5 percent and 9.9 percent respectively in the number ofowned buses and trucks both of which doubled the ownership in 1997 as compared with 1990. The growth rate for LatinAmerica was around five percent, though the absolute number is not so large.

3. During the same period, the ownership in the U.S. grew steadily, raising the country's share in the PBEC region's totalownership. This seems to have resulted from its economic boom.

PBEC Area74.4

Others25.6


1997 1997

Asia34.6

Oceania1.8

World Total186,098

(1,000 units)Americas

63.6

PBEC Area138,375


139,857

89,294 World Total

PBEC Area151,233

125,371

177,830

131,813

186,098

138,375

(1,000 units)

(3) Motor Vehicle Ownership (Bus & Truck)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

MOTOR VEHICLE OWNERSHIP (BUS & TRUCK)(Unit: 1,000 units)

1990 1995 1996 1997


139,857 (100.0) 151,233 (100.0) 177,830 (100.0) 186,098 (100.0) 4.2

(63.8) (82.9) (74.1) (74.4)

89,294 100.0 125,371 100.0 131,813 100.0 138,375 100.0 6.5

33,477 37.5 44,704 35.7 45,895 34.8 47,880 34.6 5.2

4,172 (4.7) 4,700 (3.7) 4,720 (3.6) 4,720 (3.4) 1.8

137 (0.2) 172 (0.1) 171 (0.1) 136 (0.1) -- 0.1

1,478 (1.7) 1,750 (1.4) 1,750 (1.3) 2,024 (1.5) 4.6

22,773 (25.5) 22,173 (17.7) 21,933 (16.6) 21,392 (15.5) -- 0.9

1,320 (1.5) 2,462 (2.0) 2,659 (2.0) 2,827 (2.0) 11.5

616 (0.7) 466 (0.4) 799 (0.6) 888 (0.6) 5.4

149 (0.2) 1,025 (0.8) 1,026 (0.8) 1,053 (0.8) 32.2

- - 9,500 (7.6) 9,500 (7.2) 10,000 (7.2) -

142 (0.2) 137 (0.1) 137 (0.1) 153 (0.1) 1.1

703 (0.8) 798 (0.6) 800 (0.6) 834 (0.6) 2.5

1,987 (2.2) 1,521 (1.2) 2,400 (1.8) 3,853 (2.8) 9.9

2,407 2.7 2,600 2.1 2,386 1.8 2,528 1.8 0.7

2,104 (2.4) 2,247 (1.8) 2,022 (1.5) 2,157 (1.6) 0.4

303 (0.3) 353 (0.3) 364 (0.3) 371 (0.3) 2.9

53,410 59.8 78,067 62.3 83,532 63.4 87,967 63.6 7.4

3,931 (4.4) 3,745 (3.0) 3,745 (2.8) 3,591 (2.6) -- 1.3

250 (0.3) 229 (0.2) 229 (0.2) 360 (0.3) 5.3

665 (0.7) 805 (0.6) 805 (0.6) 890 (0.6) 4.3

165 (0.2) 170 (0.1) 245 (0.2) 245 (0.2) 5.8

3,063 (3.4) 3,828 (3.1) 3,842 (2.9) 3,772 (2.7) 3.0

230 (0.3) 290 (0.2) 316 (0.2) 389 (0.3) 7.8

45,106 (50.5) 69,000 (55.0) 74,350 (56.4) 78,720 (56.9) 8.3



%

1990

1995

1998

1999

10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 (Unit)

1. During the 1990-1999 period, the PBEC area's vessel ownership decreased at an annual rate of 0.8 percent on average,though the world ownership grew at a rate of 1.1 percent a year on average. Total tonnage shrank 1.9 percent every year forthe PBEC area, whereas the world's total tonnage increased 1.4 percent every year. Accordingly, the PBEC area's share inthe world's total vessel ownership dropped from 48.8 percent in 1990 to 41.3 percent in 1999 and that in the world's totaltonnage also dropped from 40.8 percent in 1990 to 30.3 percent in 1999.

2. The major factor is the considerable drop in both the ownership and tonnage in Japan, Russia, and the U.S., which havelarge shares. In particular, the total tonnage of all vessels owned by Russia fell to one third of the 1990 level.

3. Both vessel ownership and total tonnage decreased in all Asian countries except for Singapore and Malaysia. In Singapore,vessel ownership almost doubled in 1999 as compared with 1990, and the total tonnage of all vessels owned in 1999 was 2.7times as large as that in 1990. In most American countries, both indexes declined.

PBEC Area41.3

Others58.7


1999 1999

Asia93.0

Oceania1.1

World Total38,700

(Unit)

Americas 5.9

PBEC Area15,980

2. SEA TRANSPORTATION

35,108

17,127 World Total

PBEC Area37,707

16,454

38,871

16,493

38,700

15,980

(Unit)

(1) -1 Shipping (Unit)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

SHIPPING (UNIT)(Unit: unit)

1990 1995 1998 1999


35,108 (100.0) 37,707 (100.0) 38,871 (100.0) 38,700 (100.0) 1.1

(48.8) (43.6) (42.4) (41.3)

17,127 100.0 16,454 100.0 16,493 100.0 15,980 100.0 -- 0.8

15,243 89.0 15,202 92.4 15,333 93.0 14,868 93.0 -- 0.3

1,569 (9.2) 2,116 (12.9) 2,269 (13.8) 2,262 (14.2) 4.1

315 (1.8) 358 (2.2) 344 (2.1) 423 (2.6) 3.3

986 (5.8) 1,347 (8.2) 1,443 (8.7) 1,444 (9.0) 4.3

6,010 (35.1) 5,539 (33.7) 5,237 (31.8) 4,702 (29.4) -- 2.7

776 (4.5) 804 (4.9) 842 (5.1) 847 (5.3) 1.0

315 (1.8) 460 (2.8) 553 (3.4) 525 (3.3) 5.8

1,011 (5.9) 1,042 (6.3) 1,161 (7.0) 1,229 (7.7) 2.2

3,195 (18.7) 2,010 (12.2) 1,740 (10.5) 1,760 (11.0) -- 6.4

537 (3.1) 841 (5.1) 1,048 (6.4) 1,038 (6.5) 7.6

289 (1.7) 275 (1.7) 262 (1.6) 253 (1.6) -- 1.5

240 (1.4) 410 (2.5) 434 (2.6) 385 (2.4) 5.4

227 1.3 220 1.3 199 1.2 170 1.1 -- 3.2

189 (1.1) 184 (1.1) 161 (1.0) 157 (1.0) -- 2.0

38 (0.2) 36 (0.2) 38 (0.2) 13 (0.1) -- 11.2

1,657 9.7 1,032 6.3 961 5.8 942 5.9 -- 6.1

337 (2.0) 284 (1.7) 272 (1.6) 272 (1.7) -- 2.4

68 (0.4) 68 (0.4) 64 (0.4) 63 (0.4) -- 0.8

69 (0.4) 51 (0.3) 42 (0.3) 41 (0.3) -- 5.6

63 (0.4) 32 (0.2) 39 (0.2) 46 (0.3) -- 3.4

114 (0.7) 90 (0.5) 78 (0.5) 71 (0.4) -- 5.1

49 (0.3) 18 (0.1) 11 (0.1) 11 (0.1) -- 15.3

957 (5.6) 489 (3.0) 455 (2.8) 438 (2.7) -- 8.3

"World Fleet Statistics" (Lloyd's Register of Shipping)(1)Total fleets include Tankers, Liquefied Gas Carriers, Chemical Tankers, Bulk/Oil Carriers,

Ore and Bulk Carriers, General Cargo, Passenger Liners, Container Ships, Lighter Carriers, Vehicle Carriers and Other Carries.(2)Liberian and Panamanian flag carriers are not included in world total fleets.


