Staff Papers Series

P85-17 December 1984

THE TRANSPORTATION OF MINNESOTA FOREST PRODUCTS

by

Charles Eldridge

Jerry Fruin

Department of Agricultural and Applied Economics

University of MinnesotaInstitute of Agriculture, Forestry and Home Economics

St. Paul, Minnesota 55108

THE TRANSPORTATION OF MINNESOTA FOREST PRODUCTS

by

Charles Eldridge

Jerry Fruin

December 1984

Financial support for this report and relatedresearch was provided, in part, by the:

Minnesota Department of TransportationMinnesota Department of Agriculture

Special acknowledgement to the firms who cooperated in thisresearch and to Jack Schmidt for his assistance.

The University of Minnesota is committed to the policy that allpersons shall have equal access to its program, facilities,and employment without regard to race, religion, color, sex,national origin, handicap, age or veteran status.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Pages

GLOSSARY OF TERMS ...................... *...... .............. 2-3

SURVEY OBJECTIVES ................. *................ 4

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW ..................................... 4-10

MINNESOTA FOREST PRODUCTION .............................. 10

10-11Data Source Description ...... . .... ...... 10-.11

Forest Industry Facts and Figures.................. 1113

Pulpwood Production Determined from Mill Receipts...... 14-17

RESULTS OF THE 1981 MINNESOTA FOREST INDUSTRY SURVEY........ 18-28

2

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Bolt - one 100" log.

Boxboard - cardboard.

Chips - Chips in this report refer to whole tree chips in thewoods. Trees of pulpwood size are processed by whole treechippers as part of the logging operation. Anotherdefinition of chips is "primary wood user's mill residuethat has been chipped". This type of material is producedfrom slabs and edgings in the lumber industry and hasalready been accounted for in forest production.

Concentra-tion Yard - an assembly area for incoming roundwood by truck for

transhipment by larger trucks or by rail.

Cord - traditionally a 4' x 4' x 8' volume measurement, but sincethe conversion to 100" roundwood, a cord is usuallydetermined by weight.

CordWeight - the weight of a cord is affected by such factors as wood

species, season, time since cut, and soil moisture.Estimates range from 2.25 to 2.35 short tons per cord.

CorrugatingMedium - cardboard.

Hardboard - wood fibers are separated in a pulping process prior tomanufacture into particle board and insulation. Hardboardmills are categorized as pulp mills.

Pulpwood - wood cut and prepared primarily for processing intowoodpulp. Usually translates as 100" roundwood or aschips.

Residue - the by-product from saw mills, cooperage mills, and otherwood processing plants. Residue includes slabs, edgings,veneer cores, sawdust, wood flour, and chips manufacturedfrom slabs, edgings, and veneer cores. Can be used toproduce woodpulp or burned to produce energy.

Roundwood - synonymous with log. In some uses, though, logs must bewithin a given set of lengths and diameters.

3

Saw Log - a log considered suitable in size and quality forproducing sawed timber.

Tree LengthLogs - synonymous with tree-length timber. Harvested trees that

have had their tops and branches removed but have not beencut to shorter lengths.

Waferboard- synonymous with oxboard. Wood chips are mixed with abonding material to produce a plywood substitute. Insteadof peeling high quality timber for plywood, a lowerquality timber can be used with much higher woodutilization.

Wood Pulp - wood fibers that have been separated by mechanical orchemical processes for use in the manufacture of paper,textiles, and many other products. Usually made from 100"roundwood or chips. Pulp is typically transported in baleform.

Wood PulpProcesses - Refiner Groundwood

Dry Process RefiningThermal MechanicalStone GroundwoodKraft Pulping

4

THE SURVEY

Survey Objectives

The 1981 forest products industry survey was conducted with the

following objectives:

1. To determine Minnesota forest product industry receipts of raw

materials by county of origin.

2. To determine Minnesota forest product industry shipments of raw or

manufactured products by destination.

