PA 8.4.12. ABCD

Focusing on the Change

Questions

• How and Why did public schools expand during the late 1800’s?

• How did opportunities for higher education increase after the civil war

• What were the views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois regarding African American education?

I. The Growth of Public Schools

1870 - Schools taught Reading, Writing and Cyphering

2% of 17 year olds graduated HS

1910 – 72 percent of Children attended school

What are some benefits of Public schooling?

Growth of Industry/Economy = more than basic skills to get by in life

A. School Days

1. One Room Schools

2. Learn from Rote Memorization and the 3 R’s

3. Physical Punishment

“To a nervous child the

discipline was indeed

terrible. The long birch

switches hanging on hooks

haunted me day and night

from the time I entered school.”

B. Immigrants and Education

1. School was a way to succeed

2. Increased literacy in English

3. Assimilated cultures

4. Americanization

C. Uneven Support for Schools

1. Whites and Blacks went to separate schools.

“We got the greasy, torn, dog-eared books; they got the new ones… We came to know whatever we had was inferior.”

II. Higher Education Expands

- 1880 and 1910 150 new American Colleges opened

- Philanthropists – gave money to worthy causes, like education

- Rockefeller, Stanford and Vanderbilt

Who could send their kids to college?

A. Women and Higher Education

1. Women not allowed to enroll

Harvard Radcliffe

NYU Vassar

Columbia Barnard

Brown Pembroke

Women had a difficult time getting into state funded colleges

B. African Americans and Higher Education

only 160 African Americans attended white schools in 1890

1. Black Colleges

Atlanta University

Howard University

Wilberforce University

C. Two Perspectives on African American Education

1. Booker T. Washington – (former slave)

- Blacks should focus on vocational skills

- do not worry about civil rights, just gain economic security and with wealth will come rights

C. Two Perspectives (Cont)

2. W.E.B. Du Bois (1st PHD from Harvard)

- rejected Washington’s message

- Brightest Africans Americans should lead their race to political equality

- seek liberal arts education not vocational

Niagara Movement – Full civil liberties for African Americans

Brief Review

How did Public schools help with the assimilation of immigrants?

What did Philanthropists do to help higher education

What was the Niagara Movement

Focusing on the Change

PA 8.4.12. ABCD

Questions

What were the issues in the debate for women’s equality

How did women’s work in the home change at the turn of the century?

How did stores and catalogs serve women’s new role as consumers?

What kind of work did women do outside the home?

I. Debate Over Women’s Equality

1. Giving women equality would upset the social order

2. Reduce women’s femininity

II. Women’s Work in the Home

A. 18 hours a week to dust a house

B. 27 hours a week keeping house clean

C. Appliances cut down work

D. Commercial foods cut down on cooking

Women had more free time!

III. From Producer to Consumer

A. Used to make own goods

B. Ready made goods1. food, clothing, furnishings

C. Department Stores1. Macy’s, Woolworths; creation of brands

D. Rural Free Delivery and Mail Order Catalogs1. Rural Areas got access to goods

IV. Working Outside the Home

- Discouraged from competing with men

- Believed women were to emotional to have intellect

Worked as: Typists, Telephone networks, telephone customer service

A. New Women, New Ideas

1. Women began questioning their lifestyle

2. Dichotomous View: should women stay domestic or embrace new rights?

3. Shorter skirts and hairstyles

- “New Woman” – dated frequently, divorced more often.

Review Questions

Describe the changes women underwent in this time period?

How did the system of rural delivery mail lead to the popularity of mail-order catalogs?

Which changes in society at large led to changes in the roles of women?