%

Source:Note:

1990

1995

1998

1999

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 (1,000 tons)

PBEC Area30.3

Others69.7


1999 1999

Asia86.1

Oceania1.3

World Total347,185(1,000 tons)

Americas 12.6

PBEC Area105,144


306,132

125,000 World Total

PBEC Area341,208

112,837

351,927

109,757

347,185

105,144

(1,000 tons)

(1) -2 Shipping (Tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

SHIPPING (TONS)(Unit: 1,000tons)

1990 1995 1998 1999

Tons % Tons % Tons % Tons %

306,132 (100.0) 341,208 (100.0) 351,927 (100.0) 347,185 (100.0) 1.4

(40.8) (33.1) (31.2) (30.3)

125,000 100.0 112,837 100.0 109,757 100.0 105,144 100.0 -- 1.9

98,063 78.5 95,045 84.2 93,761 85.4 90,541 86.1 -- 0.9

13,303 (10.6) 16,130 (14.3) 15,641 (14.3) 15,384 (14.6) 1.6

6,533 (5.2) 8,761 (7.8) 6,150 (5.6) 7,929 (7.5) 2.2

1,879 (1.5) 2,481 (2.2) 2,954 (2.7) 2,923 (2.8) 5.0

25,673 (20.5) 18,628 (16.5) 16,533 (15.1) 13,146 (12.5) -- 7.2

7,213 (5.8) 6,357 (5.6) 5,089 (4.6) 5,043 (4.8) -- 3.9

1,654 (1.3) 3,199 (2.8) 5,078 (4.6) 4,205 (4.0) 10.9

8,380 (6.7) 8,615 (7.6) 8,350 (7.6) 7,436 (7.1) -- 1.3

19,383 (15.5) 9,795 (8.7) 6,570 (6.0) 6,263 (6.0) -- 11.8

7,815 (6.3) 13,424 (11.9) 20,112 (18.3) 21,140 (20.1) 11.7

5,641 (4.5) 5,956 (5.3) 5,343 (4.9) 5,221 (5.0) -- 0.9

589 (0.5) 1,699 (1.5) 1,941 (1.8) 1,851 (1.8) 13.6

2,459 2.0 2,635 2.3 2,002 1.8 1,398 1.3 -- 6.1

2,241 (1.8) 2,394 (2.1) 1,806 (1.6) 1,281 (1.2) -- 6.0

218 (0.2) 241 (0.2) 196 (0.2) 117 (0.1) -- 6.7

24,478 19.6 15,157 13.4 13,994 12.7 13,205 12.6 -- 6.6

2,224 (1.8) 2,030 (1.8) 2,173 (2.0) 2,162 (2.1) -- 0.3

489 (0.4) 581 (0.5) 546 (0.5) 554 (0.5) 1.4

358 (0.3) 115 (0.1) 83 (0.1) 69 (0.1) -- 16.7

357 (0.3) 127 (0.1) 105 (0.1) 250 (0.2) -- 3.9

1,012 (0.8) 895 (0.8) 845 (0.8) 602 (0.6) -- 5.6

467 (0.4) 158 (0.1) 83 (0.1) 78 (0.1) -- 18.0

19,571 (15.7) 11,251 (10.0) 10,159 (9.3) 9,490 (9.0) -- 7.7

Source: "World Fleet Statistics" (Lloyd's Register of Shipping)Note: (1)Total fleets include Tankers, Liquefied Gas Carriers, Chemical Tankers, Bulk/Oil Carriers,

Ore and Bulk Carriers, General Cargo, Passenger Liners, Container Ships, Lighter Carriers, Vehicle Carriers and Other Carries.

(2)Liberian and Panamanian flag carriers are not included in world total fleets.


%

1990

1995

1998

1999

1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 (Unit)

1. During the 1990-1999 period, the world's total tanker ownership and tonnage increased at an average annual rate of 1.1percent and 1.4 percent, respectively, whereas the number of tankers owned in the PBEC area rose only 0.2 percent a yearon average and the total tonnage dropped 1.3 percent a year on average. As a result, the PBEC area's share in the world'stotal tanker ownership decreased from 54.2 percent in 1990 to 49.8 percent in 1999 and that in the world's total tanker

tonnnage also decreased from 31.8 percent in 1990 to 24.9 percent in 1999.2. This is due to a considerable decrease in Japan and Russia. In fact, the number of tankers owned in Japan dropped by ten

percentage points in 1999 from 1990. The total tonnage of tankers owned in Russia in 1999 decreased to one third of the1990 level.

3. Despite a decline in the PBEC area's share, a significant increase was reported by Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand. In particular, vessels in Singapore tripled in total tonnage in 1999 as compared with 1990, raising its share in the PBECarea's total tonnage to a record high of 35.5 percent.

PBEC Area49.8

Others50.2


1999 1999

Asia93.1

Oceania0.4

World Total6,116

(Unit)

Americas 6.5

PBEC Area3,048


5,536

3,003 World Total

PBEC Area5,749

3,017

5,960

3,037

6,116

3,048

(Unit)

(2) -1 Tankers (Unit)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TANKERS (UNIT)(Unit: unit)

1990 1995 1998 1999


5,536 (100.0) 5,749 (100.0) 5,960 (100.0) 6,116 (100.0) 1.1

(54.2) (52.5) (51.0) (49.8)

3,003 100.0 3,017 100.0 3,037 100.0 3,048 100.0 0.2

2,589 86.2 2,785 92.3 2,825 93.0 2,839 93.1 1.0

203 (6.8) 349 (11.6) 407 (13.4) 419 (13.7) 8.4

32 (1.1) 43 (1.4) 41 (1.4) 51 (1.7) 5.3

182 (6.1) 228 (7.6) 237 (7.8) 234 (7.7) 2.8

1,159 (38.6) 1,054 (34.9) 928 (30.6) 870 (28.5) -- 3.1

92 (3.1) 112 (3.7) 121 (4.0) 127 (4.2) 3.6

64 (2.1) 83 (2.8) 88 (2.9) 86 (2.8) 3.3

88 (2.9) 119 (3.9) 134 (4.4) 180 (5.9) 8.3

474 (15.8) 304 (10.1) 323 (10.6) 323 (10.6) -- 4.2

204 (6.8) 344 (11.4) 385 (12.7) 386 (12.7) 7.3

16 (0.5) 31 (1.0) 29 (1.0) 29 (1.0) 6.8

75 (2.5) 118 (3.9) 132 (4.3) 134 (4.4) 6.7

21 0.7 17 0.6 11 0.4 11 0.4 -- 6.9

16 (0.5) 12 (0.4) 7 (0.2) 7 (0.2) -- 8.8

5 (0.2) 5 (0.2) 4 (0.1) 4 (0.1) -- 2.4

393 13.1 215 7.1 201 6.6 198 6.5 -- 7.3

40 (1.3) 22 (0.7) 20 (0.7) 17 (0.6) -- 9.1

4 (0.1) 4 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 4 (0.1) 0.0

11 (0.4) 8 (0.3) 8 (0.3) 8 (0.3) -- 3.5

22 (0.7) 18 (0.6) 25 (0.8) 31 (1.0) 3.9

34 (1.1) 30 (1.0) 30 (1.0) 34 (1.1) 0.0

14 (0.5) 7 (0.2) 5 (0.2) 4 (0.1) -- 13.0

268 (8.9) 126 (4.2) 108 (3.6) 100 (3.3) -- 10.4

Source: "World Fleet Statistics" (Lloyd's Register of Shipping)Note: Liberian and Panamanian flag carriers are not included in world total fleets.


%

1990

1995

1998

1999

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 (1,000 tons)

PBEC Area24.9

Others75.1


1999 1999

Asia82.1

Oceania1.1


Americas 16.8

PBEC Area27,088


95,993

30,558 World Total

PBEC Area95,006

24,675

101,996

29,422

108,939

27,088

(1,000 tons)

(2) -2 Tankers (Tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TANKERS (TONS)(Unit: 1,000tons)

1990 1995 1998 1999


95,993 (100.0) 95,006 (100.0) 101,996 (100.0) 108,939 (100.0) 1.4

(31.8) (26.0) (28.8) (24.9)

30,558 100.0 24,675 100.0 29,422 100.0 27,088 100.0 -- 1.3

20,170 66.0 19,256 78.0 21,643 73.6 22,226 82.1 1.1

1,810 (5.9) 2,295 (9.3) 2,029 (6.9) 2,083 (7.7) 1.6

1,000 (3.3) 669 (2.7) 340 (1.2) 515 (1.9) -- 7.1

582 (1.9) 738 (3.0) 841 (2.9) 830 (3.1) 4.0

7,584 (24.8) 6,033 (24.4) 5,434 (18.5) 5,005 (18.5) -- 4.5

593 (1.9) 399 (1.6) 327 (1.1) 403 (1.5) -- 4.2

179 (0.6) 412 (1.7) 854 (2.9) 918 (3.4) 19.9

372 (1.2) 147 (0.6) 161 (0.5) 159 (0.6) -- 9.0

4,167 (13.6) 2,306 (9.3) 1,608 (5.5) 1,429 (5.3) -- 11.2

3,165 (10.4) 5,102 (20.7) 8,780 (29.8) 9,618 (35.5) 13.1

633 (2.1) 959 (3.9) 906 (3.1) 906 (3.3) 4.1

85 (0.3) 196 (0.8) 363 (1.2) 360 (1.3) 17.4

757 2.5 655 2.7 299 1.0 299 1.1 -- 9.8

677 (2.2) 579 (2.3) 226 (0.8) 226 (0.8) -- 11.5

80 (0.3) 76 (0.3) 73 (0.2) 73 (0.3) -- 1.0

9,631 31.5 4,764 19.3 7,480 25.4 4,563 16.8 -- 8.0

242 (0.8) 118 (0.5) 254 (0.9) 250 (0.9) 0.4

26 (0.1) 71 (0.3) 100 (0.3) 100 (0.4) 16.1

14 (0.0) 6 (0.0) 6 (0.0) 6 (0.0) -- 9.0

120 (0.4) 77 (0.3) 93 (0.3) 222 (0.8) 7.1

507 (1.7) 425 (1.7) 3,560 (12.1) 464 (1.7) -- 1.0

190 (0.6) 80 (0.3) 31 (0.1) 31 (0.1) -- 18.2

8,532 (27.9) 3,987 (16.2) 3,436 (11.7) 3,490 (12.9) -- 9.5

Source: "World Fleet Statistics" (Lloyd's Register of Shipping)

Note: Liberian and Panamanian flag carriers are not included in world total fleets.