Industry Overview

The Minnesota forest product industry consists of approximately 1,300

loggers, 800 solid wood manufacturers, nine major woodpulp mills, and four

waferboard plants.* The 1981 forest products survey obtained data from 21

facilities that are either divisions of the woodpulp and waferboard

companies listed in Table 1 or are located out of state and transport

significant quantities of forest products in Minnesota. Great Lakes Forest

Products, Thunder Bay, Canada and Consolidated Papers, Wisconsin Rapids,

Wisconsin are not identified in Table 1 but are major recipients of

Minnesota produced pulpwood. Minnesota Forest Industries (MFI) is an

organization of nine companies that are presented in Figure 1. Certain-

Teed is not included in the MFI data and Consolidated Papers, the Wisconsin

based firm that receives Minnesota pulpwood, is included. Figure 1 is a

reproduction of the annual factsheet published by Minnesota Forest

Industries, Inc.

The 1981 survey obtained data from the facilities illustrated in Figure

2. The forest products industry survey treated the facilities identified in

Figure 2 as a separate origin or destination despite the data reporting

format used by the firm.

*George Banzhaf and Company, Minnesota Timber Resources-Prospects for Development.

Milwaukee, November 14, 1980.

5

Table 1. Active Pulpwood Mills and Waferboard Plants in Minnesota byLocation and Capacity as of 1982.

Company Location Capacity

Woodpulp Mills Tons per 24 hours

Blandin Paper Co. Grand Rapids 300Hennepin Paper Co. Little Falls 75Boise Cascade Corp. Internation Falls 920Potlatch Corp. Cloquet 475Superwood Corp. Bemidgi- 100St. Regis Paper Co. Sartell 385Superwood Corp. Duluth v 350Conwed Corp. Cloquet 50Certain-Teed Corp. Shakopee 80

Waferboard Plants Est. Tons/yr.Blandin Wood Products Co. Grand Rapids - 270,000Northwood Panelboard Co. Bemidgi 160,000Potlatch Corp. Bemidgi 150,000Potlatch Corp. Cook 150,000

Source - Pulpwood Production in the North Central Region,1982, James Blythand W. Brad Smith, North Central Experiment Station Bulletin NC-79.

6

FOREST INDUSTRIES |AFACTS AND FIGURES F^ LS 0 -C(1982 Statistics) EMIJI TOFTr

DEER RIVER GRAND RAPIDS *

DULUTH

Employment CLOUETrrTLogging (full, part time) 4,000 RAINERO 0Pulp, paper and board' plants 6,000 LTTLE FLLSOLumber mills, sawmills, planing mills,

other wood manufacturers 9,000o SARTELL Furniture and fixtures 2,500 ST. CLOUo Allied paper products ST. UL

(converters, recyclers, box and *eus ocontainer manufacturers, etc.) 25 300E

TOTAL: 46,

Amount of Forest ProductsHarvested In Minnesota (in cords)"Pulpwood 1,484,300 The forest products industry is represented by theSpecialty wood products 100,100 Minnesota Forest Industries, a group composed ofPosts 12,800 nine leading companies either headquartered or withPoles 30,500 regional offices in the state. These companies andPiling 2,100 the products they produce are identified belowFuelwood 1,520,000Lumber, logs and bolts 515,800 Btandn Paper 6 Wood Products Companies (Grand Rapids)Railroad ties 25,000 Lightweight coated publication grade paper and waferboard.

TOTAL: 3,690,600 Boise Cascade Cop. (International Fals, Big Falls)Structural lumber, hardboard siding, xerographic paper,coated release paper, business forms bond.