%

1990

1995

1996

1997

1,000 2,000 3,000 5,0004,000 (Unit)

1. During the 1990-1999 period, the PBEC area's bulk carrier ownership increased at a rate of 5.6 percent a year on average,as compared with 1.7 percent for the world growth. The total tonnage of all bulk carriers owned in the world and in the PBECarea dropped at an average annual rate of 0.2 percent and 1.3 percent, respectively. As a result, the PBEC area's share inthe world's total ownership rose from 34.0 percent in 1990 to 47.9 percent in 1999, whereas its share in the world's totaltonnage dropped from 42.4 percent to 38.4 percent.

2. The increase in the number of bulk carriers was contributed to by Japan, China, and Singapore. A rise in total tonnage wasreported by Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, etc. The total tonnage of bulk carriers owned in Singapore more than doubled in1999 as compared with 1990.

PBEC Area47.9

Others52.1


1999 1999

Asia90.3

Oceania1.4

World Total4,613

(Unit)

Americas 8.3

PBEC Area2,210


3,980

1,354 World Total

PBEC Area4,967

1,977

4,647

2,003

4,613

2,210

(Unit)

(3) -1 Bulk Carriers (Unit)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

BULK CARRIERS (UNIT)(Unit: unit)

1990 1995 1998 1999


3,980 (100.0) 4,967 (100.0) 4,647 (100.0) 4,613 (100.0) 1.7

(34.0) (39.8) (43.1) (47.9)

1,354 100.0 1,977 100.0 2,003 100.0 2,210 100.0 5.6

1,106 81.7 1,771 89.6 1,818 90.8 1,996 90.3 6.8

250 (18.5) 356 (18.0) 357 (17.8) 368 (16.7) 4.4

98 (7.2) 132 (6.7) 111 (5.5) 149 (6.7) 4.8

12 (0.9) 18 (0.9) 26 (1.3) 28 (1.3) 9.9

133 (9.8) 561 (28.4) 593 (29.6) 574 (26.0) 17.6

136 (10.0) 149 (7.5) 123 (6.1) 116 (5.2) -- 1.8

17 (1.3) 39 (2.0) 58 (2.9) 60 (2.7) 15.0

250 (18.5) 227 (11.5) 212 (10.6) 346 (15.7) 3.7

73 (5.4) 88 (4.5) 114 (5.7) 107 (4.8) 4.3

77 (5.7) 117 (5.9) 131 (6.5) 147 (6.7) 7.4

59 (4.4) 56 (2.8) 56 (2.8) 57 (2.6) -- 0.4

1 (0.1) 28 (1.4) 37 (1.8) 44 (2.0) 52.3

28 2.1 35 1.8 32 1.6 30 1.4 0.8

26 (1.9) 31 (1.6) 29 (1.4) 27 (1.2) 0.4

2 (0.1) 4 (0.2) 3 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 4.6

220 16.2 171 8.6 153 7.6 184 8.3 -- 2.0

83 (6.1) 74 (3.7) 73 (3.6) 72 (3.3) -- 1.6

13 (1.0) 13 (0.7) 10 (0.5) 11 (0.5) -- 1.8

2 (0.1) - - - - - - -

2 (0.1) - - - - - - -

7 (0.5) - - - - - - -

8 (0.6) 2 (0.1) - - 1 (0.0) -- 20.6

105 (7.8) 82 (4.1) 70 (3.5) 100 (4.5) -- 0.5



%

1990

1995

1998

1999

20,000 40,000 60,000 100,00080,000 (1,000 tons)

PBEC Area38.4

Others61.6


1999 1999

Asia85.0

Oceania2.1


Americas 12.9

PBEC Area39,109


103,798

44,005

World Total

PBEC Area

108,597

42,218

101,512

37,272

101,807

39,109

(1,000 tons)

(3) -2 Bulk Carriers (Tons)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

BULK CARRIERS (TONS)(Unit: 1,000tons)

1990 1995 1998 1999


103,798 (100.0) 108,597 (100.0) 101,512 (100.0) 101,807 (100.0) -- 0.2

(42.4) (38.9) (36.7) (38.4)

44,005 100.0 42,218 100.0 37,272 100.0 39,109 100.0 -- 1.3

38,554 87.6 38,009 90.0 33,561 90.0 33,249 85.0 -- 1.6

4,907 (11.2) 6,677 (15.8) 6,835 (18.3) 6,647 (17.0) 3.4

4,395 (10.0) 6,505 (15.4) 4,206 (11.3) 5,231 (13.4) 2.0

138 (0.3) 205 (0.5) 359 (1.0) 380 (1.0) 11.9

8,788 (20.0) 5,445 (12.9) 3,869 (10.4) 3,554 (9.1) -- 9.6

4,708 (10.7) 3,706 (8.8) 2,809 (7.5) 2,708 (6.9) -- 6.0

347 (0.8) 982 (2.3) 1,447 (3.9) 1,513 (3.9) 17.8

6,344 (14.4) 6,138 (14.5) 5,597 (15.0) 4,822 (12.3) -- 3.0

4,183 (9.5) 1,768 (4.2) 1,031 (2.8) 919 (2.3) -- 15.5

2,190 (5.0) 3,766 (8.9) 4,585 (12.3) 4,694 (12.0) 8.8

2,544 (5.8) 2,431 (5.8) 2,333 (6.3) 2,304 (5.9) -- 1.1

10 (0.0) 386 (0.9) 490 (1.3) 477 (1.2) 53.6

1,138 2.6 1,036 2.5 905 2.4 814 2.1 -- 3.7

1,112 (2.5) 1,011 (2.4) 893 (2.4) 802 (2.1) -- 3.6

26 (0.1) 25 (0.1) 12 (0.0) 12 (0.0) -- 8.2

4,313 9.8 3,173 7.5 2,806 7.5 5,046 12.9 1.8

1,462 (3.3) 1,335 (3.2) 1,352 (3.6) 1,338 (3.4) -- 1.0

296 (0.7) 294 (0.7) 188 (0.5) 203 (0.5) -- 4.1

81 (0.2) - - - - - - -

27 (0.1) - - - - - - -

178 (0.4) - - - - - - -

129 (0.3) 31 (0.1) - - 15 (0.0) -- 21.3

2,140 (4.9) 1,513 (3.6) 1,266 (3.4) 3,490 (8.9) 5.6



%

1990

1995

1996

1997

2,000 4,000 6,000 10,0008,000 (million km)

1. From 1990 to 1997, the PBEC area maintained an about 45 percent share in the world's total kilometers flown.

2. Asia is the greatest growth area in the PBEC area. In particular, Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore are high growth countries.

3. The Americas grew less than the world growth as the market reached its maturity.

4. Oceania maintained an about 7 percent of the PBEC area's share from 1990 to 1997.

PBEC Area44.6

Others55.4


1997 1997

Asia42.2

Oceania6.5

World Total9,970

(million km)Americas 51.3

PBEC Area4,446

3. AIR TRANSPORTATION

5,810

2,645 World Total

PBEC Area8,300

3,811

9,040

4,101

9,970

4,446

(million km)

(1) Kilometers Flown

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong *

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

KILOMETERS FLOWN(Unit: million km)

1990 1995 1996 1997

5,810 (100.0) 8,300 (100.0) 9,040 (100.0) 9,970 (100.0) 8.0

(45.5) (45.9) (45.4) (44.6)

2,645 100.0 3,811 100.0 4,101 100.0 4,446 100.0 7.7

991 37.5 1609 42.2 1723 42.0 1876 42.2 9.5

39 1.5 97 2.5 55 1.3 59 1.3 6.1

99 3.7 159 4.2 179 4.4 224 5.0 12.4

51 1.9 91 2.4 92 2.2 88 2.0 8.1

252 9.5 348 9.1 370 9.0 399 9.0 6.8

99 3.7 237 6.2 271 6.6 306 6.9 17.5

50 1.9 104 2.7 121 3.0 128 2.9 14.4

35 1.3 51 1.3 58 1.4 73 1.6 11.1

161 6.1 186 4.9 214 5.2 198 4.5 3.0

120 4.5 222 5.8

- - - - - - --

245 6.0 270 6.1 12.3

(50)

85 3.2 114 3.0 118 2.9 131 2.9 6.4

174 6.6 264 6.9 281 6.9 289 6.5 7.5

123 4.7 178 4.7 189 4.6 196 4.4 6.9

51 1.9 86 2.3 92 2.2 93 2.1 9.0

1480 56.0 1938 50.9 2097 51.1 2281 51.3 6.4

177 6.7 223 5.9 273 6.7 293 6.6 7.5

34 1.3 60 1.6 55 1.3 59 1.3 8.2

35 1.3 43 1.1 43 1.0 53 1.2 6.1

9 0.3 9 0.2 9 0.2 18 0.4 10.4

88 3.3 83 2.2 102 2.5 141 3.2 7.0

9 0.3 18 0.5 17 0.4 17 0.4 9.5

1128 42.6 1502 39.4 1598 39.0 1700 38.2 6.0

Source: "Civil Aviation Statistics of the World 1990,1995,1997" (ICAO)"STATISTICAL YEARBOOK FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 1998"(UN)

*:The figure in 1997 is 2 times as the achievement value from July to December.


%%%%%

1990

1995

1996

1997

1,000 2,000 3,000 5,0004,000 (1,000 times)

1. Just less than 30 percent of the world's total airplane departures were made in the PBEC area.

2. The relatively low share may reflect the fact that the area has more large airplanes.

3. Over the 1990-1997 period, departures from the PBEC area did not increase as much as the world's total departures mainly due to a continued trend to own larger airplanes and the 1997 Asian economic crisis.

PBEC Area27.1

Others72.9


1997 1997

Asia34.4

Oceania4.2

World Total4,990

(1,000 times)

Americas 61.4

PBEC Area1,350


3,180

934 World Total

PBEC Area4,170

1,172

4,590

1,312

4,990

1,350

(1,000 times)

(2) Departures

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

DEPARTURES(Unit: 1,000 times)

1990 1995 1996 1997

% % % %

3,180.0 (100.0) 4,170 (100.0) 4,590 (100.0) 4,990 (100.0) 6.6

(29.4) (28.1) (28.6) (27.1)

934 100.0 1,172 100.0 1,312 100.0 1,350 100.0 5.4

295 31.6 421 35.9 485 37.0 464 34.4 6.7

18 1.9 38 3.2 53 4.0 26 1.9 5.4

(36)

20 2.1 32 2.7 32 2.4 31 2.3 6.5

58 6.2 75 6.4 89 6.8 87 6.4 6.0

33 3.5 50 4.3 57 4.3 61 4.5 9.2

30 3.2 52 4.4 53 4.0 55 4.1 9.0

10 1.1 13 1.1 15 1.1 17 1.3 7.9

62 6.6 65 5.5 83 6.3 78 5.8 3.3

31 3.3 52 4.4 57 4.3 61 4.5 10.2

33 3.5 44 3.8 46 3.5 48 3.6 5.5

42 4.5 53 4.5 57 4.3 57 4.2 4.5

29 3.1 33 2.8 35 2.7 37 2.7 3.5

13 1.4 20 1.7 22 1.7 20 1.5 6.3

597 63.9 698 59.6 770 58.7 829 61.4 4.8

70 7.5 95 8.1 118 9.0 130 9.6 9.2

13 1.4 25 2.1 23 1.8 24 1.8 9.2

15 1.6 18 1.5 21 1.6 27 2.0 8.8

5 0.5 4 0.3 5 0.4 10 0.7 10.4

43 4.6 40 3.4 48 3.7 71 5.3 7.4

4 0.4 7 0.6 7 0.5 6 0.4 6.0

447 47.9 509 43.4 548 41.8 561 41.6 3.3

Source:"Civil Aviation Statistics of the World 1990,1995,1997" (ICAO)"STATISTICAL YEARBOOK FOR ASIA AND THE PACIFIC 1998"(UN)


%

- - - - - - -- -

- - - - - -- -

1990

1995

1996

1997

100,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 (1,000 persons)

1. From 1990 to 1997, the PBEC area accounted for just less than 40 percent of all passengers carried in the world.

2. Asia was on a sound growth track until 1997, when the economic crisis slowed the pace of growth. Oceania also experienced slower growth in 1997.

3. During the 1990-1997 period, the Americas did not grow as vigorously as the world growth.

4. By country, China and Chile are high growth countries.

PBEC Area36.8

Others63.2


1997 1997

Asia44.0

Oceania6.3

World Total437,990

(1,000 persons)

Americas 49.7

PBEC Area161,183


275,460

101,777 World Total

PBEC Area375,160

143,472

412,080

156,789

437,990

161,183

(1,000 persons)

(3) Passengers Carried

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

PASSENGERS CARRIED(Unit: 1,000 persons)

1990 1995 1996 1997

275,460 (100.0) 375,160 (100.0) 412,080 (100.0) 437,990 (100.0) 6.8

(36.9) (38.2) (38.0) (36.8)

101,777 100.0 143,472 100.0 156,789 100.0 161,183 100.0 6.8

41914 41.2 64671 45.1 70909 45.2 70924 44.0 7.8

1136 1.1

- - - - - - - -

- - - - -- - -

6004 4.2 6778 4.3 4790 3.0 22.8

(5957)

2495 2.5 3623 2.5 3633 2.3 3120 1.9 3.2

11145 11.0 13943 9.7 15641 10.0 16235 10.1 5.5

4828 4.7 8932 6.2 9938 6.3 10262 6.4 11.4

4174 4.1 7085 4.9 6086 3.9 6274 3.9 6.0

1673 1.6 2470 1.7 2816 1.8 2902 1.8 8.2

4422 4.3 4338 3.0 6001 3.8 5915 3.7 4.2

7046 6.9 10779 7.5 11841 7.6 12981 8.1 9.1

(3476)

4995 4.9 7497 5.2 8175 5.2 8445 5.2 7.8

5930 5.8 9239 6.4 9899 6.3 10107 6.3 7.9

4208 4.1 6051 4.2 6777 4.3 6783 4.2 7.1

1722 1.7 3188 2.2 3122 2.0 3324 2.1 9.9

53933 53.0 69562 48.5 75981 48.5 80152 49.7 5.8

6806 6.7 8230 5.7 10045 6.4 10945 6.8 7.0

492 0.5 1201 0.8 1224 0.8 1613 1.0 18.5

736 0.7 945 0.7 1115 0.7 1226 0.8 7.6

263 0.3 343 0.2 385 0.2 503 0.3 9.7

3939 3.9 3410 2.4 3844 2.5 4773 3.0 2.8

255 0.3 636 0.4 555 0.4 510 0.3 10.4

41442 40.7 54797 38.2 58813 37.5 60582 37.6 5.6



%%%%%

1990

1995

1996

1997

300,000 600,000 900,000 1,200,000 1,500,000 (million km)

1. From 1990 to 1997, the PBEC area maintained its share above 50 percent.

2. Asia's growth was remarkable until 1997, when the economic crisis pushed down the annual growth rate sharply. However, Asia outpaced the world growth over the 1990-1997 period. (A similar trend is observed in Oceania.)

3. The Americas grew more slowly than the world growth during the 1990-1996 period, but in 1997 they showed larger growth than other areas.

PBEC Area50.7

Others49.3


1997 1997

Asia46.5

Oceania8.9

World Total1,467,960(million km)

Americas 44.7

PBEC Area744,227


900,000

466,441 World Total

PBEC Area1,249,160

642,437

1,380,670

707,942

1,467,960

744,227

(million km)

(4) Passengers-Kilometers Flown

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

PASSENGERS-KILOMETERS FLOWN(Unit: million km)

1990 1995 1996 1997

900,000 (100.0) 1,249,160 (100.0) 1,380,670 (100.0) 1,467,960 (100.0) 7.2

(51.8) (51.4) (51.3) (50.7)

466,441 100.0 642,437 100.0 707,942 100.0 744,227 100.0 6.9

193080 41.4 295813 46.0 331800 46.9 345797 46.5 8.7

5169 1.1 13900 2.2 16128 2.3 15781 2.1 17.3

24055 5.2 34767 5.4 39945 5.6 40566 5.5 7.8

9586 2.1 15450 2.4 14929 2.1 15670 2.1 7.3

52491 11.3 70157 10.9 79049 11.2 84098 11.3 7.0

16455 3.5 41296 6.4 47664 6.7 50485 6.8 17.4

9405 2.0 19807 3.1 22377 3.2 24004 3.2 14.3

8528 1.8 11977 1.9 12848 1.8 13966 1.9 7.3

17838 3.8 15972 2.5 18715 2.6 18135 2.4 0.2

31600 6.8 48400 7.5 53647 7.6 55459 7.5 8.4

(9913)

17953 3.8 24087 3.7 26498 3.7 27633 3.7 6.4

36954 7.9 56853 8.8 64386 9.1 66044 8.9 8.6

27686 5.9 41056 6.4 45238 6.4 47771 6.4 8.1

9268 2.0 15797 2.5 19148 2.7 18273 2.5 10.2

236407 50.7 289771 45.1 311756 44.0 332386 44.7 5.0

26701 5.7 31421 4.9 36764 5.2 40928 5.5 6.3

2102 0.5 4448 0.7 4481 0.6 5715 0.8 15.4

2283 0.5 2842 0.4 2980 0.4 3686 0.5 7.1

1006 0.2 1092 0.2 1123 0.2 1455 0.2 5.4

9211 2.0 7884 1.2 8971 1.3 11228 1.5 2.9

954 0.2 1869 0.3 1521 0.2 1613 0.2 7.8

194150 41.6 240215 37.4 255916 36.1 267761 36.0 4.7




%%%%%

- - - - - - --

*

1990

1995

1996

1997

20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 (million ton-km)

1. The PBEC area's share expanded from about 50 percent in 1990 to about 60 percent in 1997.

2. Asia, which is responsible for about 60 percent of the PBEC area's share, showed remarkable growth during the same period despite the economic crisis in 1997, which may be explained by active trade between PBEC countries.