Vaue of Forest Products C ohampon Corp.(Eagan, MinneolisManufactured In Mlnnesota S Coudo, St PaulbCorrugated containers, folding cartons, flexiblePulp and paper $ 674,256,000 packaging, office equipment and prnting papers,Board 120,277,000 building products (plywood and dimension lumber),Lumber, logs, bolts 38,067,000 boxboard and corrugated medium.Christmas trees, wreaths, etc. 11,929,000 Consadated Paper. Inc. (Tofte)Specialty wood products 20,390,000 Uigh ht coated papesPosts, poles, piling 5,360,000Fuelwood 61 .0 ort Paneldbod Co. (Bemidji)Railroad ties 2.068,000 Waferboard.By-products, mill residue 15,541,000 Potatch Corp. (Cloquet, Bralnerd, Bemidji, Cook)Value of secondary Oriented strand board lumber printing and business paper.

manufacturing 1,594,900,000 Raala Timber Co. (Deer River Big Fork)TOTAL: $2543,848,000 Lumber.

St. Regis Corp. (Sartell, ittle Fals)'(Waboard, orientd strand bord, hardboard, Lightweight coated paper and heavyweight uncoatedhardboard aiding)KM4*mw of wood cut (128 cu. ft.)paper.

Superwood Corp. (Duluth, Bemijl)Pressed fiberboard (hardboard).

1inf Minnesota Forest Industries, Inc.P, onpW s 208 Phoenix Building, Duluth, Mbesota 55802 * (218) 722-5013hi~hn' Nl& CO 906 PIoneer Bilding, St Paul, Mnnesota 55101 * (612) 291-805

Figure 1. Minnesota Forest Industries Annual Statistics.

i ) %* ~GREAT LAKES FOREST PRODUCTS'------! . ' ', Thunder Bay, Canada

r- BOISE CASCADE-,LrsoN. _ _ s,~ E~ -- _ --- International Falls

_0 *i BO I E CASC ----. , os--- B g Falls .

l. ~^ G,_4POTi;LATCH . __LAWr Bemi jiJSUPER OOD

TNORTH OODS PANELWO D D

--- --- i * O RAJALA /Deer River

4-2i i200A O { BLNDIN NDIAMOND INTERNATIONALI rAcA Grand Rapids LT Two Harbors

{ICfC trctW 4[ - ..J5 ,oa^s *S1P ERWOOD-Duluth

\CONWEDPOTLATCH POTLATCH Cloquet

_ _Brainerd DIAMOND INTorre i rxii 9 C i~ c )*' |5 ;;

-- l 7 . A~HENNEPIN APER Little Fal

_ r ~ -s , W fp0 PAPER~ST. REG I ^S'-*-*Wteo L (Wisconsin Rapids

Sartell ;h *. 1w

srerr |_ l /c}

\ - _ _ .II/ ¥T~°'C ifAMPION- INTERNATIONAL.. c^, l*,rc..,.. .'" ""_ jManeapolis

I' "- ,,CWERTAlN TEED

'°'-J -----"'"' wI D~dr COscoSiO

0 0 VIPPooo a f Wd<ft svtv I I

".14IN10 " °i -'°"

FIGURE 2. 1981 MINNESOTA FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRYSURVEYED FIRMS.

8

Much of the information obtained was corporate in scope, requiring detailed

breakdown of intra-company and inter-company transfer. The resulting

format is useful for transportation modeling but is less related to secon-

dary data like Minnesota production of pulpwood.

This is best illustrated by the example in Figure 3. The company in

this example consists of two divisions, Div A and Div B, and a major

woodyard, WI. The woodland manager reports total roundwood receipts from

the forest that convert to 170,000 tons (the standard reporting unit is a

cord). Corporate level data indicates roundwood receipts that convert to

175,000 tons. Both could be correct given the definition of receipts that

is used. For transportation modeling purposes, each has provided only a

piece of the required data. Further examination may show that the woodland

manager had correctly totalled the roundwood for company receipts at Div A

and Div B that came directly from the forest or through the woodyard

(movements labelled M1, M2). He did not subtract M3 flows that went to

another company directly from the forest through W1. The corporate level

report may have failed to note that movement M4 came from another firm and

not directly from the forest or that movement M5 came from Div A. A large

woodyard, specifically one that is used as an intermodal transfer point, is

treated as a separate survey point. Treating Wi as a separate point yields

the flows in Table 2.