3. The Americas achieved a 26-percent annual growth in 1997.

PBEC Area57.8

Others42.2


1997 1997

Asia58.2

Oceania5.0

World Total87,760

(million ton-km)

Americas 36.8

PBEC Area50,687


46,820

23,362 World Total

PBEC Area70,340

38,248

75,510

42,080

87,760

50,687

(million ton-km)

(5) Freight Ton-Kilometers Flown

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

FREIGHT TON-KILOMETERS FLOWN(Unit: million ton-km)

1990 1995 1996 1997

46,820 (100.0) 70,340 (100.0) 75,510 (100.0) 87,760 (100.0) 9.4

(49.9) (54.4) (55.7) (57.8)

23,362 100.0 38,248 100.0 42,080 100.0 50,687 100.0 11.7

12739 54.5 22660 59.2 24938 59.3 29513 58.2 12.8

438 1.9 911 2.4 966 2.3 1187 2.3 15.3

1491 6.4 2768 7.2 3246 7.7 4650 9.2 17.6

414 1.8 639 1.7 613 1.5 602 1.2 5.5

4470 19.1 5813 15.2 6044 14.4 6715 13.2 6.0

2405 10.3 5541 14.5 6419 15.3 7737 15.3 18.2

550 2.4 1166 3.0 1357 3.2 1361 2.7 13.8

273 1.2 319 0.8 329 0.8 416 0.8 6.2

392 1.7 540 1.4 534 1.3 509 1.0 3.8

1653 7.1 3687 9.6

- - - - - - --

4115 9.8 4741 9.4 16.2

(889)

653 2.8 1276 3.3 1315 3.1 1595 3.1 13.6

1413 6.0 2094 5.5 2326 5.5 2540 5.0 8.7

1117 4.8 1537 4.0 1606 3.8 1712 3.4 6.3

296 1.3 557 1.5 720 1.7 828 1.6 15.8

9210 39.4 13494 35.3 14816 35.2 18634 36.8 10.6

1034 4.4 1341 3.5 1467 3.5 1628 3.2 6.7

403 1.7 747 2.0 769 1.8 989 2.0 13.7

427 1.8 470 1.2 284 0.7 732 1.4 8.0

55 0.2 28 0.1 30 0.1 50 0.1 -1.4

84 0.4 67 0.2 70 0.2 106 0.2 3.4

19 0.1 20 0.1 8 0.0 3 0.0 -23.2

7188 30.8 10821 28.3 12188 29.0 15126 29.8 11.2




%%%%%

*

1990

1995

1996

1997

50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 (million ton-km)

1. From 1990 to 1997, the PBEC area maintained its share about 50 percent.

2. Asia, which is responsible for about 50 percent of the PBEC area's share, showed steady growth during the same period despite the economic crisis in 1997. In particular, China and South Korea are high growth countries.

3. Oceania experienced lower annual growth in 1997.

4. The Americas' annual growth rate reached a new high in 1997.

PBEC Area49.2

Others50.8


1997 1997

Asia47.8

Oceania7.8

World Total

227,430(million ton-km)

Americas 44.4

PBEC Area111,798


131,430

63,602 World Total

PBEC Area189,430

92,591

206,870

101,425

227,430

111,798

(million ton-km)

(6) Total Ton-Kilometers Flown (Passengers, Freight)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TOTAL TON-KILOMETERS FLOWN(Unit: million ton-km)

1990 1995 1996 1997

131,430.0 (100.0) 189,430 (100.0) 206,870 (100.0) 227,430 (100.0) 8.1

(48.4) (48.9) (49.0) (49.2)

63,602 100.0 92,591 100.0 101,425 100.0 111,798 100.0 8.4

27215 44490 49014 53410 10.1

826 2238 2498 2709 18.5

(4278)

1350 2077 2015 2008 5.8

9504 12622 13607 14756 6.5

3935 9325 10770 12346 17.7

1387 2811 3199 3332 13.3

1166 1561 1663 1847 6.8

2031 1980 2222 2145 0.8

4702 8389

- - - -

-- - -

9296 10128 11.6

(1802)

2314 3487 3744 4139 8.7

4953 7425 8453 8735 8.4

3758 5438 5898 6243 7.5

1195 1987 2555 2492 11.1

31434 40676 43958 49653 6.7

3497 4231 4838 5382 6.4

594 1150 1175 1507 14.2

655 825 551 1065 7.2

156 126 130 180 2.1

897 780 883 1142 3.5

110 188 153 140 3.5

25525 33376 36228 40237 6.7



%%%%%

47.8

2.4

1.8

13.2

11.0

3.0

1.7

1.9

9.1

3.7

7.8

5.6

2.2

44.4

4.8

1.3

1.0

0.2

1.0

0.1

36.0

48.3

2.5

2.0

13.4

10.6

3.2

1.6

2.2

9.2

3.7

8.3

5.8

2.5

43.3

4.8

1.2

0.5

0.1

0.9

0.2

35.7

48.1

2.4

2.2

13.6

10.1

3.0

1.7

2.1

9.1

3.8

8.0

5.9

2.1

43.9

4.6

1.2

0.9

0.1

0.8

0.2

36.0

42.8

1.3

2.1

14.9

6.2

2.2

1.8

3.2

7.4

3.6

7.8

5.9

1.9

49.4

5.5

0.9

1.0

0.2

1.4

0.2

40.1

TourismTourism

1 Between 1990 and 1997, tourism among the PBEC members showed a steady and sound growth with respect to both tourist arrivals and tourism receipts, raising their shares of the world total. 2In particular, Asia marked the highest growth rate both in terms of tourist arrivals and tourism receipts, with a 1990-1997 annual average of 110.1% and 111.8%, respectively. Oceania has recorded a growth rate comparable to Asia, with an average 109.0% in tourist arrivals and 111.8% in tourism receipts. Conversely, the Americas registered lower shares of tourist arrivals, showing only 102.6%, of the eight-year average. Still, they gained slightly with respect to their shares in the world total of tourism receipts.3Judging from these statistics, the Asian economic crisis, which started in 1997, seems to have dealt a blow to the tourist traffic in general for PBEC member countries or areas, especially those of Southeast Asia.

1. Number of Tourist Arrivals

2. Tourism Receipts

Summary

to Contents

1990

1995

1996

1997

200,000 300,000100,000 400,000 500,000 600,000 (1,000 persons)

1. During the 1990-1997 period, the number of tourists visiting the PBEC area from various parts of the world increased from year to year, to reach 182 million in 1997, although in that year the PBEC area lost part of its share in the world totalowing to the Asian economic crisis.

2. During the same period, the PBEC area maintained an average growth rate exceeding that of the world as a whole, but between members of the area, some disparities came to be seen in the past years.

3. While China and a few other members marked a double digit growth rate far exceeding that of the world, only Malaysiaregistered a negative growth rate, or 97.4% of the eight-year average, thereby losing its share from 6.1% in 1990 to 3.4% in 1997.

PBEC Area29.8

Others70.2


1997 1997

Asia48.0

Oceania3.2

World Total610,763

(1,000 persons)

Americas 48.8

PBEC Area182,060

1. NUMBER OF TOURIST ARRIVALS

458,229

122,045 World Total

PBEC Area565,495

165,244

596,524

181,822

610,763

182,060

(1,000 persons)


%

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

NUMBER OF TOURIST ARRIVALS(Unit: 1,000 persons)

1990 1995 1996 1997

Tourist Ar. % Tourist Ar. % Tourist Ar. % Tourist Ar. %

458,229 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)565,495 596,524 610,763 4.2

122,045

(26.6)

165,244

(29.2)

181,822

(30.5)

182,060

(29.8) 5.9

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

44495 36.5 75853 45.9 86955 47.8 87395 48.0 10.1

10484 8.6 20034 12.1 22765 12.5 23770 13.1 12.4

6581 5.4 10200 6.2 11703 6.4 10406 5.7 6.8

2178 1.8 4324 2.6 5034 2.8 5185 2.8 13.2

1879 1.5 3345 2.0 3837 2.1 4218 2.3 12.2

2959 2.4 3753 2.3 3684 2.0 3908 2.1 4.1

7446 6.1 7469 4.5 7138 3.9 6211 3.4 --2.6

893 0.7

- -

1760 1.1 2049 1.1 2223 1.2 13.9

9262 5.6 14587 8.0 15350 8.4 7.5

4842 4.0 6422 3.9 6608 3.6 6531 3.6 4.4

1934 1.6 2332 1.4 2358 1.3 2372 1.3 3.0

5299 4.3 6952 4.2 7192 4.0 7221 4.0 4.5

3191 2.6 5135 3.1 5694 3.1 5815 3.2 9.0

2215 1.8 3726 2.3 4165 2.3 4318 2.4 10.0

976 0.8 1409 0.9 1529 0.8 1497 0.8 6.3

74359 60.9 84256 51.0 89173 49.0 88850 48.8 2.6

15209 12.5 16968 10.3 17329 9.5 17285 9.5 1.8

943 0.8 1540 0.9 1450 0.8 1644 0.9 8.3

813 0.7 1208 0.7 1343 0.7 1544 0.8 9.6

362 0.3 440 0.3 494 0.3 525 0.3 5.5

17176 14.1 20241 12.2 21405 11.8 19351 10.6 1.7

317 0.3 541 0.3 663 0.4 747 0.4 13.0

39539 32.4 43318 26.2 46489 25.6 47754 26.2 2.7

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)

1990

1995

1996

1997

200,000 300,000100,000 400,000 500,000 (million km)

1. Between 1990 and 1997, the PBEC area maintained an average growth rate of international tourism receipts exceeding thatof the world as a whole, or 109.4% against the global average of 107.1%. In 1997 the PBEC tourism receipts reached all ofUS$169,744 million.

2. Tourism receipts relatively corresponds to tourist arrival development in the area as a whole, but the respective growth rateaccording to member tended to be slightly more than that of tourist arrivals, with the highest standing at 127.4% for Chinaand the lowest 102.7% for Japan. No negative growth was registered for any member, including Malaysia in spite of itsnegative tourist arrival growth.

PBEC Area38.9

Others61.1


1997 1997

Asia38.8

Oceania6.6

World Total435,981


Americas 54.6

PBEC Area169,744

2. TOURISM RECEIPTS

268,928

90,713 World Total

PBEC Area405,110

152,401

435,594

170,704

435,981

169,744


World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

TOURISM RECEIPTS(Unit: million US dollars)

1990 1995 1996 1997

Receipts Receipts Receipts Receipts

268,928 (100.0) (100.0) (100.0) (100.0)405,110 435,594 435,981 7.1

90,713

(24.8)

152,401

(37.6)

170,704

(39.2)

169,744

(38.9)

9.4100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

30127 33.2 62337 40.9 71128 41.7 65922 38.8 11.8

2218 2.4 8733 5.7 10200 6.0 12074 7.1 27.4

5032 5.5 9604 6.3 10836 6.3 9242 5.4 9.1

2105 2.3 5228 3.4 6308 3.7 5437 3.2 14.5

3578 3.9 3226 2.1 4078 2.4 4326 2.5 2.7

3559 3.9 5587 9.0 5430 3.2 5116 3.0 5.3

1667 1.8 3906 2.6 4449 2.6 2703 1.6 7.1

1306 1.4

- -

2454 1.6 2701 1.6 2831 1.7 11.7

4312 2.8 6868 4.0 6900 4.1 6.9

4596 5.1 8337 5.5 7958 4.7 6843 4.0 5.9

1740 1.9 3286 58.8 3636 2.1 3402 2.0 10.1

4326 4.8 7664 5.0 8664 5.1 7048 4.2 7.2

5107 5.6 10175 6.7 11545 6.8 11119 6.6 11.8

4088 4.5 7857 5.2 9113 5.3 9026 5.3 12.0

1019 1.1 2318 1.5 2432 1.4 2093 1.2 10.8

55479 61.2 79889 52.4 88031 51.6 92703 54.6 7.6

5612 6.2 7874 5.2 8623 5.1 8770 5.2 6.6

540 0.6 900 0.6 905 0.5 1021 0.6 9.5

406 0.4 859 0.6 905 0.5 955 0.6 13.0

188 0.2 255 0.2 281 0.2 290 0.2 6.4

5467 6.0 6178 7.7 6934 4.1 7594 4.5 4.8

259 0.3 428 0.3 632 0.4 805 0.5 17.6

43007 47.4 63395 41.6 69751 40.9 73268 43.2 7.9

Source: World Tourism Organization (WTO)


%%%%%

Education and CultureEducation and Culture

1 In advanced nations, TV sets are found in almost all homes. Even in China, the growth rate is not much high because it seems that almost all households that can afford to buy one have already purchased one. The newspaper subscription rate is on the decline in many countries, especially in Russia.2 Elementary school attendance exceeds 100 percent in many countries, while it is going down in some countries.3 The secondary school enrollment rate is on the rise in many countries. It is more than 100 percent in Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.4 Higher-school attendance is rising in many countries, especially in Australia and South Korea. It exceeds 80 percent in Canada, the U.S., and Australia.5 Personal computers are rapidly penetrating all markets in the world. Of all countries in Asia, personal computers are most widespread in Singapore, where there has been a governmental policy push.

1. Number of Television Sets per 1,000 Population

2. Number of Daily Newspaper in Circulation per 1,000 Population

3. Enrollment in Primary Schools

4. Enrollment in Secondary Schools

5. Enrollment in Tertiary/Higher Educational Institutions

6. Number of PCs in use per 1,000 Population

Summary

to Contents

200 300100 400 500 600 700 800 (units)

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Thailand

Australia

New Zealand

Canada

Colombia

United States

1. TV ownership in the U.S. has already exceeded 80 percent and increased little during the 1990-1997 period. The U.S. TV market seems to have already been saturated.

2. The U.S., the largest TV holder in the world, is followed by Canada, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand, for each of which TVownership stands at more than 50 percent.

3. During the 1990-1997 period, TV ownership increased at the fastest rate in Thailand, which experienced a double-digit growth. Relatively rapid growth was also observed in Mexico and South Korea.

1. NUMBER OF TELEVISION SETS PER 1,000 POPULATION

1997199619951990

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States


%

NUMBER OF TELEVISION SETS PER 1,000 POPULATION(Unit: units )

1990 1995 1996 1997

Units Units Units Units

267 307 319 321 2.7

272 281 281 283 0.6

57 66 67 68 2.6

611 681 683 686 1.7

210 334 336 348 7.5

148 164 170 172 2.2

44 48 50 52 2.4

364 378 406 410 1.7

338 361 385 388 2.0

- - - - -

106 188 188 254 13.3

486 493 551 554 1.9

446 498 505 512 2.0

612 709 710 710 2.1

206 215 216 215 0.6

103 109 115 115 1.6

86 96 128 130 6.1

148 219 270 272 9.1

96 106 125 126 4.0

799 805 805 806 0.1

Source: "Statistical Yearbook" (UNESCO)

200 300100 400 500 600 (copies)

Japan

Malaysia

Singapore

Canada

Colombia

United States

1. The number of newspaper copies in circulation per 1,000 of population is by far the largest in Hong Kong. It rose to about 800 copies in 1996 after a significant decrease in 1995. Major factors include the publication of newnewspapers and resultant price competition, which worked as a stimulus to the market.

2. The number is second largest in Japan, where home delivery services have been prevalent. Though it dropped in 1996 fromthe 1990 level, it still stood at more than 500 copies.

3. Except for South Korea, the Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, and Peru, the number decreased in all Asian, advanced, andCentral American nations.

4. The largest drop was experienced by Russia. Major factors include social disorders and a decline in the Communistnewspaper's circulation in the wake of the Soviet Union's collapse.

2. NUMBER OF DAILY NEWSPAPER IN CIRCULATION PER 1,000 POPULATION

199619951990

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States


%

NUMBER OF DAILY NEWSPAPER IN CIRCULATION PER 1,000 POPULATION(Unit: copies )

1990 1995 1996

Copies Copies Copies

42 -

- --

- -

745 723 786 0.9

28 24 23 -- 3.2

587 574 578 -- 0.3

280 394 - -

112 139 163 6.5

56 61 82 6.6

502 ('91) 121 105 -- 26.9

253 301 324 4.2

-

81 46 64 -- 3.9

305 298 296 -- 0.5

297 226 216 -- 5.2

209 165 158 -- 4.6

103 99 98 -- 0.8

57 39 46 -- 3.5

80 70 70 -- 2.2

135 102 97 -- 5.4

79 85 84 1.0

245 218 212 -- 2.4


20 40 60 80 100 120 (%)

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Singapore

Thailand

Australia

Canada

United States

1. Elementary school attendance exceeded 100 percent in most nations.

2. The rate went below 100 percent in Hong Kong, Korea, and Singapore, all of which saw a more-than-100-percent enrollmentrate, as well as in Thailand. These four nations were not able to see an elementary school enrollment rate above the 1990 level.