9

OTHER COMPANY

-. \ <M4

ml M/ DIvISION A

Ml1 OODYARD

(Wi) M7 /MS

DIVISION B

M2 M2

FIGURE 3. ROUNDWOOD RECEIPTS AND

REPORTED VOLUME - EXAMPLE.

Table 2. Commodity Flow Example for Minnesota Forest Products (in tons)

Figure 3 Movement Div A Div B Woodyard Total

Direct from forest (M1) 100,000 100,000Direct from forest (M2) 20,000 50,000 70,000Woodyard to Other (M3) 30,000 30,000Other to Div A (M4) 15,000 15,000Div A to Div B (M5) 20,000 20,000 40,000Woodyard to Div A (M6) 40,000 40,000 80,000Woodyard to Div B (M7) 30,000 30,000 60,000

Total Receipts 75,000 100,000 100,000 275,000Total Shipments 20,000 0 100,000 120,000

Total Consumption 55,000 100,000 0 155,000

10

From a transportation standpoint, neither response was indicative of

the tons that actually moved between the points in this example. The

eventual consumption of 155,000 tons of roundwood by this firm generated

395,000 tons of intra-plant and inter-plant movement.

The following section, "Minnesota Forest Production", presents forest

production data related to the "Total Consumption" row in Table 2. All

later sections refer to quantities that reflect actual movements between

points. Because of transhipment, quantities in these sections cannot be

totalled and subsequently compared to forest production or firm

consumption.

MINNESOTA FOREST PRODUCTION

Data Source Description

The data used in the determination of the Minnesota forest product

harvest and the consumption of that harvest is obtained from three sources:

1. The North Central Experiment Station publishes annual Research

Notes entitled "Pulpwood Production in the Lake States by County,

19XX". These bulletins report pulpwood production only and

precede the more complete publication. Pulpwood production in

these reports is derived from mill receipts; equating measured

consumption with forest production.

2. The North Central Experiment Station publishes a USDA Research

Bulletin entitled "Pulpwood Production in the North-Central Region

by County, 19XX". This publication includes an "All Wood

Material" total for Minnesota that includes both pulpwood and

residue.

3. Minnesota Forest Industries, Inc. publishes an annual newsletter

that presents statewide statistics on the total Minnesota forest

harvest. The pulpwood category in the MFI newsletter is taken

from the pulpwood plus residue category of the North Central

Experiment Station Resource Bulletin, the most recent of which is

NC-79.

Forest Industry Facts and Figures

Figure 4 presents a breakdown of 1981 and 1982 Minnesota forest

production. Fuelwood and pulpwood are the major production components,

increasing from 77.3% to 81.4% of total Minnesota production between 1981

and 1982. Fuelwood became a major production category after 1978,

surpassing pulpwood as Minnesota's principal use by 1980 with 38.7% of the

total. Pulpwood production as a percent of total harvest declined from the

1975 level of 57.2 percent to a 1981 level of 38.1 percent but moved up to

40.2% in 1982.

Table 3 presents MFI data for the period (1975-1982) for the total

Minnesota forest harvest, pulpwood harvest as a percent of the total

harvest, and the dollar value of the Minnesota forest harvest.

12

tn

L

0CLU)

8 r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

(N

00~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~vO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~)~~~~~U

z z0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- 0u a)O

:0 v Q)

r) ~~~~~~~~~~LnCD

0 0

ct Cn

LO,

0

(fJ~~~(

LUJz I-

L.U

0

tn

~~o I I--I I >

a.,q~~~~~~~~.

Cl)

I-

O~~~~~~~~

00

O-

V V

o C~~~~~~~~~~~~,,

Li LO

LUUL

a:

0~~~~~~~

z z~~ ~ ~ v

13

Table 3. Forest Products Harvested in Minnesota 1975-1981 (tons)

Year Total Pulpwood Pulpwood Total Value

Production Production Percent of Harvest

1982 8,488,380 3,413,890 40.2% $2,543,848,000

1981 8,274,250 3,152,150 38.1% $1,873,650,000

1980 8,093,424 3,066,569 37.9% $1,917,003,567

1979 7,773,551 3,353,545 43.1% $2,141,748,802

1978 5,881,599 3,077,777 52.3% $1,837,365,737

1977 5,551,433 3,065,484 55.2% $1,463,703,565

1976 5,379,330 3,009,918 56.0% $1,345,148,110

1975 5,465,329 3,125,700 57.2% $1,078,902,566

Source - Minnesota Forest Industries, Inc.

Table 3 shows an upward trend in total production for the industry

though pulpwood production remained constant through 1981. The Minnesota

pulpwood production increase shown in 1982 represents not only the economic

recovery but the creation and expansion of Minnesota's waferboard capacity.

Since 1981 (see Table 1), Blandin Wood Products Co. (Grand Rapids) doubled

waferboard capacity to 135,000,000 square feet, Potlatch Corp. constructed

new plants at Bemidgi and Cook, and Northwood Panelboard Co. built a plant

in Bemidgi. Louisiana Pacific is currently constructing a small waferboard

plant in Two Harbors. The value of the harvest declined through 1981 from

a peak of over 2 billion dollars in 1979 but rebounded sharply in 1982.

The industry was operating at substantially less than capacity in 1981,

with verbal estimates as low as two-thirds capacity in some firms.

14

Pulpwood Production Determined from Mill Receipts

Table 4 and Figure 5 present Minnesota pulpwood production as

determined by mill receipts by county of origin from 1970 to 1983. The

North Central Experiment Station (market analyst, James Blyth) annually

compiles individual pulpwood and waferboard firm reports and publishes the

results as USDA resource bulletins described earlier. Reporting firms are

located in Minnesota, the surrounding states, and Canada.

The counties are grouped by Minnesota Forest Planning Units (Figure

6). The Northern Aspen-Birch and the North Pine units are the major

pulpwood producers, each containing two of Minnesota's four leading

pulpwood producing counties. These counties, Koochiching, St. Louis,

Beltrami, and Itasca, are listed at the bottom of Table 4. The fourteen

year pattern of production for these counties is relatively stable at

between 64% and 68% of the total Minnesota pulpwood harvest. Pulpwood

production trends in Table 4 show the North Pine Unit increasing steadily

since 1975 while the Northern Aspen-Birch unit declined in production

through 1982, but rose to its highest level in 1983. Through 1981, these

off-setting unit totals have left total production since 1975 without a

discernable trend and with little consistent movement throughout the twelve

year period. Production declines in 1974, 1980, and 1981 are recessionary

responses. The 1982 and 1983 mill receipts show a radical departure from

the historical pattern with a 43% increase in Minnesota production over a

two year period.

15

s sg !ss g ~ssss~!a~w.5 °-si a. °°°r°I~ ° ° s °z s. ;z

a a o a I I a a Iii ii igg nSgg5333§ S jSfiCS° 3'tl 5.E a3 S S ag3i i

iI- i I oa a S- N -

iS~A isa F Ss gs 5 aS agaiS!° S a

i ~ ~ I -

A :% 9i i s i

t8i it ~ ~a 3So io -gojS 5 .... .. - S !Q-j- i s: - 3--- s a R- - an 3I 35|

a i -ss | s ° S ..S pE '0.-a, Rs 5SS3 S SK Ca CaaIa

n sNiS K i _ _ ; C g j 5 j j N 5

f i I- 0 -7i- ! 3 -3OCSs ss s0

;° S S I S

- i ID;r _: |I - . _

s ? aa i _sjS SaPaa§ "ga0 js - a-_ -°S°-isOi iD S "" s g -= a - ' j ° i3"°i- 3- yI- -i 5 -! mj i 3

~ ~ ' i _ -8s -ag;s 5 5" *' " _' _ " a s^ N -s -

! j r! ihl 2 - - s s i ii -i .l -n -g-i _s-lj :lij: | I j|

-° 8 ° °S - -8 88a I 8 ° , t-2;