3. In Malaysia, primary school attendance has been more than 100 percent since after 1990, when it stood at 94 percent.

3. ENROLLMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS

1997199619951990

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

ENROLLMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS(Unit: %)

1990 1995 1996 1997

% % % %

125 118 120 123

102 94 -

('94)

-

115 113 -

100 103 102 101

105 95 94 94

94 103 103 101

111 114 116 117

109 107 -

94

113

-

104 95 -

-

87

101

113

127

114

- - -

99 86 -

108 101 101 101

106 99 99 101

103 102 - -

100 99 -

102 109 -

116 123 -

114 115 -

118 123 123 123

102 102 - -

Source:"Statistical Yearbook" (UNESCO)

50 100 150 (%)

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Australia

Canada

Chile

Ecuador

Mexico

United States

1. In most countries, the secondary school enrollment rate for the most recent year exceeded the 1990 level.

2. The rate was more than 100 percent in Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada.

3. In Hong Kong and Russia, the rate for the most recent year did not reach the 1990 level.

4. The rate is higher in advanced nations than in developing countries except for Russia, where it is on the decline due todisorders in the wake of the Soviet Union's downfall.

5. Among other developing nations, China and Thailand have seen a considerable increase in secondary school attendance. In South Korea, the rate has already exceeded 100 percent, thought it stood at 90 percent in 1990.

4. ENROLLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS

1997199619951990

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

ENROLLMENT IN SECONDARY SCHOOLS(Unit: %)

1990 1995 1996 1997

% % % %

49 66 69 70

80 73 -

('94)

-

44 51 -

97 103 - -

90 101 -

58 59 61 64

73 77 77 78

93 87 ('93) - -

68 73 -

- - -

102

56

74

56

75

67

64

-

30 54 -

82 142 148 153

89 112 114 113

101 105 - -

73 69 -

50 61 -

55 50 - -

53 61 -

67 70 72 72

93 97 - -

Source:"Statistical Yearbook" (UNESCO)

20 40 60 80 100 (%)

Japan

Korea

Philippines

Thailand

Australia

New Zealand

Canada

Mexico

United States

1. Higher-school attendance is rising in many countries, but in Russia, Canada, and Peru, the figure for the most recent year did not reach the 1990 level.

2. The rate is more than 80 percent in Canada, the U.S., and Australia.

3. Among other advanced nations, Australia has seen a rapid increase in the higher-school enrollment rate. South Korea's level is also going up at a rapid pace.

5. ENROLLMENT IN TERTIARY / HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

1997199619951990

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

ENROLLMENT IN TERTIARY / HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS(Unit: %)

1990 1995 1996 1997

% % % %

3 5 6 6

19 - -('93)

('94)

('91)

('92)

('94)

('91)

9 11 -

30 41 - -

39 52 60 68

7 12 - -

28 29 - -

52 43 -

-

17

39

11

22

-

19 34 -

- -

-

16

-

22

-

19 20 -

35 73 76 80

40 60 59 63

95 88 - -

21 28 30 31

13 15 -

20 -

15 15 -

30 27 26 26

75 81 - -


100 200 300 400 500 (units)

China

Japan

Korea

Russia

Singapore

Thailand

Australia

Chile

United States

1. The rapid spread of personal computers is a global trend. On average, most countries saw a double-digit annual growth overthe 1992-1997 period, though the penetration gap still remains wide.

2. In the U.S., 450 persons out of every 1,000 of its population own personal computers. The rate is also high in otheradvanced nations, such as Australia, Canada, and New Zealand.

3. Of all Asian nations, the rate is highest in Singapore and then in Hong Kong and Japan. The widespread use of personalcomputers in Singapore is mostly due to a governmental policy push.

6. NUMBER OF PCs IN USE PER 1,000 POPULATION

1997199619951990

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States


%

NUMBER OF PCs IN USE PER 1,000 POPULATION(Unit: units)

1992 1995 1996 1997

Units Units Units Units

2 3 5

169 210 261

2 48 6 9 23.5

84 146 176 228 15.3

33 77 99 124 20.8

53 65

8 11 13

17 24 31

116 207 233 316 15.4

68 92 119 147 11.6

18 22 28

175 241 309 366 11.1

138 228 265 320 12.7

162 262 297 364 12.2

26 31 45

18 24 29

13 35 34 41 17.7

-

-

-

-

-

-

- -

- -

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-28

265 360 403 450 7.9

Source: Computer Industry Almanac Inc.

Investment and AssistanceInvestment and Assistance

1Direct investment in the PBEC area by Japan and the United States during the 1995-1998 period dropped greatly due to the influence of the Asian economic crisis.2The decrease in the investment in the PBEC area from Japan during the 1995-1998 period was significant - a drop of about 25 percent - because its investment in the area accounted for more than 50 percent of its total direct investment overseas. Although the overall direct investment from the United States fell, the rate of decrease was much smaller than that of Japan at about two percent.3Although the ODA has decreased overall, the ODA to Asia slightly increased during the 1997-1998 period because of the influx of public funds in the area to support the recovery from Asian economic crisis.

1. Balance of U.S. Direct Investment in the PBEC Area

2. Direct Investment by Japan in the PBEC Area

3. Net Disbursements of ODA by DAC Countries

Summary

to Contents

1990

1995

1998

1999

400,000 600,000200,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 (million US dollars)

1. US direct investments in the PBEC area in 1999 were about 2.3 times as large as those in 1990.

2. In 1998, US direct investments in the PBEC area did increase in absolute terms, but the area's relative importance in worldwide US investments declined.

3. In 1999, the US share in all foreign investments in Asia began to rise again, but the US presence in the Oceanian and Latin American foreign investment markets dwindled further or remained just as strong.

PBEC Area30.7

Others69.3


1999 1999

Asia41.5

Oceania11.4


(million USdollars)

Americas 47.1

PBEC Area347,404

1. BALLANCE OF THE U.S. DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE PBEC AREA

430,521

148,261 World Total

PBEC Area699,015

232,094

1,014,012

299,237

1,132,622

347,404

(million USdollars)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

BALLANCE OF THE U.S. DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE PBEC AREA (Unit: million US dollars)

1990 1995 1998 1999

Amount % Amount % Amount % Amount %

430,521 (100.0) 699,015 (100.0) 1,014,012 (100.0) 1,132,622 (100.0)

(34.4) (33.2) (29.5) (30.7)

148,261 100.0 232,094 100.0 299,237 100.0 347,404 100.0

45,722 91,848 115,591 144,041

354 2,765 6,481 7,766

6,055 11,768 18,421 20,848

3,207 6,777 7,916 10,504

22,599 37,309 35,633 47,786

2,695 5,557 7,395 8,749

1,466 4,237 5,743 5,989

1,355 2,719 3,930 3,792

- - - -

3,975 12,140 18,427 24,781

2,226 4,293 6,262 6,860

1,790 4,283 5,383 6,966

18,266 27,929 37,191 39,742

15,110 23,328 31,150 33,662

3,156 4,601 6,041 6,080

84,273 112,317 146,455 163,621

69,508 83,498 101,871 111,707

1,896 6,216 9,351 9,886

1,677 3,506 3,732 4,029

280 889 1,017 1,202

10,313 16,873 28,396 34,265

599 1,335 2,088 2,532

- - - - - - - -

Source: "Survey of Current Business, 1976-1993"U.S Direct Investment Abroad, Bureau of Economic Analysis , U.S Department of Commercehttp://www.bea.doc.gov/bea/di1usd.htm

30.8

0.2

4.1

2.2

15.2

1.8

1.0

0.9

-

2.7

1.5

1.2

12.3

10.2

2.1

56.8

46.9

1.3

1.1

0.2

7.0

0.4

39.6

1.2

5.1

2.9

16.1

2.4

1.8

1.2

-

5.2

1.8

1.8

12.0

10.1

2.0

48.4

36.0

2.7

1.5

0.4

7.3

0.6

38.6

2.2

6.2

2.6

11.9

2.5

1.9

1.3

-

6.2

2.1

1.8

12.4

10.4

2.0

48.9

34.0

3.1

1.2

0.3

9.5

0.7

41.5

2.2

6.0

3.0

13.8

2.5

1.7

1.1

-

7.1

2.0

2.0

11.4

9.7

1.8

47.1

32.2

2.8

1.2

0.3

9.9

0.7

1990

1995

1998

1999

40,000 60,00020,000 80,000 (million US dollars)

1. Japan's direct investments in the PBEC area, which peaked in 1995, showed an about 12-percent decrease in 1999 as compared with 1990.