- I I

1i 5 i 1 1 n1 SjR ; m r j |5 S W

a _fiC.*ct0Ci * W ! i | i --

16

.-0

C u

co

CD

00> ~ Sg~ 0

of~~~~~~~~~~~l~~~~~ / /- r ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~'o cri

S00~~ -~°

Cg \

O =I

o0~~~~~~~f 3, ) Fn <

n0 1 f 0(

C s § g ° oP^ g § §

17

pol UUNiT 1

.eOlt f e, a

1-, IA', t 'f_---C ,,,fM"q, hrustonFigure 6. Minnesot Forest lann n UNIT PRAIRIE

ao"Xw _ ___Lottztw r; UN IT,, - /

u Mitar i rUn rits,, ,._ r; r , Ir ew--

sr

^ /-^_ _ia_ _22_ _^"FJ UNIT 1 ASPEN-BIRCHI + \.,..... . L, UNIT 2 NORTHERN PINE

t-{V{S.: DO„, 2 _ UNI; 3 . ..fT ,_ ..,s UNIT 3 CENTRAL HARDWOOD

'rmo .grt UNIT UNIT 4 PRAIRIE-s '""* Iw (-'s. IrI

-^£e2^,r,\ UNIT 4 '_s

-o*r 1 .0.,,, _ -eso _ , ..,, rr..„„„u„r „„..* O „.„ I „ „r„o , t -ov\ro

Figure 6. Minnesota Forest Planning Units.

18

RESULTS OF THE 1981 MINNESOTA FOREST INDUSTRY SURVEY

Tables 5, 6, and Figure 7 present the results of the 1981 Minnesota

forest industry survey in a spreadsheet format. All survey data has been

converted to tons and the data has been organized in the following manner:

Receipts Data Organization

Table 5 Minnesota Forest Products Industry Receiptsby Origin - 1981 (tons).

Out of state origins are divided by thecompass direction of origin, i.e. "arrivingin Minnesota from" the North, South, East, orWest. In state origins are by counties withthe exception of the Twin Cities and an entryfor Minnesota (statewide). Seven commoditiesare presented across a three page horizontalaxis divided into two modes with the grandtotal appearing on the third page.

Table 6 Minnesota Forest Products Industry Shipmentsby Destination - 1981 (tons).

Out of state destinations are divided by thecompass direction of the destination, i.e."leaving Minnesota by the" North, South,East, and West. Great Lakes Forest Productsin Canada ships through Minnesota from theNorth destined for other U.S. markets. In-state destinations are by county with theexception of Minnesota (statewide), TwinCities, and Unknown. The horizontal axisconsists of thirteen commodities divided intotwo modes with footnotes for some rail-bargecombination shipments. The grand totals arepresented on the fourth page of the table.

19

FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY RECEIPTS - 1981

TOTAL 6,124,412 TONS

FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY SHIPMENTS - 1981

TOTAL 2,817,204 TONS

FIGURE 7. FOREST PRODUCTS INDUSTRY SURVEY RECEIPTS & SHIPMENTS- 1981

20

Several plants have been referred to in the previous text that either

were not producing during the survey or were not up to full capacity.

These plants include Potlatch Corp.'s Cook and Bemidgi waferboard plants

and the complete impact of the Blandin Wood Products Corp. expansion at

Grand Rapids.

Table 5 presents Minnesota receipts by origin and mode. The total for

roundwood and wood chips in the survey format is 3,911,693 tons. This

represents material in these categories that has been transported from the

forest to the plant, between company plants, and from other plants and

cannot be compared with the 1981 entry in Table 4 of 2,921,000 tons which

represents actual consumption of pulpwood by the firms in the survey.

Residue is not included in the county of origin breakdown provided by the

North Central Experiment Station but a statewide estimate can be obtained

by subtracting the pulpwood entry for 1981 in Table 4 from the corres-

ponding entry in Table 3 (which does include residue) or:

3,152,150 - 2,921,000 = 231,150 tons of residue(Table 3) (Table 4)

The incoming categories of roundwood, wood chips, and residue total

4,639,061 in the transportation format or 75.8 percent of all receipts

reported. Total receipts in the transportation format were 6,124,412 tons

in 1981. Receipts by rail for roundwood, wood chips, and residue were

small, comprising only 11.7 percent. Total rail receipts (1,622,722 tons)

were 26.5 percent of all incoming materials.

Table 6 presents Minnesota shipments by destination, commodity, and

mode in the transportation format for 1981. The same care must be taken in

comparing the data reported in Table 6 with other secondary sources as was

discussed in the receipts analysis. Firms reported transporting 6,124,412

21

tons to meet their raw material demands and reported the transportation of

only 2,817,204 tons of outgoing product. The reasons for this discrepancy

are:

1. There were many fewer instances of transhipment with the outgoing

materials.

2. Two firms receive pulpwood from Minnesota, but are located out of

state. Their shipments are not reported in the transportation

format unless they pass through Minnesota. This was true in one

instance for Great Lakes Forest Products shipping through

Minnesota to other U.S. destinations.

3. The production processes are not 100 percent efficient. Data on

waste was not obtained for this survey. The efficiency of the

various pulping processes is available .

4. The data on outgoing products was more confidential and difficult

to obtain than that for incoming materials. Incomplete reporting

is more likely to exist for outgoing products.

Paper is the principal outgoing commodity identified in the 1981

survey (Table 6), comprising 39 percent of all shipments. Rail

carriers accounted for 53.2 percent of all shipments.

22

I I -~~~~~~0 b- -. C, 0C-0 40 40 CD, Cb 000Q099000 C.C

I I I~~~~~~a crt; P I n c

a~~~~

I ,

~~~~~~~ I~ ~ ~ ~~~~s ~

I ~~~~~~~~~~-. D a R

C4 CC 0 r'

hn fn r ;t

I -'UI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~'- 9 N10 h r . P % 4 4 P

~J' In

I cm it

m~~~~~~~~~~~a

,~i""""" 900999~900099Q0~HE 09 logo

WWa I L W -2 -" i:

-~~~~ ~ ~ ~ r

·r,~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I-

~~~~9 ~~ Inz - rc

9irr~~~h~_i~ "'I

23

I n I

IV. a

a"l~~h I aId I~fMS

-o a I~- D -0C 0cm DC- mC * Da DC 0 c § 14 4 Z

I* Ia A IV

a a- r4 4 co40

I 0 I0 O

c r $

I I I

ccI QI I~ I

UV

"I .c

U a Ci

C6

I WI a ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~4 000- 0-0 00C o

In

waZ a-e~ -eo0o 990o99090s naa

lI Id.hIma

0Cj CC CCCCCC0cCCCCCC I WI

LI I m

CZii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0I a -P~ ~ U

I1 I

I~~~li II I1 ~s l3~I Ir

ma~~~~I Il

I I I a1I2I' Lf a$B

I Ia a-%3 WI,~F~ . d·iU

24

w oo , 9 CI Oi4- I -4> o~oRR-aiogoo|o CS S I 2% ag a S "s,,5 -- -a . a * a . . Is - II . t - O I

La IfW a"H 'sa -! i

I- a

I0 §§§^§ S^ ^ ^g o. 'O CZ' ooooooo I- as

5 1CD-CDco1* D 40- B- W...4 C ' -- aq

,-4 h i 9

-W, Mb C -ec . m C

an g I- i I., S g I Ss I I .

at P

co t -

25

0aL: M -V m co c r'4 -* CD CD - 0 -. CD 0 in -a C4 C.q 3

-= n'4000 I Q A-Zp-0 -

I 0I ~ ~-- W - " -4 ~rI -I co ICI

I r cI Ii

2 C- C4 V- A

0 ~~~ ~ ~~~~~~- MC 1 M. - = *C-1 *V 4 4 c CDC * 10 < 00,~ ~-

a- A A~ ~~r-.0II I- A K

'U'C

AI

A9 A I Z I i e

ItR - - -00 -00000 *C 0 00C, 0 00 000000D CD CDe in I P C r -

I I 4t

O· Fl~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~o~

A Is ~ A6i

-P- A A A; P;