2. Japan's direct investments in Asia have been on the decline since 1995. Those in China have decreased most.

3. Japan's direct investments in Latin America began to rise again during the 1998-1999 period.

PBEC Area51.0

Others49.0


1999 1999

Asia20.1

Oceania2.6World Total

72,789(million US

dollars)

Americas 77.4

PBEC Area37,140

2. DIRECT INVESTMENT BY JAPAN IN THE PBEC AREA

62,148

41,858 World Total

PBEC Area48,204

35,855

42,879

21,487

72,789

37,140

(million USdollars)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

%%%%

DIRECT INVESTMENT BY JAPAN IN THE PBEC AREA (Unit: million US dollars)

1990 1995 1998 1999

Amount Amount Amount Amount

62,148 (100.0) 48,204 (100.0) 42,879 (100.0) 72,789 (100.0)

(67.4) (74.4) (50.1) (51.0)

41,858 100.0 35,855 100.0 21,487 100.0 37,140 100.0

7,578 11,145 6,847 7,454

380 4,200 1,179 819

1,942 1,076 667 1,059

1,202 1,506 1,192 1,002

- - - - - - - -

311 421 335 1,069

794 539 569 574

285 673 420 673

- 28 14 7

916 1,112 705 1,050

486 427 248 311

1,262 1,163 1,518 890

4,263 2,580 2,403 956

4,012 2,491 1,536 936

251 89 867 20

30,017 22,130 12,237 28,730

1,158 534 695 2,701

32 132 13 14

66 20 12 11

3 - - -

185 197 92 1,619

- 3 - 52

28,573 21,244 11,425 24,333

Source: "Outward Direct Investment (Country &Region), Foreign Direct Investment,

Statistics" Ministy of Finance of Japan, http://www.mof.go.jp/english/e1c008.htm

18.1

0.9

4.6

2.9

0.7

1.9

0.7

-

2.2

1.2

3.0

10.2

9.6

0.6

71.7

2.8

0.1

0.2

0.0

0.4

-

68.3

31.1

11.7

3.0

4.2

1.2

1.5

1.9

0.1

3.1

1.2

3.2

7.2

6.9

0.2

61.7

1.5

0.4

0.1

-

0.5

0.0

59.2

31.9

5.5

3.1

5.5

1.6

2.6

2.0

0.1

3.3

1.2

7.1

11.2

7.1

4.0

57.0

3.2

0.1

0.1

-

0.4

-

53.2

20.1

2.2

2.9

2.7

2.9

1.5

1.8

0.0

2.8

0.8

2.4

2.6

2.5

0.1

77.4

7.3

0.0

0.0

-

4.4

0.1

65.5

1990

1995

1997

1998

20,000 30,00010,000 40,000 50,000 (million US dollars)

1. What is described as "advanced nations' tiredness of assistance" resulted in a 30-percent decrease in ODA disbursementsby DAC countries during the 1995-1997 period.

2. However, in order to help Asian countries out of the economic crisis, DAC countries increased their ODA for the PBEC areaby 27 percent during the 1997-1998 period.

PBEC Area15.3

Others84.7


1998 1998

Asia86.9

World Total39,631

(million USdollars)

Americas 13.1

PBEC Area6,060

3. NET DISBURSEMENTS OF ODA BY DAC COUNTRIES IN THE PBEC AREA

40,537

6,461 World Total

PBEC Area47,715

8,118

36,429

4,407

39,631

6,060

(million USdollars)

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

Average Annual(90~98)

%%%%

NET DISBURSEMENTS OF ODA BY DAC COUNTRIES IN THE PBEC AREA(Unit: million US dollars)

1990 1995 1997 1998

Amount Amount Amount Amount Amount

40,537 (100.0) 47,715 (100.0) 36,429 (100.0) 39,631 (100.0) 41,078

(15.9) (17.0) (12.1) (15.3) (15)

6,461 100.0 8,118 100.0 4,407 100.0 6,060 100.0 6,262

5,676 6,972 3,532 5,268 5,362

1,511 2,531 1,238 1,731 1,753

19 11 - -

- --

-

- -- - - -

- --- -- - - -

- --- -- - - -

- --- -- - - -

- --- -- - - -

15

1,541 1,303 790 1,243 1,219

54 1 35 23 28

458 106 --243 198 130

1,105 748 563 528 736

254 1,422 549 870 774

--3 13 - - 5

6 11 -

-

- -

-

- 9

731 826 600 675 708

785 1,146 875 792 900

83 143 113 95 109

86 160 171 158 144

122 159 139 155 144

144 365 88 3 150

350 319 364 381 354

Source: "Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipient 1994-1998, 1990-1994"

OECD

87.9

23.4

0.3

23.8

0.8

7.1

17.1

3.9

0.0

0.1

11.3

12.1

1.3

1.3

1.9

2.2

5.4

85.9

31.2

0.1

16.1

0.0

1.3

9.2

17.5

0.2

0.1

10.2

14.1

1.8

2.0

2.0

4.5

3.9

80.1

28.1

17.9

0.8

--5.5

12.8

12.5

13.6

19.9

2.6

3.9

3.2

2.0

8.3

86.9

28.6

-

20.5

0.4

3.3

8.7

14.4

11.1

13.1

1.6

2.6

2.6

0.0

6.3

Balance of PaymentsBalance of Payments

1As a general trend, the balance of payments fluctuated greatly in Asia and it was relatively stable in Latin America.2Current accounts in many Asian nations turned into deficit due to the influence by economic crisis. However, the accounts turned to surplus by 1998 in all countries but in Malaysia, which adopted a fixed exchange rate system. Meanwhile, in Latin America, they had current accounts of long-term deficit and the accounts were stable.3From their capital accounts, it is clearly seen that capital has continued to flowed into Latin America. Especially, a large portion of direct investment from the United States was injected into Mexico, which can be said to have influenced the capital accounts of Latin American countries.

1. Current Account

2. Capital Account

Summary

to Contents

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CURRENT ACCOUNT(Unit: million US dollars)

1990 1995 1997 1998


11,997 1,618 29,718 29,325

- - - -

--2,988 --6,431 --4,889 3,972

44,080 111,040 94,350 120,700

--2,003 --8,507 --8,167 40,552

--870 --8,469 --4,792 -

--2,695 --1,980 --4,351 1,287

- 7,781 4,041 2,262

3,119 14,436 15,032 17,614

10,923 5,474 7,051 3,437

--7,281 --13,554 --3,024 14,241

--16,013 --19,625 --12,554 --17,512

--1,453 --3,069 --4,750 --3,217

--19,764 -- 4,328 --10,304 --11,213

--485 --1,350 --3,728 --4,139

542 --4,624 --5,891 --5,908

--360 --735 --713 --2,169

--7,451 --1,576 --7,454 --15,960

--1,384 --4,314 --3,282 --3,800

--91,880 --113,570 --143,850 --220,560

Source: "Balance of Payment Statistics Year Book 1998 & 1999"(IMF)"Financial Statistics Monthly, Taiwan District, the Repoblic of China June 2000"

1. There has been a clear polarization with respect to the balance of the national current account: Asian countries' current accounts have been in surplus, whereas Latin American countries' have been in deficit.

2. Some Asian countries successfully brought their current accounts into surplus during the 1997-1998 period, which shows a steady recovery from the Asian economic crisis.

1. CURRENT ACCOUNT

World Total

PBEC Area

Asia

China

Hong Kong

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

Philippines

Russia

Singapore

Chinese Taipei

Thailand

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Americas

Canada

Chile

Colombia

Ecuador

Mexico

Peru

United States

CAPITAL ACCOUNT(Unit: million US dollars)

1990 1995 1997 1998


--8,792 16,205 --12,900 --12,571

- - - -

2,244 8,686 7,022 --6,699

--31,770 --124,820 --128,670 --125,050

3,772 9,746 13,777 --34,197

--215 9,231 6,362 -

2,102 4,074 9,592 --320

- --5 3,768 7,463

--1,506 --13,404 --11,964 --20,832

--15,306 --8,840 --7,605 2,314

5,862 14,750 1,373 --11,233

15,029 20,137 12,128 17,568

909 5,505 5,015 563

21,475 962 12,916 9,910

535 1,218 4,171 5,316

--612 4,692 6,423 6,138

150 2,071 1,403 2,625

6,223 5,824 5,256 14,115

1,599 3,661 3,580 3,371

67,160 137,250 286,480 210,470

Source: "Balance of Payment Statistics Year Book 1998 & 1999"(IMF)"Financial Statistics Monthly, Taiwan District, the Repoblic of China June 2000"

1. The influx of capital has been heavy especially in Latin American countries, which have seen their capital accounts in surplus.

2. In Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea's capital accounts tend to swing wildly between deficit andsurplus, and they need careful observation.

3. It seems that Singapore is no more a capital receiver, but it is now an investing country.

2. CAPITAL ACCOUNT

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