In A

- L A CP- - sA -i' A -

A. A - C.-, -.- - or - . A

.4.1 A I -~~~~C A3 I O

"~~~~~~~~~~E:C

Y 61f.0 9 2 Cv ~ e. w s t' c

UI A I

LA. AA

CAr -

C· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(U~~~~~~~~~

WIdg~ - ALO~Q000000II ~~0~~A ~ ~ ~ ~ I JL&I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

26

i1C 900000000001I 00 0 0009000000000009 I

I ~ ~~~~~~ I0~ 09j000001 0090Q0009000QQ00;00000000o0~g

1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1

~IQOOOI000000009090900 0b000000000000

gOB o~~~~~~~i.vl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0

t:U'

.~I O 0000090Q900Q0 I90900000900000

* e

i

ii I 00.,0000000980990000099000090c

MI, - I 0. o ' ,C . o D D D o 0 D 4 ~ cp M c D,4 * ci.C 2 . D OI C

us C C CI

h. 10 00 I ~ ~ 1000000000 W 0000000000Q000090000000

P~~~~~~~~

I f r

=t g 000jQO90000~00002000000000

0.h I

I I~~~~~~~~~~~0 D OC- C-c D 0 ~ C zc o C 0'

WII

vl~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l

I IIn I I

I3, C B~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I

31~~ IC Njafia e O

cc Ca I. -W -S1 -EL t -: 2 El:~E'o I C

all - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~LU~ ~ ~ 60

I - CtC oC z< bC DC ) 4 C ~ C *CC ~C,4 ~C C -I I

I I ~ ~ .

L.. .. CD c IC C c c , CD =~C CD CD C:. = c, c, coC-c C:- C C C C

=l - I

" I

I I

I I I IC i I C

10 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1I I- II -

g Im II . gm- I CO CD C CZ I~4 DC zC 3 3 = D004 0C D DC >C *C .4 : O CD, C

I C a~~~~~~C

cr i I - I - Ic c

C C0~~~ ~~~ C 1900i O98909090099~00 I C

Ilp I - I -

I, I

c ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~cLA cr00 L9

1W II I I

-: Iz

Li9

Ia I I

Ii I

N0.1c, -g in C. DC-C Ifl-C.- C-C ' 0. -- CD-o C,4 , Z C- C

ai - - -R I- -ICPI - --- 0-cI- -

WI

II,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L I -L.0

- ~ I I CII

I

A

.4-. I -~ ~ ~ . I w t L L I.

UII

XIL I

~I I

a I II I~ ~

U I I6

CI I i

I~~~~3 I 5E B ,IL I I Lp: r

1.4 wY I - I w I W~ -ut tX all - I I c

I--- ~~~~~I-t LI LI- -1

28

I ~ ~~~' c ' C4 q -.@ 0 W - . - r a- -o- -.q -W in .o -a c CD -

,i~gg~" f ~C Ca Il -- - -- r

-II r 4 U4

~~hnhh~~~~~~~~ 00~0

C4 Ca- - 4 a

Ca·

MII Ina *- *4 =-.CD t4 D4 D DC -a, cD Ca. o. *

-A C4,,,

P C4V4 C. C'

I Im-

'-I I t

I al~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

I) 0 I 20 N ~~ 0~ 92 LI*01 0 -~ 0-0 1'I 000.0 0C D000

c C

p20 r- 'eC

eaVI - I

U' I

I ~ I0 000099009i00 06q/

01 I

I - I I- - U -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CI -

cc~

I = e. a- I - I -~C, I'M I _

C rn-

0: W CA LLT LDcn "$s~~ u o·N~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ laLCwzI w 1 a R .,_